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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Park, Cheol-Wan, Jou-Hyeon Ahn, Ho-Suk Ryu, Ki-Won Kim, and Hyo-Jun Ahn. "Room-Temperature Solid-State Sodium∕Sulfur Battery." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 9, no. 3 (2006): A123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2164607.

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2

Wang, Yanjie, Yingjie Zhang, Hongyu Cheng, Zhicong Ni, Ying Wang, Guanghui Xia, Xue Li, and Xiaoyuan Zeng. "Research Progress toward Room Temperature Sodium Sulfur Batteries: A Review." Molecules 26, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061535.

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Lithium metal batteries have achieved large-scale application, but still have limitations such as poor safety performance and high cost, and limited lithium resources limit the production of lithium batteries. The construction of these devices is also hampered by limited lithium supplies. Therefore, it is particularly important to find alternative metals for lithium replacement. Sodium has the properties of rich in content, low cost and ability to provide high voltage, which makes it an ideal substitute for lithium. Sulfur-based materials have attributes of high energy density, high theoretical specific capacity and are easily oxidized. They may be used as cathodes matched with sodium anodes to form a sodium-sulfur battery. Traditional sodium-sulfur batteries are used at a temperature of about 300 °C. In order to solve problems associated with flammability, explosiveness and energy loss caused by high-temperature use conditions, most research is now focused on the development of room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries. Regardless of safety performance or energy storage performance, room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries have great potential as next-generation secondary batteries. This article summarizes the working principle and existing problems for room temperature sodium-sulfur battery, and summarizes the methods necessary to solve key scientific problems to improve the comprehensive energy storage performance of sodium-sulfur battery from four aspects: cathode, anode, electrolyte and separator.

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3

Xin, Sen, Ya-Xia Yin, Yu-Guo Guo, and Li-Jun Wan. "A High-Energy Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Battery." Advanced Materials 26, no. 8 (December 12, 2013): 1261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304126.

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4

Xiao, Xiang, Wei Li, and Jianbing Jiang. "Sulfur-Biological Carbon for Long-Life Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Battery." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 14, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2020.1982.

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Room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT-Na/S) batteries are gaining much attention particularly in large-scale energy storage due to high theoretical energy density and low cost. However, low conductivity and volume expansion of sulfur, as well as severe shuttle effect of soluble sodium polysulfides largely hamper their practical applications. Herein, we report an architecture of sulfur embedded in biological carbon (SBC) as cathode for RT-Na/S batteries. The SBC with N, P co-doping biological carbon and hierarchically porous structure afford fast electron and ion transportation, as well as good mechanical limitation of volume expansion and shuttle effect, therefore achieving excellent cyclic stability (544.7 mAh · g–1 at current density of 200 mA · g –1 after 984 cycles).

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5

Zhou, Jiahui, Yue Yang, Yingchao Zhang, Shuaikang Duan, Xia Zhou, Wei Sun, and Shengming Xu. "Sulfur in Amorphous Silica for an Advanced Room‐Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Battery." Angewandte Chemie 133, no. 18 (March 22, 2021): 10217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.202015932.

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6

Zhou, Jiahui, Yue Yang, Yingchao Zhang, Shuaikang Duan, Xia Zhou, Wei Sun, and Shengming Xu. "Sulfur in Amorphous Silica for an Advanced Room‐Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Battery." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60, no. 18 (March 22, 2021): 10129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202015932.

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7

Kim, Icpyo, Chang Hyeon Kim, Sun hwa Choi, Jae-Pyoung Ahn, Jou-Hyeon Ahn, Ki-Won Kim, Elton J. Cairns, and Hyo-Jun Ahn. "A singular flexible cathode for room temperature sodium/sulfur battery." Journal of Power Sources 307 (March 2016): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.12.035.

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8

Wang, Nana, Yunxiao Wang, Zhongchao Bai, Zhiwei Fang, Xiao Zhang, Zhongfei Xu, Yu Ding, et al. "High-performance room-temperature sodium–sulfur battery enabled by electrocatalytic sodium polysulfides full conversion." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 2 (2020): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee03251g.

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Developing novel gold nanoclusters as an electrocatalyst can facilitate a completely reversible reaction between S and Na, achieving advanced high-energy-density room-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries.

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9

Adelhelm, Philipp, Pascal Hartmann, Conrad L. Bender, Martin Busche, Christine Eufinger, and Juergen Janek. "From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (April 23, 2015): 1016–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.105.

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Research devoted to room temperature lithium–sulfur (Li/S8) and lithium–oxygen (Li/O2) batteries has significantly increased over the past ten years. The race to develop such cell systems is mainly motivated by the very high theoretical energy density and the abundance of sulfur and oxygen. The cell chemistry, however, is complex, and progress toward practical device development remains hampered by some fundamental key issues, which are currently being tackled by numerous approaches. Quite surprisingly, not much is known about the analogous sodium-based battery systems, although the already commercialized, high-temperature Na/S8 and Na/NiCl2 batteries suggest that a rechargeable battery based on sodium is feasible on a large scale. Moreover, the natural abundance of sodium is an attractive benefit for the development of batteries based on low cost components. This review provides a summary of the state-of-the-art knowledge on lithium–sulfur and lithium–oxygen batteries and a direct comparison with the analogous sodium systems. The general properties, major benefits and challenges, recent strategies for performance improvements and general guidelines for further development are summarized and critically discussed. In general, the substitution of lithium for sodium has a strong impact on the overall properties of the cell reaction and differences in ion transport, phase stability, electrode potential, energy density, etc. can be thus expected. Whether these differences will benefit a more reversible cell chemistry is still an open question, but some of the first reports on room temperature Na/S8 and Na/O2 cells already show some exciting differences as compared to the established Li/S8 and Li/O2 systems.

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10

Zhu, Jianhui, Amr Abdelkader, Denisa Demko, Libo Deng, Peixin Zhang, Tingshu He, Yanyi Wang, and Licong Huang. "Electrocatalytic Assisted Performance Enhancement for the Na-S Battery in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanospheres Loaded with Fe." Molecules 25, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071585.

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Room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries have been considered to be potential candidates for future energy storage devices because of their low cost, abundance, and high performance. The sluggish sulfur reaction and the “shuttle effect” are among the main problems that hinder the commercial utilization of room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries. In this study, the performance of a hybrid that was based on nitrogen (N)-doped carbon nanospheres loaded with a meagre amount of Fe ions (0.14 at.%) was investigated in the sodium-sulfur battery. The Fe ions accelerated the conversion of polysulfides and provided a stronger interaction with soluble polysulfides. The Fe-carbon nanospheres hybrid delivered a reversible capacity of 359 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A·g−1 and retained a capacity of 180 mAh·g−1 at 1 A·g−1, after 200 cycles. These results, combined with the excellent rate performance, suggest that Fe ions, even at low loading, are able to improve the electrocatalytic effect of carbon nanostructures significantly. In addition to Na-S batteries, the new hybrid is anticipated to be a strong candidate for other energy storage and conversion applications such as other metal-sulfur batteries and metal-air batteries.

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11

Arie, Arenst Andreas. "Biomass Based Porous Carbons As Cathode's Component for Room Temperature Sodium Sulfur Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 5 (October 19, 2021): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-0251970mtgabs.

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12

Carter, Rachel, Landon Oakes, Anna Douglas, Nitin Muralidharan, Adam P. Cohn, and Cary L. Pint. "A Sugar-Derived Room-Temperature Sodium Sulfur Battery with Long Term Cycling Stability." Nano Letters 17, no. 3 (February 9, 2017): 1863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05172.

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13

Xin, Sen, Ya-Xia Yin, Yu-Guo Guo, and Li-Jun Wan. "Batteries: A High-Energy Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Battery (Adv. Mater. 8/2014)." Advanced Materials 26, no. 8 (February 2014): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201470053.

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14

Tabuyo-Martínez, Marina, Bernd Wicklein, and Pilar Aranda. "Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 12 (September 9, 2021): 995–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.12.75.

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Rechargeable batteries are a major element in the transition to renewable energie systems, but the current lithium-ion battery technology may face limitations in the future concerning the availability of raw materials and socio-economic insecurities. Sodium–sulfur (Na–S) batteries are a promising alternative energy storage device for small- to large-scale applications driven by more favorable environmental and economic perspectives. However, scientific and technological problems are still hindering a commercial breakthrough of these batteries. This review discusses strategies to remedy some of the current drawbacks such as the polysulfide shuttle effect, catastrophic volume expansion, Na dendrite growth, and slow reaction kinetics by nanostructuring both the sulfur cathode and the Na anode. Moreover, a survey of recent patents on room temperature (RT) Na–S batteries revealed that nanostructured sulfur and sodium electrodes are still in the minority, which suggests that much investigation and innovation is needed until RT Na–S batteries can be commercialized.

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15

Li, Shuping, Ziqi Zeng, Jiaqiang Yang, Zhilong Han, Wei Hu, Lihui Wang, Jingqi Ma, Bin Shan, and Jia Xie. "High Performance Room Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Battery by Eutectic Acceleration in Tellurium-Doped Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile." ACS Applied Energy Materials 2, no. 4 (April 2019): 2956–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b00343.

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16

Nagata, Hiroshi, and Yasuo Chikusa. "An All-solid-state Sodium–Sulfur Battery Operating at Room Temperature Using a High-sulfur-content Positive Composite Electrode." Chemistry Letters 43, no. 8 (August 5, 2014): 1333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.140353.

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17

Ye, Xin, Jiafeng Ruan, Yuepeng Pang, Junhe Yang, Yongfeng Liu, Yizhong Huang, and Shiyou Zheng. "Enabling a Stable Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Battery Cathode by Building Heterostructures in Multichannel Carbon Fibers." ACS Nano 15, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 5639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c00804.

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18

Wan, Hongli, Wei Weng, Fudong Han, Liangting Cai, Chunsheng Wang, and Xiayin Yao. "Bio-inspired Nanoscaled Electronic/Ionic Conduction Networks for Room-Temperature All-Solid-State Sodium-Sulfur Battery." Nano Today 33 (August 2020): 100860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100860.

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19

Schäfer, Frank, Michael Holzapfel, and Jens Tübke. "Medium-Temperature Sodium-Iodine Battery System." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-011102mtgabs.

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A medium-temperature sodium-iodine battery system is presented. The rechargeable molten-sodium system works at approx. 100 °C with high efficiency, and potentially lower cost than existing high-temperature sodium-batteries (which are usually operating at a temperature of around 300 °C). Our battery system uses an aqueous iodine/iodide solution as catholyte and sodium-ion conductive Zr-based NaSICON ceramic material as solid electrolyte. The free halogen, which is formed upon charge, is complexed as highly soluble triiodide. Long-term stability of sodium-ion conductive material in contact with aqueous electrolytes, generally, is a concern. NaSICON-based ceramic material has shown not only an enhanced stability [1] against these electrolytes but also an increased sodium-ion conductivity [2], compared to sodium β″-alumina used in sodium-sulfur batteries. The sodium-iodine system has shown to operate in a stable manner with a catholyte allowing for a high total iodine concentration (>3.0 mol/L) [1]. Substitution in the NaSICON composition allows for increased ionic conductivity and enhanced stability against the aqueous cathode. In the case of fissuring of the NaSICON ceramic separator, only solid products are formed. This stops the direct reaction of active materials. [1] M. Holzapfel, D. Wilde, C. Hupbauer, K. Ahlbrecht, T. Berger, Electrochim. Acta 237 (2017), 12-21. [2] S. Naqash, Q. Ma, F. Tietz, O. Guillon, Solid State Ionics 302 (2017), 83-91. This work is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research in the project „MiTemp – Mitteltemperatur-Natriumbatterien mit flüssiger Natriumanode und wässriger Iodkathode“ (03XP0183A). Figure 1

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20

Ryu, Hosuk, Taebum Kim, Kiwon Kim, Jou-Hyeon Ahn, Taehyun Nam, Guoxiu Wang, and Hyo-Jun Ahn. "Discharge reaction mechanism of room-temperature sodium–sulfur battery with tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl ether liquid electrolyte." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 11 (June 2011): 5186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.109.

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21

Bhargav, Amruth, Jiarui He, Woochul Shin, and Arumugam Manthiram. "(Invited) Long-Life Sodium-Sulfur Batteries Enabled By a Localized High Concentration Electrolyte." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01134mtgabs.

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The high abundance of both sulfur and sodium on earth makes room-temperature sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries a low-cost, environmentally benign, sustainable energy storage technology.1 High reactivity and instability of the Na-metal anode and the formation and migration of sodium polysulfides (NaPSs) at the sulfur cathode need to be mitigated to make this technology viable. The root cause of these issues can be the traced to the electrolytes that are conventionally used. To simultaneously solve the issues mentioned above, we utilize a localized high concentration electrolyte (LHCE).2 LHCE is prepared by diluting a concentrated salt solution with an inert solvent. The resulting unique solvation structure of the electrolyte favors the decomposition of the sodium salt to yield a thin, robust, ion-conducting SEI on both the anode and the cathode. This enables highly efficient and reversible stripping and plating at the Na-metal anode. At the sulfur cathode, this SEI changes the sulfur redox pathway by preventing the formation of NaPSs and steers it towards a quasi-solid-state conversion reaction. These benefits significantly prolong the life of the battery and bring the Na-S technology a step closer to viability. References A. Manthiram and X. Yu, Small, 11, 2108–2114 (2015). J. He, A. Bhargav, W. Shin, and A. Manthiram, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 143, 20241–20248 (2021). Figure 1

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22

Vijaya Kumar Saroja, Ajay Piriya, Kamaraj Muthusamy, and Ramaprabhu Sundara. "Strong Surface Bonding of Polysulfides by Teflonized Carbon Matrix for Enhanced Performance in Room Temperature Sodium‐Sulfur Battery." Advanced Materials Interfaces 6, no. 7 (February 13, 2019): 1801873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.201801873.

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23

Li, Minyuan M., Eugenia Polikarpov, David Reed, Vincent Sprenkle, and Guosheng Li. "Low Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Battery Enabled By Superior Molten Na Wettability." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-02110mtgabs.

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24

Kumar, Ajit, Arnab Ghosh, Amlan Roy, Manas Ranjan Panda, Maria Forsyth, Douglas R. MacFarlane, and Sagar Mitra. "High-energy density room temperature sodium-sulfur battery enabled by sodium polysulfide catholyte and carbon cloth current collector decorated with MnO2 nanoarrays." Energy Storage Materials 20 (July 2019): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.11.031.

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25

Kumar, Ajit, Arnab Ghosh, Arpita Ghosh, Aakash Ahuja, Abhinanda Sengupta, Maria Forsyth, Douglas R. MacFarlane, and Sagar Mitra. "Sub-zero and room-temperature sodium–sulfur battery cell operations: A rational current collector, catalyst and sulphur-host design and study." Energy Storage Materials 42 (November 2021): 608–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.08.014.

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26

Nikiforidis, G., G. J. Jongerden, E. F. Jongerden, M. C. M. van de Sanden, and M. N. Tsampas. "An Electrochemical Study on the Cathode of the Intermediate Temperature Tubular Sodium-Sulfur (NaS) Battery." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 166, no. 2 (2019): A135—A142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0491902jes.

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27

Li, Zhi Gang, Xiu Lan Huai, Da Wei Tang, Zhao Yin Wen, and Zhao Yi Dong. "Numerical Simulation of the Heat and Mass Transfer in a Sodium Sulfur Cell." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3956–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3956.

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A mathematical model is built for the heat and mass transfer during charge and discharge in a sodium sulfur cell by coupling the electrochemical equations with the equations of species transport and heat transfer. Numerical simulation is performed for the two-dimensional axisymmetric domain of a single cell. The simulated charge-discharge characteristics agree well with the experimental data of a 650 Ah Na/S cell. The transient non-uniform distributions of the electric potential, the current density, the sodium polysulfide composition and the temperature during charge and discharge are obtained. The results show that the non-uniform distribution of the sodium polysulfide composition and current density may deteriorate the degradation of the ceramic electrolyte and the corrosion of the metal container, thus may shorten the cell life. The graphite fibers in the sulfur electrode matrix are preferably radially oriented, which is advantageous for reducing the cell resistance, for improving the rechargeability and for extending the cell life. The simulation results of the transient temperature fields provide useful guidance for the optimized thermal design so as to enhance the energy efficiency of the battery system.

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28

Islam, Mahbub, and Rahul Jayan. "Single-Atom Electrocatalyst for Engineered Cathode Interfaces in Sodium-Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 46 (July 7, 2022): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01461963mtgabs.

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The demand for portable rechargeable energy storage devices is ever increasing, especially because of the advent of electric vehicles and widespread usage of portable electronics. The lithium-ion batteries are currently leading the battery market; however, the high-cost and potentially depleting storage of lithium metals are stimulating the search for alternative technologies. Metal-sulfur batteries are deemed to be promising candidates to supplant the ubiquitously used lithium-ion batteries owing to their high energy density, specific capacity, low cost of sulfur, and environmental benignity. Room temperature sodium sulfur batteries (RT Na-S) is a technologically viable alternative candidate which possesses astounding advantages such as low cost (both sodium and sulfur), non–toxicity, natural abundance, and high theoretical energy density (1274 Whkg-1). However, the inevitable problems such as the solubility of higher order polysulfides to the electrolyte, known as shuttle effect, and the slow kinetics of electrochemical conversion reactions of intermediate sodium polysulfides (Na2Sn) significantly impede the practical realization of Na-S batteries. The conventionally used various forms of carbonaceous nanomaterials for cathode design have floundered to overcome the challenges because their nonpolar nature cannot produce adequate anchoring and enhanced polysulfides reaction kinetics. The polar anchoring materials (AM) have exhibited promising performance to improve sulfur chemistry. It is generally understood that catalytic performance is directly connected to the surface area of catalytic particles, and the single-atomic level provides the maximum surface area, resulting in the highest catalytic efficacy. Herein, we use first principles-based density functional theory (DFT) simulations to investigate the interfacial interactions between Na2Sn and novel transition metal (TM) single-atom catalysts (SACs) embedded on nitrogen doped graphene and various lattice sites of transition metal chalcogenides (TMDC) (chalcogenides- and Metal-substitution, Metal-top sites). For example, the pristine and Mo-sub sites of MoS2 are found to be ineffective for efficient confinement of the polysulfides within the cathode material. We demonstrate that SACs on both S-site and Mo-top sites of MoS2 and on nitrogen doped graphene possess strong adsorption strength with the Na2Sn which are superior to the commonly used ether electrolyte solvents, a requisite to prevent shuttle effect. We illustrate the influence of d-band center of SACs as an important descriptor in describing Na2Sn interactions with them. The underlying anchoring mechanism of polysulfide adsorption over AM is examined through Bader charge, charge density difference and projected density of states (PDOS) analysis. We also investigate the effect of SACs in improving the kinetics of sulfur reduction reactions (SRRs) and catalytic decomposition of short-chain polysulfides which are crucial for achieving excellent rate capability and longer cycle life. Overall, the unprecedented insights obtained on the role of SACs in tailoring the polysulfides redox chemistry at the interfaces and their relation to their TM’s d-band center is an important step towards rational design cathode materials for high-performance Na-S batteries, in particular, but metal-chalcogenide batteries, in general.

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29

Wan, Hongli, Liangting Cai, Yu Yao, Wei Weng, Yuezhan Feng, Jean Pierre Mwizerwa, Gaozhan Liu, Yan Yu, and Xiayin Yao. "Self‐Formed Electronic/Ionic Conductive Fe 3 S 4 @ S @ 0.9Na 3 SbS 4 ⋅0.1NaI Composite for High‐Performance Room‐Temperature All‐Solid‐State Sodium–Sulfur Battery." Small 16, no. 34 (July 21, 2020): 2001574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202001574.

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30

Zhang, Chao, Ling Zhang, Yan An Chang та Jin Han Liu. "Preparation of β"-Alumina with η Type Nanometer Alumina Powder via Solid Phase Synthesis". Solid State Phenomena 281 (серпень 2018): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.281.84.

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Beta”-alumina is a fast ion conductor material,it was uesd to prepare a new electrolyte for a secondary energy sodium sulfur battery. nanoeta-alumina has the advantages of high activity and small size,which can reduce the synthesis temperature of beta”-alumina. Beta”-alumina is prepared with Sodium carbonate and eta-alumina amount of substance ratio of 1:5.5 via solid phase synthesis.This paper mainly investigate the temperature on the influence of the content of beta”-alumina and the samples’ crystal structure.The samples were characterized by XRD and SEM.The results show that the mixed powder react to form rhombohedral beta”-alumina at 1100°C;the highest content of beta”-alumina is 87.26% at 1200°C;the beta”-alumina decompose and part of beta”-alumina gradually transform into hexagonal beta-alumina at 1300°C;the content of beta”-alumina reduce and the grain grow at 1400°C; particle of the sample grow irregular and its crystal morphology is incomplete at 1500°C.

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31

Vijaya Kumar Saroja, Ajay Piriya, Arunkumar Rajamani, Kamaraj Muthusamy, and Ramaprabhu Sundara. "Repelling Polysulfides Using White Graphite Introduced Polymer Membrane as a Shielding Layer in Ambient Temperature Sodium Sulfur Battery." Advanced Materials Interfaces 6, no. 24 (October 30, 2019): 1901497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.201901497.

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32

Yokomaku, Yuji, Koji Hiraoka, Kohei Inaba, and Shiro Seki. "Solid Gel Electrolytes with Highly Concentrated Liquid Electrolyte in Polymer Networks and Their Physical and Electrochemical Properties and Application to Sodium Secondary Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 040535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac64c8.

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Gel polymer electrolytes consisting of sulfolane (SL)-NaN(SO2CF3)2 liquid electrolyte and a polyether-based host polymer were prepared, and their physicochemical and electrochemical properties were investigated. The prepared gel electrolytes generally exhibited high thermal stability regardless of the NaN(SO2CF3)2 concentrations. The glass transition temperature decreased with the NaN(SO2CF3)2 concentration owing to the strong interaction between SL and Na+. The ionic conductivities of all gel polymer electrolytes were higher than 10−4 S cm−1 at 303.15 K as a result of the plasticizer effect of SL. Although a relatively large interfacial resistance of the electrolyte/Na metal electrode was observed owing to the high reactivity of the SL-NaN(SO2CF3)2 electrolyte, the fabricated [Na metal negative electrode∣gel polymer electrolyte∣sulfur-modified polyacrylonitrile positive electrode] cell, i.e., the Na-S battery, achieved reversible charge-discharge operation at 333 K and demonstrated its potential to serve as an electric power storage system capable of low-temperature operation.

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33

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In a classification of solids according to their bonding character (into metals, ceramics and glasses, polymers, and semiconductors), the ceramic class includes an enormous range of industrially important materials. From the archetypal ionic solids through oxides to silicates, and to covalently bonded materials such as SiC, they exhibit a rich variety of structures and properties. They occur as structural materials, either on their own or as composites such as SiC/Al2O3. They are important functional materials, such as fast-ion conductors as electrolytes in fuel cells (for example ZrO2/Y2O3 for hydrogen combustion) or batteries (β-alumina in the sodium-sulfur battery), ferroelectric materials such as BaTiO3 and piezoelectrics such as PZT—a solid solution of PbTiO3 and PbZrO3. The high-temperature superconductors (for example, YBa2Cu3O7) are ceramics above the superconducting transition temperature. The products of corrosion and oxidation are ionic materials, and the properties of oxide coatings are vital to the survival of high-temperature alloys in gas turbines or fuel-element claddings in nuclear reactors.To understand the behavior of ceramic materials, and to optimize their production, processing, and application, it is often necessary to model their behavior at an atomic level. In some cases this is obvious. Ionic diffusion in a solid electrolyte is a self-evidently atomic process. In other cases the need for atomistic simulation is less clear. Oxidation, for example, is a subtle blend of atomic diffusion (often along grain boundaries), metal-ceramic bonding, stress relief, and grain growth. The course of oxidation can be spectacularly affected by impurities and alloying, and this can only be understood by considering the atomicscale processes involved.

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34

Liu, Wen, Hong Li, Jing-Ying Xie, and Zheng-Wen Fu. "Rechargeable Room-Temperature CFx-Sodium Battery." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6, no. 4 (February 6, 2014): 2209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am4051348.

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Fan, Ling, Ruifang Ma, Yuhua Yang, Suhua Chen, and Bingan Lu. "Covalent sulfur for advanced room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries." Nano Energy 28 (October 2016): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.08.056.

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Zhang, Shipeng, Yu Yao, and Yan Yu. "Frontiers for Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries." ACS Energy Letters 6, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02488.

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Ma, Ruifang, Ling Fan, Jue Wang, and Bingan Lu. "Confined and covalent sulfur for stable room temperature potassium-sulfur battery." Electrochimica Acta 293 (January 2019): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.040.

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38

Hartmann, Pascal, Conrad L. Bender, Miloš Vračar, Anna Katharina Dürr, Arnd Garsuch, Jürgen Janek, and Philipp Adelhelm. "A rechargeable room-temperature sodium superoxide (NaO2) battery." Nature Materials 12, no. 3 (December 2, 2012): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3486.

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McCormick, Colin. "Energy Focus: Rechargeable room-temperature sodium-air battery involves sodium superoxide." MRS Bulletin 38, no. 2 (February 2013): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.30.

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Feng, Jinkui, Zhen Zhang, Lifei Li, Jian Yang, Shenglin Xiong, and Yitai Qian. "Ether-based nonflammable electrolyte for room temperature sodium battery." Journal of Power Sources 284 (June 2015): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.03.038.

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Kim, T. B., J. W. Choi, H. S. Ryu, G. B. Cho, K. W. Kim, J. H. Ahn, K. K. Cho, and H. J. Ahn. "Electrochemical properties of sodium/pyrite battery at room temperature." Journal of Power Sources 174, no. 2 (December 2007): 1275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.093.

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Brutti, S., M. A. Navarra, G. Maresca, S. Panero, J. Manzi, E. Simonetti, and G. B. Appetecchi. "Ionic liquid electrolytes for room temperature sodium battery systems." Electrochimica Acta 306 (May 2019): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.139.

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43

Kim, T. B., H. Y. Ahn, and H. Y. Hur. "Discharge Properties of Sodium-sulfur Batteries at Room Temperature." Korean Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 3 (March 27, 2006): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2006.16.3.193.

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Kumar, Deepak, Suman B. Kuhar, and D. K. Kanchan. "Room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries as emerging energy source." Journal of Energy Storage 18 (August 2018): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.04.021.

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Ghosh, Arnab, Swapnil Shukla, Monisha Monisha, Ajit Kumar, Bimlesh Lochab, and Sagar Mitra. "Sulfur Copolymer: A New Cathode Structure for Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries." ACS Energy Letters 2, no. 10 (September 29, 2017): 2478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00714.

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46

Sungjemmenla, Chhail Bihari Soni, and Vipin Kumar. "Recent advances in cathode engineering to enable reversible room-temperature aluminium–sulfur batteries." Nanoscale Advances 3, no. 6 (2021): 1569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0na01019g.

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Xia, Chuan, Fan Zhang, Hanfeng Liang, and Husam N. Alshareef. "Layered SnS sodium ion battery anodes synthesized near room temperature." Nano Research 10, no. 12 (August 10, 2017): 4368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1722-0.

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Liu, K., Y. Lin, J. D. Miller, J. Liu, and X. Wang. "Study of Room Temperature Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Sulfur Battery." ECS Transactions 72, no. 8 (October 11, 2016): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/07208.0209ecst.

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Wang, Chaozhi, Jingqin Cui, Xiaoliang Fang, and Nanfeng Zheng. "Regulating the Deposition of Insoluble Sulfur Species for Room Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries." Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 38, no. 1 (October 18, 2021): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40242-021-1273-5.

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Zhou, Jiahui, Shengming Xu, and Yue Yang. "Strategies for Polysulfide Immobilization in Sulfur Cathodes for Room‐Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries." Small 17, no. 32 (June 10, 2021): 2100057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202100057.

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