Статті в журналах з теми "Romanx"

Članek primerjalno obravnava dve zgodnji teoretični besedili o romanu: Razpravo o izvoru romanov (Traité sur l´Origine des romans) P.D. Hueta (1670) ter Razmislek o romanih (Idée sur les romans) Markiza de Sada (1800). Huet svoje prepričanje, da roman izvira na Orientu, med drugim utemeljuje z ugotovitvami o temperamentu orientalskih ljudstev, ki po njegovem mnenju v največji možni meri ustreza zahtevam romanesknega žanra. Za Markiza de Sada, ki se sicer opredeli za grški izvor romana, je temperament širši pojem. Roman je po njegovem nasledek dveh temeljnih človekovih potreb, potrebe po molitvi in potrebe po ljubezni. Predvidevamo sicer lahko, meni, da se je kot tak (najprej) pojavil v Egiptu, ki je zibelka vseh kultov, vendar pa romani nastajajo od nekdaj in povsod.

Straipsnyje aptariama nauja tendencija moterų literatūroje. Ši tendencija apibūdinama kaip komerciniu požiūriu sėkmingų romanų protrūkis. Šiuo romanus vienijanti tema – jaunų moterų pastangos suderinti sėkmingą karjerą ir emancipuotos moters asmeninius poreikius. Kritinėje šios literatūros recepcijoje vyrauja dvi nuomonės. Vieni kritikai naująjį žanrą tapatina su meilės romanu, skirtu vartojiškumo dvasios apimtai skaitytojų auditorijai, kiti teigia, kad šis žanras įkūnija realistinio romano sugrįžimą ir nurodo akivaizdžias sąsajas su jo žanrinėmis variacijomis. Šiuo požiūriu ši literatūra atspindi svarbiausius laikmečio faktorius, lemiančius tapatybės raidą. Marian Keyes romane Arbūzas pastebimi charakteringiausi aptariamojo naujojo literatūros žanro bruožai, straipsnyje analizuojami pasitelkiant šio žanro tyrinėtojų vertinimus.

RESUMEN Para los historiadores de la época romana imperial que se ocupen de los bandidos y de los pobres en la sociedad romana desde el inicio del Principado, las sátiras son, sin duda, una fuente de información muy importante. Así, el objetivo del artículo es discutir el bandolerismo en la sociedad romana teniendo en cuenta el Satyricon escrito por Petronio y las Metamorfosis, cuyo autor es Apuleyo. Intento estudiar la relación entre historia y literatura, en especial su potencialidad para discutir modelos normativos sobre el pasado romano y buscar formas alternativas para reflexionar sobre masculinidades marginalizadas. PALABRAS CLAVE: bandolerismo, literatura e historia, sociedad romana, sátiras romanas, masculinidades marginales ABSTRACT Regarding studies on bandits and poor people in Roman society during the beginning of the Principate, the satirical novels comprise a very important corpus of evidence. The aim of this paper is to focus on Petronius’ Satyricon and Apuleius’ Metamorphosis to discuss banditry in Roman society. I shall also discuss how literature can provide new insights to rethink marginalized masculinities in Roman society. KEYWORDS: banditry, history and literature, Roman society, Roman satires, marginalized masculinities

Abstract Four kinds of Romans in the Frankish kingdoms in the 6th to 8th centuries. Roman law texts from Merowingian Gaul make a difference between cives Romani, Latini and dediticii, all considered as Romans. This difference mattered only to slaves who had been freed. The status of Latin and dediticius was hereditary, whereas the descendants of one who had been freed as civis Romanus were free born Romans, who should be classified as a proper, a fourth kind of beeing Roman; it was the standard kind. The difference was important in civil law, procedural law and criminal law, especially in wergeld, the sum to be payed for expiation when somebody had been killed: Who had killed a Roman, had to pay different sums according to the status of the killed.

Magiškojo realizmo apraiškoms Latvijoje sovietų okupacijos metais įtakos turėjo literatūra ir teoriniai tekstai, prieinami tik Sovietų Sąjungos elitui, ir išeivijoje leisti leidiniai. Šiame straipsnyje autorius daugiausia dėmesio skiria literatūros kūrinių, susijusių su magiškuoju realizmu ir prieinamų Latvijoje stagnacijos laikotarpiu, vertimams, jų įtakai latvių rašytojų kūrybai. Nagrinėjamas latvių rašytojo Zigmundo Skujinio atvejis, ypač jo romanas Gulta ar zelta kāju (Lova su auksine koja, 1984), vienas esminių ir populiariausių latvių romanų, parašytų XX a. 9-ame dešimtmetyje. Kai kurie kritikai pabrėžė romano kompozicijos ir magiškosios poetikos giminystę su Gabrielio Garcíos Márquezo romanu Cien años de soledad (Šimtas metų vienatvės, 1967). Romane, sukurtame prieš Latvijos nepriklausomybės lūžį, Skujinis formaliai pripažino sovietinį modernizmą, nors sekė ir tyrinėjo kelius, kurie vedė į išsilaisvinimą, modernizmo šaknų ieškodamas latvių tautos istorijoje, o ne sovietinių kolonizatorių atneštoje naujoje santvarkoje. Skaitomiausiu kūriniu tapęs romanas leido Skujiniui išsakyti esmines nesmurtinio pasipriešinimo kolonijiniame būvyje idėjas.

Slika Hansa Holbeina Tijelo mrtvoga Krista u grobu imala je snažan utjecaj na refleksiju o mogućnosti uskrsnuća u kasnom djelu Fjodora Mihajloviča Dostojevskoga. Tom se slikom posve izravno i intenzivno bave likovi romana Idiot, a rasprava o Holbeinovoj slici u djelu Dostojevskoga najčešće se ograničava na taj roman. Usuprot tomu, autor u članku istražuje mogućnost da Dostojevski u romanu Idiot nije zaključio raspravu o Holbeinovoj slici. Usporedna analiza tekstova dvaju romana ostavlja mogućnost da je rasprava o mrtvom tijelu starca Zosime u romanu Braća Karamazovi zapravo nastavak rasprave Dostojevskoga o Holbeinovoj slici Tijelo mrtvoga Krista u grobu.

COSA TARDO ROMANO E MEDIEVALE I: L'ARCE E LA STRUTTURA NELLA PARTE NORD-ORIENTALE DELLA CITTAL'obiettivo degli scavi è di ricontrollare e datare l'insediamento post-romano a Cosa alla luce dei recenti studi sulla ceramica tardo-romana e medievale. Due aree sono state esplorate sull'Arce: la prima a nord della porta principale e la seconda a ovest del tempio D. Infine, una torre posta al di sopra delle mura romane nella parte nord-orientale dell città è stata parzialmente messa in luce.Sull'Arce si può ricostruire un'occupazione di epoca Bizantina: l'insieme comprendeva quartieri di abitazione all'interno del tempio, con un granaio, un fienile e stalle adiacenti. Si tratta probabilmente di una mansio, fortificata dopo un incendio nel VI secolo. Invece, la torre scavata nella zona nord-est della città romana testimonia una presenza medievale. Si tratta di una struttura tondeggiante irregolare che si appoggia alle mura romane guardando il Portus Cosanus. Potrebbe essere interpretata come base per una catapulta, datata verso l'inizio del XIV secolo.

El análisis del final de la República romana se ha visto condicionado durante mucho tiempo dentro de la historiografía por la obra de R. Syme, The Roman Revolution, y por la concepción elitista de la constitución romana. Recientemente, se han producido cambios respecto a esta visión tradicional, que han insistido en la existencia de un componente democrático en el sistema político romano. Se propone un análisis de estos nuevos planteamientos desde el punto de vista de la historiografía sobre la plebe romana.

La institución romana del domicilium convierte al sujeto en residente. Suele designar el lugar de residencia prolongada del incola o habitante que ha emigrado a una comunidad, por contraposición al municeps; por lo tanto, es un vínculo jurídico entre la ciudad y la persona que ha emigrado a ella. Frente a la expresión de la origo en los textos epigráficos, que es muy abundante, la manifestación del domicilo solo se hace de forma excepcional, en atención al escaso número de referencias conservadas, y su enunciación es muy similar a la que marca el origen. Palabras clave: domicilium, origo, ciudadano, epigrafía, latina.Topónimos: Imperio Romano.Periodo: Principado (27 a. C. – 284 d. C.) ABSTRACTThe Roman institution of the domicilium turns the subject into a resident. It usually designates the place of prolonged residence of the incola or inhabitant who has emigrated to a community, as opposed to the municeps. 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Grški helenistični roman je bil v zadnjih tridesetih letih deležen ponovnega zanimanja, delno tudi zaradi premikov, ki so se zgodili na področju raziskovanja književnosti. Podrobneje sem pregledala dva slovenska članka o grškem antičnem romanu in v nadaljevanju opisala nekaj modernih literarnih metod, ki so jih pogosteje uporabljali za preučevanje grškega helenističnega romana.

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Christa Wolfs Roman Kindheitsmuster (1976), einem der wichtigsten Romane der DDR-Literaturgeschichte. Der Beitrag geht auch auf die Rezeption des Romans ein. Denn wer sich in der Gegenwart mit Christa Wolf beschäftigt, sollte diese Rezeptionsgeschichte zur Kenntnis nehmen. Mit dem Roman entwickelt Christa Wolf eine neue Art autobiografischen Schreibens, deren Traditionen kurz angesprochen werden. Der Roman Kindheitsmuster erzählt von Nelly Jordan, die in den Jahren zwischen 1933 und 1947 heranwächst und von der erwachsenen Frau, die Jahrzehnte später ihre nun polnische Heimat besucht und sich an das Kind erinnert, das sie einmal war.

Japonijoje gimusi ir ten vaikystę praleidusi belgų kilmės rašytoja Amélie Nothomb, remdamasi savo japoniška patirtimi, išleido keletą romanų, tarp jų – Baimę ir drebėjimą (Stupeur et tremblemet, 1999). Asmeninė rašytojos gyvenimo Japonijoje patirtis, jos romano pasakotojas ir personažų vardai skatina tam tikrą skaitytojų recepciją – skaityti šį romaną kaip tikrovišką pasakojimą. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad romano pasakotoja Amelija, vartodama tokius vie­našališkus žodžius ir posakius kaip antai stereotipai ir išankstinės nuomonės (idées reçues), konstruoja stereotipišką ir ironiškai konotuotą Japonijos visuo­menės paveikslą, kurį skaitytojai interpretuoja kaip scenografiją. Šioje scenografijoje pasakotojos Ame­lijos patirtis pateikiama kaip būdinga tik Japonijos visuomenei.

Tekst je napisan prigodom sto pedesete godišnjice rođenja Viktora Cara Emina (1870. – 1963.) i osvrće se na autorovo najzrelije djelo, roman Danuncijadu (1946.). Budući da je u Carevu romanu Šenoina teleološka koncepcija povijesnoga romana zamijenjena neteleološkom, pripovjedač uvodi ironiju, kojom se povijest negira kao logičan slijed. Karnevalizacijom, grotesknim likom povijesne osobe kao antijunaka i citatnim dijalogom s tradicijom Car se u Danuncijadi približio dosta kasnijoj postmodernoj poetici povijesnoga romana, stoga neke njegove literarne postupke prepoznajemo u povijesnim romanima autora kao što su Fabrio, Kušan i Brešan.

Resumen En el presente artículo repasaremos someramente algunos de los hitos más reseñables de la historia militar del Imperio Romano Tardío, haciendo hincapié en el papel de los bárbaros que luchaban junto a los romanos, puesto que la barbarización del ejercito romano ha sido uno de los puntos de referencia en las investigaciones acerca de la decadencia y caída del Imperio Romano. En este sentido, haremos referencia al papel integrador que tuvo el ejército romano durante buena parte de la historia del Imperio Romano, y señalaremos los principales hechos que condujeron al final de dicho papel; esbozando también las desastrosas consecuencias que tuvo este hecho para el futuro del Imperio, especialmente del Occidental. Palabras clave: Bárbaros, ejército, integración, migración, godos, reclutamiento. Abstract In this article we will briefly review some of the most important milestones in the military history of the Late Roman Empire. In it we will emphasize the role of the barbarians who fought with the Romans, since the barbarización of the Roman army is one of the points of reference in the investigations about the decay and fall of the Roman Empire. In this sense, we will refer to the role played by the Roman army in the integration of foreigners during a large part of the history of the Roman Empire. In addition, we will point out the main events that led to the end of this integrating role; we will also indicate the disastrous consequences this fact had for the future of the Empire, especially for the Western part. Key words: Barbarians, army, integration, migration, goths, recruitment.

Šio straipsnio tikslas yra pristatyti naują naratyvinį žanrą – grafinį romaną (angl. graphic novel), kilusį iš komiksų tradicijų. Komiksų vieta Šiaurės Ameri­kos kultūroje paradoksali; nors jie nuo XX a. pra­džios spausdinami beveik visuose JAV ir Kanados laikraščiuose, nevertinami nei kaip menas, nei kaip literatūra. Tik paskutiniame XX a. dešimtmetyje li­teratūrologai atkreipė dėmesį į komiksus, kaip savitą naratyvinį žanrą: aiškinama, kad būtina analizuoti žodžių ir vaizdų sąryšį, kuris sukuria išskirtinę nara­tyvinę kalbą. Šią kalbą meistriškai naudoja grafinių romanų kūrėjai – pritaiko ją visai naujoms temoms. Pavyzdžiui, amerikiečio Arto Spiegelmano romanas Maus („Pelė“, išvertus iš vokiečių kalbos) pasako­ja apie žydų holokausto siaubą. Iš pirmo žvilgsnio atrodo beveik šventvagiška, kad autorius apie žydų kančias Aušvico lageryje pasakoja naudodamasis ži­noma komiksų „kalbančių gyvulių“ tradicija. Tačiau A. Spiegelmanas sugeba tragiškus įvykius perteikti ironišku komiksų stiliumi. Jo romane išryškinama antrosios kartos paveldėta kančia, kuri komplikuo­ja tėvo ir sūnaus santykius. 1992 m. romanas Mauspelnė autoriui prestižinę Amerikos „Pulitzer“ lite­ratūros premiją. Kitas amerikiečių grafinio romano kūrėjas Joe Sacco taip pat domisi istorinių katastrofų poveikiu paprastų žmonių gyvenimui. RomanasPa­lestinas vaizduoja autoriaus klaidžiojimą per palesti­niečių pabėgėlių gyvenvietes. Romano įtampa kyla iš autoriaus bendravimo su palestiniečiais – ironijos objektu dažniausiai tampa jis pats, naivus svečias iš turtingų Vakarų. Žinomiausi Kanados grafinio roma­no kūrėjai Chesteris Brownas ir Seth (rašytojo Gre­gory Gallanto slapyvardis) taip pat linkę naudoti au­tobiografinę medžiagą. C. Brownas romane Tu man niekad nepatikai (išleistas 2002 m.) galima įžvelgti bildungsromano bruožų. Pagrindinis herojus, kaip ir autorius, vardu Chesteris, augantis Monrealio prie­miestyje, turi tipiškų paauglystės rūpesčių. Tik vai­kino motinai staiga susirgus nervų liga, susidrumsčia ramus priemiesčio gyvenimas. Chesteris priverstas subręsti. Seth’o romane Geras gyvenimas, jei tik nepalūžti (išleistas 2003 m.) irgi autobiografinis; pa­grindinis herojus, kaip ir autorius, vardu Seth’as. Ro­mano veiksmas – Seth’o pastangos surasti žinių apie vieną jau seniai užmirštą Kanados karikatūrininką, su kuriuo Seth’as tapatinasi. Autorius nenori prisitai­kyti prie Šiaurės Amerikos polinkio greitai užmirš­ti praeitį, nevertinti jos kultūros. Grafinis romanas apskritai yra iššūkis literatūrologams, verčiantis juos ieškoti naujų teorijų ir metodologijų, pagal kurias būtų galima nagrinėti naują žanrą.

The author of the article turned to the theme of ethnolookism - daily discriminatory practices, which are due to compliance or, on the contrary, inconsistensy between the real appearance of representatives of a particular ethnic group and established ethnic stereotypes and prejudices. The article is devoted to a particular case of ethnolookism in antiquity. We are talking about ethnolookism as a factor in the attitude of the Romans towards the Germans. According to the author, in the ordinary perception of the Greeks and Romans, all barbarians of the same ethnic origin - Scythians or Thracians, Getae or Germans - were, as the saying is, “on the same face”. Experts call this effect cross-racial. From the end of the 2nd century BC the Romans actively interacted with the Germans. Latin authors call blue eyes and blond hair, tall stature and a strong physique as characteristic external signs of the Germans. For the Romans these sings were, most likely, the very triggers, which automatically resurrected in the collective consciousness of the contemporaries of Horace, Caesar and Tacitus longstanding fears associated with metus Gallicus and furor Teutonicus. It is characteristic that the Germans, who served under the Roman banners, became “Romans” in the eyes of their fellow tribesmen. The Germans themselves thought so, and the Roman authorities clearly separated “their” barbarians from those who attacked the borders of the Roman Empire. Thus, within the framework of the political unity of pax Romana, the ethnocultural rapprochement of the Romans and Germans gradually took place.

ABSTRACT: With the Third Punic War, Scipio Emiliano had settled the African question, constituting a province which still had good relations with the kingdom of Numidia ruled by Massinissa, whose politics had attracted Roman merchants and businessmen to Africa, romans and italics. attracted by African riches, Rome was therefore grateful for the relations it had with Numidia. the kingdom after the death of Massinissa had passed to the eldest son Mecipsa, on the latter's death, the kingdom was disputed by the three main heirs, among them, the most unscrupulous was Giugurta, adopted son of Mecipsa, thus a long struggle for supremacy broke out. This article deals with the period of the Roman conquest in North Africa, with particular dedication to the period post- Massinissa and the analysis of the politico-social scenario of Numidia. What role did Giugurta play? How did Rome respond to this threat? RIASSUNTO: Con la terza guerra punica, Scipione Emiliano sbarcò sul territorio di Cartagine, dopo questa grandiosa vittoria, l’Africa del Nord divenne provincia romana, Roma e Numidia avevano sempre mantenuto buoni rapporti, infatti la politica di Massinissa aveva atterrato in Africa commercianti e uomini d’affari, romani ed italici attratti dalle ricchezze africane, dunque Roma era contenta dei rapporti che interattiva con la Numidia, il regno dopo la morte di Massinissa era passato al figlio maggiore Mecipsa, alla morte di quest’ultimo, il regno fu conteso dai tre principali eredi, tra i quali il più spregiudicato era Giugurta, figlio adottivo di Mecipsa, scoppiò cosi una lunga lotto per la supremazia. Nel presente articolo sono trattati i momenti della conquista romana in Nord-Africa, con particolare dedizione al periodo post-massinissiano e all’analisi dello scenario politico-sociale della Numidia. Quale il ruolo giocato da Giugurta ? Come Roma rispose a tale minaccia?

Rad se bavi složenim pojmom generacije, pri čemu je naglasak na upotrebi i problematiziranju pojma generacije u književnosti. Pojmu generacije pristupa se u njegovoj svakodnevnoj, medijskoj i novomedijskoj upotrebi te u području društvenih i humanističkih znanosti kako bi se nakon uvodnoga prikaza problema pristupilo upotrebi pojma generacije u znanosti o književnosti. Pojam generacije razvija se iz socioloških istraživanja, što je ukratko prikazano u drugome odjeljku, i što se nastoji kroz rad povezati s generacijama u književnosti. Sljedeći se odlomak bavi skicom teorijskoga prikaza pojma generacije u znanosti o književnosti, gdje se pojam generacijskoga upotrebljava kao periodizacijska i kao genološka oznaka, da bi se rad nastavio analizom upotrebe pojma generacije u nekoliko novijih književnih povijesti i studija o hrvatskome romanu. Različiti pristupi pojmu generacije u povijestima suvremene hrvatske književnosti otvaraju različita problemska čvorišta, primjerice pitanje „proze u trapericama“, hrvatskih „književnih naraštaja“ te upotrebe i pozicije pojma „otpora“, čemu se također pristupa u zasebnom odjeljku. Analize se provode imajući u vidu različite razine problema generacije i različita metodološka uporišta kojima se njemu pristupa, te stoga sama razrada zahtijeva određen stupanj opsežnosti, no pritom je osnovno pitanje i vodilja rada – što su to generacijski romani i kojim se suvremenim romanima hrvatske književnosti može pripisati ta odrednica. Kroz rad se upućuje na različite elemente za prepoznavanje generacijskih romana te na romane koji se u povijestima hrvatskoga romana označavaju kao generacijski. Pritom se, kroz spomenute analize prepoznaju i specifične lokalne generacijske artikulacije koje se aktiviraju i u književnim tekstovima. Zaključno se otvara pitanje o generacijskim temama u najnovijoj književnoj produkciji te se do tada prepoznate značajke ključne za prepoznavanje generacijskih romana dopunjuju novim mogućnostima.

U radu koji slijedi istražuje se problem prevođenja sekundarnih jezičkih varijeteta u književnim djelima. Istraživanje se fokusira na prisustvo ijekavice i ikavice u romanu Hazarski rečnik Milorada Pavića, u kojem dva navedena narječja predstavljaju sekundarne jezičke kodove, s obzirom na to da je ekavica primarno narječje kojim je pisan roman. Milorad Pavić upotrebljava ijekavicu i ikavicu kao sekundarna narječja u romanu sa ciljem karakterizacije dva književna lika, čija je upotreba jezika pomjerena i drugačija od standarda. Rad ispituje navedenu prevodilačku problematiku analizom dva različita prevoda Hazarskog rečnika na italijanski jezik, uz poređenje izbora engleske prevoditeljke Pavićevog romana. U radu se analiziraju izbori prevoditeljki da pomenute jezičke elemente originalnog romana u prevodu na dolazni jezik neutralizuju te da ih prenesu na savremeni italijanski jezik bez pomenutih karakteristika. U radu se nude alternativna prevodilačka rješenja kojima bi se jezički diverzitet prototeksta zadržao i u metatekstu, a čime bi se i u dolaznom jeziku ostvarila piščeva namjera karakterizacije književnih likova njihovom pomjerenom upotrebom jezika.

Ius Gentium e Direito Internacional: identificação ou sobreposição? Resumo: Neste artigo questiona-se a identificação do conceito romano de ius gentium com aquele de direito internacional moderno. Para responder o questionamento, busca-se identificar as características do ius que regulava as relações de Roma com outros povos e reis e as situações jurídicas que envolviam os estrangeiros. Observou-se que a aplicação do conceito moderno de direito internacional à antiguidade romana gera a mutilação da realidade histórica e dificulta a compreensão do seu universalismo, em suas especificidades culturais. Este artigo contribui para desconstruir a identificação do ius gentium romano com o conceito de direito internacional moderno. Palavras-chave: Direito romano. Ius gentium. Ius fetiale. Direito internacional. Ius Gentium and International Law: Identification or Overlay? Abstract: In this article the identification of the Roman concept of ius gentium with that of modern international law is questioned. To answer this question, this paper seeks to identify the characteristics of the ius that regulated the relations of Rome with other peoples and kings and the legal situations that involved the foreigners. It was observed that the application of the modern concept of international law to Roman antiquity generates the mutilation of historical reality and makes it difficult to understand its universalism in its cultural specificities. This article contributes to deconstruct the identification of the Roman ius gentium with the concept of modern international law. Keywords: Roman Law. Ius gentium. Ius fetiale. Internacional Law.

The pontifical is a lituigical book used by the bishop. It contains prayer formulas and the rites proper to the liturgical confection of sacraments and sacramentals reserved solely to the bishop. The pontifical arose from a practical necessity - the use of only one book during holy functions. It was formed from three different ancient books of the Church: Liber sacramentorum, Ordines Romani and Benedictionale, used by the bishops in the Gallic liturgy. A new type of book, which became the first pontifical combining the Roman and Gallic traditions, appeared in the tenth century (in the years 950-961) in Mainz, in the monastery of Saint Alban and was called the Roman - Germanic Pontifical (Pontificate Romano-Germanicum).

A partir del análisis de los conceptos de “originalidad” e “imitación” en el mundo romano, este artículo estudia los alcances de la literatura científica romana: si puede considerarse como tal su originalidad y su autonomía respecto de los modelos griegos, y sus aportes para la historia y la comunicación de la ciencia en la antigüedad. El artículo se centra en dos obras de carácter técnico-científico escritas en latín: la monumental Historia natural de Plinio y el recetario De re coquinaria . En conclusión, busca establecer similitudes y diferencias entre la literatura técnica y la literatura científica en Roma, y sobre todo discute la originalidad del mensaje científico comunicado por los romanos y el carácter divulgativo de los autores latinos. Palabras clave: Antigua Roma, ciencia, divulgación, literatura técnica, literatura científica, Historia natural, De re coquinaria. Based on the analysis of the concepts of “originality” and “imitation” from the roman world, this article studies the reach of roman scientific literature: if its contribution to the history and communication of science in the ancient times can be considered as such. This article focuses on two works of technical and scientific character, both written in Latin: the monumental Natural History by Plinio and the recipe book De re coquinaria . In sum, it seeks to establish similarities and differences between technical literature and scientific literature in Rome and, above all, it discusses the originality of the scientific message communicated by the Romans and the informative character of the Latin authors. Key words: Ancient Rome, science, divulgation, technical literature, scientific literature, Natural History, De re coquinaria.

Ivan Cankar je socialno empatijo – zmožnost za globlje razumevanje ljudi, predvsem njihovih razlik in (ne)enakovrednosti – v svojem drugem romanu Na klancu (1902) izrazil s pomočjo socialističnih stališč in prepričanj. Na klancu je prvi simbolistični roman na Slovenskem, v katerem je izvirna poetika, tj. mešanica realizma, naturalizma in simbolizma, izrazila socialne, politične in filozofske ideje s »silnimi sredstvi lepote«. Čeprav glavni liki, to so Francka, Tone in Lojze, le redko razmišljajo socialistično, je treba za celotno sporočilno vrednost romana upoštevati tudi ostale like, na primer pisarja in čevljarja ter nadute vrhniške meščane, predvsem pa simbole. Izvrstna struktura romana nas napelje na dve možnosti izbire za ponižane in razžaljene: prva je individualna rešitev socialnih krivic z dobrodelnostjo, druga pa sistemska sprememba krivične družbe v pravičnejšo. Prva je z marijanskim kultom matere Francke in njenim otroškim upanjem v dobrodelnost bogatih skozi celoten roman izpeljana parabolično, da se potrdi deterministična teza, kako zgolj dobrodelnost za dostojno življenje reveža ni dovolj. Ker je tovrstna individualna rešitev le rezultat sreče – ponazarjata jo simbola klanca kot univerzalnega prostora kapitalističnega izkoriščanja ljudi in tek za vozom –, je v romanu ponujena še druga možnost, ki je simbolistična socialistična vizija (delavske) prihodnosti: sistemska rešitev, torej kolektivna sprememba kapitalizma, nakazana s simbolom odrešilne rdeče iskre, razplamtene v belo svetlobo. Bolj kot natančno določanje meja med različnimi vrstami Cankarjevega socializma se mi zdi v obravnavanem romanu pomembno opozoriti na eklektičnost umetnikovega socializma, torej na prepletenost različnih vrst socializma s socialno demokracijo, drugimi gibanji in lastnimi idejami. Na to opozarjata že sama fragmentarnost Cankarjevega miselnega sistema in znano dejstvo, da je bil avtor izredno kompleksna osebnost, pri kateri je vsakršno shematično poenostavljanje nedopustno.

The paper presents data on the population from the south of the province Dalmatia (Dilunto / Stolac). The conquest of the Illyrians and the education in the province of Dalmatia led not only to territorial but to ethnic changes as well. As shown by the epigraph statues from the valley of the Bregava (Dilunto / Stolac), the locals, during the Roman rule, lived together with the Romans who came to the area (cives Romani). A stronger influence of the Roman culture and civilisation, as well as lifestyle, was mostly pronounced by the Italic peoples, as highly significant contributors. They brought with themselves all the achievements of the Roman civilisation, which influenced the locals in various ways. Epigraph statues, various archeological findings and oral sources shed light to a certain degree on all these facts in the south of the province Dalmatia.

Leta 2017 je minilo 50 let od prve objave romana Garcíe Márqueza Sto let samote, enega najpomembnejših romanov v špansko govorečem svetu in sodobni književnosti nasploh. Članek se osredotoča na vprašanje minevanja časa in z njim povezanega zgodovinskega, kolektivnega in osebnega spomina. Že v prvem stavku romana (»Mnogo let zatem, ko je čakal, da ga ustrele, se je polkovnik Aureliano Buendía spomnil tistega daljnega popoldneva, ko ga je oče peljal pogledat led«) se pojavi glagol spomniti se, ki sproži ves tok dogajanja v romanu. Spominjanje in pozabljanje je eden ključnih elementov v romanu, kjer se prepletajo dogodki iz realnega in namišljenega, magičnega sveta. Po eni strani García Márquez svoj roman umešča v zgodovinska dogajanja in s tem prispeva k obujanju spomina na dogodke, ki so bili pogosto zamolčani in o katerih zgodovinske knjige ne pišejo, po drugi strani pa gre tudi za kolektivni in osebni spomin protagonistov. Spominjanja, pozabljanja in obujanja spominov se avtor loti s posebnimi slogovnimi prijemi, s skladenjskimi in semantičnimi pristopi, kot so npr. raba določenih glagolskih oblik, ponavljanja in drugo.

Leta 2017 je minilo 50 let od prve objave romana Garcíe Márqueza Sto let samote, enega najpomembnejših romanov v špansko govorečem svetu in sodobni književnosti nasploh. Članek se osredotoča na vprašanje minevanja časa in z njim povezanega zgodovinskega, kolektivnega in osebnega spomina. Že v prvem stavku romana (»Mnogo let zatem, ko je čakal, da ga ustrele, se je polkovnik Aureliano Buendía spomnil tistega daljnega popoldneva, ko ga je oče peljal pogledat led«) se pojavi glagol spomniti se, ki sproži ves tok dogajanja v romanu. Spominjanje in pozabljanje je eden ključnih elementov v romanu, kjer se prepletajo dogodki iz realnega in namišljenega, magičnega sveta. Po eni strani García Márquez svoj roman umešča v zgodovinska dogajanja in s tem prispeva k obujanju spomina na dogodke, ki so bili pogosto zamolčani in o katerih zgodovinske knjige ne pišejo, po drugi strani pa gre tudi za kolektivni in osebni spomin protagonistov. Spominjanja, pozabljanja in obujanja spominov se avtor loti s posebnimi slogovnimi prijemi, s skladenjskimi in semantičnimi pristopi, kot so npr. raba določenih glagolskih oblik, ponavljanja in drugo.

Roman Native Speaker, čigar avtor je Chang-rae Lee, pripadnik korejske manjšine v ZDA, je bil v korejščino preveden in objavljen dvakrat, prvič leta 1995 in zatem leta 2003. Glavna tema omenjenega romana je iskanje identitete (Američana korejskega rodu), ključ za razumevanje dela pa jezik. Glede na to, kako razumemo identiteto poldruge generacije korejskih priseljencev, ki ji pripadata glavni junak romana, Henry, in pisatelj sam, se lahko interpretacija, ovrednotenje in celo prevod dela precej razlikujejo. Članek proučuje vlogo jezika v omenjenem romanu in analizira novejši prevod v korejščino. Izpostavljene so težave, ki se pojavijo pri prevajanju Leejevih literarnih del, in vloga, ki jo pri razumevanju dela igra prevod. Poleg tega članek obravnava tudi pomen korejskosti, ki ga vsebuje korejska literatura, in ga poskuša ponovno pojasniti.

Roman je naglašeno hibridni žanr koji može sadržavati i elemente tragedije. Molitelj /suppliant/ u tragedijama i tragičnim naracijama redovito ispunjava četiri uvjeta: a) žensko je biće ili je osoba podređena u društvu; b) prijeti joj nasilje i često smrt; c) ne može govoriti ili ne može prenositi obavijesti; d) nije ni protagonist ni antagonist. Anera iz romana Ognjište književnika Mile Budaka zadovoljava nabrojene uvjete, s time što dijelom odstupa u posljednjem. Ona dobiva veliku količinu prostora u romanu i inteligencijom je bliska protagonistu Lukanu. Anera također dobrim dijelom ispunjava uvjete koje Lynette Porter postavlja pred junaka, no nedostaje joj element pobjede nad zlom koju ostvaruje protagonist Lukan. S Anerina bi stajališta Ognjište bilo tragedija osvete – ali njezine karakteristike ne određuju roman u žanrovskoj cjelini.

L’articolo affronta il problema delle interazioni fra cittadini romani e indigeni nel territorio di Bergomum, municipium della regio xi - Transpadana, attraverso l’esame delle formule onomastiche riscontrabili in alcune iscrizioni. In particolare, l’analisi della documentazione epigrafica agirà su un doppio binario, prendendo in considerazione sia formule di onomastica idionimica – tipicamente indigene e presenti anche dopo la concessione della cittadinanza romana alla Transpadana alla metà del I secolo a.C. – sia formule fedeli al modello romano dei tria nomina, che testimoniano un’ascendenza celtica e una certa persistenza di abitudini locali. Le prove fornite dall’onomastica, dunque, saranno utili ad indagare come gli abitanti “indigeni” di Bergomum abbiano affrontato la romanizzazione del loro territorio e attraverso quali meccanismi vennero integrati nella struttura sociale romana; ciò anche attraverso il confronto con realtà circonvicine, prima fra tutte la Colonia Civica Augusta Brixia.

AbstractEmanzipation as rite de passage. Formula Visigothica 34 (7th c.) describes an emancipation. The text suggests that sons of Romans had an expectation to be released in this way from the paternal power when they reached the age of majority. Emancipation was specifically dealt with in their law, the Lex Romana Visigothorum. Some of these do not figure in Justinian’s Code. They might fit the gap, otherwise filled by excerpts from the Theodosian Code, which, however, C. 8,48,6 of 531 would have made outdated. Form. 34 treats the emancipation as a rite de passage. As such it would have accommodated those peoples, made Roman in 212, whose children normally reached majority at a certain age but now were subjected to the Roman patria potestas-system. In this way the old situation would be restored within the Roman setting. Two Theodosian constitutions indicate indeed such a general use.

Pastaraisiais metais šeimos romano žanras Vokietijoje išgyveną savotišką renesansą. Prie šio populiarumo itin prisidėjo trečiosios pokario kartos pastangos rekonstruoti šeimos istoriją, ypač senelių kartos išgyvenimus XX a. istorinių kataklizmų metu. Remiantis Julijos Franck romanu Die Mittagsfrau, kuris 2007 m. buvo pripažintas geriausiu Vokietijos romanu, straipsnyje aptariami naujojo šeimos romano turinio ir formos bruožai (autobiografinio vaizdavimo ir fikcijos sintezė, istorinio konteksto susiaurinimas iki vienos šeimos likimo, jaunosios kartos pastangos suprasti, o kartais netgi pateisinti senelių ir tėvų veiksmus tarpukario ir karo metais, keleto pasakojimo perspektyvų derinimas ir kt.). Autorė romane bando ne tiek atkurti, kiek sukurti niekada nematytos močiutės (iš dalies ir tėvo) gyvenimo istoriją, tačiau skirtingai nei daugelis kitų vokiečių autorių ji neaprašinėja paties praeities rekonstravimo, t. y. šeimos relikvijų ar istorinių šaltinių paieškos, proceso. Pagrindinis dėmesys sutelkiamas į šeimos tarpusavio santykių bei intymių vidinių moters išgyvenimų vaizdavimą, tačiau kartu paliečiamas ir bendras XX a. politinis bei socialinis kontekstas, pvz., 3-ojo dešimt. ekonominė krizė, Berlyno bohemos gyvenimas, nacionalsocializmo iškilimas, žydų persekiojimas, pokario suirutė. Toks istorinio pobūdžio šeimos romanas atskleidžia prieštaravimus tarp individualios ir oficialiosios atminties, atliepia aktualias istorines diskusijas bei prisideda prie kultūrinės vokiečių tautos atminties formavimo.

U analizi Šegedinova romana Djeca božja polazi se od Milanjina zapažanja da je roman sastavljen od dihotomija, a jedna od izraženijih jest ona između profanog i svetog, tj. Božjeg i đavoljeg. Autorica rada u navedenoj dihotomiji uočava različite elemente koji utječu na značenjsku razinu romana. Prvi od njih jest lik svećenika, koji se u radu uspoređuje s inkvizitorom, a kontrastira s metaforom o svećeniku kao o „dobrom pastiru” onako kako ga se opisuje u Bibliji i važnim dokumentima Kongregacije za kler. U središnjem dijelu rada razmatra se važnost koju za značenje romana imaju teološka pitanja kao što su ona o sudbini životinja i nekrštene djece u kršćanstvu. Šegedinovi stavovi o prvom pitanju uspoređuju se s djelima filozofa Radoslava Tasovca Saidif i Saidifovi učenici, što do sada u kritici nije učinjeno. Pri analizi važnosti sakramentološkog pitanja o sudbini umrle nekrštene djece autorica je konzultirala Dokument o limbu i obrednike sprovoda. U završnom dijelu rada fokus je na glavnom liku dječaku Stakanu koji sebe uspoređuje s đavlom, a figura đavla ide u prilog tezi o prepletanju crkvenih koncepata i usmenih predaja koje u konačnici utječu na iskrivljenu sliku o vjeri u romanu. Uz pomoć dihotomije o Božjem i đavoljem u romanu autor usvaja ateističke stavove koji utječu na njegovu ideju o jezi života, iako Boga i vjeru ne odbacuje u potpunosti.

Straipsnyje analizuojamos erdvės reprezentacijos Viktoro Pelevino romane Čapajevas ir Pustota. Teorinę tyrimo bazę sudaro B. Westphalio ir R. Tally’o darbai, pagrindžiantys geokritikos ir literatūros kartografavimo sampratas. Autorės siekia išryškinti tuos romano bruožus, kurie leistų atskleisti teksto erdvių reprezentacijų referentiškumą, transgresyvumą ir erdviškai reiškiamą laiką. Pelevinas aprašo žemėlapius arba leidžia juos susikurti skaitytojui savo vaizduotėje, ir tai ženklina fikcinės erdvės ryšį su tikrovės erdve. Kita vertus, rašytojas kuria paveikslus (peizažus), naudodamas tam rusų literatūros tradiciją ir menus. Todėl, kai pagrindinis herojus / pasakotojas nusprendžia pasinerti į budistinės nirvanos tuštumą, jo pasirinkimas gali būti interpretuojamas ir kaip rusų literatūros tradicijos atsisakymas. Tuo pat metu ši tradicija yra išsaugoma kaip “kolektyvinė vizualizacija” – reginiai, iš kurių Pelevinas pasirenka savo erdvės įvaizdžius. Rašytojas romane nuosekliai tyrinėja stebėtojo ir jo regimų vaizdų interpretacijas. Šis dėmesys subjektyviam žvilgsniui daro romaną ypatingai aktualiu šiuolaikinių geopolitinių katastrofų kontekste.

Although in the post-Roman transition (Late Antiquity) intense socioeconomic, cultural and environmental changes took place in NW Iberia, their impact in the life of local communities is barely known. The funerary rites and burial are processes deeply rooted in societies, hence their modifications may reveal helpful aspects to understand the aforementioned transition. To reach this objective and improve our knowledge on the local lifestyle, I analyzed and compared the taphonomy, or post-mortem alterations, of burials from A Lanzada necropolis. This is one of the few sites in NW Spain where two different funerary phases, Roman and post-Roman, have been found. The burial context was studied in 59 graves (38 Roman and 21 post-Roman) and surface abrasion and biotic-abiotic alterations were analyzed in 84 skeletons (38 Roman, 40 post-Roman, 6 undetermined). The results showed modifications on burial ritual in the Late Antiquity funerary area: grave orientation changed to W-E (it was S-N in Roman times), no grave goods were present, body position was always supine, and multiple consecutive burials and stone slabs coffins were introduced. This type of funerary context was apparently common in later Galician necropoleis. In contrast, in the Roman period the funerary practices were more varied, since they included burial cremations, tile-built graves, as well as prone burials with carelessly deposited human remains. Other Iberian sites show similar patterns of changes between Roman/post-Roman phases. A possible standardization of funerary ritual in Late Antiquity is suggested and different socioeconomic and cultural causes are explored to understand the observed trends. Tafonomía y contexto funerario en la necrópolis romana/tardoantigua (siglos II-VI dC.) de A Lanzada, NO de España - Durante la transición desde el periodo romano a la tardoantigüedad se condensaron, en el Noroeste de la Península Ibérica, intensos cambios socioeconómicos, culturales y ambientales. Sin embargo, conocemos muy poco sobre si tuvieron un impacto y de qué tipo en el modo de vida de las poblaciones locales, especialmente sobre sus costumbres diarias. Tanto el entierro como todo lo que rodea al ritual funerario son procesos donde dichas costumbres se revelan con más intensidad al tener fuertes connotaciones culturales, por lo que su estudio puede revelar modificaciones en las poblaciones que nos ayuden a entender mejor la citada transición. Para ello se analizaron y compararon las alteraciones postmortem o tafonómicas de la necrópolis de A Lanzada, uno de las pocos yacimientos cuyo periodo de uso cubre el lapso temporal de interés con dos zonas de enterramiento bien diferenciadas (romana y tardoantigua). El contexto de enterramiento se estudió en un total de 59 tumbas (39 romanas y 21 tardoantiguas) y la abrasión en superficie, y alteraciones bióticas y abióticas en los 84 esqueletos preservados (38 romanos, 40 tardoantiguos, 6 de cronología desconocida). Los resultados han mostrado cambios en el ritual de enterramiento en la fase post-Romana: una modificación en la orientación de S-N a O-E, ausencia total de ajuar, posición en decubito supino y la introducción de enterramientos múltiples (consecutivos) y de tumbas de lajas de piedra. Este contexto funerario se mantuvo en el tiempo en otras necrópolis gallegas. Asimismo, uno de los esqueletos muestra marcas de mordeduras de un cánido. En cambio, el área de enterramiento romana presenta unas características más variadas, incluyendo vestigios de cremaciones, tumbas con teguale y al menos tres enterramientos en decubito prono cuyos miembros estaban dispuestos con poco cuidado. Similares tendencias entre ambos periodos se han encontrado en otros yacimientos peninsulares. En base a los resultados se propone la existencia una posible estandarización del ritual en periodo post-Romano, lo cual se intenta relacionar con las transformaciones socioeconómicas y culturales de estos siglos.

Resumen: El Sol está presente en todas las religiones antiguas en mayor o menor medida. Numerosas versiones sobre el mismo dios de la cuenca mediterránea entraron en contacto gracias al helenismo y, más tarde, al Imperio Romano, compartiendo teónimos epítetos y simbología. A consecuencia de esto, diferentes epíclesis grecorromanas y orientales del dios desarrollaron un lenguaje común de representación. Pese a todo, la vinculación a los ludi y la cuádriga son un hecho que se mostrará exclusivo del ámbito romano.Abstract: The Sun is present to a greater or lesser extent in all Ancient Religions. Various Mediterranean versions of the same god came into contact due to Hellenism and to Roman Empire later, sharing theonyms, epithets and symbology. As a result of that, diverse Greco-Roman and Oriental epikleseis of Sun developed a common language. However, beyond formal similarities Sol’s vinculation with Ludi and quadrigae is revealed as exclusively Roman.Palabras clave: Sol, religión romana, Ludi, cuadriga, Circo Máximo, orientalizante.Key words: Sol, Sun, Roman religion, Ludi, quadriga, Circus Maximus, orientalizing.

The paper considers some economic and legal aspects of the struggle for the public land in Late Republican Rome. This period is one of the most controversial in ancient history; it brought many significant changes to the socio-economic and political life of Rome and contributed much to its transformation from Republic to Principate. Nevertheless, there is no special paper examining the competition between the Romans and Italians for the ager publicus populi Romani which started with the agrarian reform of Tiberius Gracchus in modern historiography. The first episode ended after the enactment in 111 B.C. of the lex agraria, when a large amount of public land was brought into private hands by its Roman possessors. A further part of the ager publicus populi Romani was still public and remained in hands of the socii. The logic of historical process, the economic changes of the second century B.C. which led Rome from Republic to Principate, demanded the formation of a new class of landowners. The latter would be the basis of the political system of the Roman Empire instead of the nobilitas; its political power would be based on private ownership of land. This was impossible without the full privatization of public land, and it is logical that the struggle for the ager publicus populi Romani was not ended in 111 B.C. Only after privatization of that land, which was possessed by the allies, the agrarian question in Rome could be fully resolved. The latter problem is of crucial importance for the further history of Rome, because it not only caused the Social War but also radically changed both the social structure and the political balance within Roman society during the last decades of the Republic.

After 476, Flavius Gundobadus, King of the Burgundians (473–516), sought ways and means to consolidate and strengthen his power, including through legal regulation of the relations between the Burgundians themselves, on the one hand, and between the Burgundians and the Gallo-Romans, on the other. Thus, Liber Constitutionum sive Lex Gundobada was issued, the main purpose of which is the legal regulation of the complex relations in the kingdom, through a codification of the preserved customary law – an embodiment of tribal traditions, practices, and customs, with reasonable use of Roman legal ideas, notions, and norms. The translation and analysis of selected provisions from Lex Gundobada in this paper show the extent to which the Burgundians perceived, received, adopted, and adapted some of the most valuable Roman legal and moral rules and principles, especially the Roman concepts of iustitia and corruptio, and how the rights of both the Burgundians and the Romans were regulated and protected through them. Lex Burgundionum is part of a series of legal Barbarian codes, compiled, adapted, published, and applied in the Barbarian regna between the 5th and 9th centuries. These codes are one of the significant and true sources for the historical reconstruction of the socio-political, socio-cultural, and legal-administrative transition from the late Roman Empire to the German kingdoms and early medieval Europe. They manifest how historically the arena of clashes, confrontations, and wars between Romanitas and Barbaritas gradually became a contact zone of legal reception, of cultural, legal, and socio-political influences, from which a new world will be born, a successor to the old ones, and a new legal system – the Romano-Germanic one.

Postmoderni gotski žanr predstavlja postmodernu inkarnaciju tradicionalnog gotskog žanra i obuhvata tradicionalne gotske elemente, premda u izvesnoj meri izmenjene i nadograđene. U biti, ovaj žanr predstavlja jedinstven spoj gotskog žanra i postmodernih odlika. U radu se razmatraju takvi unapređeni gotski elementi na primeru romana Čaka Palahnjuka Borilački klub. Svi glavni gotski elementi (poput vremena i mesta zbivanja, gotskih junaka i junakinje, dvojnika itd.) predstavljeni su u ovom romanu sa posebnim naglaskom na subjektivnosti i elementu terora, jer su oni možda dve tačke najvećeg pomaka u odnosu na tradicionalne karakteristike gotskog žanra. Osim gotske teorije i teorije postmodernizma, jos jedan teorijski okvir se doima vrlo bitnim za interpretaciju ovog romana, a to je Bodrijarova teorija hiperrealnosti. Tradicionalna gotska priča izmeštena je tako da pripada nivou realnosti koji je upečatljivo očuđen od stvarnosti koja je činjenica. Uz ovakav jedinstven spoj različitih, premda čini se srodnih, teorijskih okvira, Palahnjukov roman jeste jedan od najboljih predstavnika postmodernog gotskog žanra.

Deleuze edebi eserlere, özellikle romanlara kavramsal olarak yaklaşır. Onun için gerçek edebiyat olma ölçütü, bir eserin metinselliğiyle veya tarihselliğiyle değil onun canlılığı, yaşamsal anlamıyla ilişkilidir. Ona göre sanat, felsefeden daha az düşünmez, sadece düşünceyi algılanım ve duygulanımlarla iletir. Her edebi eser bir yaşam tarzını, yaşama biçimini niteler ve bu yüzden sadece eleştirel olarak değil, klinik olarak da incelenmelidir. Bu anlamıyla edebiyat bir sağlık işidir. Yazın olarak, edebiyat olarak sağlık şu anda var olmayan insanları üretir. Edebiyatın da en önemli amacı tüm karmaşanın içinde sağlığın yaratımını, olmayan insanın üretimini, yeni yaşam olanaklarını özgür kılmaktır. Çağdaş roman, postmodern romandan farklı bir biçimde şekillenmektedir. Çağdaş romanın hassasiyetleri ve endişeleri yeni milenyuma göredir ve bir bakıma Deleuze’ün edebi görüşleriyle uyum içindedir. Deleuze’ü anlamak, bu noktada, çağdaş edebiyatta gördüğümüz tavır, hassasiyet, endişe ve ton değişimlerini araştırırken gerekli olabilir. Bu makale, çağdaş roman adını verdiğimiz eserlerin anlam ve işlevlerinin Deleuze’ün bakış açısıyla anlaşılıp anlaşılamayacağı, çağdaş romana Deleuzyen bir tavırla yaklaşılıp yaklaşılamayacağı ve bu deneyimin çağdaş romanı anlamlandırmada ne gibi katkıları olacağı üzerinedir.

This article is devoted to such a historical phenomenon as the Roman “imperialism” in the epoch of Augustus and his coming successors. Despite the fact that the founder of the Principate had declared the coming of “pax Augusta”, he spent several wars of conquest (for instance, in Spain and Germany). But Tiberius had already refused of “aggressive imperialism”, then the Empire moved to defense at all frontiers. The emperors of the 1st century A.D. only from time to time took offensive actions (for example, in Armenia or Britain). Probably, there were two reasons for the Romans’ rejection of expansion policy. First of all, by that moment they had already conquered practically all the Mediterranean, and the expanding of the boundaries of the Empire hadn’t sense any more. Secondly, the creation of professional army led to the noticeable decline of the militarization level of the Roman society, which from that on was keenly interested in the keeping of peace and stability all over the “pax Romana”.

Stupajući u dijalog s poljem feminističke postklasične naratologije i pristupajući književnim reprezentacijama djevojaka kao jednome od mjesta proizvodnje djevojaštva, koje se shvaća kao kategorija koja ne postoji neovisno o konkretnim diskurzivnim artikulacijama, a ne kao odraz postojane biološke ili društvene kategorije, ovim radom, koji je posvećen analizi romana Alma Josipa Barkovića, nastojimo pridonijeti raspravi o odnosu roda i pripovijedanja te pokazati kako se problem roda ne smije promatrati u izolaciji, odnosno kako bi zanemariti širi društveno-kulturni kontekst pri razmatranju jugoslavenskoga djevojačkog romana značilo zanemariti značaj jugoslavenskoga socijalističkog konteksta i Barkovićevu romanu olako pripisati feministički impuls. Kraća rasprava o teorijskome i društveno-kulturnome kontekstu s kojim ovaj rad stupa u dijalog uzima se kao poticaj za analizu romana koja se usredotočuje na pripovjedno oblikovanje djevojaštva i figure djevojke kako bi se pokazalo da, uzmemo li u obzir kontekst u kojemu taj roman nastaje i njegov daljnji život u kulturnome polju, stječemo dvojaku prednost: dok s jedne strane možemo obogatiti svoje čitanje konkretnih kulturnih reprezentacija figure omladine koja je toliko važna u jugoslavenskome socijalističkom društvu uzimajući u obzir kategoriju roda, s druge strane možemo proširiti svoje razumijevanje društveno-kulturnoga konteksta u kojemu se ta figura proizvodi.

The author’s view Equity’s origin is traced back to Rome’s ius commune. Chancellors were doctors in civil law and until Henry VIII’s breach with Rome, were also Bishops. Their cultural and spiritual anchors were very distinct from those dispensing justice in common law courts. In the course of the fourteenth century common law courts surrendered their discretionary powers and disavowed any reliance on conscience and opted for rigor juris. Equitable doctrines, enacted by Chancellors and Masters who knew only Roman and canon law, prevented unconscientious exercise of a plaintiff’s rights at law. «Fraud» in English equity is identical to «fraus» in Roman law; whilst France, Germany and other countries of continental Europe squandered the Roman law inheritance, English equity holds the torch for Roman principles.Tesi I Cancellieri dell’età formativa dell’equity erano usualmente dottori di diritto civile e di diritto canonico, così anche i Master che li coadiuvavano, e ignoravano la common law. Inoltre, erano vescovi e in tale veste pronunciavano sentenze nelle corti ecclesiastiche. Quando si trovarono a giudicare per delega reale, applicarono l’unico diritto che conoscevano. La «fraud» elaborata nell’equity corrisponde precisamente alla «fraus» del diritto romano e la dottrina dell’equity in forza della quale non è consentito avvalersi di una legge per sostenere una «fraud» deriva direttamente dalle fonti romane.

Romani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in several European countries as well as in the Americas, Asia and Australia, showing substantial dialectal variation. This illustration deals with Xoraxane Romane (Turkish Romani) spoken in Greek Thrace. Xoraxane Romane, which belongs to the Vlax branch of Romani, has been heavily influenced by contact with Turkish and also shows influences from Greek. As a result, Xoraxane Romane exhibits a mixed system that includes phonemes borrowed from both Turkish and Greek but without exhibiting complex phonological phenomena such as Turkish vowel harmony.

Resumen: Los dioses de Roma eran tenidos por los romanos como sus conciudadanos y sus intereses se identificaban plena y totalmente con los de la ciudad. A ellos les correspondía el papel de guías y consejeros de las acciones de los hombres, particularmente de los hombres de estado. Cuando la guerra alteraba el curso natural de la vida cívica y amenazaba la paz social, las divinidades tomaban las riendas de la situación previniendo a los romanos de las grandes y graves calamidades que se avecinaban y advirtiendo de los esfuerzos extraordinarios que habrían de hacer para acometerlas y minimizar sus efectos. En el curso de determinadas campañas militares contra pueblos extranjeros o en periodos de disputa por el liderazgo político, los dioses consideraron que la preservación de Roma pasaba por el sacrificio de sus cónsules. Su anuncio venía ‘impreso’ en el hígado de una víctima animal y su sentido fatídico afectaba al destino personal de los principales magistrados del estado. Este signum se reconocía en la ausencia de la cabeza del hígado (caput iecoris) del animal sacrificado. La investigación de los once casos conocidos bajo la República –entre ellos los del propio Julio César– y el estudio de la naturaleza del signum mortis son los objetivos principales de este trabajo.Abstract: The Gods of Rome were regarded by the Romans as their fellow citizens and their interests were fully and completely identified with those of the city. Their role was to serve as guides and counsellors on the actions of the men, particularly the statesmen. When war altered the natural course of civic life and threatened the social peace, the gods took over control of the situation, preventing the Romans from the major and serious calamities that were looming and warning of the extraordinary efforts that they would have to make in order to tackle them and minimize their effects. In the course of certain military campaigns against foreign peoples or during periods of struggle for political leadership, the gods considered that the key to preserving Rome was through sacrificing their consuls. Such announcement came ‘imprinted’ on the liver of an animal to be sacrificed and its fatal end affected the personal fate of the chief magistrates of the state. This signum was recognized in the absence of the ‘head’ of the liver (caput iecoris) of the animal sacrificed. Research on the eleven known cases in the Republic— including that of Julius Caesar himself—and the study of the nature of the signum mortis are the main objectives of this paper.Palabras clave: Historia de Roma, Roma republicana, magistrados romanos, cónsules de Roma, Religión romana, adivinación pública romana, extispicina, miedo.Key words: Roman History, Roman Republic, Roman magistrates, Roman consuls, Roman Religion, Roman public divination, Extispicy, fear.

Cet article qui analyse deux romans populaires maliens tente de répondre à trois questions essentielles relatives à l’intérêt du roman populaire, les sujets spécifiques qu’il traite et ses frontières avec le roman canonique. Il montre que le roman populaire malien répond aux mêmes critères esthétiques que les autres romans de cette catégorie qu’on peut trouver sous d’autres cieux. Amour Haram d’Aramata Diawara et L’Union interdite d’Ouleï Ba marquent l’évolution significative du roman sentimental malien, en ce sens qu’ils proposent une poétique où les frontières entre le roman dit « lettré » et celui dit « populaire » deviennent parfois difficiles à tracer. Ces romans mettent non seulement en scène la crise politique que connaît le Mali depuis plusieurs années, mais décrivent aussi un problème social majeur : le tabou et sa transgression.

ROMAN LAW STUDIES IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 1918-1945 (REVIEW OF BIBLIOGRAPHY) Summary In Roman law studies in Poland there is no complete list of the works published in the years 1918-1945 by scholars dealing with Roman law. The scientific output of the Polish researchers was presented by Rafał Taubenschlag in the article, Gli studi di diritto romano in Polonia nel secolo XX, [in:] Gli Studi Romani nel Mondo, volume III, Roma 1936, p. 247-268, but he focused mainly on discussing the major works. An attempt to show the achievements of Roman law studies in Poland on a comprehensive basis was undertaken by Juliusz Wisłocki, Dzieje nauki prawa rzymskiego w Polsce, Warsaw 1945, but his study is highly incomplete. The analysed period witnessed the emergence of lots of valuable works concerning the history and the institutions of Roman law in the form of monographs, articles published in many domestic and foreign periodicals, studies on particular occasions, encyclopedic dictionaries and reports on the activities of scientific societies. The problems related to the law of the ancient Rome were dealt with not only by the Roman law researchers but also by legal historians and classical philologists. The works were presented according to the following sections: I. General works, textbooks and scripts; II. Ancillary publications; III. History of sources; IV. Civil procedure; V. Law of Persons and legal proceedings; VI. Family law; VII. Law of Property; VIII. Law of Obligations; IX. Law of Succession; X. Criminal law and procedure; XI. Public law; XII. Philosophy of law, methodology and political and legal doctrines; XIII. Importance of the Roman law; XIV. Evaluation of the output of Roman law scholars.

Plutarch of Chaeroneia stands almost alone among Greeks of the Roman Empire in displaying in his works an extensive knowledge of, and interest in, Rome and Romans. The knowledge of Roman history and the many notes on Roman institutions and usages seen in the Lives together with the work specifically devoted to Roman customs, the quaest. Rom., and the celebration of Rome's good fortune, the de fort. Rom., testify to his great sympathy with the Roman way of life. For us Plutarch is a unique bridge between Greece and Rome. But what sort of bridge does he himself envisage between Rome and his own world? In particular, how far does Plutarch believe that Romans share his own Hellenic culture? In answering this question I shall argue that in his presentation of Romans Plutarch often shows himself to be conscious that Hellenic culture had been imported to Rome and could never be fully taken for granted among Romans as it could among Greeks, and that as a consequence it is worthwhile for him as a student of character to consider how well and with what benefit Romans absorb it.

Abstract The article discusses the significance of Latin legal rules (regulae iuris, maximae iuris, dicta) for European legal culture. One of the areas explored by the authors is the relationship between the content of these rules and the language in which they were written down, i.e. Latin. Section one provides an overview of the origin, sources, and techniques of formulating legal rules by the jurisprudence of the ancient Roman state, with particular focus on the history of development of ius Romanum. After the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire (476 AD), the Church became the custodian of the values embedded in Roman law in Western Europe. Not only did she treasure precious scrolls containing ancient legal wisdom for the future generations but also implemented many Roman regulations in her internal legal system, as expressed in the paroemia Ecclesia vivit lege romana. This issue is addressed in section two. An important vehicle of disseminating the Roman legal thought, including its paroemias, was the Latin language. The ancient Romans contributed to its increasing circulation through rapid political expansion. Over time, Latin also elevated to the rank of the language of the Western Church. Because of that, it continued to prevail, also as a durable carrier of legal knowledge. This phenomenon is discussed in section three. The last section covers some facets of the use, application, and impact of Latin legal rules on modern legal science.