Дисертації з теми "Romanx"

Les recherches portant sur les fora provinciaux effectuées au cours des dernières décennies ont permis de redéfinir un certain nombre de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude du décor de ces centres civiques dans sa globalité constitue alors une approche susceptible d’apporter une meilleure compréhension de ces espaces. Cette première approche du sujet a pour objectif d’aborder la question du dialogue entre les images présentes sur le forum et leurs contextes. Le décor figuratif permet de définir les principales thématiques, qui sont souvent complétées par des décors non figuratifs, et qui participent à la diffusion de l’idéologie impériale. Ce décor doit ensuite être contextualisé, afin d’en comprendre la conception, et d’aborder la question de sa réception par le spectateur
Over the last few decades, studies on provincial fora defined some of their characteristics. A global approach of their decor can bring about a better understanding of these spaces. The link between the images and their contexts will be examined. The study of the images will be associated with the study of non iconographical elements of the decor in order to define the main themes represented on the fora. The definition of several contexts will help to understand how the decor was conceived and seen at the time

Les recherches portant sur les fora provinciaux effectuées au cours des dernières décennies ont permis de redéfinir un certain nombre de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude du décor de ces centres civiques dans sa globalité constitue alors une approche susceptible d’apporter une meilleure compréhension de ces espaces. Cette première approche du sujet a pour objectif d’aborder la question du dialogue entre les images présentes sur le forum et leurs contextes. Le décor figuratif permet de définir les principales thématiques, qui sont souvent complétées par des décors non figuratifs, et qui participent à la diffusion de l’idéologie impériale. Ce décor doit ensuite être contextualisé, afin d’en comprendre la conception, et d’aborder la question de sa réception par le spectateur
Over the last few decades, studies on provincial fora defined some of their characteristics. A global approach of their decor can bring about a better understanding of these spaces. The link between the images and their contexts will be examined. The study of the images will be associated with the study of non iconographical elements of the decor in order to define the main themes represented on the fora. The definition of several contexts will help to understand how the decor was conceived and seen at the time

Ce projet vise à reconstruire le développement du portrait peint à Rome et l’utilisation de ce type de support figuré à Rome, à partir de la République jusqu’à la fin du IIIe siècle après J.C. Le portrait peint dans l’art romain suit les changements culturels et les limites de l’Empire, en se mêlant avec des traditions artistiques de différentes aires culturelles. L’étude de ce sujet, qui présente de profondes difficultés, est souvent considéré à tort comme un sous-argument de la thématique du portrait statuaire à Rome. Or le portrait peint mérite une étude comme sujet indépendant car, dans l’Antiquité, la peinture a été « l’arte guida ». La peinture ancienne est aujourd’hui peu connue car la plupart des œuvres ont été perdues, ce qui rend le portrait peint difficile à reconstruire. Le manque de sources archéologiques relatives à la genèse de cette forme d'art est comblé par certaines sources littéraires grecques et romaines. Pour la période impériale, les témoignages archéologiques sont plus abondants, comme dans le cas des portraits du Fayoum, qui, cependant, sont limités à la province de l'Egypte, ou des fresques trouvées dans un certain nombre de sites archéologiques importants en Méditerranée (les plus précieux ont été trouvés à Herculanum, Pompéi et Stabies, mais aussi en Syrie)
This project aims to reconstruct the development of painting portraits in Rome and the use of these types of image employed for Romans, from the Republic until the end of the third century AD. The portrait painted in Roman art follows the cultural changes and the limits of the Empire, mingling with artistic traditions from different cultural areas. The study of this subject, which presents profound difficulties, is often wrongly considered as a sub-argument of the theme of the statuary portrait in Rome. The painted portrait deserves a study as an independent subject because in Antiquity the painting was "l’arte guida". The old painting is now little known because most of the works have been lost and it makes the painted portrait difficult to reconstruct. The lack of archaeological sources relating to the genesis of this art form is filled by some Greek and Roman literary sources. For the imperial period archaeological evidence is more abundant, as in the case of Fayum portraits, which, however, are limited to the province of Egypt, or frescoes found in several important archaeological sites in the Mediterranean (the more valuable were found at Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabies, but also in Syria)

Les théâtres romains, dont on peut observer les vestiges dans de très nombreuses villes tout autour de la Méditerranée, sont des objets familiers et pourtant souvent encore mal connus. Ils n’ont bénéficié que de rares études synthétiques. Inspiré par les recherches menées sur les théâtres et autres édifices de spectacles des époques plus récentes, ce travail porte un regard résolument urbain sur des édifices polyvalents caractéristiques de l’urbanitas : à la fois lieux de spectacles, de vie quotidienne et de cérémonies, lieux de rassemblements civiques et religieux, lieux de mixité sociale. Les innovations architecturales apportées par les Romains à la forme théâtrale inventée par les Grecs leur permettaient en effet de déterminer plus librement la place des théâtres dans leurs villes et de les intégrer à des programmes urbains concertés et signifiants. En confrontant l’analyse des représentations antiques - figurées ou littéraires - des théâtres romains et quelques études de cas archéologiques approfondies, l’objectif était d’explorer et de clarifier l’ensemble des liens qui pouvaient se nouer entre le théâtre et la ville à l’époque romaine, des plus matériels aux plus symboliques. La multiplication des échelles d’approche et l’attention portée à l’insertion dynamique et subjective des théâtres dans les paysages urbains les fait apparaître comme des objets à la fois typiques et singuliers, complexes et immédiatement lisibles et pour finir remarquablement efficaces dans la composition et l’incarnation de l’image des villes
The vestiges of Roman theatres are ubiquitous throughout the Mediterranean Basin; these structures are familiar, yet remain relatively unexplored, with only a few studies considering their general place in Roman life. Inspired by research on the theatres and entertainment buildings of more recent times, this study offers an urbanistic perspective on these multipurpose edifices; characteristic of the urbanitas, these were at the same time buildings for theatrical performances, ritual ceremonies, and daily activities; civic and religious meeting places; centres of social interaction. The innovations the Romans made to the architectural theatrical form invented by the Greeks enabled them to redefine the theatre’s place in the city and to incorporate it purposefully into their plans for urbanization. Combining the analysis of ancient textual and pictoral representations of Roman theatres with archaeological case studies, this thesis explores and clarifies the practical and symbolic relationships between the theatre and the city in Roman times. By broadening the scope of investigation and by exploring the dynamic and affective positioning of the theatre into the Roman urban landscape, this thesis reveals these architectural structures to be simultaneously typical and unique, complex and understandable, and ultimately remarkably effective in establishing and embodying the image of the city

L’objectiu principal del nostre estudi és donar a conèixer uns materials ceràmics, les llànties, des d’una nova perspectiva metodològica intentant posar-les al nivell de qualsevol treball científic dins del camp de la ceramologia. El jaciment de procedència d’aquests materials és la ciutat romana de Baetulo (Badalona) situada entre dos de les ciutats més importants de la Tarraconenses com són Emporiae (Empúries) i Tarraco (Tarragona) i que presenta per sí mateixa una important dinàmica comercial gràcies al cultiu i exportació del vi, i que fa del seu port, un punt tant de sortida com d’entrada de mercaderies. La principal problemàtica en l’estudi de les llànties ha estat la manca d’una tipologia consensuada per part dels investigadors a l’hora de classificar el material, fet que ha multiplicat la nomenclatura per un sol tipus dificultant enormement la correcta identificació del material a estudiar. Això ha comportat també greus problemes amb la cronologia d’aquestes ceràmiques, moltes d’elles datades a partir de principis estilístics i no pas gràcies al context arqueològic en el qual han estar trobades. En aquest treball doncs, s’ha dedicat a fer una anàlisis de totes les principals tipologies existents per tal d’identificar-ne els problemes i proposar quines són les més adients a l’hora de classificar el material, oferint solucions per aquelles llànties de difícil assignació degut a la manca dels principals indicadors utilitzats per la seva correcta identificació. Així doncs, s’ha dividit el material en grans grups segons les seves característiques morfològiques en llànties republicanes, de volutes, dics, les firmalampen (o de canal), les cristianes (o de TSA) i un grup per aquelles que no es poden ubicar en cap dels anteriors. Degut a la naturalesa dels materials presentats en aquesta tesi, hem separat aquell que procedeix d’excavacions científiques (1562 individus) completament identificables i datables, d’aquell material (1032 individus) que si bé sabem que procedeix de Baetulo, va ser dipositat al museu de Badalona sense un context estratigràfic clar. Això ens ha permès poder datar les llànties segons altres materials con és la Terra Sigillata, oferint l’objecte amb el seu context i podent realitzar d’aquesta manera també, una seqüencia dels tipus de llàntia que estaven en circulació en una època determinada. Ens ha interessat moltíssim intentar identificar els possibles punts de producció de les llànties romanes de Baetulo, intentant superar principis con la decoració o les marques (epigràfiques o no) que aquest material presenta. No hem pogut realitzar estudis arqueomètrics per tal d’obtenir unes dades objectives que haguessin estat molt difícils de comparar ja que pocs són els estudis publicats que categoritzen aquest tipus de ceràmica. Un altra de les realitats que ens hem trobat és la manca de llànties que compleixin els quatre principis bàsics per poder parlar de produccions: procedència estratigràfica, tipus identificable, marca i decoració. Malauradament, en el moment de realitzar el nostre estudi, no hi havia pràcticament cap obra de referència o monografia de materials lluernaris procedents d’excavacions científiques on es tingués identificat el seu context, així que també ens ha estat molt difícil poder teoritzar sobre les possibles relacions comercials de la ciutat de Baetulo amb aquests jaciments propers, com també delimitar d’una forma clara quines eres les rutes de comerç entre la nostra ciutat i altres punts de l’Imperi com podia ser la mateixa península itàlica, el sud de la Gàl·lia o ja en època més avançada, amb el nord d’Àfrica. Tanmateix, hem pogut identificar, datar i estudiar tant marques com decoracions d’un gran volum de material que dóna una perspectiva interessant de cara a les futures investigacions sobre les llànties romanes, situant-les dins de l’estudi de la ceramologia al mateix nivell que altres grans produccions ceràmiques.
The main objective of this study is the analysis of the roman lamps from a new methodological perspective, trying to consider them at the level of any scientific work in the field of ceramology. The site of origin of these materials is the Roman city of Baetulo (Badalona) located between two of the most important cities of the Tarraconenses, such as Emporiae (Empúries) and Tarraco (Tarragona). We offer an analysis of all the existing typologies in order to identify their problems and to propose the best ones when it comes to classifying the material, offering solutions for those lamps which have difficult allocation due to the lack of the main indicators used for its correct identification. Thus, the material has been divided into large groups according to its morphological characteristics: republican, volutes, discus, firmalampen, Christian (or TSA) and a group for those that cannot be locate in any of the previous ones. We have been very interested in trying to identify the possible points of production of the Roman lamps found in Baetulo, trying to overcome principles with the decoration or the marks (epigraphic or not) that this material presents. Unfortunately, we were not able to carry out archaeometric studies in order to obtain objective data, which, by the way, would have been very difficult to compare because the lack of published studies that categorized this type of ceramics. Lamentably, at the time this tesis has been carried out, there was no papers of reference related to scientific excavations which contexts could be clearly identified, for that, it has been very difficult to theorize about the possible commercial relations of the city of Baetulo with their nearby sites, as well as clearly delimiting the routes of trade between our city and other points of the Empire, such as the Italic peninsula, southern Gaul and North Africa.

Um estudo historiográfico das Historiae abbreuiatae de Aurélio Vítor. Nisto consiste o presente trabalho, que procura determinar de que modo o referido historiador, no ocaso do reinado de Constâncio II, compôs uma narrativa dedicada à história do Império romano em sua totalidade. Para tanto, em primeiro lugar buscamos definir a natureza da obra. Em que pese os nítidos elementos biográficos que a integram, assim como a brevidade do texto, a obra de Aurélio Vítor deve ser pensada enquanto uma história, na medida em que o objetivo do autor se voltava para a exposição das causas que teriam condicionado o curso dos acontecimentos, da batalha de Ácio até o penúltimo ano do governo de Constâncio II. Desta forma, em um segundo momento, analisamos as estratégias de periodização e as concepções que Aurélio Vítor adotou a fim de contemplar a história imperial. As ações e o caráter moral dos sucessivos imperadores emergem nas Historiae abbreuiatae como o motor a partir do qual se movimentava a história da era imperial romana. Isto implicava, pois, o reconhecimento das oscilações que o mundo romano teria vivenciado ao longo de quase quatro séculos e as contradições que animavam a conduta das personagens históricas. Do que resultava, igualmente, na impossibilidade de se identificar um modelo ideal de imperador, em razão dos fatores e das circunstâncias distintas que marcariam o desenrolar da história do Império romano, como narrada por Aurélio Vítor.
A historiographical study of Aurelius Victors Historiae abbreuiatae. That is what defines the present work, which tries to ascertain how the aforementioned historian settled up a narrative about the history of the Roman Empire in the twilight of the reign of Constantius II. Therefore, we discuss at first the nature of the work. Despite the clear biographical trend we can observe in the text, as well as the brevity that characterizes it, the work of Aurelius Victor should be seen as a historical narrative since the author aimed to expose both the causes and the course of Roman imperial history, from the Battle of Actium to the last but one year of Constantius IIs reign. Thereupon we examine the strategies of periodization and the perspectives defined by Aurelius Victor in order to compose his text. In the Historiae abbreuiatae, the conduct showed by the emperors and their moral character represented the driving force of the narrative. That led the author to emphasize the ups and downs of Roman past in almost four hundred years of history. In this sense, Aurelius Victor did not lose track of some contradictions that encourage historical figures into action. That resulted in Aurelius Victors failure to identify an idealized model of Roman emperor due to distinct elements and circunstances that he himself pointed out in the course of the history of the Roman Empire.

O objetivo da presente dissertação é investigar um conjunto de pequenos fragmentos de papiros alexandrinos nomeado Acta Alexandrinorum. Os escritos narram episódios referentes à Alexandria nos dois primeiros séculos de Império Romano. Foram, no entanto, encontrados em diferentes locais do Egito, fato que sugere uma moderada circulação dos escritos na região. A hipótese é que um estruturado e coeso grupo de cidadãos alexandrinos do Ginásio, de ascendência grega e origem nobre, utilizaram-se dos escritos para manifestar suas insatisfações ao poder imperial. Pretendiam, com os relatos, criar um clima de resistência aos romanos e, ao mesmo tempo, exaltar a importância de Alexandria naquele universo, delimitando também uma identidade alexandrina restrita aos seus elementos de maior distinção. E mais: desejavam marcar a indignação quanto aos vizinhos judeus, que estariam ameaçando alguns direitos antes restritos ao grupo. Através dos textos, pode-se analisar como a romanização foi recebida e entendida pelos alexandrinos. Além disso, a documentação lança luz sobre elementos diversos da vida cívica e social da cidade e nos permite avaliar a sua importância no contexto imperial.
The aim of this dissertation is to investigate a group of small Alexandrian fragments of papyrus named Acta Alexandrinorum. The texts narrate episodes concerning Alexandria in the two first centuries of Roman Empire. But they were found in different places of Egypt, fact that suggests a moderate circulation of the writings in the region. The hypothesis is that a structured and limited group of Alexandrian citizens from the gymnasium, of Greek ascendance and noble birth, would use the writings to express their feelings of dissatisfaction to the Imperial power. They intended, with the accounts, to create an atmosphere of resistance to the Romans, and at the same time, to exalt the importance of Alexandria in that universe and also, to delimit an Alexandrian identity that should be restricted to their elements of higher distinction. Besides that, they also longed to emphasize the indignation to their Jewish neighbors, which were 8 threatening some rights that were before limited to their group. Through the texts, we can analyze how Romanization was received and understood by the Alexandrians. Besides that, the documents illustrate several elements of the civic and social life of the city and help to evaluate its importance in the imperial context.

Cette thèse présente les résultats d’une fouille archéologique préventive menée sur un site de la région périurbaine est de la ville antique de Beyrouth. Leur étude approfondie montre des changements dans la fonction d’utilisation de cet espace, toujours lié directement à la ville. Son urbanisme s’est développé sur les bords des prolongations des axes urbains. Il n’a été bien planifié qu’à partir du Ier s. apr. J.-C. durant sa transformation en un espace funéraire. Sa division par des limites de terrains servait probablement aux colons nouvellement installés pour leurs activités agricoles, économiques, artisanales, etc. L’installation de constructions monumentales dans ce secteur périurbain n’a commencé qu’à la fin du IIe s. apr. J.-C. C’est ainsi qu’un sanctuaire du culte héliopolitain a été construit dans la plaine côtière, entre les deux voies menant à la ville, au point le plus proche de la mer et sur une falaise. Sa destruction est confirmée durant le IVe s. apr. J.-C.,soit à cause du tremblement de terre du 348/349 apr. J.-C. soit à la suite de la christianisation de la région. Ensuite, ce secteur a abrité plusieurs grandes résidences qui ont été détruites, soit par le tremblement de terre du 551, soit ultérieurement. Vers le début de la période médiévale, l’espace périurbain est a été abandonné pour la récupération des pierres des anciens monuments. Son occupation par des bâtiments ne reprend qu’à la période ottomane
This thesis presents the results of the archaeological rescue excavation of a site situated in the periurban area of the ancient city of Beirut. The study findings reveal chronological changes in the use of the space, that are consistently linked to developments associated with the growth of the city. The site developed along the extensions of the urban axes, but was fully elaborated in the 1st century A.D. with its transformation into a burial ground. Divided by territory limits, the new colonists then most likely used this location for their economical, agricultural, and artisanal activities. The installation of monumental constructions in this peri-urban area began at the end of the 2nd century A.D. A sanctuary pertaining to the Heliopolitan cult was thus built on the plain between the two roads leading to the city, on the “Ras Mdawar” cliff at the nearest point to thesea. Its destruction is dated to the 4th century A.D., either as a consequence of the earthquake of 348/349 AD or as a result of the Christianization of the region. Several large villas were later built in this area and destroyed either by the earthquake of 551 AD or at a later period. With the start of the medieval era, the peri-urban space was abandoned and exploited for the recuperation of stones from the ancient monuments. It remained unoccupied until the Ottoman period

Cette thèse se propose d’analyser les images de la nuit et ses significations dans les romans du XVIII siècle, à partir des années 1730-1740, dans le cadre de trois littératures: la littérature anglaise, française et italienne. Deux conceptions opposées sont mises en comparaison: la première, d’exorcisation de la nuit, est typique de la première partie du siècle; elle est représentée principalement par le genre des romans libertins. La deuxième conception montre une valorisation de la nuit qu’on trouve en particulier dans les romans gothiques, qui se sont développés à partir de la seconde partie du siècle. Le but final de la présente recherche est de trouver une explication au refus de la nuit de la part de certains auteurs et ensuite de repérer les causes du bouleversement de cette vision. Puisque la nuit empêche le sens de la vue, elle a été considérée une forme de négation de l’espace physique; selon le profil psychologique et anthropologique la nuit constituerait alors la cause principale de la perte d’orientation. Selon une interprétation intellectuelle et philosophique, elle serait un symbole d’ignorance et d’irrationalité. La situation change vers la moitié du siècle des Lumières, car la nuit commence à assumer un rôle actif et nécessaire dans le processus d’apprentissage. Au niveau social, les rencontres les plus importantes adviennent pendant la nuit. Dans le revival des cathédrales gothiques et des châteaux médiévaux, on voit que la nuit s’empare désormais de l’espace, qui s’enrichit de lumières et d’ombres.
This thesis has the purpose to analyze the images of the night and its meanings in the novels of the 18th century, from 1730-1740, in the ambit of three literatures: the English, the French and the Italian literature. Two opposite conceptions are compared: the first, to exorcise the night, is typical in the first half of the century and it is represented mainly by libertine novels. The second shows a valorisation of the night that can be found above all in the gothic novels that belong to the second part of the century. The final objective of the following research is to find an explanation to the rejection of the night by some authors and therefore to retrieve the causes of the change of vision. Since the night impedes sight, it has been considered a negation of space; according to the psychological and anthropological profile night would then be the main cause of the loss of orientation. Finally, according to an intellectual interpretation, it would be a sign of ignorance. The situation changes when the night starts to assume an active and necessary role in the learning process. In the literary fiction, the most important encounters happen at night. In the revival of the gothic cathedrals and the medieval castles, it is evident how the night takes possession of the space that is enriched with lights and shades.

Cette thèse se propose d’analyser les images de la nuit et ses significations dans les romans du XVIII siècle, à partir des années 1730-1740, dans le cadre de trois littératures: la littérature anglaise, française et italienne. Deux conceptions opposées sont mises en comparaison: la première, d’exorcisation de la nuit, est typique de la première partie du siècle; elle est représentée principalement par le genre des romans libertins. La deuxième conception montre une valorisation de la nuit qu’on trouve en particulier dans les romans gothiques, qui se sont développés à partir de la seconde partie du siècle. Le but final de la présente recherche est de trouver une explication au refus de la nuit de la part de certains auteurs et ensuite de repérer les causes du bouleversement de cette vision. Puisque la nuit empêche le sens de la vue, elle a été considérée une forme de négation de l’espace physique; selon le profil psychologique et anthropologique la nuit constituerait alors la cause principale de la perte d’orientation. Selon une interprétation intellectuelle et philosophique, elle serait un symbole d’ignorance et d’irrationalité. La situation change vers la moitié du siècle des Lumières, car la nuit commence à assumer un rôle actif et nécessaire dans le processus d’apprentissage. Au niveau social, les rencontres les plus importantes adviennent pendant la nuit. Dans le revival des cathédrales gothiques et des châteaux médiévaux, on voit que la nuit s’empare désormais de l’espace, qui s’enrichit de lumières et d’ombres.
This thesis has the purpose to analyze the images of the night and its meanings in the novels of the 18th century, from 1730-1740, in the ambit of three literatures: the English, the French and the Italian literature. Two opposite conceptions are compared: the first, to exorcise the night, is typical in the first half of the century and it is represented mainly by libertine novels. The second shows a valorisation of the night that can be found above all in the gothic novels that belong to the second part of the century. The final objective of the following research is to find an explanation to the rejection of the night by some authors and therefore to retrieve the causes of the change of vision. Since the night impedes sight, it has been considered a negation of space; according to the psychological and anthropological profile night would then be the main cause of the loss of orientation. Finally, according to an intellectual interpretation, it would be a sign of ignorance. The situation changes when the night starts to assume an active and necessary role in the learning process. In the literary fiction, the most important encounters happen at night. In the revival of the gothic cathedrals and the medieval castles, it is evident how the night takes possession of the space that is enriched with lights and shades.

Além de Roma, nenhuma cidade no Alto Império Romano foi mais analisada, caracterizada e criticada a partir de perspectivas externas do que Alexandria no Egito. As imagens produzidas pela literatura ajudaram a elaborar a representação da cidade que a historiografia contemporânea perpetuou: uma cidade enorme, linda, rica, turbulenta e polêmica. O objetivo desta tese de doutorado é discutir as diversas representações sobre Alexandria, reforçadas e divulgadas por autores antigos entre o século I a.C. e III d.C.. Acreditamos que tais representações, associadas à grandeza e prosperidade de Alexandria que a assemelhavam à capital do Império, ilustram uma percepção da cidade como um espelho de Roma e, também, uma ameaça à sua hegemonia. Todas as ênfases nas qualidades e realizações de Alexandria por um lado, e nos seus problemas e tendência à rebelião, por outro, não eram inocentes e são indicativas de uma mentalidade que vislumbrava a cidade como um local que demandava a atenção contínua por parte dos representantes do poder romano. A intenção desta pesquisa é analisar os motivos que geraram essa dualidade nas narrativas, por meio do mapeamento das temáticas e contextos mais tratados pela tradição clássica.
Apart from Rome, no city in the early Roman Empire was more analyzed, characterized and criticized by external perspectives than Alexandria in Egypt. The images produced by the literature helped create the representation of the city that the contemporary historiography has perpetuated: an enormous, beautiful, rich, turbulent and polemic city. The aim of this doctorate thesis is to discuss the several representations about Alexandria reinforced and divulged by ancient authors between the first century BC and third century AD. We believe that theses representations associated to Alexandrias greatness and prosperity that made it similar to the capital of the Empire illustrate a perception of the city as a mirror to Rome and a threat to its hegemony. All the emphasis on Alexandrias qualities and achievements on the one hand, and on its problems and rebellious tendency on the other, were not innocent, and indicate a mentality that understood the city as a place that demanded continuous attention by the representatives of Roman power. The objective of this research is to analyze the reasons that led to this duality in the narratives by means of listing the themes and contexts mostly dealt with by the classical tradition.

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In this research we will discuss the family role and how Suetonius, in his work De Vita Caesarum, makes use of that to construct a negative memory of the Emperor Nero. For that we will observe the imperial ambience at which the biographer was inserted and we will also try to understand how that, with its political program, influenced the work writting. Because it is a research specially toward to family role, we will have an unfolding about the family centrality in many roman domestic attitudes and the public effects of such actions. However, for considering the biography of an Emperor, we will focus on the way such family values have their potentiality enlarged and modified in imperial family. Then we will see in which aspects Suetonius arranges them in order to present the searched nefarious image about Nero.
Neste trabalho discutiremos o papel da família e como Suetônio, em sua obra De Vita Caesarum, se utiliza desta para a construção de uma memória negativa do Imperador Nero. Para tanto observaremos o ambiente imperial no qual o biógrafo estava inserido e também buscaremos compreender como tal, com seu programa político, influenciou a escrita da obra. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa voltada especialmente para o papel da família, teremos um desdobramento acerca da centralidade familiar nas diversas atitudes domésticas de um romano e os efeitos públicos dessas ações. Contudo, por considerarmos a biografia de um Imperador, iremos focar no modo como tais valores familiares tem sua potencialidade ampliada e modificada na família imperial. Então veremos em que aspectos Suetônio os arranja a fim de apresentar a buscada imagem nefasta acerca de Nero.

This thesis primarily addresses one question: “To what extent can Romans be heard and understood by a readership in Rome within its religio-economic, socio-political, and ethnic context, especially by non-Judeans?” To address this question, certain presuppositions regarding the audience are re-examined. This first is how the epistle’s audience, as residents of Rome, may have understood their ethnic identity, and how they constructed and negotiated that identity as Greeks, Romans, and Judeans. Chapter 1 focuses on this question for Greek and Roman identity formation and negotiation, since both groups are integral to reading Romans in Rome. The chapter concludes that Hellenization and Romanization were simultaneously shaping life in Rome prior to and during the time the initial hearers interacted with the Roman epistle. The second chapter concurrently tests two presuppositions. The first is whether Judean treatment in Rome was any different from the experience of any other ethnic minority – whether Rome was anti-Semitic. This is tested by developing a comparative review of Judean life in relation to contemporaneous Egyptian treatment in Rome, in conjunction with Appendices 2 and 3. The second presupposition tested in this chapter is a tangent of the first – that is whether Wiefel’s hypothesis is a valid foundation for assumptions regarding the audience experience in Rome, prior to and at the time of the epistle’s reception. The chapter concludes that Judean and Egyptian ethnicities were in competition in Rome, and based upon ongoing change in circumstances experienced a range of acceptance and rejection. It also concludes that Wiefel’s hypothesis – the eviction in 49 CE of all Judeans and Judean Christ-followers from Rome – does not reflect the reality of the Judean situation. Chapter 3 tests the presupposition, that the epistle received in Rome was interpreted by listeners primarily through an oft-assumed Judean lens – that of Judean tradition and the LXX. The chapter reexamines a sample of key ethnic semantics of the epistle – the interaction of honor, faith, piety, and righteousness in Rome’s way of life. It concludes that honor was a key driver in the Roman socio-cultural experience. Faith-making and faith-keeping were integral frameworks for human and divine relationships, and piety and righteousness were enmeshed in faith and faithfulness in the Roman way of life as the foundation of right relationship between humanity and deity. Chapter 4 integrates these ideas in reinterpretation of Romans as an audience recipient, by “sitting in the audience,” primarily as a non-Judean listener. It follows the flow of the discourse, noting the ethnic interplay, and the use of honor, faith, and righteousness as key Roman language to engage in ethnic reconstruction. This re-hearing of the sampled terms in Romans 1:1-17 is only an example of future work to examine extended readings of Romans in Rome, re-viewing the text through a Romanized lens.

Cette thèse a pour but d’étudier l’émergence et le développement dans la littérature française d’un genre nouveau, du début du XIXe jusqu’à la fin du XXe siècle : le roman romain à sujet contemporain. N’évoquant pas la stabilité de la Ville antique, de ses ruines et de ses monuments, mais le paysage urbain et humain en mouvement de l’époque, il rompt avec la tradition du Grand Tour, qui était implicitement fondée sur la notion qu’aucune fiction ne pouvait être inventée dans le présent éternel de Rome, puisque la perception qu’on en pouvait nourrir était si profondément ancrée dans le passé. En faisant usage du roman, les écrivains étaient confrontés simultanément à la modernité du médium et à la modernisation urbaine et politique de la Ville, alors qu’ils avaient toujours à l’esprit le signe de Rome – le mythe de la Ville Éternelle. Les romans situés dans la Rome contemporaine fournissaient à leurs auteurs la possibilité de traiter des questions les plus fondamentales de l’éthique et de l’esthétique dela fiction : le rôle de la croyance dans la civilisation moderne – en terme de religion et de son contrepoint, la fiction littéraire ; le rôle du passé dans la construction de la modernité ; l’importance du présent dans l’expérience du passé ; la signification des Anciens à l’époque des Modernes. Analyser les formes du roman français à sujet romain contemporain signifie plus encore que de se confronter au portrait d’une ville : c’est une étude de la pertinence des paradigmes occidentaux
This thesis aims to address the emergence and the development in French literature of a whole new genre, from the beginning of the 19th until the end of the 20th century: the contemporaneous Roman-themed novel. Dealing not with the stability of the Ancient City, its ruins and its monuments, but with the shifting urban and human landscape of the time, it disrupts the tradition of the Grand Tour, which was implicitly based on the notion that no fiction could be invented in the eternal present of Rome, since the perception one could have there was so deeply rooted in the past. By using the novel, writers were simultaneously confronted to the modernity of the medium and to the urban and political modernisation of the city, while the sign of Rome – the myth of the Eternal City – was always present in their mind. Novels set in contemporaneous Rome provided their authors with the possibility to engage with the most crucial issues inherent to the aesthetics and ethics of fiction: the role of belief in modern cultures – in terms of religion and its counterpart, literary fiction; the role of the past in the construction of modernity; the importance of the present in the experience of the past; the meaning of the Ancients at the time of the Moderns. Analysing the forms of the French contemporaneous Roman-themed novel signifies even more than engaging with the portrait of a city: it is a study in the relevance of Western paradigms

Esta tesis, enmarcada en los estudios de interdependencia desarrollados por el grupo CEIPAC, analiza los epígrafes anfóricos disponibles (éditos e inéditos) en el territorio de la antigua provincia romana de Raetia con una cronología de época altoimperial (I a. C.-III d. C.), en tanto que fuente primordial para el estudio de la economía antigua. Se hace especial hincapié en los sellos de proveniencia bética, pues son los que tienen mayor presencia. A partir de su análisis se llega a conclusiones de las rutas que se usaron para su transporte, se establece una comparación con los materiales de otros lugares y se teoriza sobre la estructura administrativa encargada del abastecimiento de la población, en especial la militar, que habita el limes rético.
This thesis, framed in the interdependence studies carried out by the CEIPAC group, analyses the amphoric epigraphs available (published and unpublished) in the territory of the ancient Roman province of Raetia with a chronology from the high imperial period (I B. C. -III A. D.), as a primordial source for the study of ancient economy. Special emphasis is placed on the seals of Betic origin, as they are the ones with the greatest presence. Based on its analysis, conclusions are drawn from the routes used for its transport, a comparison is made with materials from other places and theorised on the administrative structure in charge of supplying the population, especially the military, which inhabits the Rhaetic limes.

En prenant appui sur ce qui s'est accompli au cours des vingt-cinq dernieres annees pour integrer la lecture a la perspective critique, la these esquisse une approche critique qui tienne compte des mediations entre le texte et la lecture. L'hypothese de depart postule que tout texte impose un modele de lecture non seulement en suggerant un decodage, mais aussi en vehiculant une image de la litterature et du role de la lecture. D'une part, le texte fait appel a un ensemble de conventions qui informent la participation du lecteur; de l'autre, il met en oeuvre des strategies qui determinent la representation de l'objet litteraire et, par la meme, modelent la lecture. Ainsi, la representation de personnages lecteurs constitue un procede litteraire qui, parce qu'il met en relief les divers elements qui structurent la lecture, suscite une veritable metalecture, c'est-a-dire un questionnement sur les operations lecturales elles-memes et sur les rapports entre les lecture intratextuelles et extratextuelles. La premiere partie de la these degage les diverses fonctions de la representation de la lecture. La fonction referentielle, analysee dans le premier chapitre, souligne le role des connaissances culturelles pour caracteriser les personnages lecteurs: les information sur leurs lecture s'ajoutent alors aux descriptions des personnages. Ailleurs, les lectures des personnages instaurent des liens intertextuels qui permettent au lecteur externe de construire certaines interpretation: le referent est alors un autre texte. Enfin, les lextures peuvent agir comme une mise en abyme de la reception du texte lui-meme, si ce n'est de la reception en general: par l'intermediaire des lectures des personnages, un fragment intratextuel agit comme fondement hermeneutique de la lecture globale. La deuxieme partie de la these est consacree a l'etude de romans qui presentent des lectures en acte: un personnage ou un narrateur y font etat, souvent de facon detaillee, de leur lecture et de leur processus dinterpretation. En soulignant les presupposes et les convetions qui preexistent a toute lecture, les dispositifs textuels suscitent une mise en questions fondamentale de la lecture elle-meme. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

This thesis utilises the evidence from mortuary archaeology to explore the identity of the inhabitants of Britain during the period of Roman rule. It assimilates burial evidence from diverse sources both published and unpublished and integrates it with other material and literary evidence to investigate the people of the province and examine aspects of their lives. By assessing the extent and reliability of the mortuary evidence and by combining this evidence from major cemeteries, smaller burial sites and individual or isolated burials it has been possible to determine aspects of their lives from a different perspective than that previously employed. The thesis has been divided into five parts. Part 1 (chapters 1 to 3) serves as an introduction. Part 2 (chapters 4 and 5) considers the evidence available while Part 3 (chapters 6 to 8) focuses on specific groups within the population. Part 4 (chapter 9) looks at instances of death and burial that differ from the norm and Part 5 (chapters 10-12) presents a picture of the daily life of these people. The study concludes with a summing up of the evidence and a look at the future of mortuary studies of Roman Britain. The introductory chapters set out the objectives of the dissertation, look at the work that has already been done in this area and evaluates the need for a synthesis of the available evidence. The scope of the project, both temporally and geographically is outlined in chapter 2. The third chapter takes a look at the contemporary written evidence available, in the form of literary and epigraphic contributions, and assesses its reliability as an indicator of the appearance and lives of the Romano-Britons. This survey looks not only at the Roman view of the natives of the province but extends beyond the Roman period to examine the literary evidence that is available from the subsequent centuries. Chapters 4 and 5 take an in-depth look at the evidence available on the people of Roman Britain. The extent of the burial evidence is reviewed in chapter 4 while chapter 5 deals specifically and in depth with how this evidence can be utilised. The skeletal evidence is assessed for its extent and reliability. Factors affecting the survival of the remains is appraised and the effects of the biases created by such differential survival considered. Grave-goods and the organisation of the cemeteries are brought into the evaluation and the strengths and weaknesses of all of the evidence evaluated. The following chapters (6 to 11) focus on discrete aspects of the population. Chapters 6 to 8 look at the representation of specific groups within the community - the young, the elderly and those who arrived from other parts of the empire. With the aim of providing an indication of the diversity of both the composition of the population, the communities they represent and the associated burial rites, chapter 9 examines some of the more distinctive burials from Britain during this period. An area of intense interest, decapitation burials provides the focal point of this chapter. What may appear to be more mundane aspects of the lives of these people occupy chapters 10 to 12. What kept them busy, their occupations and their pastimes is viewed from the perspective of the burial evidence in chapters 10 and 11, while chapter 12 examines the mortuary evidence, in the form of funerary art and the remains of clothing, hair and accessories for their appearance.

In this thesis, I characterise the Roman republican diaspora in the western Mediterranean, on the basis of the various activities which prompted the migration of individuals from Italy. The intention of my discussion is to examine the connection between republican imperialism and the generally obscure individuals who were the actual participants in empire. This is partly a response to Brunt's Italian Manpower, in so far as Brunt's minimalist calculation of the population of the diaspora discouraged subsequent research on the subject. To accomplish this, I have relied principally on the available literary references as the foundation of a thematic analysis of the diaspora, considering migration of those in the military or associated with it, as well as those involved in various categories of commercial activity. The settlement of former soldiers was frequently connected with the re-organisation of overseas communities by Roman generals. Commercial activity was examined with reference to a general model for trade in the late republic, which emphasises the role of agents acting on behalf of wealthier individuals in Italy. I also considered more general characteristics of the diaspora. Firstly, I have proposed a maximum population for the diaspora at the end of the republic of 170,000. Secondly, I have proposed that communities of the diaspora were organising themselves into conventus by the 70s BC. Finally, I have suggested that the social and economic networks of the diaspora can be modelled in terms of a network of bilateral connections between communities, though with particularly strong connections to Rome.

Ce travail a pour objet de montrer la valeur argumentative des romans de george sand et d'en rechercher les modalites : il se fonde sur la vehemence de la voix narrative qui peut supposer sa vocation demonstrative et sur l'existence d'une ideologie sandienne reconnue par les ideologues du romantisme et sans relation avec l'image naive et devalorisante generee par les romans de notre auteur. Nous nous sommes limitee aux annees 1832-1842 qui constituent, de l'aveu meme de l'auteur, ses annees d'apprentissage de l'ecriture romanesque. Devant l'echec d'une analyse fondee sur une dynamique narrative qui definirait le roman comme un apologue, nous avons tente de considerer le roman sandien comme une parabole, ce qui suppose la transposition d'une regle dans l'univers fictif du roman. Notre recherche supposait un travail preliminaire qui fait l'objet des deux premiers chapitres : mise a jour d'une pensee de george sand independante des diverses influences qui lui ont ete pretees ; analyse, a partir des rares textes theoriques de l'auteur et des poetiques classiques, des criteres susceptibles de rendre compte du roman, en dehors de la seule reference a la dynamique narrative. Nous avons ensuite entame l'analyse des romans de 1832-1842, a savoir indiana, valentine, le secretaire intime, andre, leone leoni, simon, mauprat, le compagnon du tour de france, horace. L'analyse de l'idealisme de george sand nous a permis de preciser la place du reel dans son oeuvre, toujours absent et n'existant que dans le miroir idealisant que propose le roman. Un + reel ; simplifie, voire naif est ainsi propose, dont la dimension fantastique permet d'indiquer a la fois l'insatisfaction qu'il genere chez le personnage et la possibilite de progression qu'il lui propose. Cette progression se manifeste dans les descriptions, les recits iteratifs, les scenes dialoguees et les tableaux qui jalonnent les romans de george sand. Nous avons ainsi mis a jour une dynamique, distincte de la dynamique narrative, qui suit le souffle vehement de la voix narrative et qui est proposee comme parcours initiatique a l'homme romantique : recherche permanente d'une verite evidente et lointaine qu'il doit mener dans la societe
This work intends to show the argumentative value of george sand's novels. It is based on the vehemence of the narrative voice which supposes its argumentative vocation. It is also based on the fact that the ideologists of romanticism recognise an ideology of george sand, without relation to the naive and devaluing image generated by our author's novels. Our study concerns the period 1832-1842, when the author was training to write, according to her own testimony. In front of the failure of an analysis based on the narrative dynamics which would define the novel as an apologue, we tried to regard george sand's novels as parables. The parable supposes the transposition of a rule in the fictitious universe of the novel. Our search supposed a preliminary work, covered in the first chapters : identification of george sand's thought, independent of the various influences that were lent to her; analyze - starting from the theoretical works of the author and the classical poetics - of the criteria likely to account for the novel, apart from the only reference to narrative dynamics. We then started the analysis of the novels of 1832 to 1842, namely indiana, valentine, le secretaire intime, andre, leone leoni, simon, mauprat, le compagnon du tour de france, horace. The analysis of george sand's idealism allowed us to specific the place of reality in her works, always absent and existing only in the idealizing mirror which the novel proposes. A simplified reality is thus proposed, whose fantastic dimension makes it possible to indicate at the same time the dissatisfaction of the character and the possibility he has to progress. This progression appears in the descriptions, the iterative narrations, the dialogued scenes and the pictures which mark out george sand's novels. We thus showed a dynamics, distinct from narratives dynamic, which follows the vehement breath of the narrative voice and which is proposed as the initiative quest of the romantic man: permanent search for an obvious and remote truth which it must carry out in the society

Ce projet s'inscrit dans le prolongement des travaux géographiques sur la littérature. Après une analyse critique des principaux travaux géographiques sur l'espace romanesque, l'auteur examine les possibilités d'établir un autre type de rapport géographie-roman. Les géographes ayant surtout cherche à élargir le champ de leurs préoccupations habituelles grâce à la littérature, l'auteur propose d'adopter une démarche dialogique, qui pose le roman non plus comme un objet d'analyse, mais comme un sujet. Le dialogue permet d'entrer en contact, sans le "récupérer", avec ce que le roman peut communiquer de singulier sur l'espace et les lieux des hommes. Dans cette voie (et notamment au sujet du "fonctionnement du texte littéraire"), de nombreux travaux de la critique littéraire sont mis à contribution. L'analyse de quelques exemples particuliers (tirés de Süskind, Dos Passos, Tournier et Gracq), qui ouvrent des voies de réflexion variées, met en lumière différentes façons de concevoir et d'écrire les lieux. Ces romans attirent l'attention du géographe sur certains phénomènes qui échappent à une volonté de formalisation, et sur les enjeux du discours dans la constitution et la transmission de connaissances sur l'espace humain
This project pursues previous geographical research on literature. After critically analyzing the principal geographical studies of space in the novel, the author explores the possibility of establishing a new relationship between geography and the novel. Noting that geographers have used literature to increase the scope of their usual concerns, the author suggests a dialogical approach which considers the novel as a subject and not merely an object under analysis. This dialogical approach enables one to be in contact with that which only the novel can communicate about human space and place, and this without "exploiting" it. The analysis of some particular examples (Suskind, Dos Passos, Tournier and Gracq), opening a wide range of geographical considerations, draws the attention on different ways to conceive and write about human places

Questa tesi si pone l’obiettivo di studiare la fortuna e la circolazione nel Veneto dei "Fatti di Cesare", con una proposta di edizione critica delle inedite "Zesarie batalie romane contenute nel ms. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canonicianus Italicus 136. Nel fare questo si è anzitutto offerto, nella parte I di questo lavoro, una disamina attenta dei numerosi volgarizzamenti italiani dei "Faits des Romains", con l’ampia discussione della bibliografia esistente sulla questione e un riesame complessivo delle diverse testimonianze manoscritte, unito anche a un controllo sulla tradizione del testo francese. Ѐ stata quindi proposta, sulla base di nuovi dati ricavati dalle nostre indagini, una nuova classificazione di tutti i volgarizzamenti italiani dei "Faits des Romains" in otto diversi raggruppamenti. La parte II è invece focalizzata sulla tradizione manoscritta dei "Fatti di Cesare", uno dei più diffusi e fortunati volgarizzamenti dei "Faits des Romains", contraddistinto per essere una versione abbreviata del testo francese che godette, tra i secc. XIV e XV, di una consistente circolazione, attestata anche nell’Italia settentrionale e, in particolare, nel Veneto. A partire da una nuova ricognizione dell’intero testimoniale manoscritto dei Fatti di Cesare, che ha permesso inoltre di incrementare la tradizione con alcuni codici finora mai segnalati, è stata dapprima studiata da un punto di vista materiale la diffusione e la circolazione di questo testo in spazi e tempi diversi. Tutti i codici di questa tradizione sono stati visionati direttamente e descritti tramite l’esame codicologico di ogni singolo testimone, supportato inoltre da un controllo sui cataloghi delle principali biblioteche, sui database digitali disponibili e sulla più aggiornata bibliografia filologica. Si è quindi proceduto con una recensio codicum dell’intera tradizione manoscritta, che, condotta tramite la collazione di loci critici opportunamente selezionati, ha permesso una precisa classificazione dei numerosi codici dei Fatti di Cesare, operazione indispensabile, in attesa di un’edizione critica del testo, per poterne studiare, in una prospettiva ecdotica, la circolazione nel Veneto. Ѐ stato così possibile dimostrare da quale snodo della tradizione abbiano avuto origine le "Zesarie batalie romane" – adattamento quattrocentesco in dialetto veneziano dei Fatti di Cesare –, il cui studio è stato dedicato alla terza ed ultima parte di questo lavoro. L’edizione del testo è stata preceduta da alcune annotazioni sulla lingua delle "Zesarie batalie romane, con uno studio della grafia, della fonetica e della morfologia, che permetta di apprezzarne la particolare stratigrafia linguistica, caratterizzata da un diasistema in cui, alla lingua primaria del modello toscano, si sovrappone la patina linguistica del veneziano. Il testo critico è stato infine presentato, come è norma comune nell’edizione di testi veneti antichi, secondo criteri prudentemente interpretativi, che, pur tenendo conto delle peculiarità del manoscritto, testimone, nella sua specificità, di una precisa modalità di riuso dei "Fatti di Cesare" nel Veneto, non rinuncia a intervenire laddove necessario ai fini di una migliore fruibilità e leggibilità del testo. Naturalmente, si è sempre dato conto di ogni singolo intervento, segnalando in un apposito apparato la lezione del manoscritto, in modo da consentire, a chi lo desideri, la costante ricostruzione della facies originaria. L’edizione critica delle "Zesarie batalie romane", che qui si pubblica per la prima volta, costituisce dunque un’importante acquisizione per lo studio dei volgarizzamenti italiani dei "Faits des Romains", permettendoci di apprezzare le complesse modalità di ricezione, circolazione e riuso nei secoli di un testo che ebbe una tale fortuna nel corso di tutto il Medioevo e che significò molto per la storia dei volgarizzamenti in Italia.
This work aims to study the fortune and circulation in the Veneto region of the "Fatti di Cesare" with a critical edition of the unpublished "Zesarie batalie romane" of the ms. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canonicianus Italicus 136. The first part of this work offers a careful examination of the numerous Italian vernaculars of the Faits des Romains, with an extensive discussion of all the bibliography on the issue and a comprehensive review of the various manuscripts, together with a check on the tradition of the French text. The second part focuses on the manuscript tradition of the "Fatti di Cesare", one of the most widespread and successful vernaculars of the "Faits des Romains", distinguished by being an abbreviated version of the French text that enjoyed, between the 14th and 15th centuries, a consistent circulation, also attested in northern Italy and, in particular, in the Veneto region. A recensio of the entire manuscript tradition was then carried out through the collation of suitably selected loci criciti, allowing a precise classification of the numerous codices of the "Fatti di Cesare", an indispensable operation, pending a critical edition of the text, in order to study, from a textual perspective, its circulation in the Veneto region. It has thus been possible to identify the origin of the" Zesarie batalie romane" – fifteenth-century adaptation in Venetian dialect of the "Fatti di Cesare" –, whose study has been dedicated to the third and last part of this work. The edition of the text was preceded by some notes on the language of the "Zesarie batalie romane", with a study of handwriting, phonetics and morphology, As is the common norm in the edition of ancient Venetian texts, the critical text was presented according to prudently interpretative criteria, considering the peculiarities of the manuscript, which testifies, in its specificity, to a precise willingness to reuse the material of the "Fatti di Cesare" in Veneto region. By the way, in order to the readability of the text, we do not renounce to correct it where necessary. Every single intervention on the text has always been considered, pointing out the lesson of the manuscript in a special apparatus, so as to allow the constant reconstruction of the original facies. The critical edition of the Zesarie batalie romane, which is published here for the first time, is therefore an important acquisition for the study of the Italian vernaculars of the Faits des Romains, allowing us to appreciate the complex ways of receiving, circulating and reusing over the centuries of such a significant text in the history of vernaculars in Italy.
L’objectif principal de ce travail a été d’étudier la fortune italienne des "Faits des Romains" et, notamment, leur réception en Vénétie; mon étude est complétée par l’édition critique des "Zesarie batalie romane" du ms. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canonicianus Italicus 136, jusqu’alors inédites. Celles-ci constituent une transposition en vernaculaire vénitien librement adaptée d’une version toscane des "Faits des Romains" connue sous le nom de "Fatti di Cesare" et dotée d’une grande fortune même hors de Toscane, devenant la source de beaucoup d’autres textes. Dans la première partie de ce travail, je présente un examen attentif des nombreuses traductions italiennes des "Faits des Romains". Sur la base de mes enquêtes, conduites à partir d’une discussion approfondie de toute la bibliographie existante sur la question et d’une analyse des différents témoignages manuscrits, aussi bien français qu’italiens, je propose une nouvelle classification de toutes les versions italiennes des "Faits des Romains". La deuxième partie est centrée sur la tradition manuscrite des "Fatti di Cesare". À partir d’une nouvelle recognitio codicum des "Fatti di Cesare", qui m’a permis de dénombrer 49 manuscrits survivants de cette tradition, parmi lesquels deux manuscrits jamais mentionnés auparavant, j’ai d’abord étudié d’un point de vue matériel la diffusion et la circulation de ce texte dans différents espaces et époques. J’ai ensuite procédé à une recensio codicum de toute la tradition manuscrite, qui, grâce à une collation pour loci critici choisis, m’a permis de classer avec précision les nombreux manuscrits des "Fatti di Cesare", opération indispensable, en attendant l’édition critique du texte, pour en étudier même dans une perspective textuelle sa circulation en Vénétie. La troisième partie de ce travail a été finalement dédiée à l’étude des "Zesarie batalie romane". L’édition du texte a été précédée de quelques annotations sur la langue du texte avec une étude de la graphie, de la phonétique et de la morphologie. A cause de la stratigraphie linguistique de ce texte, caractérisée par un diastème dans lequel la patine linguistique du vénitien se superpose à la langue primaire du modèle toscan, il n’a pas toujours été possible d’isoler avec certitude les éléments attribuables au système primaire ou secondaire. De plus, en raison de la datation du ms. Canonicianus Italicus 136, à savoir l’année 1454, il était légitime d’y attendre, également au niveau du système linguistique vénitien-padan, un degré plus ou moins élevé de phénomènes typiquement toscans, et pour cette raison superposable au système linguistique de l’antigraphe toscan. Pour tout cela, j’ai décidé de proposer une analyse linguistique de nature purement descriptive, qui sans viser une analyse linguistique complète, peut présenter un examen attentif des phénomènes les plus importants retraçables dans le texte. Le texte critique a été présenté, comme d’ordinaire pour l’édition des anciens textes vénitiens, selon des critères prudemment interprétatifs, qui, tout en tenant compte des particularités du manuscrit Canonicianus, ne renonce pas à intervenir là où cela est nécessaire pour une meilleure lisibilité du texte. Naturellement, j’ai rendu compte de chaque intervention dans un apparat, où j’ai toujours indiqué la leçon du manuscrit, afin de permettre aux lecteurs la reconstruction constante de la facies original. L’édition critique des "Zesarie batalie romane", qui est publiée ici pour la première fois, est donc une acquisition importante pour l’étude des versions italiennes des "Faits des Romains", nous permettant d’apprécier les méthodes complexes de réception, de circulation et de réutilisation au cours des siècles d’un texte qui a connu un tel succès tout au long du Moyen Âge.

Les romans dont l'action est censee se derouler dans la prehistoire refletent fort peu, malgre le serieux qu'ils affichent souvent, la science qui est celle des prehistoriens de leur epoque. Ces romans mettent en oeuvre des modeles et des << savoirs >> tres anciens, qu'ils combinent avec les stereotypes fixes par une tradition iconique et romanesque, et les cliches qu'offre la mode. Tout cela prendsens au sein de tensions ideologiques modernes : a la fin du xixeme siecle en france, ces romans etaient marques par l'anticlericalisme, le mepris de race ou de sexe, le colonialisme et l'esprit de revanche. Si les enjeux ideologiques sont aujourd'hui fort differents, ils sont loin d'avoir disparu. Les romans prehistoriques ne sont pas darwiniens. Ils sont principalement influences par l'evolutionnisme de herbert spencer : les supposees << races >>, les langues, les institutions, la valeur du bien et du mal, sont en evolution comme les organismes, les especes et les paysages. Le tout est ordonne suivant quelques axes bipolaires, en coherence avec les structures modernes de l'imaginaire. Les schemas narratifs du roman prehistorique et les principales figures du recit (dans lequel les especesanimales et les tribus sont de veritables personnages) obeissent a un modele contraignant, qui admet cependant des realisations variables. La parodie, l'humour, l'absence de violence ou la dimension ecologique par exemple, ne sont que d'apparentes transgressions du systeme et sont deja fort anciens dans le roman prehistorique. La << culture mediatique >> ressasse, bien au-dela du seul champ litteraire, les principaux traits de cette prehistoire de fiction, apparue avant toute science. Cela justifie certaines questions sur les rapports entre science et fiction, sur la reprise inlassable des memes images, et sur le positionnement litteraire et social complexe des auteurs et des oeuvres qui relevent de ce genre minuscule.

This work aims at clarifying the most important stages in the evolution of the Roman army, between the Severan age and the death of Theodosius I. The purpose is to give new hints in the history of the Roman army during the III and IV centuries AD. Therefore we collected and examined significant information from all kinds of ancient and later sources, from many different areas of the empire. By comparing them we came up with a few general questions on the subject, to which we tried to give original answers, suggesting new points of view, sometimes different from the traditional ones. In particular, we tried to distinguish the factors of continuity from the moments of break in the period of transition from III to IV century AD, considering the latest historiographical trends and mainly searching into the possible or probable reasons of this evolution. We studied the dynamics of change from material, organizational, political and, as much as possible, economic and social points of view, and we tried to fit them into the historical context concerning the late Roman military, and presented it in the different stages of its evolution. As regards the chronology, the present work is structured in five different historical phases, each one characterized by its own peculiarities and problems: from the Severan emperors to 284 AD; Diocletian and the Tetrarchy; the age of Constantine I; from Constantine's dynasty to Adrianople; Theodosius I and the military emergency at the end of the IV century AD. Each chapter searches into the following topics: recruitment and barbarization; commanders and officers; unit transformations and distribution; fighting strength; interactions between troops and civilians; tactical and strategical changes; evolution of weaponry and equipment; prevailing frontier policies. At the end of the research it seems reasonable to maintain that several of the principal innovations in the military were already introduced at the time of Septimius Severus and Caracalla, if not earlier, and that in the following decades there was often just a mere strengthening of the previous tendencies and trends. During the crisis of the third century this consolidation was still uncertain and mostly 'experimental'. Then, Diocletian and the Tetrarchs gave a more stable aspect to the experiments of the previous decades, adding some important reforms. Constantine I's great reorganization was by far more fundamental, even if it was characterized by a socio-political and economic nature rather than strictly a military one. Finally, Constantine's successors did not introduce relevant changes in his reformed army. Theodosius I himself did not bring about any structural transformation in the military: he merely climaxed some processes begun under his predecessors, but his politics about the Goths after Adrianople already forestalled the radical changes of the V century AD. Thus the history of the Roman army in the III and IV centuries AD represents a process of continuous but linear evolution, interrupted only when the foundations which constituted the basis of the Roman imperial army were abandoned.
Il presente lavoro vuole contribuire a chiarire le principali tappe dell'evoluzione dell'apparato militare terrestre dei Romani tra l'età  dei Severi e la morte di Teodosio I. Il proposito è di fornire spunti innovativi per la composizione di una storia complessiva dell'esercito romano di III e IV secolo. A tal scopo sono state raccolte e vagliate il maggior numero possibile di informazioni significative, tratte da tutti i tipi di fonte antica e tardoantica e da molteplici aree dell'impero; dal loro confronto si sono ricavati alcuni quesiti generali sul tema, ai quali si è cercato di dare risposte originali, con approcci talora diversi da quelli tradizionali. In particolare, si è inteso evidenziare gli elementi di continuità  e i momenti di cesura nel passaggio dal III al IV secolo, alla luce dei più recenti indirizzi di studio, approfondendo in particolare le cause, possibili o probabili, sottese all'evoluzione. Le dinamiche evolutive, esaminate da un punto di vista materiale, organizzativo, politico e, per quanto possibile, economico e sociale, sono state inserite nel quadro del contesto storico relativo alla macchina bellica tardoromana, presentata nei suoi diversi stadi di mutamento. Cronologicamente, il lavoro è articolato in cinque diverse fasi storiche, con peculiarità  e problematiche differenti: dai Severi al 284 d.C.; Diocleziano e la Tetrarchia; l'epoca costantiniana; dai costantinidi ad Adrianopoli; Teodosio I e l'emergenza di fine IV secolo. Ogni capitolo approfondisce i seguenti argomenti: reclutamento e imbarbarimento; catena di comando; trasformazioni dei reparti e loro dislocazione; numero degli effettivi; interazioni tra esercito e società  civile; mutamenti tattici e strategici; evoluzione di armamento ed equipaggiamento; politiche di frontiera prevalenti. Al termine della ricerca sembra possibile affermare che molte tra le principali innovazioni in ambito militare furono introdotte già  al tempo di Settimio Severo e Caracalla, se non prima, e nei decenni seguenti si ebbe spesso soltanto un rafforzamento di tendenze e indirizzi precedenti. Tale consolidamento fu ancora incerto e quasi sempre a carattere 'sperimentale' durante la crisi del III secolo. In seguito, Diocleziano e i tetrarchi sistematizzarono il fermento dei decenni precedenti, con l'aggiunta di alcune importanti riforme. La grande riorganizzazione costantiniana fu ben più radicale, anche se ebbe una natura più socio-politica ed economica che strettamente militare. I successori di Costantino I, infine, non introdussero trasformazioni di rilievo nel suo esercito riformato. Lo stesso Teodosio I non operò alcun intervento organico nelle strutture militari, portando semmai all'esasperazione alcuni processi iniziati sotto i suoi predecessori; ma la sua politica gotica dopo Adrianopoli recava già  in sé le premesse concrete degli stravolgimenti del V secolo. La storia dell'esercito romano del III e IV secolo rappresenta, dunque, un processo di evoluzione continua ma lineare, interrotto solo quando si rinunciò ai fondamenti essenziali che avevano costituito la struttura portante dell'armata imperiale romana.

Entre los siglos II-III d.C. la ciudad de Carthago Noua (Cartagena, España) conoce una serie de transformaciones que alteran su paisaje urbano, su extensión se reduce a la mitad y numerosos edificios públicos y privados son abandonados. En este trabajo se estudia la evolución de la ciudad entre el Alto y el Bajo Imperio a través del análisis de la cultura material cerámica. Siete contextos de la colonia y su entorno son estudiados de manera total, incluyendo todas las producciones (cerámicas finas, ánforas, cerámica común, lucernas...) desde época tardo Antonina hasta el gobierno del emperador Diocleciano.
Between the second and third centuries A.D. the city of Carthago Noua (Cartagena, Spain) meets a series of changes that alter the urban landscape, reducing its size in half and drop-populating numerous public and private buildings. In this work we studied the evolution of the city between Early and Late Empire through the analysis of ceramic material culture. Seven contexts of the colony and its hinterland are studied in whole, including all productions (fine wares, amphorae, coarse wares, lamps ...) from the time of the last Antonine emperors until the reign of Diocletian.

A une date mal fixée au cours des années 380, mais généralement placée en 387, l’empereur Théodose, princeps depuis 379, abandonne officiellement les quatre cinquième de l’Arménie aux Perses sassanides. C’est un acte sans précédent : depuis plus de quatre siècles, la plupart de ses prédécesseurs avaient tout mis en œuvre pour maintenir le royaume caucasien dans la sphère d’influence romaine ou, à défaut, neutre face à un Etat iranien menaçant ou jugé comme tel. Dorénavant, la présence de l’Empire y est limitée à une bande de terre étroite située le long de ses frontières orientales et qui s’étend, du nord au sud, de l’extrémité orientale du Pont (Pontus en anglais) à la pointe septentrionale de la Syrie. Le cœur du pays et ses régions les plus importantes d’un point de vue historique et stratégique sont aux mains du grand rival oriental. Comment expliquer ce quasi retrait romain qui établit une situation qui perdurera jusqu’au début du 6ème siècle, une longueur inédite pour un accord entre les deux parties ? L’objectif de notre étude est de répondre à cette interrogation, en distinguant notamment les prémices de cette politique de repli à partir de la seconde moitié du 4ème siècle
At an uncertain date in the 380's A.D. yet generally set in 387, Emperor Theodose, princeps since 379, officially abandons four fifths of Armenia to the benefit of the Sassanide Persian people. This had never happened before since for over four centuries, most his predecessors had managed to maintain the Caucasian kingdom into the Roman sphere of influence , or even to keep it neutral to a threatening -or considered as such - Iranian state. Now the presence of the Empire is limited to a narrow strip of land located along its oriental borders that stretches over from the eastern end of the Pontus to the northern end of Syria. The heart of the land and its most important regions from a historical and strategical point of view belong to the great opponent from the east. How can we explain this Roman quasi-withdrawal which lead to a situation that will last to the beginning of the 6th century – a period of time for an agreement between the two parties that had never been seen before in history ?Our study aims at answering this question, by identifying more particularly the beginnings of such a withdrawal policy from the second half of the 4th century

The thesis analyses the family portraits on Roman funerary monuments (reliefs, altars, tombstones and statuary groups), coming from Rome and the Italian territory up to the Alps (Regiones V-XI) and dating from the 1st century BC to the early 4th AD. It aims to investigate the household composition and its relations with the funerary realm, by identifying the codification of iconographical features related to kin. After a short introduction on family in Roman time, the analysis moves through the different types of monuments and delineates their complex geographical and chronological distribution. This is shared by the sepulchral iconography, which is characterized by a large variability: it has stressed the need to classify depictions in different schemas, drawn at the same time on the number of portraits, on their distribution and on gender and age differences. In this way it has been possible to delineate the geo-chronological evolution of the iconography and to discover its serial parental meaning. Later, the analysis addresses the familiar significance of dress, attributes and gestures, identifying age and gender distinctions according to the different schemas. In the last part, the social impact of such representations is investigated: it contributes to delineate the general tendencies of family funerary portraiture and helps to link them to “every-day” structure of Roman household.
La tesi affronta lo studio delle raffigurazioni a soggetto familiare su monumenti funerari di epoca romana – rilievi, altari, stele, gruppi statuari –. Vengono considerati i segnacoli già editi provenienti dai territori tra Roma e l’arco alpino (Roma, Regiones V-XI), nel periodo compreso tra il I secolo a.C. e l’inizio del IV d.C. Il lavoro si pone l’obiettivo di indagare la famiglia del tempo ed il suo rapporto con l’ambito funerario, attraverso il riconoscimento dei criteri di codificazione dei legami di parentela nell’immagine sepolcrale, nel loro sviluppo crono-geografico. Dopo una breve disamina del concetto di famiglia in epoca romana, lo studio affronta l’evoluzione dei supporti monumentali, tratteggiando una complessa distribuzione che ricalca da vicino quella delle diverse varianti iconografiche. Le immagini sono caratterizzate, infatti, da un’ampia variabilità, che ha reso necessaria una classificazione degli schemi sulla base del numero di persone ritratte, dell’età, del sesso e della posizione reciproca: in tal modo si delinea non solo l’evoluzione complessiva delle iconografie, ma anche se ne definiscono i significati parentali ricorrenti. Successivamente si analizza il valore familiare di vesti, attributi e prossemica, riconoscendone i criteri di distinzione generazionale e di genere. Infine si indaga il valore sociale della raffigurazione e si individuano i criteri iconografici generali del ritratto funerario di famiglia, correlandoli successivamente alla realtà “quotidiana” dei nuclei domestici romani.

A Basílica romana é, para Zanker (2000: 36-7), uma das estruturas mais caracteristicamente romanas de qualquer cidade romana. Símbolo concreto da estrutura política, jurídica e social romana, sofreu alterações morfológicas e funcionais ao longo do tempo e do espaço que ainda intrigam os pesquisadores. O presente estudo busca conhecer esta estrutura, suas origens, principais características físicas e funcionais, transformações em Roma e no Império, mas especialmente na Gallia Comata, entendendo-a como um elemento utilizado pelo Império no processo de urbanização das províncias gaulesas. Para tal, foi realizado o estudo das basílicas desde seu surgimento, em Roma, sua difusão pelo Império. Como forma de conhecer as basílicas das Três Gálias (Lugdunense, Aquitânia e Bélgica, esta se desdobrando também em Germânia Superior e Inferior), elaborou-se um catálogo buscando, apesar das diferenças tipológicas, a homogeneidade dentro da sua utilização como elemento de urbanização romana da antiga Gallia Comata. E, para melhor entender a urbanização, foram estudados os oppida gauleses, as proto-cidades celtas dos séculos II e I a.C., o período imediatamente anterior à conquista romana.
According to Zanker (2000:36-7), the Roman Basilica is one of the most characteristic Roman structures of any Roman city. A concrete symbol of the political, juridic and social Roman structure, it suffered morphologic and funcional alteractions both in time and space that still intrigate the scholars. The present work tries to reveal and understand this structure, its origins, its main physical and functional caracteristics, its transformations in Rome and the Empire, but most specially in the Gallia Comata, seeing it as an element of the process of urbanization of the Gallic privinciae. To do so, we performed a study of the basilicas since its begnning, in Rome, its difusion by the Empire and, like a means to know the basilicas of the Three Gauls (Lugdunensis, Aquitanica and Belgium, this one divided into Belgica, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior), a catalog was made, searching, besides the typological differences, the homogeneity in their utilization as elements of Roman urbanization of the former Gallia Comata. And, for better understanding the urbanization, it was studied the Gallic oppida (hillforts), the Celtic proto-cities of the II and I centuries BC, the period that immediately preceded the period of the Roman conquest.

Cette thèse, dont le sujet est l'étude de l'orfèvrerie dans les romans antiques du XIIe siècle (le Roman de Thèbes, le Roman d'Enéas, le Roman de Troie de Benoît de Sainte-Maure et le Roman d'Alexandre de Paris) est composé de trois parties, suivies de quatre index, de trois annexes (occurrences du terme pierres dans les romans antiques ; occurences des gemmes dans les romans antiques ; tableau comparatif des gemmes à partir du "de lapibibus" de Marbode et de lapidaires médiévaux) et d'une bibliographie. La première partie considère l'orfèvrerie sous l'angle du miroir du prince : les vêtements et les armes contribuent au portrait des personnages (Ch. I) ; le décor est à l'image du prince (Ch. II) ; la circulation des présents fait l'apologie de la largesse, vertu cardinale (Ch. III). La deuxième partie aborde le savoir encyclopédique véhiculé par l'orfèvrerie : les ekphrasis décrites s'apparentent à des encyclopédies en images (Ch. I) ; les monstres et les gemmes dérivent, selon des modalités variées, des bestiaires et des lapidaires (Ch. II et III). La troisième partie est consacrée à la dimension poétique de l'orfèvrerie. Partie intégrante de la "translatio studii et imperi". La traduction des textes latins donne naissance à des oeuvres novatrices (Ch. I). Les descriptions d'orfèvrerie dessinent en filigrane un art poétique (Ch. II). Au travers des multiples figures de l'artiste qui jalonnent ces romans transparait celle du poète, orfèvre et artisant des mots (Ch. III). Rédigés dans l'orbe de l'espace Plantagenet, les romans antiques illustrent des aspects nouveaux de "la translatio", et participent à la renaissance du XIIe siècle.

Ce sujet consiste en l'étude des monuments et des images des provinces dans l'empire romain. il n'a jamais été traité dans la bibliographie scientifique dans la perspective de ce travail ce qui rend son approche innovante. il ne s'agit pas seulement de comprendre et d'expliquer la signification ou la typologie de l'iconographie des provinces de l'empire, mais aussi le contexte urbain et architectural de ce type de décoration., et l'histoire qui est à son origine. la mise en rapport entre les représentations et les divers monuments sur lesquels elles s'installent est très importante. a cela on peut également ajouter le contexte urbanistique de ces architectures transmettant l'image provinciale. la nature du monument a toujours un rapport direct avec les représentations qui y figurent, permettant à la fois de définir la nature du monument par rapport à l'iconographie présente ou l'interprétation des images à travers la fonction du bâtiment.sans renoncer aux aspects techniques, ni au catalogue, indispensables pour l'étude générale, cette recherche propose d'étudier l'ensemble de la documentation (iconographique, épigraphique, textuelle) , et d'analyser également la dimension sociale, urbanistique et historique des images des provinces à l'époque romaine.cette recherche est un complèment de la thèse de fabiola salcedo intitulé africa iconografia de una provincia romana, soutenue en 1996, qui est un travail complet sur l'iconographie de la province de l'afrique
This subject consists of the study of monuments and images of provinces in the Roman Empire

This thesis investigates the role which Roman artefacts played within rural settlements in North Britain during the Romano-British period. The possibility that Roman artefacts were used by native Britons as markers of prestige is explored through the presence or absence of Roman artefact types. The more prestigious the occupants of the rural settlements were, the more likely they were to have access to a variety of exotic trade items. The methodology employed in this study has been adapted from previous studies on pottery types and settlement remains from Scotland. This thesis examines an area that centres on Hadrian's Wall, which at various times in its history acted as the frontier for the Roman Empire, as well as being a staging post for troops and a means of controlling the local population's movement. The study region includes land up to 50 kilometres either side of Hadrian's Wall, and examines rural settlements located within one or two days travel from the Wall. The excavation reports of rural settlements were examined, and include settlement types such as homesteads, hillforts and villas. From these sites, Roman artefact types were quantified and used to generate data for analysis. The results agree with the hypothesis that social hierarchy can be detected through the comparative presence or absence of Roman artefact types. It is also apparent that the settlements on either side of Hadrian's Wall, and either side of the Pennines mountain chain, were not part of a simple, homogenous culture. This thesis begins with an outline of the geographic and environmental nature of the region (Chapter 2), and an examination of settlement and society in North Britain during the preceding Bronze and Iron Ages (Chapter 3). An essay on Romano-British society and settlement is included (Chapter 4), and is followed by a brief discussion of post- Roman Britain (Chapter 5). Following an outline of the methodology used (Chapter 6), the results of analysis are presented in detail (Chapter 7). The Discussion chapter explores how the results of analysis meet existing theories of rural settlement and society, and compares North Britain with continental data from Germany and North Gaul (Chapter 8).

vi, 73 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
At the beginning of the 20th century, several critics suggested that the genre of the novel was in a state of crisis. A vigorous discussion about whether the genre of the novel as a whole had to be done away with erupted and produced contradicting frameworks. A textual analysis of two recent books by Swiss writer Tim Krohn, Quatemberkinder (1998) and Vrenelis Gartli (2004), reveals that the time of great epics in the form of the novel has not yet come to an end. Krohn's novels portray a new approach to counter what Lukacs called "transcendental homelessness." By combining oral Swiss legends with historical facts and magic realism Krohn is able to achieve a new wholeness the modem novel lacked. His novels portray a possible solution for overcoming the "crisis of the novel."
Committee in Charge: Prof. Susan C. Anderson, Chair; Prof. Kenneth Scott Calhoon; Prof. Martin Klebes

Entre 193 et 235, les empereurs romains de la dynastie sévérienne menèrent au Proche-Orient une série de guerres qui recouvrent l’ensemble de la typologie des conflits antiques : guerres civiles, conquêtes territoriales, défense des provinces frontalières, expéditions de pillage et répressions de révoltes locales. Cette thèse cherche à analyser les articulations politiques de ces conflits sur les plans chronologique et géopolitique. Elle s’appuie sur une étude systématique des campagnes militaires menées par les Romains au Proche-Orient et sur une prosopographie des acteurs politiques de la région. La politique menée par les Sévères en Syrie et Mésopotamie s’inscrivit dans le cadre de l’impérialisme romain et porta l’empire romain à son extension territoriale maximale. Se faisant, elle rompit les équilibres géopolitiques qui prévalaient jusque là et assuraient la paix entre les Romains et les Parthes. Si la dynastie arsacide finissante ne put s’opposer à cette extension du pouvoir romain en Mésopotamie, la révolution sassanide des années 224-226 réactiva la mémoire de la perse achéménide et remit en cause le rapport de force établi par Septime Sévère au Proche-Orient. La période sévérienne n’est cependant pas une rupture avec le Haut-Empire ni une charnière avec la « crise » du IIIe siècle car le dispositif militaire mis en place au début de la période ne différait en rien du modèle augustéen et résista néanmoins à la première attaque perse en territoire romain
From 193 to 235, Severan emperors lead several wars in the Near East. These wars included all the type of conflicts known to the Ancient world : civil wars, local rebellions, defensive wars against the barbarians, raids into ennemy territory and territorial conquest. This dissertation discuss the political aspects of these conflicts from a chronological and geopolitical standpoint. It is composed of an analytical narration of the Severan wars in the East and a prosopography of the political actors of the area. The action of the Severan dynasty in Syria and Mesopotamia was rooted in Roman imperialism and expanded the Empire’s territory to its maximum. In doing so, the Severans destroyed the geopolitical equilibrium that had, so far, insured a relative degree of peace between Rome and the Parthian Empire. The Arsacid dynasty failed to stop the growth of Roman influence in Mesopotamia, the rise of the Sassanid in 224-226 rekindled the Achemenid ambitions and threatened the power structures established by Septimius Severus in the Near East. But the Severan age is not the breaking point of the High Empire, nor is it merely a transition between the Antonine age and the 3rd century crisis. The military system the Severan put in place in the East was heavily influenced by the Augustean military system and yet managed to repell the first Persian attack against Rome

Présenté en deux parties, un essai et une création, ce mémoire se veut une première exploration de la présence du polyamour dans la littérature québécoise. Alors que la monogamie règne toujours en maître du « vécurent heureux et eurent beaucoup d’enfants » dans la plupart des fictions littéraires, le modèle polyamoureux – posant qu’il est possible et acceptable d’aimer plus d’une personne et d’entretenir plusieurs relations amoureuses à la fois – s’inscrit comme un nouveau possible. Considérant ce modèle comme une critique de la monogamie institutionnelle et de la contrainte à cette dernière (ou mononormavité), la présente recherche étudie la représentation du polyamour dans trois romans québécois : C’est la faute au bonheur d’Arlette Fortin (2001), Ainsi font-elles toutes de Clara Ness (2005) et Tarquimpol de Serge Lamothe (2007). L’étude du nombre de partenaires impliqués, de leur configuration et du contrat établi dans chaque cellule amoureuse permet de mettre en lumière les éléments communs ou exclusifs à chaque récit et de comparer leurs discours. L’essai est suivi d’un court roman racontant l’irruption d’une cinquième personne dans un appartement où les colocataires partagent déjà leur amour, leurs ressources et, occasionnellement, leur sexualité. Cette création se pose à la fois en continuation et en opposition avec les romans étudiés, en évitant les pièges hétéronormatifs présents dans ces derniers, et en intégrant le polyamour dans le quotidien des personnages.

L'objet de notre these est l'etude de six textes romanesques africains a la lumiere de la philosophie existentielle. Notre point de depart est que les six textes en question - l'aventure ambigue, la plaie, chaine, l'ecart, un piege sans finet le regard du roi- en raison de leurs preoc- cupations essentiellement metaphysiques ou existentielles, apportent des apercus nouveaux sur la realite humaine et histo- rique africaine. De ce fait, ils se pretent a une reflexion philosophique suceptible de jeter une lumiere nouvelle sur les problemes humains qu'ils explorent. Consequement, pour mieux saisir et elucider les pro- blemes en question, nous nous sommes servi des outils theori- ques et methodologiques de la critique philosophique issue de la pensee existentielle. L'essence de cette critique etant l'union entre l'analyse litteraire et la reflexion philoso- phique, notre travail s'est effectue en deux phases. La premiere phase, qui correspond a ce qu'on appelle "une phenomenologie litteraire", vise a mettre en lumiere les structures generales de chaque texte ainsi que le mouvement et les themes existentiels qu'elles incarnent. La deuxieme phase qui correspond a la deuxieme et a la troi- sieme parties, reprend les themes degages dans la premiere partie pour les soumettre a une analyse philosophique visant a les expliciter. Finalement, comme nous considerons chaque texte comme un point de vue de l'auteur sur la realite afri- caine dont il est issu, notre travail se termine par une eva- luation critique de la pensee africaine de chacun des six au- teurs. Grace a notre approche, nous croyons avoir apporte un point de vue nouveau sur ces grandes oeuvres africaines et surtout sur les problemes humains qu'elles soulevent
The object of our dissertation has been a study of some african novels in the light of european existential philosophy. Our point of departure was that de six novels in question - l'aventure ambigue, la plaie, chaine, l'ecart, un piege sans fin, and le regard du roi - apprehend human reality in africa from an essentially metaphysical or existen- tial view point. To this effect, they lend themselves to a fruitful philosophical analysis capable of shedding new light on the human or metaphysical problems they explore. Existential philosophy together with its various models of analysis served as the theoretical and methodological frame- work of our study. As the essence of philosophical criticism of literary texts should be the union of literary analysis with philosophical reflexion, our study has been divided into two phases. The first phase is concerned with a phenomenological stu- dy of the forms and structures of the novels aimed at uncovering the existential mouvements and themes of which the said forms and structures are the embodiments. The second phase takes up the themes and mouvements so uncovered in order to submit them to a tho- rough and systematic philosophical analysis. Thus in keeping with an existential approach, in the first instance the adventure of the hero of each novel is viewed and analysed as the dialectics of the individual's freedom as it comes to grips with various si- tuations. In the second instance, other human and historical pro- blems raised by some of these texts are submitted to a sypnotic philosophical scrutiny. Finally, as each of these novels is infor- med by a certain point of view of its author on african human and historical reality, our study ends with a critical evaluation of each author's african thoughts as portrayed in his nove

Adversus Iovinianum: un trattato in due libri del dottrinale, dogmatico, intransigente San Girolamo, il quale, con vigore ed energia, alterna l’argomentazione di due questioni ‘carnali’ ad altrettante di più ‘teologiche’: dalla verginità come condotta esclusiva da privilegiare, al Battesimo che non libera definitivamente dalla tentazione e dal peccato; dall’alimentazione votata al ‘minimo indispensabile’, alla corrispondenza tra i gradi delle virtù e dei peccati e il loro relativo Giudizio. In questo contesto, quale può essere l’apporto della romanità? Come può inserirsi l’esperienza della civiltà latina? Nel sostenere la castità sessuale, Girolamo, dopo le autorevoli evidenze scritturali ed evangeliche, recupera la casistica e le fonti pagane per avvalorare la sua tesi. Tra le numerose esemplificazioni greche e i più sporadici rimandi ad altre realtà straniere, spiccano gli exempla della romanità per lo più arcaica e repubblicana. L’apporto latino risulta così considerevole da richiedere una dettagliata analisi di ciò che di romano c’è in una trattazione profondamente cristiana. Attraverso la collazione con la tradizione classica, lo studio si propone di verificare le tecniche di codificazione della memoria adottate da Girolamo per plasmare il ricordo ai suoi fini; dal vaglio delle singole figure femminili romane citate l’obiettivo è quello di tracciare le modalità entro cui egli recuperò la latinità, in un complesso, articolato, ragionato processo di elaborazione funzionale.

The study is part of the TECT project, which originated from the collaboration between research groups of the universities of Padova and Bologna. The goal is the creation of a database to systematically record the presence of Roman wall paintings in Cisalpine Gaul. This research aims to analyze and examine all the Roman wall-paintings that have been recovered in Regio X, ranging from the 2nd century BC to the 4th century AD, using the database and the glossary developed for the TECT project. The study aims to test the database through processing data which had never been analysed as a whole. This systematic classification was the prerequisite to highlight the specificity of the artistic production of the region. Indeed it was possible to stress the original traits of this production and also to identify its relations with others areas, particularly with central Italy and with transalpine regions.
La presente ricerca si inserisce nel progetto TECT, nato dalla sinergia tra le Università di Padova e di Bologna, rivolto alla creazione di una banca dati della documentazione pittorica dell'area cisalpina. Servendosi dello strumento informatico e del glossario terminologico elaborato nell'ambito del progetto, di cui la scrivente è stata parte attiva, la ricerca è consistita nella catalogazione informatizzata delle pitture messe in luce nella Regio X all'interno di un arco cronologico esteso tra il II sec. a.C. e il IV sec. d.C. L'obiettivo è stato quello di verificare la validità della banca dati, che nel panorama nazionale si rivela uno strumento innovativo, raccogliendo e mettendo in sistema una mole di dati che non era mai stata analizzata complessivamente. La catalogazione sistematica delle attestazioni pittoriche ha costituito il presupposto indispensabile per far luce sulla specificità della produzione pittorica della regione, della quale sono stati indagati i caratteri di originalità e, al contrario, quelli che hanno permesso di individuare rapporti con altre aree geografiche, in particolare con l'area centro-italica, imprescindibile termine di confronto per abbondanza di documentazione, ma anche con le aree limitrofe transalpine e altoadriatiche

L'analyse des romans qualifiés jusqu'à présent de " réalistes" permet de mettre en évidence l'existence d'un courant esthétique naissant à la fin du XIIe siècle et s'épanouissant au cours du XIIIe siècle jusqu'au début du XIVe. A cette période en effet, la réalité concrète bénéficie d'un statut nouveau et exerce un attrait inhabituel. Nommée "tournant de 1200" par les historiens, une conjoncture historique et économique favorable, sous-tendue par un contexte philosophique très particulier, marqué par la redécouverte des textes d'Aristote et le recul du néoplatonisme chrétien, a ainsi pu donner naissance à ce mouvement littéraire, qui s'apparente sur bien des points à l'art gothique. Un premier chapitre s'attache donc à identifier et démêler l'enchevêtrement des racines du prétendu réalisme médiéval, avant de définir l'art gothique littéraire tel qu'il s'actualise dans tous les genres. Les notions de réalisme, d'ouverture et d'anthropocentrisme s'imposent pour caractériser ce regard nouveau posé sur un monde immanent désormais perçu uniquement pour lui-même. Le représentations de l'espace et du temps (chapitre deux) confirment ce boulversement des mentalités. Elles trahissent une perception différente, moins théocentrique, de l'univers et de la temporalité terrestres. Privilégiant la réalité concrète, son déterminisme et l'individu, les choix énonciatifs, narratifs, descriptifs et dialogiques, tous les modes d'écriture romanesques (chapitre trois) portent le sceau de cette mutation ontologique sous-jacente. Désireux d'accueillir la rélité dans toute sa diversité, les romanciers réalisent de véritables sommes littéraires. L'esthétique de ces récits (chapitre quatre) propose en effet une ouverture ultime, sensible dans un mélange des genres qui ne laisse pas indemne ses modèles et n'hésite pas à remettre en cause la nature trop artificielles des stéréotypes chevaleresques et courtois légués par la tradition.

Despite the vast amount of work and the huge database for Roman Britain, the people of the province remain very difficult to discern. There are many reasons for this, but one is that we have not yet learned to look behind the disjecta membra of archaeology in order to understand the structure and nature of society, and how the Roman Conquest may have impacted upon it. The language of sociology offers scope for thought, especially when combined with examples drawn from historically documented societies in later periods. Whilst models drawn from the classical world are important, attention also needs to be focused on the local, and on the factors that determined the shape of people's lives and influenced their daily activities. Not all these are archaeologically detectable; nevertheless an appreciation of their existence is an important pre-requisite in attempting explanations of patterns in the data.