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1
Zhang, Zheshuo. "Dynamics of road vehicles crossing rail-road intersections." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/132688/2/Zheshuo%20Zhang%20Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This project was a step forward in redesigning level crossing for improved safety of level crossing infrastructure. A vehicle-tire-obstacle model capable of predicting the vehicle dynamic behaviour as well as the tire-obstacle contact forces was developed from basic equations of motion. The thesis investigated the profile of redesigned level crossing from the perspective of road vehicle dynamics including the safety risk to the occupant and the dislodgement risk of the freights in the road vehicles. It was shown that the redesigned level crossings can save lives and avoid damages to trains, road vehicles and the related infrastructure.
2
Ismail, Emad Abbas. "Highway intersections with alternative priority rules." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277143.
Повний текст джерела
3
Arndt, Owen Kingsley. "Relationship between unsignalised intersection geometry and accident rates." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15815/1/Owen_Arndt_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this research is to determine the effect of unsignalised intersection geometry on the rates of the various types of accidents occurring at unsignalised intersections. A literature review has identified that there is little consistency between the results of previous studies. Some studies found that particular parameters had an opposite effect to what was expected. With this in mind, the research identified reasons for these results and developed two basic approaches to mitigate some of the problems with multi-factor type studies. These approaches are 'maximise the efficiency of data collection' and 'develop techniques for analysing less than perfect data'. A database consisting of 206 unsignalised intersection sites from throughout Queensland was used for analysis. The outcome of this research confirms the validity of several of the current design standards for unsignalised intersections, in addition to identifying new engineering procedures.
4
Arndt, Owen Kingsley. "Relationship Between Unsignalised Intersection Geometry and Accident Rates." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15815/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this research is to determine the effect of unsignalised intersection geometry on the rates of the various types of accidents occurring at unsignalised intersections. A literature review has identified that there is little consistency between the results of previous studies. Some studies found that particular parameters had an opposite effect to what was expected. With this in mind, the research identified reasons for these results and developed two basic approaches to mitigate some of the problems with multi-factor type studies. These approaches are 'maximise the efficiency of data collection' and 'develop techniques for analysing less than perfect data'. A database consisting of 206 unsignalised intersection sites from throughout Queensland was used for analysis. The outcome of this research confirms the validity of several of the current design standards for unsignalised intersections, in addition to identifying new engineering procedures.
5
Hounsell, Nicholas Brian. "The design and performance of signal controlled intersections." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328350.
Повний текст джерела
6
Adedokun, Adeyemi. "Application of Road Infrastructure Safety Assessment Methods at Intersections." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-127334.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traffic safety at intersections is a particularly difficult phenomenon to study, given the fact that accidents occur randomly in time and space thereby making short-term measurement, assessment and comparison difficult. The EU directive 2008/96/EC introduced road infrastructure safety management, which offers a five layer structure for developing safer road infrastructure has been used to develop tools for accident prediction and black spot management analysis which has been applied in this work to assess the safety level of intersections in Norrköping city in Sweden. Accident data history from STRADA (Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition) and the network demand model for Norrköping city were used to model black spots and predict the expected number of accidents at intersections using PTV Visum Safety tool, after STRADA accident classification was restructured and the Swedish accident prediction model (APM) was configured and tested to work within the tool using the model from the Swedish road administration (SRA). The performance of the default (Swiss) and the Swedish APM was compared and identified locations with the high accident records, predicted accident counts and traffic volumes were audited using qualitative assessment checklist from Street-Audit tool. The results from these methods were analysed, validated and compared. This work provides recommendations on the used quantitative and qualitative methods to prevent accident occurrence at the identified locations.
7
Lef��vre, St��phanie. "Risk Estimation at Road Intersections for Connected Vehicle Safety Applications." Phd thesis, Universit�� de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00765930.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les intersections sont les zones les plus dangereuses du r��seau routier. Les ��tudes d'accidentologie montrent que la plupart des accidents aux intersections sont caus��s par des erreurs des conducteurs, et qu'une majorit�� d'accidents pourraient ��tre ��vit��s gr��ce �� l'utilisation de syst��mes d'aide �� la conduite. Dans ce cadre, les communications inter-v��hiculaire sont une technologie particuli��rement prometteuse. Le partage d'informations entre les v��hicules via des liens sans fil permet �� chaque v��hicule de percevoir son environnement au-del�� des limites de champ de vision de ses capteurs embarqu��s. Il en r��sulte une repr��sentation de l'environnement plus ��tendue dans l'espace et dans le temps, ce qui am��liore la compr��hension de situation et permet d'anticiper le danger. Cette th��se aborde le probl��me de l'estimation du risque sous un angle nouveau : elle propose une structure de raisonnement pour analyser les sc��nes routi��res et le risque de collision �� un niveau s��mantique, contrairement aux approches classiques qui raisonnent au niveau des trajectoires. Le risque est calcul�� en estimant les intentions des conducteurs et en d��tectant les conflits, sans avoir �� pr��dire les trajectoires futures des v��hicules. Plus pr��cis��ment, la d��tection des situations dangereuses est bas��e sur la comparaison entre ce que les conducteurs ont l'intention de faire et ce que les conducteurs devraient faire d'apr��s les r��gles de la circulation. Ce raisonnement est r��alis�� de mani��re probabiliste afin de prendre en compte les incertitudes sur les mesures capteur et les ambig��it��s sur l'interpr��tation de la sc��ne. En th��orie ce raisonnement peut ��tre appliqu�� �� tout type de sc��ne routi��re ; dans cette th��se nous pr��sentons son application aux intersections. Le mod��le propos�� prend en compte l'influence que la man��uvre d'un v��hicule exerce sur la man��uvre des autres v��hicules. Il incorpore aussi des informations sur l'influence de la g��om��trie et topologie de l'intersection sur le comportement d'un v��hicule. L'approche propos��e a ��t�� valid��e par des tests en environnement r��el avec des v��hicules communicants, ainsi qu'en simulation. Les r��sultats montrent que l'algorithme est capable de d��tecter les situations dangereuses et qu'il est compatible avec des applications s��curitaires temps-r��el.
8
Ahn, Heejin. "Safety verification and control for collision avoidance at road intersections." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119339.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 145-149).
Car crashes cause a large number of fatalities and injuries, with about 33,000 people killed and 2.3 million injured in the United States every year. To prevent car crashes, the government and automotive companies have taken initiatives to develop and deploy communications among vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure. By using such communications, we design centralized coordinators at road intersections, called supervisors, that monitor the dynamical state of vehicles and the current input of drivers and override them if necessary to prevent a collision. The primary technical problem in the design of such systems is to determine if the current drivers' input will cause an unavoidable future collision, in which case the supervisor must override the drivers at the current time to prevent the collision. This problem is called safety verification problem which is known to be computationally intractable for general dynamical systems. Our approach to solving the safety verification problem is to translate it to a computationally more tractable scheduling problem. When modeling an intersection as a single conflict area inside which the paths of vehicles intersect, we exactly solve the scheduling problem with algorithms that can handle a small number of vehicles in real-time. For a larger number of vehicles or with more complex intersection models, we approximately solve it within quantified approximation bounds by using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations that, despite the combinatorial complexity, can be solved in real-time by available software such as CPLEX. Based on the solutions to the safety verification problem, we design a supervisor and prove that it ensures safety and is nonblocking, another major challenge of verification-based algorithms. We validate the supervisor using computer simulations and experiments.
by Heejin Ahn.
Ph. D.
9
Hoque, Md Shamsul. "The modelling of signalised intersections in developing countries." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261570.
Повний текст джерела
10
LeDew, Christopher. "SAFETY EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL INSTALLATIONS ON STATE ROAD INTERSECTIONS IN NORTHEAST FLORIDA." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3446.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this thesis is to explore how the installations of traffic signals affect crash experience at intersections, to identify those factors which help predict crashes after a signal is installed, and to develop a crash prediction model. It is the intent of this thesis to supplement the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Signal Warrant procedure and aid the traffic engineer in the signal installation decision making process. Crash data, as well as operational and geometric factors were examined for 32 state road intersections in the northeast Florida area before and after signal installation. Signal warrant studies were used as sources for traffic volumes, geometric information and crash history, before signal installation. The Florida Department of Transportation's Crash Analysis Reporting System (CARS) was used to gather crash data for the time period after signal installation. On average, the 32 intersections experienced a 12% increase in the total number of crashes and a 26% reduction in crash rate after signals were installed. The change in the number of crashes was not significant, but the rate change was significant with 90% confidence. Angle crash frequency dropped by 60% and the angle crash rate dropped by 66%, both are significant. Left-turn crashes dropped by 8% and their rate by 16%, although neither was significant. Rear-end crashes increased by 86% and the rear-end crash rate decreased by 5%. Neither of these changes was statistically significant. When crash severity was examined, it was found that the number of injury crashes increased by 64.8% and the rate by only 0.02%. Neither change was significant. Both the number of fatal crashes and the rate decreased by 100% and were significant. Property Damage Only (PDO) crashes increased by 96%, after signalization, but this change was not significant. The PDO rate, however, decreased by 46.5% and is significant. Operational factors such as AADT, turning movement counts, and speed limits; and geometric factors such as medians, turn lanes and numbers of lanes were considered to determine their effect on crashes at signalized intersections. Smaller roads, with low AADT, fewer lanes, and a rural character were found to benefit from signalization more than busier urbanized roads, in terms of crash rate reduction. The AADT, roadway cross section, number of lanes, medians, speed limit and left turn volume were all found to be important factors influencing crash rates. This thesis recommends: 1) the use of crash prediction models to supplement the MUTCD Crash Warrant, 2) the addition of a left-turn warrant to the MUTCD signal warranting procedure, and 3) development of an intersection database containing crash data as well as operational and geometric information to aid in future research.M.S.C.E.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering
11
Nitsche, Philippe. "Safety-critical scenarios and virtual testing procedures for automated cars at road intersections." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34433.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis addresses the problem of road intersection safety with regard to a mixed population of automated vehicles and non-automated road users. The work derives and evaluates safety-critical scenarios at road junctions, which can pose a particular safety problem involving automated cars. A simulation and evaluation framework for car-to-car accidents is presented and demonstrated, which allows examining the safety performance of automated driving systems within those scenarios. Given the recent advancements in automated driving functions, one of the main challenges is safe and efficient operation in complex traffic situations such as road junctions. There is a need for comprehensive testing, either in virtual testing environments or on real-world test tracks. Since it is unrealistic to cover all possible combinations of traffic situations and environment conditions, the challenge is to find the key driving situations to be evaluated at junctions. Against this background, a novel method to derive critical pre-crash scenarios from historical car accident data is presented. It employs k-medoids to cluster historical junction crash data into distinct partitions and then applies the association rules algorithm to each cluster to specify the driving scenarios in more detail. The dataset used consists of 1,056 junction crashes in the UK, which were exported from the in-depth On-the-Spot database. The study resulted in thirteen crash clusters for T-junctions, and six crash clusters for crossroads. Association rules revealed common crash characteristics, which were the basis for the scenario descriptions. As a follow-up to the scenario generation, the thesis further presents a novel, modular framework to transfer the derived collision scenarios to a sub-microscopic traffic simulation environment. The software CarMaker is used with MATLAB/Simulink to simulate realistic models of vehicles, sensors and road environments and is combined with an advanced Monte Carlo method to obtain a representative set of parameter combinations. The analysis of different safety performance indicators computed from the simulation outputs reveals collision and near-miss probabilities for selected scenarios. The usefulness and applicability of the simulation and evaluation framework is demonstrated for a selected junction scenario, where the safety performance of different in-vehicle collision avoidance systems is studied. The results show that the number of collisions and conflicts were reduced to a tenth when adding a crossing and turning assistant to a basic forward collision avoidance system. Due to its modular architecture, the presented framework can be adapted to the individual needs of future users and may be enhanced with customised simulation models. Ultimately, the thesis leads to more efficient workflows when virtually testing automated driving at intersections, as a complement to field operational tests on public roads.
12
Li, Zhijie. "Expert system rules for the classification of road intersections and turns in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31539725.
Повний текст джерела
13
Li, Zhijie, and 李志杰. "Expert system rules for the classification of road intersections and turns in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31539725.
Повний текст джерела
14
Alshehri, Abdulaziz Hebni. "Analysis of Factors Affecting Crash Severity of Pedestrian and Bicycle Crashes Involving Vehicles at Intersections." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1511983249414075.
Повний текст джерела
15
Odelstav, Albin. "Evaluation of Simulated 802.11p and LTE Communication at Road Intersections and Urban Area of Self Driving Cars." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42927.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Det här arbetet har undersökt hur mycket end-to-end delay, packet reception ratio och throughput påverkas av antal bilar, bilars hastighet samt avståndet mellan bilar i en simulerad miljö när standarden IEEE 802.11p och LTE-V2X används för kommunikation. Båda teknologierna använder det licensierade Intelligent Transport System-bandet på 5,9 GHz. För att simulera IEEE 802.11p användes ramverket Veins som kombinerar nätverkssimulatorn OMNeT++ med trafiksimulatorn SUMO, och för LTE-V2X användes SimuLTE. Alla bilar skickade säkerhetsmeddelanden på 320 byte var 100 millisekund. I stadsområdet, korsningen och den raka vägen som studerades presterade IEEE 802.11p bättre än LTE-V2X. Kommunikation med LTE-V2X visade sig vara mycket känsligare för förändringar än när IEEE 802.11p används. När antalet bilar blev fler ändrades delayen betydligt mer för LTE-V2X än IEEE 802.11p. Delayen var nära 0,12 millisekunder i alla tester när IEEE 802.11p användes, medan LTE-V2X varierade från 14 millisekunder till 10 sekunder. Antalet mottagna paket var också mycket högre för IEEE 802.11p än LTE-V2X. Medan packet reception ratio var nära 100% i alla test då IEEE 802.11p användes var LTE-V2X under 50% i de flesta fall.This study has evaluated the impact on the end-to-end delay, packet reception ratio and throughput of vehicle density, vehicles speed and the distance between vehicles in a simulated environment, where the vehicles were communicating with the standards IEEE 802.11p and LTEV2X. Both technologies operate in the licensed Intelligent Transport System band of 5.9 GHz. The network simulator OMNeT++ was combined with the traffic simulator SUMO to build the V2X simulator. The framework Veins was used to simulate IEEE 802.11p and SimuLTE was used to simulate LTE-V2X. All vehicles sent out safety messages of 320 byte at a rate of 10 Hz, i.e., every 100 milliseconds. In the urban area, intersection and straight road that were studied, IEEE 802.11p performed better than LTE-V2X. It was shown that LTE-V2X is far more sensitive to changes than IEEE 802.11p. When the density got higher the end-to-end delay was changed significantly more for LTE-V2X than IEEE 802.11p. End-to-end delay was near 0.12 milliseconds in all tests when IEEE 802.11p was used, while LTE-V2X ranged from 14 milliseconds to 10 seconds. Packet reception ratio was much higher for IEEE 802.11p than LTE-V2X. While it was near 100% when IEEE 802.11p was used in all tests, LTE-V2X showed a packet reception ratio less than 50% in most cases.
16
Mattox, Todd Berry. "Evaluation of Roadside Collisions with Utility Poles and Trees at Intersection Locations." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19829.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The United States averages 40,000 traffic fatalities annually. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Roadside Design Guide cites run-off-the-road crashes as contributing greatly to this statistic, with about one-third of all traffic deaths [1]. This number has remained relatively constant over the past four decades, and despite a major increase in vehicle miles traveled (VMT), the rate of fatalities per 100 million vehicle miles traveled has declined. However, this relatively large number of run-off-the-road crashes should remain a major concern in all roadway design.
The Highway Safety Act of 1966 marks a defining moment in the history of roadside safety [ ]. Before this point, roadways were only designed for motorists who remained on the roadway, with no regard for driver error. As there was no legislation or guidelines concerning roadside design, roadways constructed prior to 1966 are littered with fixed objects directly off of the edge of pavement. Fortunately, many of these roads have reached their thirty year design lives and have become candidates for improvement.
The following report examines roadside crashes on nine Atlanta urban arterial roadways. Accident type, severity, and location for all crashes on these were evaluated. It is found roadside collisions with utility poles and trees were more prone to occur at intersection locations than midblock locations. Also for the studied roadway corridors, on average, roadside collisions were more likely to result in serious injury or fatality. Based on these findings initial recommendations are offer for improving clear zone requirements.
17
Madsen, Tanja Kidholm Osmann, and Harry Lahrmann. "Comparison of five bicycle facility designs in signalized intersections using traffic conflict studies." Elsevier, 2016. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72764.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study is to compare the safety of cyclists in five bicycle facility layouts in signalized intersections at various traffic volumes in order to assess if some layouts are better than others with regards to cyclist safety and to develop methods to facilitate this comparison. The five layouts included two full-length bicycle tracks with and without separate right-turning lane, two truncated bicycle tracks – one in which cyclists and right-turning vehicles merge in the right-turning lane, one continued into a narrow bicycle lane – and a recessed bicycle track. Using two different definitions of traffic conflicts the safety of cyclists in each layout is calculated as the risk of a cyclist being involved in a conflict with left- and right-turning vehicles at low, medium and high vehicle volumes, respectively. In total, around 35,500 left-turning vehicles, 38,000 right-turning vehicles and 16,000 cyclists going straight ahead were observed, resulting in 12 left-hook and 25 right-hook traffic conflicts for the reaction-based indicator and 25 left-hook and 80 right-hook traffic conflicts for the time-based indicator. The results show that regardless of which of the two conflict indicators were used, the number of conflicts was too small to make firm conclusions about which layout is safest for cyclists at various traffic volumes, although the study was based on 80 h of video recordings from each of the five intersections. However, a recessed bicycle track seems to be safer than the other geometric layouts. In order to facilitate the detection of conflicts, we developed watchdog video analysis software to reduce the amount of video. This software compressed 400 h of video into 64 h, i.e. 16% of its original length. The use of this software is particularly important to provide enough conflicts for an analysis if even larger traffic conflict studies should be carried out.
18
Tang, Qinrui Verfasser], Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Friedrich, and Dirk C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Mattfeld. "Minimization of road network travel time by prohibiting left turns at signalized intersections / Qinrui Tang ; Bernhard Friedrich, Dirk C. Mattfeld." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1185632654/34.
Повний текст джерела
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Tang, Qinrui [Verfasser], Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Friedrich, and Dirk C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Mattfeld. "Minimization of road network travel time by prohibiting left turns at signalized intersections / Qinrui Tang ; Bernhard Friedrich, Dirk C. Mattfeld." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1185632654/34.
Повний текст джерела
20
Thomas, Noura. "Analysis of right-turn lane length in left-hand traffic countries at signalised intersections of urban roads." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1781.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Analysis of the right turn lane length of urban roads in left-hand traffic countries, such as Australia, UK and India (left-turn lane length in right-hand traffic countries such as USA), at signalised intersections encounters two main geometric features namely, deceleration length and storage length. The literature shows that in routine practice, the deceleration length is generally estimated by using constant deceleration rate. Many researchers consider this assumption for all design speeds unrealistic as it does not reflect the influence of the pavement condition. Hence, it may be desirable to consider the pavement’s condition in terms of its longitudinal coefficient of friction in the design analysis. In regard to the storage length, a large number of the current guidelines and models estimate the storage length of right-turn lane at signalised intersections under split phase. Hence, there is a need to examine other phase types and timings and integrate the signal timing as a part of the geometric design
In this thesis, two analytical expressions have been analysed for the design of deceleration length. The first expression assumes a constant deceleration rate, and the second expression employs the concept of forces on a rotating wheel in which the coefficient of longitudinal friction between a vehicle’s tyres and the road surface is considered. The calculated deceleration lengths by these two expressions were compared with the recommended values in American and Australian standards as well as with the deceleration lengths that were obtained by a recent simulation study presented in the literature. It has been found that applying a constant deceleration rate of 2.74 m/s2 in the first expression provides the values of deceleration length comparable to most guidelines and studies. The second expression highlights the importance of using the pavement design in terms of the coefficient of friction to reduce the deceleration length in the case of limited space.
A MATLAB based simulation programme has been developed to provide an estimate of the right-turn lane storage length for different traffic volumes in order to avoid the problems associated with blocking and overflow of right turn vehicles in 95% of cycles. In established intersections that cannot be modified due to physical constraints, the model is flexible enough to examine different signal phase types and timings and provides other solutions to reduce overflow and/or blockage situations. The simulation model also takes into consideration the leftover queue. The model results have been compared against an available analytical method in which similar signal phases and timings were investigated. The outcomes are similar to those of the analytical model in most of the signal phase types. The simulation model provides the flexibility to estimate the right-turn lane length for different combinations of through lane and right-turn lane traffic volumes.
The developed simulation model has also been validated against the field data using three parameters, namely 95th percentile of maximum queue, overflow cycle percentage, and blockage cycle percentage. Comparing with the field observations yields a level of accuracy in the range of 78%-85%. Finally this simulation model has been used to optimise the green time in the case of split phase that demonstrates a large difference in traffic volumes of two opposite approaches; this could reduce the mean wait time by up to 28%.
21
Nteziyaremye, Pascal. "Understanding pedestrian crossing behaviour : a case study in the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80368.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Road traffic accidents have been a global concern facing all countries. Approximately 1.2 million people are killed annually as a result of traffic accidents and 50 million are injured. More than 90 percent of road fatalities occur in the developing world which has only 48 percent of the world’s registered vehicles. Beyond the problem of road fatalities, road traffic accidents result in disability and long term injury. They also cause considerable economic losses to victims and their families and damage properties and infrastructures. In South Africa, pedestrian fatalities account for about 40 percent of all road traffic accidents. Behaviour patterns of both pedestrians and motorists at pedestrian crossings are the main influential factors of pedestrian accidents. This study investigates behaviour patterns of pedestrians negotiating different types of crossing facilities in the town of Stellenbosch, in South Africa. A total number of 17 pedestrian crossings were selected for the study on the basis of their geometric and operational characteristics. Video-based observations together with on-street interviews were used to understand crossing behaviour patterns, namely pedestrian walking speed, pedestrian delay, gaze behaviour, pedestrian-vehicle conflicts, pedestrian compliance with road traffic rules and gap-acceptance behaviour. Results of the study showed that male pedestrians walk more than female pedestrians. The 15th percentile crossing speed for all pedestrians observed while crossing was found to be 1.13 m/s whereas the mean crossing speed was found to be 1.48 m/s. Demographic variables appeared to significantly influence pedestrian walking speed. Male and younger pedestrians exhibited higher walking speeds than female and older pedestrians. Pedestrian walking speed was also found to be affected by group size, encumbrance, type of pedestrian facility and distraction while walking. However, no effects of conflicts and the presence of a pedestrian refuge on pedestrian walking speed were found in this study. A mean total delay of 5.10 seconds was found in this study. Male and younger pedestrians experienced shorter delay compared to female and older pedestrians. The type of pedestrian facility and traffic signals during which pedestrians arrived at the kerb and crossed appeared to be other influential factors of pedestrian delay. With regard to gaze behaviour, an average number of head movements ranged from 2 to 5 at the kerb and from 3 to 5 while crossing. Conflicts with motorists peaked where crossing distances were longer and traffic volume was heavy. A red light violation ranging from 82 to 87 percent was observed in this study and on-street surveys indicated that beliefs and attitudes towards traffic control devices and traffic environment significantly explained pedestrians’ unsafe crossing behaviour. The calculated critical gap and critical lag ranged from 2.19 to 3.90 seconds and the effect of crossing distance on gap-acceptance emerged in this study. Possible interventions are finally suggested.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Padongelukke is 'n wêreldwye probleem wat al die lande in die gesig staar. Ongeveer 1,2 miljoen mense sterf jaarliks as 'n gevolg van verkeersongelukke en 50 miljoen word beseer. Meer as 90 persent van padsterftes kom voor in die ontwikkelende wêreld met slegs 48 persent van die wêreld se geregistreerde voertuie. Bo en behalwe die probleem van padsterftes, het padongelukke gestremdheid en lang termyn beserings tot gevolg. Dit veroorsaak ook aansienlike ekonomiese verliese vir die slagoffers en hul gesinne en skade aan eiendomme en infrastruktuur. In Suid-Afrika is voetgangersterftes verantwoordelik vir sowat 40% van alle padongelukke. Gedragspatrone van beide voetgangers en motoriste by voetoorgange is die belangrikste bepalende faktore van voetganger-ongelukke. Hierdie studie ondersoek gedragspatrone van voetgangers by verskillende tipes kruisings in die dorp van Stellenbosch Suid-Afrika. ʼn Totale aantal van 17 voetoorgange is gekies vir die studie op die basis van hul geometriese en operasionele eienskappe. Video-gebaseerde waarnemings saam met op-straat onderhoude is gebruik om kruising-gedragspatrone, naamlik voetganger stapspoed, voetganger vertraging, kyk gedrag, voetganger-voertuig konflikte, voetganger nakoming van padverkeersreëls en gaping-aanvaarding gedrag te verstaan. Resultate van die studie het getoon dat manlike voetgangers vinniger loop as vroulike voetgangers. Die 15de persentiel kruising spoed vir alle voetgangers waargeneem binne kruisings was 1,13 m/s, terwyl die gemiddelde kruising spoed 1,48 m/s is. Demografiese veranderlikes beïnvloed voetgangers loop-spoed. Manlik en jonger voetgangers loop vinniger as vroulike en ouer voetgangers. Voetgangers loop-spoed word ook geraak deur die grootte van die groep, die dra van items, die tipe voetganger-fasiliteit en afleiding terwyl geloop word. Daar is egter geen gevolge van konflikte op voetgangers loop-spoed in hierdie studie gevind nie. 'n Gemiddelde totale vertraging van 5,10 sekondes is in hierdie studie gevind. Manlik en jonger voetgangers ervaar korter vertraging in vergelyking met die vroulike en ouer voetgangers. Die tipe voetgangerfasiliteit en verkeerseine was ander invloedryke faktore van voetganger vertraging. Vir waarneming van die verkeer is gevind dat die gemiddelde aantal kopbewegings gewissel het van 2 tot 5 teen die randsteen en van 3 tot 5, tydens die kruising. Konflikte met motoriste het ʼn hoogtepunt bereik waar kruising afstande langer en verkeersvolume hoër was. Rooi lig oortredings wat wissel van 82 tot 87 persent is in hierdie studie waargeneem en op-straat opnames het aangedui dat houdings teenoor verkeer-beheer toestelle en die verkeersomgewing die voetgangers se onveilige kruising-gedrag verduidelik. Die berekende kritiese gaping het gewissel van 2,19 tot 3,90 sekondes en die effek van die kruisinglengte op gaping-aanvaarding het in hierdie studie na vore gekom. Moontlike intervensies word voorgestel.
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Thomas, Chester. "Georgia intersection safety improvement program." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24620.
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Ortolani, Giseli Aparecida. "Comparação do desempenho de dispositivos de interseções rodoviárias em nível utilizando o simulador Integration." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-20062017-102938/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O trabalho contém uma avaliação do desempenho operacional do tráfego de veículos em três tipos de dispositivos rodoviários em nível, utilizando como critério a capacidade para os diversos níveis de serviço, incluindo uma análise comparativa do entre eles. A avaliação do desempenho é feita com base nos resultados fornecidos pelo simulador INTEGRATION. Os três dispositivos analisados, são: semi-rotatória com prioridade para os veículos da via principal, rotatória com prioridade para os veículos da via principal e rotatória com prioridade para os veículos da via circular. No trabalho também é realizada uma análise de alguns aspectos relevantes da lógica utilizada pelo INTEGRATION e de resultados fornecidos pelo simulador em alguns casos particulares simples, através da comparação de valores obtidos variando-se para alguns parâmetros, bem como da comparação com resultados fornecidos por outros modelos de avaliação de desempenho de interseções com sinal de parada obrigatória ou dê a preferência.The work contains a performance evaluation of the traffic vehicles in the three types of Road intersections at grade used in Brazil, using as criteria the capacity relatively to the level of service. A comparative analysis of the performance of these intersections is also presented. The performance evaluation is made based on the supplied results by the INTEGRATION simulator. The three analyzed intersections, are: semi roundabout with priority for the vehicles of the main road, roundabout with priority for the vehicles the main road and roundabout with priority for the vehicles in the circular road (modern roundabout).In this research an analysis is also accomplished about some important aspects of the INTEGRATION logic and of the supplied results by the simulator in some specific cases, through the comparison of obtained values being varied some parameters, as well as the comparison with results supplied by other evaluation models of intersections performance with STOP SIGN and GIVE WAY traffic signs.
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Domga, Komguem Rodrigue. "Autonomous wireless sensor network architecture for vehicular traffic monitoring at an intersection." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dans plusieurs pays à travers le monde, à cause des moyens financiers qui sont le plus souvent limités, la croissance des infrastructures de transport est généralement faible comparée non seulement à celle de la populations en zone urbaine, mais aussi à celle du parc automobile. Un tel contexte ne rend pas la tâche facile aux autorités en charge de la gestion des systèmes de transport. L'introduction des technologies de l'information et de la communication a permis à ces autorités de mieux adresser ce problème. Dans les centres urbains, la gestion du trafic véhiculaire aux intersections à un impact sur la congestion dans toute la ville. Dans cette thèse, notre objectif est de proposer une architecture de réseau de capteurs sans fil pour mesurer le trafic véhiculaire aux intersections. L'architecture proposée doit non seulement avoir un coût financier raisonnable, mais doit également être légère et autonome. Les architectures proposées dans la littérature utilisent des capteurs déployés sous la chaussée. D'un point de vu communication réseau, ces architectures sont irréalistes. La première contribution de cette thèse est la caractérisation des liens radio dans un réseau avec des capteurs déployés en surface du sol. Les résultats montrent un lien radio de mauvaise qualité au sol. Partant des conclusions de ce premier travail, la seconde contribution de cette thèse est WARIM, une nouvelle architecture de réseau de capteurs sans fil pour le monitoring du trafic véhiculaire au niveau des intersections. Dans WARIM, les capteurs déployés sur une voie forment un réseaux de capteurs sans fil, multi saut et ayant une topologie physique linéaire. Dans ce réseau, toutes les données sont relayées en direction d'un même point de collecte. Dans un tel réseau, les besoins en terme de traitement et de communication sont plus élevés dans le voisinage du point de collecte. Ainsi, la troisième contribution de cette thèse est, considérant un réseau de capteur linéaire, une stratégie de déploiement des capteurs basée sur le concept de noeuds virtuelles. Comparée a` un déploiement uniforme, la solution que nous proposons prolonge la durée de vie du réseau de l'ordre de 40%. Dans l'application de monitoring du trafic véhiculaire considérée dans cette thèse, il est important de corréler les messages générés par un capteur à sa position. La quatrième contribution de cette thèse est, considérant un réseau de capteur linéaire, un algorithme de classement des capteurs basé sur la centroide. Nous évaluons les performances de cet algorithme en considérant un modèle de communication réaliste, un déploiement uniforme, et aussi le déploiement proposé dans cette thèse. Finalement, en mettant ensemble toutes nos contributions, des simulations montrent que WARIM, l'architecture que nous avons proposée dans cette thèse, peut être utilisée pour une collecte fiable et en temps réel du trafic véhiculaire au niveau d'une intersectionIn many countries, because of the limited financial budget, the growth of road infrastructures is low compared to the growth of population and the number of vehicles in urban areas. Such a context does not make the task easy for authorities in charge of the management of transportation systems. The introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT) allows to better address these issues. Vehicular traffic management at intersections has an impact on the traffic jam observed in the whole city. In this thesis, our goal is to propose a low-cost, lightweight and autonomous Wireless Sensors Network (WSN) architecture for vehicular traffic monitoring, especially at an intersections. Vehicular traffic data collected can be used, for instance, for intelligent traffic lights management. In the WSN architecture proposed in the literature for vehicular traffic monitoring, underground sensors are used. In terms of network communication, these architectures are not realistic. Nowadays, surface-mounted sensors are proposed by manufacturers. The first contribution of this thesis is an experimental characterization of wireless links in a WSN with sensors deployed at the ground level. We evaluate the impact of several parameters like the proximity of the ground surface, the communication frequency and the messages size on the link quality. Result show a poor link quality at ground level. Based on the conclusions of the experiments, the second contribution of this thesis is WARIM, a new WSN architecture for vehicular traffic monitoring at an intersection. In WARIM, the sensors deployed on a lane form a multi-hop WSN with a linear topology (LWSN). In this network, all the data are forwarded toward the sink. In a network with such properties, the computation and communication requirements are highest in the neighborhood of the sink. Thus, the third contribution of this thesis is a virtual nodes-based and energy efficient sensors deployment strategy for LWSN. Compared to a uniform deployment, this deployment improves the network lifetime by 40%. In our intersection monitoring application, it is important to correlate the messages generated by a sensor to its position with respect to the intersection. Therefore,the fourth contribution of this thesis is, a centroid-based algorithm for sensors ranking in a LWSN. We evaluate the performance of this algorithm considering a realistic channel model, a uniform deployment, as well as the virtual nodes based-deployment proposed in this thesis. Finally, putting all our contributions together, simulations show that WARIM can be used for reliable and real-time vehicular traffic monitoring at an intersection
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Kurdziel, Michael Scott. "A monocular color vision system for road intersection detection /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/6208.
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Sullivan, Daniel P. "Vehicle headway and lane flow distributions on multi-lane arterial roads." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.
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Nguyen, Thu Ngoc. "Safety evaluation for signalized intersections on Ontario provincial roads." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ29394.pdf.
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Pretorius, Pieter. "Delay in networks of signalised intersections." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.
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Visser, Salomé. "Guidelines for spacing of priority controlled intersections along urban collector roads." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/91.
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Adolfsson, Alexander, and Daniel Arrhenius. "Overseeing Intersection System for Autonomous Vehicle Guidance." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254219.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Intersections represents one of the most common accident sites in traffic today. The biggest cause of accidents is obstructed view and subpar communication between vehicles. Since autonomous vehicles rely on sensors that require a direct view intersections are some of the most complex situations. Where the potential for inter vehicular communication exists between modern vehicles, it is absent in the older generation. An overseeing intersection system can fill this function during the transition period to fully autonomous traffic. This project aimed to implement an intersection system to assist autonomous vehicles through a crossroad. The assist system’s objective was to collect and transmit data from cars close to the junction to the autonomous vehicles nearby. The concept was tested in simulations by having models traverse a crossroad to evaluate how it utilised the external information. No persistent conclusion could be made due to insufficient simulation environment and vehicle model control.
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Wilkins, Anna Jane. "Intersection Performance and the New Zealand Left Turn Rule." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1778.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis reports the use of Paramics microscopic simulation software to model the differences between the performance of ten Christchurch intersections under the existing New Zealand road rule which requires left turning vehicles to give way to vehicles turning right into the same road, and a changed rule that would see the right turning vehicle have priority.
Previous research concerning this issue is reviewed and the history of the existing road rule and recent moves to change it are discussed.
At each of the ten intersections a range of traffic volume combinations was assessed and the journey times and queue lengths were compared. The ten intersections represent a range of different layouts and forms of control including give way signs, stop signs and traffic signals.
The impact of a rule change on the use of shared lanes at intersections using a Paramics model of the Christchurch Central Business District, as developed for the Christchurch City Council, is also reported.
Conclusions are drawn about which types of intersections and traffic volume combinations are likely to be affected by a rule change. The features of intersections that contribute to this susceptibility are identified and conclusions drawn about whether positive or negative effects are likely.
It is concluded that there is no compelling intersection performance reason why the rule could not be changed. The successful implication of such change would require a review of the road network to identify critical intersections. Some monitoring and mitigation measures may also be required.
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Tian, Jialin. "Field testing for automatic identification of turning movements at signalized intersections /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1422971.
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Chu, Suet-wa, and 朱雪華. "Assessing the performance of interchange in Hong Kong: a case study in Tseung Kwan O." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46735525.
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Almonte, Valdivia Ana Maria. "Level-of-service and traffic safety relationship an exploratory analysis of signalized intersections and multilane high-speed arterial corridors /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002615.
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Ni, Wuyen Wayne. "A simualtion [sic] study of left turning movement at an unsignalized intersection /." This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12232009-020056/.
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Hu, Jiangchuan. "Quantification of Carbonaceous Pollutants from On-Road Vehicles at Selected Inner-City Settings." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1338581858.
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Podola, David. "Systém pro asistenci při nepřehledných dopravních situacích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400960.
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T-intersections are one of the most common places where collisions happen. An intelligent traffic mirror is one the possible solutions to reduce the accident rate. The mirror detects the situation around the intersection, process the data and provides the driver with an information, whether the situation is safe and the driver can enter the junction safely. The aim of the thesis is a feasibility study of reliable detection of non-stationary objects based on cameras. The core of the intended product – the detection algorithm – detected the object on short distance from the camera reliably but as the distance was growing, the detection quality degraded. One of the possible solutions to achieve better detection results on longer distances may be achieved by using a camera with greater zoom. Based on the example improvement proposal, the feasibility of the solution based on optical methods was finally confirmed.
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Meißner, Daniel Alexander [Verfasser]. "Intersection-based road user tracking using a classifying multiple-model PHD filter / Daniel Alexander Meißner." Ulm : Universität Ulm. Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften und Informatik, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1082294187/34.
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Hecht, Marie B. "A comparison of Bayesian and classical statistical techniques used to identify hazardous traffic intersections." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276795.
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The accident rate at an intersection is one attribute used to evaluate the hazard associated with the intersection. Two techniques traditionally used to make such evaluations are the rate-quality technique and a technique based on the confidence interval of classical statistics. Both of these techniques label intersections as hazardous if their accident rate is greater than some critical accident rate determined by the technique. An alternative technique is one based on a Bayesian analysis of available accident number and traffic volume data. In contrast to the two classic techniques, the Bayesian technique identifies an intersection as hazardous based on a probabilistic assessment of accident rates. The goal of this thesis is to test and compare the ability of the three techniques to accurately identify traffic intersections known to be hazardous. Test data is generated from an empirical distribution of accident rates. The techniques are then applied to the generated data and compared based on the simulation results.
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Vlahos, Evdokia Dimitrios. "Development of a rating system for the conversion of an all-way stop controlled intersection to a roundabout." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 3.32 Mb., 184 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1435869.
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Zhu, Yi. "Mixed traffic in Chinese cities : bicycle and the intersection problems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0019/MQ54315.pdf.
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Sisson, Garrett P. "The Rocky Reality of Roadways and Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus): An Intersection of Spatial, Thermal, and Road Ecology." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1501858940884785.
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Oh, Jutaek. "Evaluation and enhancement of accident prediction models and accident modification factors of rural intersections." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32844.
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Dvořák, Jan. "Jeseník, Rejvízský most." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226438.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The subject of my diploma thesis is to design the intersection of roads I/44 and II/453 in urban area of Jeseník. Part of the proposal is to address traffic and pedestrian connection to the adjacent tertiary roads.
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Ale, Gom. "Safety Effectiveness and Safety-Based Volume Warrants of Right-Turn Lanes at Unsignalized Intersections and Driveways on Two-Lane Roadways." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/19235.
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Disagreements regarding to what degree right-turn lanes improve or worsen the safety of intersections and driveways provided the motivation and the need for this study. The objectives of this study were to: a) carry out an in-depth study to determine the safety impacts of right-turn movements in different contexts, and b) develop safety-based volume warrants for right-turn lanes if safety indeed improves. Lack of adequate study on the applicability of past warrants and guidelines for the specific context of right-turn movements made from major uncontrolled approaches at unsignalized intersections, and particularly driveways, on two-lane roadways provided the scope for this study. Five-year historical data of statewide traffic crashes reported on Minnesota's twolane trunk highways were analyzed using binary/multinomial logistic regressions. Conflicts due to right turns were analyzed by fitting least squares conflict prediction models based on the data obtained from field surveys and traffic simulations. The safety impacts of rightturn lanes were determined through crash-conflict relationships, crash injury severity, and crash and construction costs. The study found that the probabilities of right-turn movement related crash ranged from 1.6 to 17.2% at intersections and from 7.8 to 38.7% at driveways. Rear-end, samedirection- sideswipe, right-angle and right-turn crash types constituted 96% of right-turn movement related crashes. Rear-end crash probabilities varied from 13.7 to 46.4% at approaches with right-turn lanes and from 37.9 to 76.9% otherwise. The ratios of rearend/ same-direction-sideswipe crashes to conflicts were 0.759 x 10-6 at approaches with right-turn lanes and 1.547 x 10-6 otherwise. iv Overall, right-turn lanes reduced right-turn movement related crash occurrences and conflicts by 85% and 80%, respectively. Right-turn lanes also reduced crash injury severity, hence, reducing the economic cost by 26%. Safety benefits, in dollars, realized with the use of right-turn lanes at driveways were 29% and 7% higher compared to those at intersections at low and high speed conditions respectively for similar traffic conditions. Depending on roadway conditions, interest rate and construction costs, the safety-based volume thresholds ranged from 3 to 200 right turns per hour during the design hour at intersection approaches, and from 2 to 175 right turns at driveway approaches.Civil and Environmental Engineering
College of Engineering
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Duncan, Allison Boyce. "Cyclist Path Choices Through Shared Space Intersections in England." PDXScholar, 2016. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2704.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the last several years, there has been growing worldwide interest in making streets safer for all users--pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists. One approach, shared space, is a traffic calming technique as well as urban design concept. This technique strives to fully integrate the roadway into the urban fabric by removing elements such as lane markings, curbs, and traffic signs. By removing these elements and creating a more plaza-like space, these sites become ambiguous and no user group as priority. The technique is relatively new, and the majority of existing research concerns pedestrians only. This mixed methods research focused on six intersections in England with the goal of understanding how bicycle riders perceive and travel through shared space intersections. Using video observations of the six sites in three cities, three shared and three control, this project analyzed the variations in the paths cyclists rode through the intersections. Data were collected on several variables related to both the cyclists and their interactions with the site itself such as helmet use and riding through crosswalks. Path analysis required the development a new evaluative variable in order to compare individual paths by how much deviation there was in each path ridden as compared to other cyclists. Site-specific surveys addressed the perceptions, bicycling experience, demographics, and path and route preferences by cyclists at both shared space and control intersections. The analysis indicated that cyclists rode similarly through both shared and control intersections, and that a large percentage of riders preferred to ride farther from motor vehicles when given the space to do so. This project offered further insight in how to best design shared space projects for nonmotorized users by looking at the spatial layout and the elements that most influenced a rider’s path choice. Results indicated that, in these cases, shared space was not the panacea for nonmotorized users as some literature suggests, but nonetheless appeared to be a valid form of traffic calming. This research offered further insight in how to best design shared space projects for nonmotorized users by looking at the spatial layout and the elements that most influenced a rider’s path choice.
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Johnson, Todd Robert. "Safety at Half-Signal Intersections in Portland, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2015. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The safety at half-signalized intersections in Portland, Oregon is analyzed in this thesis using 10 years of crash history and analysis of video that was collected at a subset of intersections. A half-signalized intersection has a standard red-yellow-green traffic signal for automobiles on the major road, a stop sign for motorists on the minor road, and a pedestrian signal with actuation for pedestrians and/or bicyclists on the minor road. Although prevalent in Canada, this type of intersection control is not typically found in the United States because the MUTCD explicitly prohibits its use. Half-signal use is limited mostly to two cities in the Pacific Northwest. In Portland, Oregon there are forty-seven intersections where half-signals are used but the last installation was in 1986; Seattle has over 100 intersections with half-signals and installs these in new locations where warranted.
To explore the safety records of these intersections in Portland, crash data from 2002-2011 was analyzed. A total of 442 crashes over the ten-year period at half-signals were observed. Sixteen of these 442 crashes involved pedestrians. In the crashes involving pedestrians, significant differences were found between the approach street of the vehicle and whether the pedestrian or driver was at fault. In the crash error reports, it was found that significantly more of the crashes involving pedestrians were the fault of motorists departing from the minor road who collided with pedestrians crossing the major street. Further crash analysis at half-signals was performed by developing matched comparison groups of minor stop controlled and fully signalized intersections. Crash rates were 0.158 and 0.178 crashes per million entering vehicles for 3-leg and 4-leg half-signals and these rates did not differ significantly from the minor street stop controlled and signalized comparison groups. Results from the matched comparison showed that the half-signalized group had more rear-end crashes when compared with the minor stop controlled group. This was the only result that held significance when crash rates were considered. It was also observed that the minor stop controlled group had a higher proportion of angle crashes when compared with the half-signal group but this did not influence the crash severity. Pedestrian crashes were more prevalent in the half-signal group when compared with the fully-signalized group. Pedestrian volumes were not available which would be used to determine if this significant measure is a result of higher pedestrian use at half-signals.
In addition to crash analysis, video was captured at five half-signalized intersections totaling 180 hours. Traffic volumes, pedestrian and bicycle volumes, and signal actuations were collected over a twenty-four hour period. Over this twenty-four hour period the five intersections averaged daily counts of 18613 vehicles on the major street, 591 vehicles on the minor street, 263 pedestrians crossing the major street, 285 pedestrians crossing the minor street, 52 bicycles on the major street, 37 bicycles on the minor street, and 126 signal actuations. Twenty-four hour observations from each of the intersections were used to study conflicts and compliance. No conflicts were observed that reflect the left-turning from the minor street pedestrian crashes that were identified in the crash history. Compliance of the half-signal by vehicles and pedestrians was comparable to compliance at fully-signalized intersections found in other studies with one exception. Across the intersections where video was collected, consisting of four 4-leg intersections and one 3-leg intersection, seven left turn on red violations were observed which had a significant impact on the time after red that red light violations were made. It is hypothesized that at half-signals vehicles on the major street make a left turn on the red signal very late into the red phase because there is not a risk of colliding with a vehicle traveling on the minor street since traffic volumes on the minor street are comparably low. The observed left turn on red violations did not put pedestrians at risk since by that point into the signal pedestrians were already clear of the intersection.
Finally, a stop compliance logistic regression model was developed at four four-leg intersections to see what factors had an effect on minor street vehicle stop compliance. All 166 hours of video were used to observe vehicles that arrived at the half-signal during the pedestrian phase. The dependent variable collected was whether a vehicle came to an acceptable stop. Independent variables collected included the vehicle's queue position, if it was the peak school period, if there was a vehicle across the street on the minor road, if a vehicle was stopped at the signal on the major street, if a pedestrian was present when the vehicle arrived, and the movement that the vehicle made from the minor street. Independent variables used in the model included the vehicle's queue position, if a vehicle was stopped at the signal on the major street, if a pedestrian was present, and if the vehicle made a right turn at the signal. Pedestrian presence and right turning vehicles had a positive impact on stop compliance. Vehicles being further back in the queue and cars stopped at the signal on the major street had a negative impact on stop sign compliance. In the model, pedestrian presence had the largest positive impact on stop compliance. When pedestrians were present, a motorist on the minor street was four times more likely to stop at the sign.
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Jakab, Adam. "The possible development directions of ring-way links connecting the districts of Budapest." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189857.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The immense urbanization of the twentieth century resulted in population and territory growth through the attachment of several nearby villages to the growing city of Budapest. Thus, the yet strictly organized structure of the city became increasingly uneven in terms of available infrastructure and the districts in the outskirts became hardly accessible through means of transportation. In this thesis several paths for a new ring-road connecting the districts in the outskirts of the city are analyzed, having as starting point different plans being designed but not yet developed by Centre for Budapest Transport. The potential path of the new ring-road should be close to the east railway bypass, named Körvasút (Ring-rail) lane starting from Váci road in the north to Soroksári road in the South. The best alignment is discussed in more details, offering a clear view for the reader about its effects – if realized – on the present traffic situation in Budapest. Furthermore, one of the core parts of this paper is the definition of a sustainable, modern goal and criteria system, paying attention to the tasks and aspects of Centre for Budapest Transport (BKK) meanwhile focusing on environmental, social and financial sustainability as well. Thinking about the livability of the city in the future, this is of utmost importance.Den enorma urbaniseringen under nittonhundratalet resulterade i befolknings- och territoriumstillväxt genom sammanslagning av flera närliggande byar till den växande staden av Budapest. Således blev en ännu strikt organiserad struktur i staden alltmer oorganiserad när det gäller tillgänglig infrastruktur, och distrikten i utkanten av staden var knappt tillgängliga via transportmedel. I denna uppsats analyseras flera alternativ till en ny ringväg, som skall förbinda stadsdelarna i stadens utkant, med utgångspunkt från olika planer som är utformade, men som ännu inte har utvecklats av Centrum för Budapest Transport. Det potentiella läget för den nya ringleden ska vara nära den östra järnvägsknutpunkten, som heter "Körvasút körfalt" som börjar från Váci utca i norr, till Soroksári väg i söder. Den bästa anpassningen diskuteras mer i detalj, och erbjuder läsaren en tydlig bild om dess effekter - om de förverkligas - på den nuvarande trafiksituationen i Budapest. Dessutom är en av de centrala delarna av denna uppsats definitionen av ett hållbart, modernt mål och kriterier, som uppmärksammar de uppgifter och aspekter av Centrum för Budapest Transport, samtidigt som fokus även ligger på miljömässighet, samt social och ekonomisk hållbarhet. Att tänka på beboeligheten i staden i framtiden, är av yttersta vikt.
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Obłój, Marek. "Wpływ wybranych czynników na bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego na miejskich skrzyżowaniach z sygnalizacją świetlną." Rozprawa doktorska, [Nakł.aut.], 2014. http://dlibra.utp.edu.pl/Content/645.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Podstawowym celem rozprawy jest opracowanie modeli ryzyka powstania zdarzenia drogowego wyrażone częstością ich występowania na skrzyżowaniach miejskich o ruchu sterowanym sygnalizacją świetlną w zależności od cech drogowo-ruchowych
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Barry, Christina Danielle. "Calibration of the hcm 2010 roundabout capacity equations for georgia conditions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44887.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is increased interest in building modern roundabouts in Georgia and in the United States because of the safety and operational benefits that can be realized from this type of intersection. With this interest comes the increasing need to be able to estimate the capacity that a roundabout can provide after it is built. In the early 2000s, a National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) study was conducted that, among other tasks, developed single-lane and multi-lane roundabout capacity estimation equations. These equations, presented in the Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (HCM 2010), can be calibrated using locally determined values of follow-up headway and critical headway.
This study was designed to calibrate the HCM 2010 roundabout capacity equation for single-lane roundabouts to driving conditions in Georgia. In order to develop estimates of the calibration parameters, video imagery was recorded for 13 approaches at six roundabouts in Georgia for approximately two hours during the peak period. A total of 29.5 hours of video was recorded. Data from three of these roundabouts forms the basis of this thesis. The videos were processed by a Java program to collect time stamps that were subsequently used in Microsoft Excel to calculate the follow-up and critical headway values required for calibration.
The values of critical headway and follow-up headway that were found from the video data are presented in the results as well as the single-lane capacity equations calibrated from the data. Two types of analysis were done, one that includes exiting vehicles and one that does not include exiting vehicles. When exiting vehicles were excluded, the weighted average of follow-up and critical headway were found to be 3.46 and 4.17 seconds respectively and when exiting vehicles were included in the analysis the weighted averages of the follow-up and critical headway were found to be 2.80 seconds and 3.34 seconds respectively. It was found that exiting vehicles do have an impact on the operations at the roundabout in most cases, and including exiting vehicles in the analysis tends to increase the capacity predicted by the calibrated equations.