Статті в журналах: "Riverbank stability"

1

Nam, Soonkie, Marte Gutierrez, Panayiotis Diplas, and John Petrie. "Effects of Hydropower Dam Operation on Riverbank Stability." Infrastructures 6, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6090127.

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The increasing number of extreme climate events has impacted the operation of reservoirs, resulting in drastic changes in flow releases from reservoirs. Consequently, downstream riverbanks have experienced more rapid and frequent changes of the river water surface elevation (WSE). These changes in the WSE affect pore water pressures in riverbanks, directly influencing slope stability. This study presents an analysis of seepage and slope stability for riverbanks under the influence of steady-state, drawdown, and peaking operations of the Roanoke Rapids Hydropower dam on the lower Roanoke River, North Carolina, USA. Although the riverbanks were found to be stable under all the discharge conditions considered, which indicates that normal operations of the reservoir have no adverse effects on riverbank stability, the factor of safety decreases as the WSE decreases. When the role of fluvial erosion is considered, riverbank stability is found to reduce. Drawdown and fluctuation also decrease the safety factor, though the rate of the decrease depends more on the hydraulic conductivity of the soils rather than the discharge pattern.

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2

Zhou, Jianfen, Zhiyong Dong, Hongmei Wu, Can Liu, Yu Zhou, and Jianjiang Feng. "Influence of Induced Variability of Unsaturated Soil Parameters on Seepage Stability of Ancient Riverbank." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031481.

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In the restoration of ancient water engineering, the loss of fine soil particles from the ancient riverbank can easily cause seepage instability problems such as piping during the flood transient process. This paper explores the influence mechanism of flood fluctuation on soil seepage stability based on indoor experiments, field monitoring and saturated-unsaturated soil seepage theory. The paper obtains the soil-water characteristic curve of unsaturated soil using laboratory tests, builds the transient seepage finite element model of porous media and modifies parameters monitoring data to verify the numerical analysis results. The results showed that the groundwater level, pore water pressure and seepage hydraulic gradient had changed. The maximum pore water pressure between the ancient riverbank and antiseepage structure increased by 13.4%, the maximum hydraulic gradient at the toe of the riverbank increased by 49.3% and the instability of seepage significantly increased. Through the modified lime grouting between the ancient riverbank and the antiseepage structure, the structure of the soil mass was changed, and the maximum hydraulic gradient was reduced by 55.6%, which restrains piping damage. This study can be used in the restoration of ancient riverbanks to solve piping problems.

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3

Duong Thi, Toan, and Duc Do Minh. "Riverbank Stability Assessment under River Water Level Changes and Hydraulic Erosion." Water 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122598.

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The dominant mechanism of riverbank cantilever failure is soil erosion of the bank toe and near bank zone. This paper demonstrates that the shape of the riverbank cantilever failure depends on the properties of the soil and the fluctuation of the river water level (RWL). With a stable RWL, a riverbank with higher resistance force leads to failure with larger and deeper overhang erosion width. When RWL rises, a less cohesive soil bank will be eroded over a larger width and riverbank failure will occur earlier. With a low rate of rising RWL, riverbank failure may happen in a type of mass failure. With a high rate of rising RWL, a riverbank will fail in a type of overhang riverbank failure, with the soil erosion rate being the main affected factor.

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4

Osman, Akode M., and Colin R. Thorne. "Riverbank Stability Analysis. I: Theory." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 114, no. 2 (February 1988): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1988)114:2(134).

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5

Thorne, Colin R., and Akode M. Osman. "Riverbank Stability Analysis. II: Applications." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 114, no. 2 (February 1988): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1988)114:2(151).

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6

Taha, Nazaruddin Abdul, Mohamad Shakri Mohmad Shariff, and Mohd Azizul Ladin. "Case Study on Analyses of Slope Riverbank Failure." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2022 (October 26, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1965224.

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A slope riverbank failure is a natural event that occurs globally on each riverbank, and a drawdown event usually causes slope riverbank failure. This case study is aimed at analysing slope riverbank failures by evaluating the seepage and slope stability of the riverbank under slow and rapid drawdown. The riverbank in this case study is located at KM 3.49, Jalan Pantai Luagan in the Sipitang district (N 4° 59 ′ 12.9 ″ E 115° 31 ′ 13.3 ″ ). A literature review was conducted to view the current study pattern and retrieve a methodology based on the current study pattern. GeoStudio is a commercial finite element software. The data obtained from the borehole log report and online resources were utilised to create the riverbank model in software. The phreatic line shows a slow change over time, indicating that the riverbank takes a long time to stabilise after the drawdown. The FOS value decreases during the drawdown occurrence and slowly increases after the drawdown has ended. In conclusion, the drawdown event can cause slope riverbank failure, and the seepage and stability analysis using GeoStudio can show the condition of the riverbank during the drawdown event.

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7

Li, Chao, Zhen Yang, Hung Tao Shen, and Xianyou Mou. "Freeze-Thaw Effect on Riverbank Stability." Water 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 2479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162479.

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The stability of riverbanks in cold regions is affected by the freeze-thaw action. The freeze-thaw process causes changes in the moisture content, friction angle, and cohesiveness of the bank material. Together with the freeze-thaw effect, seepage pressure influenced by the changing water levels, and the bank slope are the key factors affecting bank stability. A limit equilibrium bank stability model considering the infiltration water pressure effect is developed and applied to the Shisifenzi section of Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River. Laboratory tests of field samples with moisture contents of 15%, 18%, 21%, and saturated showed that the freeze-thaw action reduced the degree of saturation by 34.37 %, 30.71%, 32.48%, and 46.23%, respectively, accompanied by reductions in the internal friction angles by 1.78%, 2.74%, 6.33%, and 5.32%. These changes resulted in a 24.35% to 29.13% reduction in the safety factor of bank stability. Together with seasonal variations in the water levels the field data showed that the bank stability safety factor in the study site increases gradually through the melting period, dry period, wet period, flooding period, and low flow period. The slope stability safety factor increases with the stage of the river but decreases with the groundwater level.

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8

Darby, Stephen E., and Colin R. Thorne. "Development and Testing of Riverbank-Stability Analysis." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 122, no. 8 (August 1996): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1996)122:8(443).

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9

Zhang, Panpan, Yuanyi Su, and Yufei Xiong. "Estimation of Bank Stability in Yangling Section of Weihe River Basin." Scientific Journal of Technology 4, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/sjt.v4i7.1280.

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The stability of the river bank directly affects the integrity of the physical structure of the river, which in turn affects the ecological security of the river, and it also affects the safety of the people on both sides of the river. Construction near the banks of the Yangling section of the Weihe River Basin may cause disturbances to the stability near the riverbanks, and the stability of the riverbanks is also an important indicator of river water ecological security. Therefore, in view of the riverbank stability in the Yangling section of the Weihe River Basin, the bank stability of the Yangling Section of the Weihe River Basin is evaluated, and then effective suggestions are put forward for the later construction. The results show that: (1) The riparian stability of the river reaches is considered unhealthy.(2) For construction in the river course, the river channel should be stabilized by smooth excavation along the bank slope, cutting and straightening, etc., to improve the effect of water flow conditions and reduce the scouring of the river bank. (3) Standardize the behavior of sand mining and soil borrowing in the river channel, and minimize the disturbance to the river bank.

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10

Liu, Zhen, Pengzhen Liu, Cuiying Zhou, Yasheng Li, and Lihai Zhang. "Modeling Riverbank Slope Reinforcement Using Anti-Slide Piles with Geocells." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040394.

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Geocells are increasingly used in engineering applications, but the design of riverbank slope reinforcements that use only geocells limits reinforcement performance. Moreover, the design and use of anti-slide piles with geocells are mainly based on experiences that are unsupported by theoretical models. In this paper, by combining the confinement effect and vertical action mechanism of geocells, the horizontal friction mechanism of the geocell layer and the vertical support mechanism of piles, a theoretical model of riverbank slope reinforced by anti-slide piles with geocells was constructed. In addition, to describe the mechanical behavior of a riverbank slope reinforced by anti-slide piles with geocells, the slip-resisting mechanism of the anti-slide pile with interaction between geocells and their internal filler is considered in the model. Furthermore, to investigate the influence of changes in water level on riverbank slope stability, the developed model takes into account settlement, lateral displacement, pile bending moment and pile axial force. The model predications were validated by the field measurement data. The results from a series of parametric studies show that the use of anti-slide pile and geocells can effectively reduce the settlement and the lateral displacement of a riverbank slope. The developed model could contribute to an optimal design of anti-slide pile with geocells for enhancing the stability of a riverbank slope.

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11

Mase, L. Z., K. Amri, M. Frisky, P. W. Anggraini, M. N. Fikri, and S. Agustina. "The effect of flood on slope stability along downstream riverbank of MuaraBangkahulu River, Bengkulu City, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 926, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/926/1/012004.

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Abstract The flood which occurred due to the rainfall intensity in Bengkulu City of Indonesia could inundate the downstream area of MuaraBangkahulu River, especially TanjungAgung Sub-District. In 2019, a huge flood had occurred in Bengkulu City and triggered the environmental effect to riverbank in TanjungAgung. This environmental effect is a massive slope failure on downstream riverbank in TanjungAgung. This study is therefore conducted to analyze the slope stability in the area during the normal and the critical conditions. A slope stability analysis using finite element method is performed. First, the maximum discharge of MuaraBangkahulu River is estimated. Furthermore, slope stability analyses are conducted by considering the normal condition and the increase of river water level due to the maximum discharge (the critical condition). Mapping of factor of safety for riverbank slope and soil deformation is conducted. The results showed that slope along downstream riverbank of MuaraBangkahulu could undergo slope failure under both normal and critical condition. The results also showed that the factor of safety decreases due to the increase of river water level. The results of this study could be used by local government to consider slope countermeasure in the study area

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12

Duong, Toan Thi, Duc Minh Do, and Kazuya Yasuhara. "Assessing the Effects of Rainfall Intensity and Hydraulic Conductivity on Riverbank Stability." Water 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040741.

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Riverbank failure often occurs in the rainy season, with effects from some main processes such as rainfall infiltration, the fluctuation of the river water level and groundwater table, and the deformation of transient seepage. This paper has the objective of clarifying the effects of soil hydraulic conductivity and rainfall intensity on riverbank stability using numerical analysis with the GeoSlope program. The initial saturation condition is first indicated as the main factor affecting riverbank stability. Analyzing high-saturation conditions, the obtained result can be used to build an understanding of the mechanics of riverbank stability and the effect of both the rainfall intensity and soil hydraulic conductivity. Firstly, the rainfall intensity is lower than the soil hydraulic conductivity; the factor of safety (FOS) reduces with changes in the groundwater table, which is a result of rainwater infiltration and unsteady state flow through the unsaturated soil. Secondly, the rainfall intensity is slightly higher than the soil hydraulic conductivity, the groundwater table rises slowly, and the FOS decreases with both changes in the wetting front and groundwater table. Thirdly, the rainfall intensity is much higher than the soil hydraulic conductivity, and the FOS decreases dominantly by the wetting front and pond loading area. Finally, in cases with no pond, the FOS reduces when the rainfall intensity is lower than hydraulic conductivity. With low hydraulic conductivity, the wetting front is on a shallow surface and descends very slowly. The decreasing of FOS is only due to transient seepage changes of the unsaturated soil properties by losing soil suction and shear strength. These obtained results not only build a clearer understanding of the filtration mechanics but also provide a helpful reference for riverbank protection.

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13

Aldefae, Asad H., Rusul A. Al-Khafaji, Mohammed S. Shamkhi, and Haider Q. Kumar. "Erosion, Sediments Transport and Riverbank Stability: A Review." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 901 (September 11, 2020): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/901/1/012014.

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14

Galitskova, Yulia, and Mikhail Balzannikov. "Technical Solutions for Improving the Safety of Housing and Communal Services." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 04025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819604025.

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The article reports that one of the priority areas for the implementation of the Strategic Plan for the Development of the Housing and Communal Services of Russia for the period up to 2020 is the implementation of the most effective technologies used in the construction of public infrastructure facilities and the modernization of housing stock. Certain aspects of this strategy were considered by the authors in relation to urban facilities located in the riverbank zone of the large, high-water Volga River. The current condition of the riverbank zone near the city of Samara has been analyzed. Factors adversely affecting the riverbank slope and those influencing the change in conditions of its use are singled out. The authors have registered an increasing level of safety problems for urban facilities due to the loss of the slope stability. As possible measures to improve the stability of the slope and ensure environmental safety, technical and technological solutions developed with the participation of the authors are recommended.

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15

Masoodi, A., M. R. Majdzadeh Tabatabai, A. Noorzad, and A. Samadi. "Riverbank Stability under the Influence of Soil Dispersion Phenomenon." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 24, no. 3 (March 2019): 05019001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001756.

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16

Zhu, Haili, Peng Gao, Zhiwei Li, Jiangtao Fu, Guorong Li, Yabin Liu, Xilai Li, and Xiasong Hu. "Impacts of the Degraded Alpine Swamp Meadow on Tensile Strength of Riverbank: A Case Study of the Upper Yellow River." Water 12, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092348.

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In the meandering riverbank of the Upper Yellow River (UYR), the native alpine swamp meadow (AS) has continuously degenerated into an alpine meadow (AM) due to climate change and intensified grazing. Its implication on river morphology is still not well known. This study examined this effect by in situ measurings of (1) physical properties of roots and their distribution in the soil-root mixture of the upper bank layer, and (2) the tensile strength in terms of excavating tests for triggering cantilever collapses of AS and AM riverbanks. The results showed that the root number in AS was significantly greater than that in AM, though the root distribution in both was similar. Also, the average tensile strength of individual roots in AS was 31,310 kPa, while that in AM was only 16,155 kPa. For the soil-root mixture, it decreased from 67.39 to 21.96 kPa. The weakened mechanical property was mainly ascribed to the lessened root number and the simpler root structure in the soil-root mixture of AM that reduces its ability to resist the external force. These findings confirmed that healthy AS can enhance bank stability and delay the development of tensile cracks in the riverbank of the meandering rivers in the UYR.

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17

Xu, Linjuan, Yuanjian Wang, Wanjie Zhao, and Enhui Jiang. "Review on Riverbank Soil Collapse." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601021.

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Bank slope collapse is a kind of natural phenomenon which commonly existed on both sides of alluvial plain rivers. The mechanism of bank collapse is complex, and it is an interdisciplinary frontier research subject. The collapse of the bank slope will lead to the instability of river regime and frequent changes of erosion and siltation, which will cause great harm to river regulation and people's livelihood. Through review of river bank soil collapse at home and abroad, it is concluded that the main influencing factors of river bank soil collapse are the action of water flow and the soil structure of river bank. In addition, the stability of river bank and the numerical simulation of river bank collapse are also studied by scholars. In view of the above research results, the deficiencies of the current research are pointed out and the research directions that should be followed in the future are put forward.

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18

Gu, Lan, Jia Rong Gao, Yan Wang, Bin Tian Qian, and Yue Wang. "Soil Bioengineering - A New Technique to Generate Riverbank Restoration." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 1795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1795.

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Soil bioengineering is a kind of engineering by using living plant materials to construct the structures with some engineering and ecological functions, which can provide an effective means for the slope stabilization and site restoration of river banks. Experimental site in Liuli River proves that Salix cheilophila Schneid and Salix alba var. tristis are good materials to obtain near-natural riverbank restoration. Soil bioengineering measures of live staking, live fascines and brush layers are effective. After periods time of project implementation, significant effectiveness was obtained on slope stability, habitat improvement, and ecological restoration of river banks. This can provide guidelines for selecting materials and methods to control riverbank erosion. It was concluded that the approach could be widely applied in ecological riverbank restoration in China.

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19

Calandra, Sara, Teresa Salvatici, Irene Centauro, Emma Cantisani, and Carlo Alberto Garzonio. "The Mortars of Florence Riverbanks: Raw Materials and Technologies of Lungarni Historical Masonry." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 5200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12105200.

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The study of structural masonry joined to geohydrological hazards in cultural heritage represents a multidisciplinary theme, which requires consideration of several aspects, among them the characterization of the materials used. In this paper, a first complete chemical, minero-petrographic, and physico-mechanical characterization of core samples taken from the masonry of two Florence riverbanks (Lungarno degli Acciaiuoli and Lungarno delle Grazie) is performed in order to identify the raw materials, technologies, and state of conservation and to support the planning of maintenance and restoration interventions. The physico-mechanical characterization of the riverbanks allows their stability to be determined. Such investigations allow identification of the level of compactness and cohesion of masonry; this information is useful for planning emergency interventions and for supporting planned restoration activities. The results provide valid support for the design of riverbank safety projects, to mitigate the risk of their collapse and to decrease the flood risk in the historic center of Florence.

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20

Millar, Robert G., Michael C. Quick, Stephen E. Darby, and Colin R. Thorne. "Discussion and Closure: Development and Testing of Riverbank-Stability Analysis." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 123, no. 11 (November 1997): 1051–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1997)123:11(1051).

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21

Liang, C., M. B. Jaksa, B. Ostendorf, and Y. L. Kuo. "Influence of river level fluctuations and climate on riverbank stability." Computers and Geotechnics 63 (January 2015): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.08.012.

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22

Thompson, Angela, Knut Oberhagemann, and Yuntong She. "Geobag stability for riverbank erosion protection structures: Physical model study." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 48, no. 1 (February 2020): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2019.103526.

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23

Thompson, Angela, Yuntong She, and Knut Oberhagemann. "Geobag stability for riverbank erosion protection structures: Numerical model study." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 48, no. 5 (October 2020): 703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2020.04.004.

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24

Valyrakis, Manousos, Da Liu, Umut Turker, and Oral Yagci. "The role of increasing riverbank vegetation density on flow dynamics across an asymmetrical channel." Environmental Fluid Mechanics 21, no. 3 (April 15, 2021): 643–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10652-021-09791-9.

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Abstract Over the last two decades, the role of vegetation in the environmental and ecological restoration of surface water bodies has received much attention. In this context, the momentum exchange between the flow through the main channel and the riparian zone is a key mechanism. The primary goal of this study is to investigate the role of bank vegetation density on flow dynamics across the whole channel. This experimental study presents the major findings from a series of flow measurements across a channel having a sloping bank with vegetation at varying densities. The experiments are conducted under the same, uniform flow and fixed bed conditions, for a range of six linear and rectilinear arrangements of incremental streambank vegetation densities. A set of ten velocity profiles is obtained across the test cross-section of the channel, including the riverbank, for each vegetation density. These flow measurements are analyzed to derive roughness coefficients, which are related to the bulk flow velocities through the main channel and the riverbank and discuss the redistribution of flow velocities. An approximate doubling for the estimates of time-averaged boundary shear stress at the main channel, is observed for the case of no to dense vegetation, which enable further discussing implications for the stability of bed surface material. It is found that the vegetation arrangement, in addition to vegetation density, can have a strong impact in modifying the mean flow velocity at the main channel, for low riparian densities (φ < 0.6%). Highlights Flow dynamics are measured across the whole channel, including the vegetated riverbank. As stem density increases, mean flow velocity in the main channel increases while mean flow at the riverbank decreases. The arrangement of riparian vegetation can be as important as that of the density, in modifying the mean flow field of the main channel, for low riparian densities. Bed shear stresses at the main channel are estimated to increase with riverbank vegetation, reducing the stability of the stream’s bed surface.

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25

Biswas, Debasish, Arijit Dutta, Sanchayan Mukherjee, and Asis Mazumdar. "Micro analysis of riverbank sediment stability under different wetted surface conditions." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1080, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1080/1/012042.

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26

Toyeb, Muhammad, Husni Mubarak, Puspa Ningrum, and Muhammad Yazid. "Perencanaan Dinding Turap di Tepi Sungai Pada Tanah Lunak." Journal of Infrastructure and Civil Engineering 2, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35583/jice.v2i2.23.

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Stability of soil on the riverbank necessary to considered towards landslide. Especially the location of soil in around it commonly have kinds the soft soil and over deformation. The large lateral earth pressure grant the influence to sheet pile stability. The face problem was embankment placed in riverbank on natural soil. It is potentially occur shear failure on embankment. Aim the study was design sheet pile to own bearing capacity in order to able withhold mainly lateral force. The source data from soil investigation report was SPT and analysis method based on soil properties, load design, lateral earth pressure, moment force. The result based on soil investigation obtained that almost 20 meters depth was soil to overly soft density. Depth of sheet pile was not reached rock soil because it mainly withhold lateral earth pressure. Therefore design of sheet pile planned to using steel sheet pile of Larssen profile 605K with length 12 m and driving depth 7 m along reinforcement to block anchor.

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27

Alfaro, Marolo C., James A. Blatz, Wisam F. Abdulrazaq, and Chang-Seok Kim. "Evaluating shear mobilization in rockfill columns used for riverbank stabilization." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 46, no. 8 (August 2009): 976–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-036.

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The major rivers within the City of Winnipeg are founded in glacial Lake Agassiz clay and silt sediments that have low shear strength. As such, riverbank instabilities are a common issue along many stretches of the rivers. The use of rockfill columns has become an increasingly utilized approach for stabilizing failing banks. Recent cases in Winnipeg have shown that movements can occur following installation of rockfill columns. Uncertainty regarding the magnitude of these movements that is required to mobilize shearing resistance in the rockfill columns has resulted in situations where the stability of riverbanks following remediation has been questioned. This has provided a need to improve our understanding about how much movement a stabilized slope must undergo before sufficient shear resistance of the rockfill column will be mobilized. The results of experimental testing conducted to assess the shear mobilization of rockfill column materials using a large-scale direct shear test apparatus are presented in this paper. The testing methodology is described along with the test results. The results show that the development of material specifications, construction, and placement methods and appropriate methods of analysis requires understanding of the stress–strain properties of the in situ soil and the rockfill material.

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28

Yang, Shuqing, Yuchuan Bai, and Haijue Xu. "Experimental Analysis of River Evolution with Riparian Vegetation." Water 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111500.

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Studying the effects of different riparian vegetation densities on river channel evolution has practical significance for predicting the river channel evolution process during flood periods and ecological river engineering via the artificial planting of vegetation. In this study, we simulated the formation and evolution processes of river channels under different riparian vegetation coverage rates in laboratory conditions. The riparian vegetation coverage rates were set as 0, 20, 40 and 80%, on unilateral and bilateral sides of a river channel bank. Given the same flow and sediment boundary conditions, experiments were carried out in a 4 × 1.5 m tank. This paper focuses on the comparative analysis of main stream stability characteristics, bend migration characteristics, river bank erosion characteristics and sediment transport intensity. The results showed that different amounts of riparian vegetation cover created different characteristics of river channel evolution and strongly impacted the stability of the banks and bed. River channel evolution under unilateral vegetation cover is often accompanied by alternate development of the main stream and branch, and the bend stability under unilateral riverbank vegetation cover is worse than under bilateral cover. For a bilateral vegetation-covered river channel, a narrow and deep regime channel more easily forms with a higher vegetation coverage rate; the curvature of the stable river bend is smaller, but the adaptation period of the flow to the river channel bed increases. Planting of riparian vegetation played a positive role in the erosion resistibility, which effectively reduced the lateral migration rate of the riverbank. The higher the vegetation coverage rate, the greater the flow shear stress needed for the same river channel migration rate. While effectively reducing lateral migration, riparian vegetation coverage increased the vertical migration and led to a trend in overall scour depth along the riverbank.

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29

Tamrakar, Naresh Kazi, and Jaya Laxmi Singh. "Slope mass rating of rock slopes of the Malekhu River, central Nepal Lesser Himalaya." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 47, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v47i1.23102.

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The Malekhu River is one of the major tributaries of the Trishuli Ganga River fl owing from the south in Malekhu region, central Nepal. Riverbank slope stability is a topic of concern as rock mass condition and slope stability of riverbank slopes are important parameters for riverbank erodibility. Fourteen sites in the Malekhu River were selected for rock mass rating (RMR) and then slope mass rating (SMR) by using a graphic method. The potentially vulnerable sites were identifi ed after conducting field study in different slopes. The results indicate that there occur modes of failures ranging from stable (good rock mass) to partially stable (normal rock mass) in all the study sites. The unstable (bad rock mass) and completely unstable (very bad rock mass) slopes are, however, distributed only in some slopes. The unstable slope of plane failure mode is Ka1, whereas the completely unstable slopes of plane failure mode are Rb2, Ml1 Slope 1 and Ml2. The unstable slope of toppling failure mode is Ml2. When wedge failure mode is considered, the slopes at Ti1 and Ka1 are unstable while the slopes at Kh1, Ka1, Ml1 Slope 1 are completely unstable. The rock slopes with unstable to completely unstable states are considered bad (SMR Class IV: 21–40) to very bad (SMR Class V: 0–20) rock mass with fair to poor rock mass rating, respectively. These bad to very bad rock mass slopes are vulnerable to slope movements and river erosion, and they require mitigative measures.

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30

Aldefae, Asad H., and Rusul A. Alkhafaji. "Development of Equations Relates the Factors Affecting Riverbank Stability Using Dimensional Analysis." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1058, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1058/1/012025.

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31

Xia, Junqiang, Quanli Zong, Shanshan Deng, Quanxi Xu, and Jinyou Lu. "Seasonal variations in composite riverbank stability in the Lower Jingjiang Reach, China." Journal of Hydrology 519 (November 2014): 3664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.061.

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32

Khajenoori, Leila, Grant Wright, and Martin Crapper. "Laboratory Investigation of Geobag Revetment Performance in Rivers." Geosciences 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11080304.

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Geobag (sand-filled geotextile bags) revetments have recently emerged as long-term riverbank protection measures in developing countries; however, their performance is still not well understood. The hydraulic stability of geobag revetments used for riverbank protection has been studied within an extensive laboratory programme to improve our understanding of the complete failure processes of geobag revetments. A 1:10 scale distorted physical model was tested in a laboratory flume, comparing a range of different construction methods and revetment side slopes, subjected to different flow loading. The results indicate that whilst failure mechanisms are highly dependent on water depth and revetment slope, the construction method had no noticeable impact. It was thus concluded that the dominating factor is the friction between individual geobags, which itself is dependent on bag longitudinal overlap rather than a specific construction method.

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33

Posi, Sara, Lucas Montabonnet, Alain Recking, André Evette, Hervé Bellot, Frédéric Ousset, Xavier Ravanat, Guillaume Piton, and Luca Solari. "Experimental study of riverbank protection with bio-engineering techniques." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 05023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184005023.

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River management implies in many situation to control the river bank stability. Bio-engineering techniques are used as an alternative to rip-rap. These techniques are not new but a renewed interest was observed during the last decade. However the design of such bank protection is still largely based an expert evaluation of each situation, and we still crudely lack a real state of the art, based on mechanistic consideration of forces exerted by the river. We present the results of preliminary flume experiments aiming to study the resistance of river bank protections using bio-engineering techniques. The final applied objectives will be to propose a framework for a good use of such technique, accounting for the river morphodynamics context.

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34

Adomat, Yasmin, Gerit-Hartmut Orzechowski, Marc Pelger, Robert Haas, Rico Bartak, Zsuzsanna Ágnes Nagy-Kovács, Joep Appels, and Thomas Grischek. "New Methods for Microbiological Monitoring at Riverbank Filtration Sites." Water 12, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020584.

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Water suppliers aim to achieve microbiological stability throughout their supply system by regular monitoring of water quality. Monitoring temporal biomass dynamics at high frequency is time consuming due to the labor-intensive nature and limitations of conventional, cultivation-based detection methods. The goal of this study was to assess the value of new rapid monitoring methods for quantifying and characterizing dynamic fluctuations in bacterial biomass. Using flow cytometry and two precise enzymatic detection methods, bacterial biomass-related parameters were monitored at three riverbank filtration sites. Additionally, the treatment capacity of an ultrafiltration pilot plant was researched using online flow-cytometry. The results provide insights into microbiological quality of treated water and emphasize the value of rapid, easy and sensitive alternatives to traditional bacterial monitoring techniques.

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35

Ventini, Roberta, Elena Dodaro, Carmine Gerardo Gragnano, Daniela Giretti, and Marianna Pirone. "Experimental and Numerical Investigations of a River Embankment Model under Transient Seepage Conditions." Geosciences 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11050192.

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The evaluation of riverbank stability often represents an underrated problem in engineering practice, but is also a topical geotechnical research issue. In fact, it is certainly true that soil water content and pore water pressure distributions in the riverbank materials vary with time, due to the changeable effects of hydrometric and climatic boundary conditions, strongly influencing the bank stability conditions. Nonetheless, the assessment of hydraulic and mechanical behavior of embankments are currently performed under the simplified hypothesis of steady-state seepage, generally neglecting the unsaturated soil related issues. In this paper, a comprehensive procedure for properly defining the key aspects of the problem is presented and, in particular, the soil characterization in partially saturated conditions of a suitably compacted mixture of sand and finer material, typical of flood embankments of the main river Po tributaries (Italy), is reported. The laboratory results have then been considered for modelling the embankment performance under transient seepage and following a set of possible hydrometric peaks. The outcome of the present contribution may provide meaningful geotechnical insights, for practitioners and researchers, in the flood risk assessment of river embankments.

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36

Liu, Da, Manousos Valyrakis, and Richard Williams. "Flow Hydrodynamics across Open Channel Flows with Riparian Zones: Implications for Riverbank Stability." Water 9, no. 9 (September 20, 2017): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w9090720.

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37

Duong, Thi Toan, Hideo Komine, Minh Duc Do, and Satoshi Murakami. "Riverbank stability assessment under flooding conditions in the Red River of Hanoi, Vietnam." Computers and Geotechnics 61 (September 2014): 178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.05.016.

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38

Chiang, Shih-Wei, Tung-Lin Tsai, and Jinn-Chuang Yang. "Conjunction effect of stream water level and groundwater flow for riverbank stability analysis." Environmental Earth Sciences 62, no. 4 (May 5, 2010): 707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0557-8.

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39

Samadi, A., E. Amiri-Tokaldany, and S. E. Darby. "Identifying the effects of parameter uncertainty on the reliability of riverbank stability modelling." Geomorphology 106, no. 3-4 (May 2009): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.10.019.

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40

Chen, Chien-Hua, Te-Yung Hsieh, and Jinn-Chuang Yang. "Investigating effect of water level variation and surface tension crack on riverbank stability." Journal of Hydro-environment Research 15 (June 2017): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2017.02.002.

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41

Wu, Chun-Hung. "Evaluating the Landslide Stability and Vegetation Recovery: Case Studies in the Tsengwen Reservoir Watershed in Taiwan." Water 13, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 3479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243479.

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The sediment yield from numerous landslides triggered in Taiwan’s mountainous regions by 2009 Typhoon Morakot have had substantial long-term impacts on the evolution of rivers. This study evaluated the long-term evolution of landslides induced by 2001 Typhoon Nari and 2009 Typhoon Morakot in the Tsengwen Reservoir Watershed by using multiannual landslide inventories and rainfall records for the 2001–2017 period. The landslide activity, vegetation recovery time, and the landslide spatiotemporal hotspot analyses were used in the study. Severe landslides most commonly occurred on 35–45° slopes at elevations of 1400–2000 m located within 500 m of the rivers. The average vegetation recovery time was 2.29 years, and landslides with vegetation recovery times exceeding 10 years were most frequently retrogressive landslide, riverbank landslides in sinuous reaches, and the core area of large landslides. The annual landslide area decline ratios after 2009 Typhoon Morakot in Southern Taiwan was 4.75% to 7.45%, and the time of landslide recovery in the Tsengwen reservoir watershed was predicted to be 28.48 years. Oscillating hotspots and coldspots occupied 95.8% of spatiotemporal patterns in the watershed area. The results indicate that landslides moved from hillslopes to rivers in the 2001–2017 period because the enormous amount of sediment deposited in rivers resulted in the change of river geomorphology and the riverbank landslides.

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42

Pertiwi, Nurlita, Bakhrani Rauf, and Mithen Lullulangi. "Analysis of Riverbank Stability Due to Bamboo Vegetation in Walanae River, South Sulawesi, Indonesia." Journal of Ecological Engineering 22, no. 9 (October 1, 2021): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12911/22998993/141478.

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43

Gottardi, Guido, Carmine G. Gragnano, Marco Ranalli, and Laura Tonni. "Reliability analysis of riverbank stability accounting for the intrinsic variability of unsaturated soil parameters." Structural Safety 86 (September 2020): 101973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2020.101973.

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44

Parker, Chris, Andrew Simon, and Colin R. Thorne. "The effects of variability in bank material properties on riverbank stability: Goodwin Creek, Mississippi." Geomorphology 101, no. 4 (November 2008): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.02.007.

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45

Rinaldi, Massimo, Nicola Casagli, Stefano Dapporto, and Alessandro Gargini. "Monitoring and modelling of pore water pressure changes and riverbank stability during flow events." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29, no. 2 (February 2004): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1042.

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46

Moscariello, Mariagiovanna, Carmine Gerardo Gragnano, Sabatino Cuomo, Irene Rocchi, and Guido Gottardi. "Shear strength and retention models of a partially saturated riverbank silty soil." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019501011.

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Soil mechanical behaviour is strictly related to its natural water content, which is primarily dependent on hydraulic boundary conditions. When soils are partially saturated, as frequently occur in river embankments, soil suction also turns into a fundamental variable worth of investigation and monitoring, both in laboratory and in the field, for a reliable interpretation of the related soil response to external actions. The case of earthen water retaining structures and their safety condition assessment towards local or global collapse mechanisms requires special attention for soil characterization and site measurement of unsaturated soil states. Moreover, strength and hydraulic models used for relevant stability analyses should be adequate for representing the site-specific behaviour of soil in terms of water content, pore water pressure and suction values, relying on the effective possibility to properly calibrate all required parameters. Nevertheless, these aspects typically receive only limited attention, especially in standard practice, leading to inaccurate estimates of flood hazard and related risk management. In this context, with the aim of comprehensively studying the strength and retention properties of a riverbank silty soil, a series of laboratory investigations – including oedometric and direct shear tests under suction-controlled conditions – have been performed. Laboratory tests are here used as the main direct source of information to model unsaturated soil behaviour, monitoring different state variables under suction-controlled conditions. The results have been then interpreted using both literature and soil-specific mechanical and hydraulic models, to be possibly implemented in integrated methodologies for the stability assessment of river embankments.

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47

Hairiah, Kurniatun, Widianto Widianto, Didik Suprayogo, and Meine Van Noordwijk. "Tree Roots Anchoring and Binding Soil: Reducing Landslide Risk in Indonesian Agroforestry." Land 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9080256.

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Tree root systems stabilize hillslopes and riverbanks, reducing landslide risk, but related data for the humid tropics are scarce. We tested fractal allometry hypotheses on differences in the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots of trees commonly found in agroforestry systems and on shear strength of soil in relation to root length density in the topsoil. Proximal roots of 685 trees (55 species; 4–20 cm stem diameter at breast height, dbh) were observed across six landscapes in Indonesia. The Index of Root Anchoring (IRA) and the Index of Root Binding (IRB) were calculated as ΣDv2/dbh2 and as ΣDh2/dbh2, respectively, where Dv and Dh are the diameters of vertical (angle > 45°) and horizontal (angle < 45°) proximal roots. High IRA values (>1.0) were observed in coffee and several common shade trees. Common fruit trees in coffee agroforestry had low medium values, indicating modest ‘soil anchoring’. Where root length density (Lrv) in the topsoil is less than 10 km m−3 shear strength largely depends on texture; for Lrv > 10 shear strength was >1.5 kg m−2 at the texture tested. In conclusion, a mix of tree species with deep roots and grasses with intense fine roots provides the highest hillslope and riverbank stability.

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48

Okeke, C. A. U., A. N. Ede, and T. Kogure. "Monitoring of riverbank stability and seepage undercutting mechanisms on the Iju (Atuwara) River, Southwest Nigeria." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 640 (November 13, 2019): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/640/1/012105.

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49

Holanda, Francisco Sandro Rodrigues, Laura Galvão da Cunha Santos, Cícero Marques dos Santos, Ana Patrícia Barreto Casado, Alceu Pedrotti, and Genésio Tâmara Ribeiro. "Riparian vegetation affected by bank erosion in the Lower São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil." Revista Árvore 29, no. 2 (April 2005): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622005000200016.

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Changes in the hydrological regime of the Lower São Francisco River, located in Northeastern Brazil have brought negative environmental impacts, jeopardizing the flora and fauna of a global biodiversity hotspot, due to implementation of hydroelectric power dams and surface water withdrawal for irrigation in public and private perimeters. Remnants of the riparian stratum associated to the riverbank destabilization in six fragments were studied by surveying trees, shrubs, herbs, and aquatic species. The calculation of the Factor of Safety (FS) was performed in order to understand the riverbank's stability related to soil texture and vegetation cover. An overall number of 51 botanic families distributed in 71 genera and 79 species were recorded, predominantly from the families Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae, and Fabaceae. The fragmented riparian vegetation is mostly covered by secondary species under a strong anthropogenic impact such as deforestation, mining and irrigation, with an advanced erosion process in the river margins. Strong species that withstand the waves present in the river flow are needed to reduce the constant landslides that are mainly responsible for the river sedimentation and loss of productive lands. A lack of preservation attitude among the local landholders was identified, and constitutes a continuing threat to the riparian ecosystem biodiversity.

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50

Duan, Guosheng, Anping Shu, Matteo Rubinato, Shu Wang, and Fuyang Zhu. "Collapsing Mechanisms of the Typical Cohesive Riverbank along the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Catchment." Water 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091272.

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As one of the major sediment sources in rivers, bank collapse often occurs in the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia catchment and, to date, it caused substantial social, economic and environmental problems in both local areas and downstream locations. To provide a better understanding of this phenomenon, this study consisted of modifying the existing Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM), commonly used to investigate similar phenomena, introducing new assumptions and demonstrating its applicability by comparing numerical results obtained against field data recorded at six gauging stations (Qingtongxia, Shizuishan, Bayan Gol, Sanhuhekou, Zhaojunfen, and Toudaoguai). Furthermore, the impact of multiple factors typical of flood and dry seasons on the collapse rate was investigated, and insights obtained should be taken into consideration when completing future projects of river adaptation and river restoration.

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