Статті в журналах: "Risk preparedne"

1

Lovekamp, William E., and Sara K. McMahon. "I Have a Snickers Bar in the Trunk of My Car: Student Narratives of Disaster Risk, Fear, Preparedness, and Reflections on Union University." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 29, no. 2 (August 2011): 132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701102900202.

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This research examines college students’ experience, risk perceptions, fear of and preparedness for disasters and differences in female and male views. We conducted focus groups with students about their experience, risk perceptions, fear and preparedness, their reactions to the February 6 th, 2008 Union University tornado. We found that students are generally aware of the risks they face, usually have limited experience with disasters, are not well prepared, could not identify how their university was prepared, adopt fatalistic attitudes about the importance of preparedness and believe the university will take care of them. Also, women were much more likely to report being fearful. Many students were shocked about the Union University tornado and began asking more questions about ways their university is prepared.

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Dillon, Robin L., Catherine H. Tinsley, and William J. Burns. "Near-Misses and Future Disaster Preparedness." Risk Analysis 34, no. 10 (April 28, 2014): 1907–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12209.

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Johnson, Albert, and Raiph Gabriel. "Preparedness Reduces Risk." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2008, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 754–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864708788805459.

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Johnson, Albert, and Ralph Gabriel. "Preparedness Reduces Risk." Opflow 35, no. 9 (September 2009): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2009.tb02327.x.

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Cliff, Barbara J., Laura Morlock, and Amy B. Curtis. "Is There an Association Between Risk Perception and Disaster Preparedness in Rural US Hospitals?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 24, no. 6 (December 2009): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00007433.

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AbstractIntroduction:This study examined disaster preparedness, risk perception, and their association in rural hospitals in the United States. The focus of disaster preparedness largely has been centered on urban areas, in part because of the perception that more concentrated areas have an increased risk of a disastrous event. Therefore, it was hypothesized that risk perception may be a contributing factor for adequate preparedness in rural areas. This research was a component of a larger study of rural hospital preparedness. The objective of this study was to describe the perceived risk of disaster events and the status of disaster preparedness in rural hospitals. It was hypothesized that there is a positive association between risk perception and preparedness.Methods:Secondary data analysis was conducted using the National Study of Rural Hospitals (2006–2007) from Johns Hopkins University. The study, based on a regionally stratified, random sample of rural hospitals, consisted of a mailed questionnaire and a follow-up telephone interview with each hospital's Chief Executive Officer (n = 134). A model of disaster preparedness was utilized to examine seven elements of preparedness. Risk perception was examined through seven perceived risk threats.Results:The results indicated that rural hospitals were moderately prepared, overall,(78% prepared on average), with higher preparedness in education/training (89%) and isolation/decontamination (91%); moderate preparedness in administration/planning (80%), communication/notification (83%), staffing/support (66%), and supplies/pharmaceuticals/laboratory support (70%); and lower preparedness in surge capacity (64%).The respondents reported greater perceived risk from disasters due to natural hazards (79% reported moderate to high risk) and vehicular accidents (77%) than from humanmade disasters (23%). Results obtained from logistic regression models indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in the odds of a hospital being prepared overall when comparing high versus low risk perception (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.26–1.44). Positive associations were identified only between higher perceived risk overall and the subcategory of education/training preparedness (OR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.05–1.27).Conclusions:Rural hospitals reported being moderately prepared in the event of a disaster with a low perception of risk for human-made disasters. Further research should be conducted to identify predictors of preparedness in rural hospitals in order to optimize readiness for potential disaster events.

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Lidskog, Rolf, and Linn Rabe. "Making Climate Risks Governable in Swedish Municipalities: Crisis Preparedness, Technical Measures, and Public Involvement." Climate 10, no. 7 (June 21, 2022): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10070090.

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Creating preparedness for climate change has become an increasingly important task for society. In Sweden, the responsibility for crisis preparedness rests to a large extent on the municipalities. Through an interview study of municipal officials, this paper examines municipalities’ crisis preparedness for climate change and the role they assign to citizens. The theoretical approach is that of risk governance, which adopts an inclusive approach to risk management, and that of risk sociology, which states that how a problem is defined determines how it should be handled and by whom. The empirical results show that the municipal officials mainly discuss technically defined risks, such as certain kinds of climate-related extreme events, the handling of which does not require any substantial involvement of citizens. Citizens’ responsibility is only to be individually prepared, and thereby they do not require municipal resources to protect their own properties in the case of an extreme event. The municipalities, however, feel that their citizens have not developed this individual preparedness and therefore they try to better inform them. This analysis finds five different views of citizens, all with their own problems, and to which the municipalities respond with different communicative measures. By way of conclusion, three crucial aspects are raised regarding the task of making societies better prepared for climate change.

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Becker, Julia S., Douglas Paton, David M. Johnston, and Kevin R. Ronan. "Salient Beliefs About Earthquake Hazards and Household Preparedness." Risk Analysis 33, no. 9 (January 22, 2013): 1710–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12014.

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Sadiq, Abdul-Akeem, and John D. Graham. "Exploring the Predictors of Organizational Preparedness for Natural Disasters." Risk Analysis 36, no. 5 (September 1, 2015): 1040–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12478.

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Lovekamp, William E., and Michelle L. Tate. "College Student Disaster Risk, Fear and Preparedness." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 26, no. 2 (August 2008): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072700802600201.

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This research examines college students’ perceived risk of tornados and earthquakes affecting their college residence and community, fear, perceived levels of disaster preparedness and preparedness actions at a Midwestern university. Using questionnaires, we collected a sample of 192 college students from a variety of majors and class ranks. We conclude that these students do know the potential likelihood and risks of tornados and earthquakes, perceive that they are prepared for tornados but not for earthquakes, and do not take many of the appropriate actions to prepare themselves.

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10

Perko, Tanja, Baldwin van Gorp, Catrinel Turcanu, Peter Thijssen, and Benny Carle. "Communication in Nuclear Emergency Preparedness: A Closer Look at Information Reception." Risk Analysis 33, no. 11 (April 11, 2013): 1987–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12048.

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11

Maidl, E., and M. Buchecker. "Raising risk preparedness by flood risk communication." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 18, 2015): 1577–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1577-2015.

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Abstract. During the last decade, most European countries have produced hazard maps of natural hazards, but little is known about how to communicate these maps most efficiently to the public. In October 2011, Zurich's local authorities informed owners of buildings located in the urban flood hazard zone about potential flood damage, the probability of flood events and protection measures. The campaign was based on the assumptions that informing citizens increases their risk awareness and that citizens who are aware of risks are more likely to undertake actions to protect themselves and their property. This study is intended as a contribution to better understand the factors that influence flood risk preparedness, with a special focus on the effects of such a one-way risk communication strategy. We conducted a standardized mail survey of 1500 property owners in the hazard zones in Zurich (response rate main survey: 34 %). The questionnaire included items to measure respondents' risk awareness, risk preparedness, flood experience, information-seeking behaviour, knowledge about flood risk, evaluation of the information material, risk acceptance, attachment to the property and trust in local authorities. Data about the type of property and socio-demographic variables were also collected. Multivariate data analysis revealed that the average level of risk awareness and preparedness was low, but the results confirmed that the campaign had a statistically significant effect on the level of preparedness. The main influencing factors on the intention to prepare for a flood were the extent to which respondents evaluated the information material positively as well as their risk awareness. Respondents who had never taken any previous interest in floods were less likely to read the material. For future campaigns, we therefore recommend repeated communication that is tailored to the information needs of the target population.

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12

Maidl, E., and M. Buchecker. "Raising risk preparedness through flood risk communication." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 1 (January 10, 2014): 167–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-167-2014.

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Abstract. During the last decade, most European countries have produced risk maps of natural hazards, but little is known about how to communicate these maps most effectively to the public. In October 2011, Zurich's local authorities informed owners of buildings located in the urban flood hazard area about potential flood damage, the probability of flood events and protection measures. The campaign was based on the assumptions that informing citizens increases their risk awareness and that citizens who are aware of risks are more likely to undertake appropriate actions to protect themselves and their property. This study is intended as a contribution to a better understanding the factors influencing flood risk preparedness, with a special focus on the effects of such a one-way risk communication strategy. We conducted a standardized mail survey of 1500 property owners in the hazard areas in Zurich. The questionnaire comprised items measuring respondents' risk awareness, risk preparedness, flood experience, information seeking behaviour, knowledge about flood risk, evaluation of the information material, risk acceptance, kind of property owned, attachment to the property, trust in local authorities, and socio-demographic variables. Multivariate data analysis revealed that the average level of risk awareness and preparedness was low, but our results confirmed that the campaign had a statistically significant effect on the level of preparedness. The main factors influencing the respondents' intention to prepare for a flood were the extent to which they evaluated the information material positively and their risk awareness. Those who had never taken any interest in floods previously were less likely to read the material. For future campaigns, we therefore recommend repeated communication of relevant information tailored to the needs of the target population.

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13

Man, Asta YT, Emily Ying Yang Chan, and Holly CY Lam. "Typhoon Mangkhut Case Study: Household and Community Typhoon Preparedness in Hong Kong, a Densely Populated Urban City." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19001092.

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Introduction:As a subtropical urbanized city in Southeast Asia, Hong Kong is prone to frequent typhoons. With an increasing number of severe typhoons, usual preparedness measures should be explored to assess their adequacy to safeguard health and wellbeing. Typhoon Mangkhut (2018) serves as an example of the successes and limitations of community preparedness for a severe typhoon.Aim:To explore how Hong Kong residents prepared for Typhoon Mangkhut and whether their usual preparedness measures provided enough protection.Methods:A population-based randomized telephone survey of Hong Kong residents (n=521) was conducted soon after Typhoon Mangkhut’s landing. Only residents aged 18 or above and understood Cantonese were included. Socio-demographic factors, types of typhoon and general preparedness, risk perception, and impacts from the typhoon were asked. Descriptive characteristics and univariate analysis were used to describe the patterns and associations.Results:8.6% of respondents felt their home was at high risk of danger during typhoons although 33.4% reported some form of impact from Mangkhut. Over 70% reported doing at least one typhoon specific preparedness measure. Among those who practiced at least one typhoon specific preparedness measure, 37.2% (p=0.002) were affected by the typhoon.Discussion:Despite the high adaptation of preparedness measures, warranted by the frequent typhoons, Hong Kong residents were not adequately prepared for a severe typhoon. While the early warning system and evacuation of flood-prone areas mitigated some of the impact, unexpected effects such as flying air conditioners, roadblocks affecting employment, swaying buildings, and loss of power supply were not accounted for. Future preparedness for natural disasters which will become more extreme due to climate change and needs to account for unforeseen risks.

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Bross, Lisa, Ina Wienand, and Steffen Krause. "Batten Down the Hatches—Assessing the Status of Emergency Preparedness Planning in the German Water Supply Sector with Statistical and Expert-Based Weighting." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 7177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177177.

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Emergency preparedness planning in the water supply sector includes preventive measures to minimize risks as well as aspects of crisis management. Various scenarios such as floods, power failures or even a pandemic should be considered. This article presents a newly developed composite indicator system to assess the status of emergency preparedness planning in the German water supply. Two weighting methods of the indicators are compared: the indicator system was applied to a case study and a Germany-representative data set. The results show that there is a need for action in emergency preparedness planning in the German water supply. This is in particular due to a lack of risk analyses and insufficient crisis management. Numerous water supply companies and municipalities are already well-prepared, however, there is a need for action at several levels, especially in the area of risk analysis and evaluation of measures. In Germany, responsibility for this lies primarily with the municipalities.

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Swienton, Raymond E., E. Liang Liu, Lindsay A. Flax, and Kelly R. Klein. "Crisis State of Medical Readiness and Citizen Preparedness Importance for Radiological and Nuclear Incidents." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000396.

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Introduction:In 2017, members of our workgroup published on the readiness for nuclear and radiological incidents among emergency medical personnel.1 Our findings, along with a review of pertinent literature, suggest that the state of medical preparedness for these incidents is in crisis. A 2018 publication addressing nuclear terrorism preparedness relegates medical preparedness to a low priority and describes it as potentially dangerous.2 The crisis status of medical preparedness for these incidents is addressed.Aim:To establish a prepared medical workforce and trained public for those at risk from nuclear or radiological disasters.Methods:This Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved survey published an article and used a relevant literature review.Results:Readiness for nuclear and radiological incidents is lacking in multiple areas including education, training, identifying medical needs, willingness to come to work, and perception of relative risk among medical personnel.1 Confounding this is recent prominent publication downplaying and discouraging medical preparedness for nuclear terrorism.2 The importance of a readied workforce and a prepared public is identified.Discussion:In 2013, we formed a multi-national workgroup focused on preparing health professionals and the public for clinical management of casualties during nuclear and radiological disasters. Modeling has demonstrated predictable casualty injury and illness patterns suggesting that early appropriate medical response will save lives. Readiness demands an educated, skillful, and willing-to-engage medical workforce. Our 2017 publication identified several areas that place medical preparedness at risk.1 A significant risk to medical preparedness may lie in prominent publications discouraging the pursuit.2 We firmly believe that medical preparedness is essential and begins with a prepared public.

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Eriksen, Christine, and Timothy Prior. "Defining the importance of mental preparedness for risk communication and residents well-prepared for wildfire." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 6 (December 2013): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.09.006.

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Heath, Robert L., Jaesub Lee, Michael J. Palenchar, and Laura L. Lemon. "Risk Communication Emergency Response Preparedness: Contextual Assessment of the Protective Action Decision Model." Risk Analysis 38, no. 2 (June 14, 2017): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12845.

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Wu, Lihui, Huali Xia, and Sarina Bao. "Emergency Preparedness within the Hotel Industry: A Case Study of Wuhan City, China." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.110105.

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The hospitality industry is one of the most vulnerable to emergency events and can be highly affected by various hazards. Within the hospitality industry, hotels are faced with multi-crises and disasters. Emergency preparedness is one of the most efficient ways to deal with emergencies and increase the resilience of the businesses, especially in high-risk areas. This research aims to identify the main risks that may threaten hotels and investigate the state of emergency preparedness of “five-star” hotels in Wuhan city, China, by conducting interviews among general manager and sending questionnaires to safety and security managers in the hotel sectors. Findings show that Wuhan’s hotels are exposed to a wide range of risks, and all of the respondent five-star hotels have plans or frameworks prepared for crises and disasters. Results indicate that there is an overall high level of preparedness for crises and disasters in five-star hotels in Wuhan, China. Findings also reveal that many of the challenges facing hoteliers are connected to emergency communication and tourist-oriented disaster preparedness planning. On the basis of the results, implications are discussed. It is hoped that this paper will shed light on emergency preparedness for hotel industry.

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19

Jokilehto, Jukka. "ICCROM's Involvement in Risk Preparedness." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 39, no. 1 (2000): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3179973.

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Jokilehto, Jukka. "Iccrom's Involvement in Risk Preparedness." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 39, no. 1 (January 2000): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/019713600806113275.

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Ferguson, Rennie W., Shawn Kiernan, Ernst W. Spannhake, and Benjamin Schwartz. "Evaluating Perceived Emergency Preparedness and Household Preparedness Behaviors: Results from a CASPER Survey in Fairfax, Virginia." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 14, no. 2 (July 23, 2019): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2019.48.

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ABSTRACTObjectives:Using data collected from a Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) conducted in Fairfax Health District, Virginia, in 2016, we sought to assess the relationship between household-level perceived preparedness and self-reported preparedness behaviors.Methods:Weighted population estimates and 95% confidence intervals were reported, and Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to investigate differences by group.Results:Examining responses to how prepared respondents felt their household was to handle a large-scale emergency or disaster, an estimated 7.4% of respondents (95% CI: 4.3–12.3) reported that their household was “completely prepared,” 37.3% (95% CI: 31.4–43.7) were “moderately prepared,” 38.2% (95% CI: 31.6–45.2) were “somewhat prepared,” and 14.4% (95% CI: 10.2–20.0) were “unprepared.” A greater proportion of respondents who said that their household was “completely” or “moderately” prepared for an emergency reported engaging in several behaviors related to preparedness. However, for several preparedness behaviors, there were gaps between perceived preparedness and self-reported readiness.Conclusions:Community assessments for public health preparedness can provide valuable data about groups who may be at risk during an emergency due to a lack of planning and practice, despite feeling prepared to handle a large-scale emergency or disaster.

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Wong, Teck Yee, Gerald CH Koh, Seng Kwing Cheong, Heow Yong Lee, Yuke Tien Fong, Meena Sundram, Kelvin Koh, Sin Eng Chia, and David Koh. "Concerns, Perceived Impact and Preparedness in an Avian Influenza Pandemic – a Comparative Study between Healthcare Workers in Primary and Tertiary Care." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 37, no. 2 (February 15, 2008): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v37n2p96.

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Introduction: With the potential threat of an avian influenza (AI) pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) are expected to play important roles, and they encounter significant stress levels from an expected increase in workload. We compared the concerns, perceived impact and preparedness for an AI pandemic between HCWs working in public primary care clinics and a tertiary healthcare setting. Materials and Methods: An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was given to 2459 HCWs working at 18 public polyclinics (PCs) and a tertiary hospital (TH) in Singapore from March to June 2006. The questionnaire assessed work-related and non-work-related concerns, perceived impact on personal life and work as well as workplace preparedness. Results: We obtained responses from 986 PC and 873 TH HCWs (response rate: 74.6% and 76.7%). The majority in both groups were concerned about the high AI risk from their occupation (82.7%) and falling ill with AI (75.9%). 71.9% accepted the risk but 25.5% felt that they should not be looking after AI patients with 15.0% consider resigning. HCWs also felt that people would avoid them (63.5%) and their families (54.1%) during a pandemic. The majority expected an increased workload and to feel more stressed at work. For preparedness, 74.2% felt personally prepared and 83.7% felt that their workplaces were prepared for an outbreak. TH HCWs were more likely to be involved in infection-control activities but the perception of infection-control preparedness in both groups was high (>80.0%). Conclusions: HCWs in both public primary and tertiary healthcare settings felt prepared, personally and in their workplaces, for a pandemic. Their main concerns were risks of falling ill from exposure and the possibility of social ostracism of themselves and their families. Preparedness levels appeared high in the majority of HCWs. However, concerns of HCWs could affect their overall effectiveness in a pandemic and should be addressed by incorporating strategies to manage them in pandemic planning. Key words: Bird flu, Outbreak, Personnel, Singapore

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Santos, Joost R., Lucia Castro Herrera, Krista Danielle S. Yu, Sheree Ann T. Pagsuyoin, and Raymond R. Tan. "State of the Art in Risk Analysis of Workforce Criticality Influencing Disaster Preparedness for Interdependent Systems." Risk Analysis 34, no. 6 (March 4, 2014): 1056–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12183.

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Soe, Pa Pa, Thein Hlaing, and Zar Lwin Hnin. "Awareness and preparedness for disasters amongst residents in dry, hilly, and delta regions of Myanmar." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20221510.

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Background: Because of Myanmar's location, many residents are in disaster risk zones. This study aimed to explore the disaster-related awareness and preparedness of the residents from the dry, hilly, and delta regions.Methods: This research was a survey design, a cross-sectional approach, and used a survey questionnaire. By applying the RCDP clusters and hazard profile, 13 (19%) villages from hilly, 100 (53%) villages from dry, and 27 (28%) villages from the delta region were proportionately and randomly selected. From which,1800 household heads were randomly culled. The data collected through the face-to-face interview were entered into EpiData and analyzed in STATA 15.Results: All samples of residents were composed of 6.7% from hilly, 76.5% from dry, and 16.8% from the delta region. residents of 72.4% and 71.5% (dry region), 54.3% and 53.4% (hilly region), and 88.6% and 87.6% (delta region) were aware of the types and associated risks of the common disasters, respectively. Regarding disaster preparedness, approximately one-third have prepared for evacuation, emergency response, disaster kits, safe areas (shelter), reconstruction/rehabilitation, about one-fifth for emergency response operations, risk assessment, and risk reduction planning, and less than 10% for capacity building, awareness-raising, and information management. More than 50% have planned for preparedness after returning homes. Overall, good awareness and preparedness proportions were 38.2% and 13.9%.Conclusions: Overall, the three regions' disaster awareness and preparedness levels were unsatisfactory, which highlights that National natural disaster management committee should effectively apply the information media, provide training/advocacies and support safe community initiatives.

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Onwuemele, Andrew. "Public Perception of Flood Risks and Disaster Preparedness in Lagos Megacity, Nigeria." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2018): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0068.

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Abstract Flood risks are considered as one of the most devastating natural disasters. Presently, flooding occurs in all the ecological zones in Nigeria which has been linked to global warming. In Lagos Megacity, the incidence of flooding is now a reoccurring decimal which is only an indication of the failure of the existing mechanism for flood risk reduction. Knowledge of public perception of flood risk is considered a crucial element for a proactive preparedness for flood risk reduction. This study is aimed at gaining insight into the public perception of flood risks for proactive flood risks preparedness among residents in flood prone areas in Lagos megacity, Nigeria. The survey research design was utilized. Data were collected by questionnaire from residents of flood prone neighbourhoods in the city. The results show high awareness of flood risks among respondents that have experienced flooding previously than respondents that have not experienced flooding in the past. It also reveals poor preparedness among respondents that have not experienced flooding. The paper calls for public awareness creation among residents in flood prone areas of the city as a strategy to promote preparedness for flood disaster risks reduction in the city.

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Norton, Roger L., David B. Oakes, and John A. Cole. "Pollution risk management for resource protection." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0042.

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This paper deals with the management of the often brief pollution incident which gives rise to a sudden emergency. There are two key aspects to pollution risk management: the identification and minimisation of potential and actual risks (pro-active management), and planning how to deal with such incidents as do occur (reactive management). Pro-active management involves the identification of potential pollutants within a catchment and assessing what can be done to minimise the risks at source. Reactive management deals with the actions necessary which will depend on the severity of the incident, and covers both administrative procedures and practical issues. These concepts of pollution risk preparedness are described, and illustrated with a number of case studies.

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Adekola, Josephine, Fabrice Renaud, and Carol Hill. "Risk Information Sources for Snow Disaster Risk Preparedness in Scotland." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 12, no. 6 (December 2021): 854–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-021-00386-y.

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AbstractHeavy snow disruptions are common and costly occurrences in the UK, including Scotland. Yet, heavy snow remains an underresearched aspect of disaster risks in Scotland. This study critically examined the 2018 heavy snow event in Scotland referred to as the “Beast from the East” (BfE) in order to explore the different sources of information used by the public in preparation for and response to heavy snow emergencies. Our study also examined the effectiveness of BfE risk communication between authorities and the public and sought to determine if there is a relationship between risk information received and the intention to mitigate risk. Data were collected through a semistructured survey from (n = 180) residents of the Annandale and Eskdale region of Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. Our analysis shows that public authority information sources were the most sought-after information sources, followed by online and web sources. We found statistically significant differences between groups (such as age, gender, and mobility/disability) in terms of using risk information sources. Further analysis shows that the relationship between information received and the intention to mitigate risks is not linear but influenced by intervening variables such as work pressures, financial commitment, and stakeholders’ expectations. We argue that where full adherence to official risk advice is required, policymakers should carefully consider issues around these three factors.

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Thompson, Alisha, Kristina Little, and Youn Kyoung (Lily) Kim. "FACTORS IMPACTING EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AMONG COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2309.

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Abstract Natural and manmade emergencies have become more frequent over the past 20 years and will continue to pose serious risks to public health and safety. Older adults are more adversely affected by—and less prepared for—emergencies than younger adults. However, little is known about the risk factors impeding emergency preparedness among older adults. This study uses the ecological systems approach to explore factors associated with emergency preparedness and how those factors influence adults 60 and older. The study analyzed cross-sectional data taken from 690 community-dwelling older adults who participated in Wave 5 of the National Poll on Healthy Aging. The sample was broken down into the following two groups for comparison: individuals aged 60–69 (n = 383) and individuals 70 or above (n = 307). The self-reported measures of sociodemographic characteristics, physical health, mental health, and previous experience of a disaster were utilized via regression analysis to predict emergency preparedness. Emergency preparedness was assessed using X dichotomous questions (60-69: M = X; 70+: M = X). The results revealed that living alone and having a Hispanic background were negatively associated with emergency preparedness among those aged 60–69, while mental health status was positively associated with emergency preparedness among those aged 70+. Previous experience of a disaster positively impacted emergency preparedness among the sample. Implications for policy and practice focus on shifting the perspective of the disproportional risks for older adults around emergencies to one that values and supports older adults’ strengths and insights.

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Iqbal, MD, MPH, FCPS, Meesha, Ryan Lindsay, PhD, MPH, Megan Warnement Wrobel, PhD, and Irene Van Woerden, PhD. "Individual and community preparedness to disasters and pandemics in Idaho Falls: A cross sectional analysis." Journal of Emergency Management 21, no. 7 (February 28, 2023): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0752.

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Communities form an integral component of disaster and pandemic preparedness. This study aimed to explore disaster/pandemic preparedness—with a special focus on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)—at the household and community level among residents within 50 miles of Idaho Falls. A structured online survey questionnaire was distributed, resulting in 924 responses from participants over 18 years of age. The results highlighted that 29 and 10 percent of participants were not prepared to deal with disasters and pandemics, respectively. Most participants trusted healthcare professionals (61 percent) for information about COVID-19, followed by scientists (46 percent) and local health departments (26 percent). The overall preparedness to disasters/pandemics at the community level was 50 percent. Males, participants older than 35 years, and participants with paid employment had higher odds of being prepared for disasters, whereas higher education was associated with higher preparedness for pandemics. This study highlights the need for better household and community disaster and pandemic preparedness.

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Ebisudani, Maiko, Sayaka Kishimoto, Haruko Yamaguchi, Toyohiko Nakakubo, and Akihiro Tokai. "An Integrated Measurement Framework of City Resilience for Preparedness: A Case Study for Japan." Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 6 (November 29, 2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n6p106.

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In order to increase the resilience of cities, there has been substantial effort to improve preparedness for, and response to, unexpected disasters. However, there is no specific measurement framework to address the degree of preparedness of a city. This study proposes the development of such a framework, in three phases: (1) identify multiple risks to a city, using risk perception theory, (2) evaluate and categorize these risks, according to public risk perception, using principal components analysis (PCA), and, (3) following the selection of risks, evaluate the resilience policy structure by counting the number of existing policies and using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). This study was customized for eight representative cities in Japan. Twenty-eight risks were identified and categorized as “Risk anxiety level” and “Preventive controllability”, based on public risk perception. Following the selection of four risks – greenhouse gas generation, energy shortage, ecological destruction, and earthquake – the policy evaluation indicated that earthquakes have the strongest resilience policy structure in all eight cities. This was also reflected in the degree of city preparedness for resilience, which suggested that every city has relatively higher preparedness for earthquakes among the risks. These findings suggest that these cities’ policies are well engaged with public concern. The study provides information that can help policy makers to improve communication with the public to meet well-intentioned policy, to predict public response to potential risks, and to direct educational efforts. Such information can also be helpful in redefining policy approaches to strengthen cities’ and residents’ preparedness for external stresses.

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Kim, Youjung, and Galen Newman. "Climate Change Preparedness: Comparing Future Urban Growth and Flood Risk in Amsterdam and Houston." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041048.

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Rising sea levels and coastal population growth will increase flood risk of more people and assets if land use changes are not planned adequately. This research examines the efficacy of flood protection systems and land use planning by comparing Amsterdam in the Netherlands (renown for resilience planning methods), with the city of Houston, Texas in the US (seeking ways of increasing resilience due to extreme recent flooding). It assesses flood risk of future urban growth in lieu of sea level rise using the Land Transformation Model, a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) land use prediction tool. Findings show that Houston has currently developed much more urban area within high-risk flood-prone zones compared to Amsterdam. When comparing predicted urban areas under risk, flood-prone future urban areas in Amsterdam are also relatively smaller than Houston. Finally, the increased floodplain when accounting for sea level rise will impact existing and future urban areas in Houston, but do not increase risk significantly in Amsterdam. The results suggest that the protective infrastructure used in the Netherlands has protected its future urban growth from sea level rise more adequately than has Houston.

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Nedvědová, K., and R. Pergl. "CULTURAL HERITAGE AND FLOODS RISK PREPAREDNESS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W2 (July 22, 2013): 449–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w2-449-2013.

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International, RTI. "Cyanide: Understanding the Risk, Enhancing Preparedness." Clinical Toxicology 44, sup1 (January 2006): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650600887557.

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King, Anthony. "Disaster preparedness: Risk, rout and ruination." Nature 550, no. 7677 (October 2017): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/550456a.

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Rosyida, Fatiya, Neni Wahyuningtyas, Ardyanto Tanjung, and Abdul Kodir. "Assessing and preparedness for earthquake disaster in Salaf-Khalaf Islamic Boarding School." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1041, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1041/1/012033.

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Abstract Trenggalek is an earthquake-vulnerable area because it is located in the subduction zone of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. Therefore, it is necessary to have the preparedness of the people who live there in order to reduce disaster risk. The Islamic boarding school that was there was also affected by the disaster. Santri have a high risk of experiencing a disaster because they live in the Islamic boarding school. There have been many studies related to the preparedness of the community and school students, but not many studies related to santri’s preparedness. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to analyze the level of santri’s preparedness against the earthquake disaster in Trenggalek. The research method is a quantitative description using questionnaires and interviews. The sample amounted to 30 and was obtained by stratified random sampling. Data analysis uses the earthquake preparedness index. The results showed that 10% were classified as extremely prepared, 35% were classified as prepared, 43% were classified as unprepared, and 17% were classified as extremely unprepared. This happens because of the lack of knowledge of students about the vulnerability of disasters that exist around the Islamic boarding school and the disaster mitigation efforts.

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Coulston, J. E., and P. Deeny. "Prior Exposure to Major Flooding Increases Individual Preparedness in High-Risk Populations." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, no. 4 (August 2010): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008219.

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AbstractIntroduction:July 2007 brought unprecedented levels of flooding to the United Kingdom. Health and financial implications were vast and still are emerging. Hydrological disasters will increase in frequency. Therefore, individual preparedness is paramount, as it may mitigate some of the devastating impacts of flooding. Literature on individual preparedness for flooding is scarce, so it is key that current levels of awareness, information gathering, and protective behaviors are investigated. It also is not clear whether being in a high-risk area or having recent exposure to flooding are motivational factors for preparedness.Objectives:The objectives of this study were to: (1) ascertain whether prior experience with flooding is a strong motivational factor for preparedness for future flooding episodes; and (2) assess preparedness in populations at high risk for flooding.Methods:A prospective questionnaire survey was sent to individuals living in two towns in the United Kingdom, Monmouth and Tewkesbury. Both towns are deemed to be at significant risk for flooding, and Tewkesbury was severely affected by the July 2007 flooding disaster. Data were obtained from these two populations and analyzed.Results:A total of 125 responses (of 200) were returned, and demographic data indicated no major differences between the two populations. The number of protective behaviors was higher from participants from Tewksbury (flood risk and exposure; p = 0.004). Participants from Tewkesbury were more likely to be aware of living in a flood-risk area and of the emergency systems present in the area, and feel prepared for future episodes of major flooding (p = 0.03, p = 0.005).Awareness of living in a flood risk-area increased the likelihood of being knowledgeable about emergency systems and adopting protective behaviors (p = 0.0053, p = 0.043). However, feeling prepared for future episodes of flooding was not associated with a strong increase in knowledge gained to prepare for flooding or having an increased number of protective behaviors.Conclusions:Awareness of being at-risk for flooding is vital for self-protective behavior. Both awareness of risk and recent exposure are motivational for flood preparedness. Recent exposure to flooding increases awareness, but it is unknown how long this effect will last. Recent exposure increases the preparedness of individuals for major flooding 18 months after major flooding and, if it continues, will help mitigate the devastating health, financial, and social effects of major flooding.

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Rahman, Mohammad Lutfur. "Risk perception and awareness of earthquake: the case of Dhaka." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 10, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-04-2018-0020.

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Purpose Among the many studies about risk perception, only a few deal with Bangladesh. Paul and Bhuiyan’s (2010) study has shown the earthquake-preparedness level of residents of Dhaka, but there are some biases in the data collection. This paper aims to examine the seismic-risk perception and the level of knowledge on earthquake and preparedness among the residents of Dhaka. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire was developed, and data collection was undertaken through home and sidewalk surveys. This paper investigates how attitude, perception and behavior differ depending on gender, age, education and casualty awareness. This research tries to examine and make a comparison of the risk perception and preparedness level between different groups of gender, age and level of education. Findings This research shows that female respondents have a much better risk perception of and are better prepared for earthquakes than male respondents; younger people have a higher knowledge about earthquake preparedness than older people and less-educated people are at a higher risk of unpreparedness than more-educated people. Research limitations/implications This research is only limited to the Dhaka Division. Originality/value This paper concludes by noting that public awareness on seismic-risk perception and mitigation is poor, and their knowledge on basic theory and emergency response must be improved.

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Ardalan, MD, PhD, Ali, Kourosh Holakouie Naieni, PhD, Mahmood Mahmoodi, PhD, Ali-Mohamad Zanganeh, MD, Abbas-Ali Keshtkar, MD, PhD, Mohamad-Reza Honarvar, MD, MPH, and Mohamad-Javad Kabir, MSc. "Flash flood preparedness in Golestan province of Iran: A community intervention trial." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 5, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2010.0025.

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Objective: To evaluate effectiveness of a community- based preparedness program for flash floodsDesign: A controlled community intervention trial with preassessment and postassessment.Setting: Fifteen intervention villages and 16 control villages in Golestan province of IranParticipants: People more than six years of age.Intervention: Intervention program consisted assembling Village Disaster Taskforces (VDTs), training of VDTs and community, evacuation drill, and program monitoring.Main outcome measures: Individual participation in household preparedness actions including, preparedness meeting, risk mapping, preparation of emergency supplies, assisting vulnerable people, and evacuation drill.Results: Our intervention improved preparedness of local community for flash floods in term of all interested outcome measures. For instance, adjusted odds ratio for participation in an evacuation drill in intervention area in postassessment compared with preassessment was 29.05 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21.77-38.76), whereas in control area it was 2.69 (95% CI: 1.96-3.70). Difference in these odds ratios was statistically significant (p 0.001). Participation in a family preparedness meeting and risk mapping were helpful in motivating individuals to take other preparedness actions. Women were found prepared as much as the men.Younger people showed lower participation in preparation of family emergency supplies but higher attendance in evacuation drills. Participation in evacuation drills decreased with increasing age. It was a positive association between risk perception and taking all preparedness actions.Conclusion: Flood preparedness programs should focus on participatory risk assessment and preparedness techniques, strive to improve risk perception and female capabilities, and ensure providing assistance to the older people during evacuation.

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Strine, Tara W., Linda J. Neff, and Sara Crawford. "Health-Related Quality of Life Domains and Household Preparedness for Public Health Emergencies: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2006-2010." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 7, no. 2 (April 2013): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.23.

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AbstractBackgroundThis study examined the association between self-reported levels of household disaster preparedness and a range of physical and mental health quality of life outcomes.MethodsData collected from 14 states participating in a large state-based telephone survey were analyzed (n = 104 654). Household disaster-preparedness items included having a 3-day supply of food, water, and prescription medications; a working battery-powered radio and flashlight; an evacuation plan; and a willingness to evacuate when instructed to do so. Quality-of-life items were categorized into 2 domains: physical health (general health, unhealthy physical days, and activity-limited days) and mental health (unhealthy mental days, social and emotional support, and life satisfaction).ResultsPersons with self-reported impaired mental health were generally less likely to report being prepared for a disaster than those who did not report impairment in each domain. Persons with low life satisfaction were among the least likely to be prepared, followed by those with inadequate social and emotional support, and then by those with frequent mental distress. Persons reporting physical impairments also reported deficits in many of the preparedness items. However, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, some of the associations were attenuated and no longer significant.ConclusionPersons reporting impaired quality of life are vulnerable to increased mental and physical distress during a disaster, and their vulnerability is compounded if they are ill-prepared. Therefore, persons reporting impaired quality of life should be included in the list of vulnerable populations that need disaster preparedness and response outreach.

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Connelly, Caitlin, Kathrin Boerner, Natasha Bryant, and Robyn Stone. "Disaster Preparedness Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Who is the Least Prepared?" Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2867.

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Abstract Adverse impacts of natural disasters are viewed as particularly concerning for older adults. Disaster preparedness is an important step towards offsetting potential harm. Research comparing different age groups with respect to their disaster preparedness has produced inconclusive evidence. Some studies found older adults more prepared than younger age groups, whereas others found them to be equally or less prepared. To shed light on this issue, we examined disaster preparedness among N = 16,409 adults age 40 and older from the American Housing Survey. Using logistic regression analyses, we compared preparedness levels of four groups – households of middle-aged adults (age 40-64), older adults (age 65-84), oldest old adults (age 85+), and mixed households comprised of both middle-aged and older adults. Findings showed that households of older adults and the oldest old had significantly higher preparedness levels compared to middle-aged and mixed households, accounting for demographics, living alone, and disability. However, the oldest old group appeared less prepared compared to the older adult group. Thus, while our findings suggest that older adults aged 65-84 may be better prepared for disasters than middle-aged adults, the oldest old group, who are likely at a higher risk of adverse impacts from natural disasters, may be less prepared than their relatively younger counterparts. Therefore, older adults should not be treated as a homogenous group when considering disaster preparedness. Rather, policies and interventions to improve disaster preparedness may benefit from focusing on specific high vulnerability groups.

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Yong, An Gie, Louise Lemyre, Celine Pinsent, and Daniel Krewski. "Risk Perception and Disaster Preparedness in Immigrants and Canadian-Born Adults: Analysis of a National Survey on Similarities and Differences." Risk Analysis 37, no. 12 (March 17, 2017): 2321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12797.

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Heslop, David J. "Disaster preparedness to exotic and emerging infections." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 3 (2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20032.

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Exotic and emerging infectious diseases are emerging more frequently, and impacting more profoundly, all of humanity. Disasters risk reduction efforts over the preceding decades, culminating in the Hyogo and Sendai frameworks, have provided a roadmap for all countries to address emerging disaster related risks. Sudden onset or surprise epidemics of exotic or emerging diseases have the potential to exceed the adaptive capacity of countries and international efforts and lead to widespread unmitigated pandemics with severe flow on impacts. In this article pandemic preparedness is viewed through the lens of international disaster risk reduction and preparedness efforts. Preparing for the unknown or unexpected infectious disease crisis requires different approaches than the traditional approaches to disaster related epidemic events. Countries must be able to position themselves optimally through deliberate planning and preparation to a position where future exotic or emerging infections can be managed without overwhelming public health, and other societal resources.

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Karlsson, Sofia, Britt-Inger Saveman, Magnus Hultin, Ulf Björnstig, and Lina Gyllencreutz. "Preparedness for peer first response to mining emergencies resulting in injuries: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e036094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036094.

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ObjectiveIdentify factors of preparedness for peer first response to underground mining emergencies with injured victims.DesignCross-sectional questionnaire study of Swedish underground mineworkers.SettingSeven out of nine Swedish underground mines.ParticipantsA total of 741 mineworkers out of 1022 (73%) participated in this study.InterventionsNone.Outcome measuresLevel of preparedness for emergencies with injuries in underground mines.ResultsThree factors influenced the preparedness of mineworkers for a peer first response: (1) familiarity with rescue procedures during emergencies with injuries; (2) risk perception of emergencies with injuries and (3) experience of using self-protective and first aid equipment. Mineworkers who believed that they knew how to handle emergencies with injuries (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.38) and those who were trained in the use of self-protective and first aid equipment (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.32) considered themselves to be better prepared for a peer first response than those who were unfamiliar with the rescue procedures or who had not used self-protective and first aid equipment. However, mineworkers who rated the risk for emergencies with injuries as high considered themselves to be less prepared than those who rated the risk as low (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.98).ConclusionThis study identified three factors that were important for the peer-support preparedness of underground mineworkers. More research is needed to adapt and contextualise first aid courses to the needs of underground peer responders.

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Goniewicz, Krzysztof, Mariusz Goniewicz, Frederick M. Burkle, and Amir Khorram-Manesh. "Cohort research analysis of disaster experience, preparedness, and competency-based training among nurses." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): e0244488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244488.

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Introduction It is expected that in unforeseen situations, nurses will provide appropriate medical interventions, using their expertise and skills to reduce the risks associated with the consequences of disasters. Consequently, it is crucial that they are properly prepared to respond to such difficult circumstances. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the basic competences of nurses in disasters. Materials and methods The survey was directed to 468 nurses from all medical centres in Lublin. IBM SPSS Statistics version 23 was used for statistical analyses, frequency analysis, basic descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. The classical statistical significance level was adopted as α = 0.05. Results Based on the logistic regression analysis, it was found that work experience, workplace preparedness, as well as training and experience in disaster response are important predictors of preparedness. Conclusions These findings indicate that the nurses' core competencies for these incidents can be improved through education and training programmes which increase their preparedness for disasters. Nurses are among the most important groups of healthcare professionals facing a disaster and should be involved in all phases of disaster management, such as risk assessment and pre-disaster planning, response during crisis situations and risks’ mitigation throughout the reconstruction period.

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Goniewicz, Krzysztof, Mariusz Goniewicz, Frederick M. Burkle, and Amir Khorram-Manesh. "Cohort research analysis of disaster experience, preparedness, and competency-based training among nurses." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): e0244488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244488.

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Introduction It is expected that in unforeseen situations, nurses will provide appropriate medical interventions, using their expertise and skills to reduce the risks associated with the consequences of disasters. Consequently, it is crucial that they are properly prepared to respond to such difficult circumstances. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the basic competences of nurses in disasters. Materials and methods The survey was directed to 468 nurses from all medical centres in Lublin. IBM SPSS Statistics version 23 was used for statistical analyses, frequency analysis, basic descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. The classical statistical significance level was adopted as α = 0.05. Results Based on the logistic regression analysis, it was found that work experience, workplace preparedness, as well as training and experience in disaster response are important predictors of preparedness. Conclusions These findings indicate that the nurses' core competencies for these incidents can be improved through education and training programmes which increase their preparedness for disasters. Nurses are among the most important groups of healthcare professionals facing a disaster and should be involved in all phases of disaster management, such as risk assessment and pre-disaster planning, response during crisis situations and risks’ mitigation throughout the reconstruction period.

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Kollek, Daniel. "Canadian emergency department preparedness for a nuclear, biological or chemical event." CJEM 5, no. 01 (January 2003): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s148180350000806x.

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ABSTRACTSince the terror attacks of September 11th, emergency departments across North America have become more aware of the need to be prepared to deal with a mass casualty terror event, particularly one involving nuclear, biological or chemical contaminants. The effects of such an attack could also be mimicked by accidental release of toxic chemicals, radioactive substances or biological agents unrelated to terrorist activity.The purpose of this study was to review the risks and characteristics of these events and to assess the preparedness of Canadian emergency departments to respond. This was done by means of a survey, which showed a significant risk of a mass casualty event (most likely chemical) coupled with a deficiency in preparedness — most notably in the availability of appropriate equipment, antidotal therapy and decontamination capability. There were also significant deficiencies in the ability to respond to a major biologic or nuclear event.

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Wu, Guochun, Ziqiang Han, Weijin Xu, and Yue Gong. "Mapping individuals' earthquake preparedness in China." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 5 (May 14, 2018): 1315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1315-2018.

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Abstract. Disaster preparedness is critical for reducing potential impact. This paper contributes to current knowledge of disaster preparedness using representative national sample data from China, which faces high earthquake risks in many areas of the country. The adoption of earthquake preparedness activities by the general public, including five indicators of material preparedness and five indicators of awareness preparedness, were surveyed and 3245 respondents from all 31 provinces of Mainland China participated in the survey. Linear regression models and logit regression models were used to analyze the effects of potential influencing factors. Overall, the preparedness levels are not satisfied, with a material preparation score of 3.02 (1–5), and awareness preparation score of 2.79 (1–5), nationally. Meanwhile, residents from western China, which has higher earthquake risk, have higher degrees of preparedness. The concern for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and the concern for building safety and participation in public affairs are consistent positive predictors of both material and awareness preparedness. The demographic and socioeconomic variables' effects, such as gender, age, education, income, urban/rural division, and building size, vary according to different preparedness activities. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the theoretical contribution and potential implementation.

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Ghimire, B., K. Bhujel, and K. Rijal. "Fire hazard zonation of Bardia National Park, Nepal: A disaster preparedness approach." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 2 (December 8, 2014): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v2i0.22738.

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This study was focused to prepare fire hazard map of Bardia National Park (BNP) through fire hazard zonation model. BNP is located at western Terai (lowland plains) of Nepal. The model was prepared by using four sub-models. The sub-models were prepared by considering nine parameters selected on the basis of their significance in fire risk assessments and their data availability. Remotely sensed data and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used during model preparation and validation process. The output map from the model was validated using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) active fire points (2001- May 2014) within BNP. Very high fire risk areas were identified along southern boundary; Northeast and Northwest part of the park covering about 5% of the park area. Similarly, about 31% of the park area was identified as high risk zone and 31.43% area of BNP was identified as medium risk zone. MODIS active fire data was very useful for validation process that showed proportionate result with the area coverage of predicted risk classes. The validation result suggests that this prepared model can be used to prepare fire hazard zonation maps and preparedness plans of areas similar to BNP. The plans to prevent and control wildfire in BNP should be focused on high risk areas through preparedness initiatives, awareness activities and capacity building of fire fighting team. Reducing surface fuel load and fuel continuity during pre-fire season (Dec-Feb) in general and particularly during February shall reduce fire occurrences and its damage to a great extent.

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Young, Jacobus. "The use of key risk indicators by banks as an operational risk management tool: A South African perspective." Corporate Ownership and Control 9, no. 3 (2012): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i3c1art2.

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The use of key risk indicators as a management tool is one of the requirements for the calculation of a bank’s operational risk capital charge. This article provides insight into the use of key risk indicators as an operational risk management tool by South African banks and indicates their level of preparedness to comply with the criteria. The results of a questionnaire aimed at junior and middle management indicated that banks are not suitably prepared to implement a key risk indicator management process and have a general lack of understanding of the underlying theory and concept of the criteria to use key risk indicators. The advantages of using key risk indicators are not fully exploited and more benefits can be realised by raising awareness in this regard.

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Schnall, DrPH, Amy Helene, Stephanie Kieszak, MA, MPH, Harry J. Heiman, MD, MPH, Tesfaye Bayleyegn, MD, MPH, Johnni Daniel, PhD, Arianna Hanchey, MPH, and Christine Stauber, PhD. "Characterizing household emergency preparedness levels for natural disasters during the COVID-19 pandemic: United States, 2020-2021." Journal of Emergency Management 21, no. 7 (February 28, 2023): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0737.

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Introduction: It is vital that households are prepared for a natural disaster to help mitigate potential negative impacts. Our goal was to characterize United States household preparedness on a national level to guide next steps to better prepare for and respond to disasters during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We added 10 questions to the existing Porter Novelli’s ConsumerStyles surveys in fall 2020 (N = 4,548) and spring 2021 (N = 6,455) to examine factors that contribute to overall household preparedness levels.Results: Being married (odds ratio (OR), 1.2), having children in the home (OR, 1.5), and having a household income of $150,000 or more (OR, 1.2) are all associated with increased preparedness levels. Those in the Northeast are least likely to be prepared (OR, 0.8). Persons living in mobile homes, Recreational Vehicles, boats, or vans are half as likely to have preparedness plans compared to those living in single family homes (OR, 0.6).Conclusions: As a nation, there is much work to be done in terms of preparedness to reach performance measure targets of 80 percent. These data can help inform response planning and the updating of communication resources such as websites, fact sheets, and other materials to reach a wide audience of disaster epidemiologists, emergency managers, and the public.

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