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Готові списки джерел за темами / RIGID BRONCHOSCOPY / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "RIGID BRONCHOSCOPY"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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1

Sowder, Justin C., Mar Janna Dahl, Kaitlin R. Zuspan, Kurt H. Albertine, Donald M. Null, Mitchell D. Barneck, and J. Fredrik Grimmer. "Effect of Heliox on Respiratory Outcomes during Rigid Bronchoscopy in Term Lambs." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 159, no. 1 (March 7, 2018): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599818763067.

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Objective To (1) compare physiologic changes during rigid bronchoscopy during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation and (2) evaluate the efficacy of a helium-oxygen (heliox) gas mixture as compared with room air during rigid bronchoscopy. Study Design Crossover animal study evaluating physiologic parameters during rigid bronchoscopy. Outcomes were compared with predicted computational fluid analysis. Setting Simulated ventilation via computational fluid dynamics analysis and term lambs undergoing rigid bronchoscopy. Methods Respiratory and physiologic outcomes were analyzed in a lamb model simulating bronchoscopy during foreign body aspiration to compare heliox with room air. The main outcome measures were blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure, partial pressure of oxygen, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed with SOLIDWORKS within a rigid pediatric bronchoscope during simulated ventilation comparing heliox with room air. Results For room air, lambs desaturated within 3 minutes during mechanical ventilation versus normal oxygen saturation during spontaneous ventilation ( P = .01). No improvement in respiratory outcomes was seen between heliox and room air during mechanical ventilation. Computational fluid dynamics analysis demonstrates increased turbulence within size 3.5 bronchoscopes when comparing heliox and room air. Meaningful comparisons could not be made due to the intolerance of the lambs to heliox in vivo. Conclusion During mechanical ventilation on room air, lambs desaturate more quickly during rigid bronchoscopy on settings that should be adequate. Heliox does not improve ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy.

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2

Cortese, Denis A. "Rigid versus Flexible Bronchoscope in Laser Bronchoscopy Pro Rigid Bronchoscopic Laser Application." Journal of Bronchology 1, no. 1 (January 1994): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00128594-199401000-00016.

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3

Bhat, K. V., J. S. Hegde, U. S. Nagalotimath, and G. C. Patil. "Evaluation of computed tomography virtual bronchoscopy in paediatric tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 124, no. 8 (April 29, 2010): 875–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215110000769.

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AbstractObjective:Virtual bronchoscopy is a noninvasive technique which provides an intraluminal view of the tracheobronchial tree. This study aimed to evaluate this technique in comparison with rigid bronchoscopy, in paediatric patients with tracheobronchial foreign bodies undetected by plain chest radiography.Methods:Plain chest radiography was initially performed in 40 children with suspected foreign body aspiration. Computed tomography virtual bronchoscopy was performed in the 20 in whom chest radiography appeared normal. Virtual bronchoscopic images were obtained. All patients underwent rigid bronchoscopy performed by an otolaryngologist blinded to the computed tomography virtual bronchoscopy findings, within 24 hours. Virtual bronchoscopic findings were then compared with the results of rigid bronchoscopy.Results:In 12 patients, foreign bodies detected by virtual bronchoscopy were confirmed by rigid bronchoscopy. In one case, a mucous plug was perceived as a foreign body on virtual bronchoscopy. In another case, a minute foreign body was missed on virtual bronchoscopy. The following parameters were calculated: sensitivity, 92.3 per cent; specificity, 85.7 per cent; validity, 90 per cent; positive likelihood ratio, 6.45; and negative likelihood ratio, 0.089.Conclusion:In the presence of a positive clinical diagnosis and negative chest radiography, computed tomography virtual bronchoscopy must be considered in all cases of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration, in order to avoid needless rigid bronchoscopy. Computed tomography virtual bronchoscopy is particularly useful in screening cases of occult foreign body aspiration, as it has high sensitivity, specificity and validity.

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4

Reyes-Quintos, Maria Rina T. "Pediatric Rigid Bronchoscopy for Foreign Body Removal." Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 24, no. 1 (June 15, 2009): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v24i1.719.

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Анотація:

Rigid bronchoscopy is a procedure that is performed in order to directly visualize the upper and lower airway, and is carried out for either a diagnostic or therapeutic purpose. Suspected foreign body (FB) aspiration is the most common indication for performing this procedure in the pediatric age group at the Philippine Children’s Medical Center where a recent census (May 2008 to April 2009) showed that of 21 cases where rigid bronchoscopy was performed, 10 were for suspected FB aspiration. A review of 101 cases in the same institution showed that the average age of patients with FB aspiration was 2 years and the most common item aspirated was a peanut followed by the atis (sweetsop) seed and chicken bone chips. The most common inorganic foreign body was an earring and “whistle” (which broke off from a toy).1 It is more common in males probably because of their usually more active nature and is frequently found in the right mainstem bronchus, where the FB more easily lodges - being straighter, shorter and wider in diameter. FBs are life-threatening events in children that require early diagnosis and prompt successful management.2 A good history, physical examination and analysis of diagnostic tests are vital in every situation. In most cases, the child’s aspiration of the foreign object is a witnessed event 3 and this history of aspiration is the most sensitive diagnostic tool. The main symptoms include choking, prolonged cough, and dyspnea. Abnormal physical examination findings are found in 67% to 80% of cases and include unilaterally decreased breath sounds, wheezing and stridor.2, 4 Radiographic procedures may show abnormal findings in only about 68-86% of cases.4 5 The most useful radiographs requested are the chest posteroanterior (anteroposterior in infants and small children) and lateral views which may help localize the impaction site when the object aspirated is radiopaque.3 However, most inhaled FBs are radiolucent, and their presence can be suspected by obtaining inspiration and expiration views to demonstrate unilateral hyperinflation. Other suggestive features include atelectasis, pneumothorax and pneumonia. These indirect radiologic features of FB inhalation are present in 76% of cases.2, Where inspiration and expiration views cannot be obtained, as in very young children, left and right decubitus views may be helpful. 6 Fluoroscopic studies may also be obtained along with the plain radiographs, however, specificity and sensitivity are not very high.4 Virtual bronchoscopy may also be used in patients with suspected FB aspiration. Virtual bronchoscopy which uses multislice computerized tomography (MDCT) with realistic 3-dimensional reconstruction may be helpful in detecting and localizing the FB prior to any surgical procedure and thus decreasing the number of patients needing diagnostic bronchoscopies.7 Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy under local anesthesia and premedication may also be performed in cases of suspected FB aspiration wherein clinical and radiologic findings are not consistent with FB aspiration. When no FB is visualized, the patient is saved a rigid bronchoscopic procedure under general anesthesia.8 Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy is also used therapeutically to remove FBs in the bronchus, however, successful removal is more common with rigid bronchoscopy. All the necessary instruments needed for the procedure must be prepared. As much as possible 2 of each instrument are prepared: 2 bronchoscopes (one estimated from the age and size of the child and one smaller than that – just in case!), 2 suction devices (if one gets clogged up, the other one is ready) and 2 forceps. The peanut forceps is ideal, not only for peanuts but usually for other nuts as well; the alligator forceps is useful for relatively flat foreign bodies; while the “jaw type” forceps appears to be useful for everything else.9 The instruments are then tried, to check if they are in working order before commencement of anesthesia. This involves checking the transparency of the glass window plug, ensuring that the light source and the proximal prismatic light deflector are both illuminating, and trying out all the forceps and suction tips. It is best to try the instruments on an object similar to what the child aspirated.3 The surgical assistant, nurse and instruments are usually on the right (if the surgeon is right-handed) and anesthesiologist on the left. The suction and bronchoscope are then made ready. Knowledge of the anatomy of the tracheobronchial tree is imperative to be able to navigate through this area while looking for the FB. The use of optical forceps with mounted rod-lens telescopes has made the removal of airway FBs simpler, quicker and safer. These new devices have led to decreased complication rates and fewer missed or incomplete FB removals. While access to FBs located in the distal small segmental bronchi especially in very young children may be limited with the use of optical forceps,10 this can be overcome by removal of the connecting bridge to allow the optical forceps to be passed distal to the tip of the bronchoscope. An anesthesiologist familiar with the procedure must be called in. It is very important to have discussed the case and the procedure with the anesthesiologist prior to the operation to minimize confusion and promote harmony. Most anesthesiologists have become at ease with giving intravenous general anesthesia which circumvents the use of potentially noxious gases. Assisted spontaneous ventilation can avoid the need for muscle relaxation and paralysis so that the wake-up time is shortened. Intravenous general anesthesia with propofol and assisted spontaneous ventilation is currently the frequently used anesthetic technique for rigid bronchoscopy although volatile agents and gases are still used.11,12 The patient is placed supine on the operating table. A shoulder roll is not required. After induction of anesthesia, the patient is hyperventilated to 100% oxygen saturation to take full advantage of operating time.3 A topical anesthetic (lidocaine or tetracaine) is sprayed into the laryngeal area and distally into the trachea to lessen stimulus and pain, thus lowering the level of the anesthetic agent used and minimizing the possible occurrence of laryngospasm after the procedure.12 The state of dentition is inspected and a tooth guard placed over the upper teeth. Although it is possible to do bronchoscopy directly without using a laryngoscope, it is more expedient to use the laryngoscope (with the left hand) to visualize the larynx. The assistant (most likely the ORL resident but occasionally, a nurse) hands over the bronchoscope (to the right hand) without the glass window plug initially (because it may fog up or fall off) and the bronchoscope is inserted by looking through the bronchoscope as it passes through the larynx. Rotating the bronchoscope by 900 (with the axis of the lip in the anteroposterior axis of the glottis chink) is often useful for easier bronchoscopic insertion.2 Never force the bronchoscope into the larynx – if there is difficulty, reposition the laryngoscope to better visualize the larynx. Where exposure of the larynx is adequate, inability to pass the bronchoscope may be due to the bronchoscope lip hitting a vocal fold instead of entering the glottic chink. Another possibility is that the bronchoscope is too large to fit through a narrowed subglottis. The laryngoscope is removed once the bronchoscope has been inserted and the anesthesiologist connects the anesthetic tube to the standard 15-mm adapter of the bronchoscope and the glass window plug is inserted (this is again removed when the forceps is introduced or suctioning needed). A 0o telescope of the appropriate size may be inserted at this time or even during the initial insertion of the bronchoscope. The left hand is placed over the tooth guard and the thumb and index finger are used to support the bronchoscope being held in the right hand, much like a billiard cue. The left thumb lifts the bronchoscope off the tooth guard to enable the bronchoscope to be advanced without resistance. The bronchoscope is advanced slowly, always ensuring that the lumen is clearly in view, and suctioning whenever needed. Once the carina is seen, the main bronchus, where the FB is likely to be located, is then entered. Turn the head to the left to enable passage into the right main bronchus, and then to the right to enter the left main bronchus. Some degree of neck flexion can also be helpful in aligning the main bronchus. The bronchoscope is advanced until it is as near as possible to the FB to allow accurate suction of secretions so that the surgeon can determine how best to orient the forceps during application. The bronchoscope is then slightly withdrawn to allow the forceps to be freely inserted beyond the bronchoscope. The forceps are opened as widely as possible as this stretches the airway walls and allows the foreign body to fall into the jaws of the forceps which is then firmly grasped. Care must be taken not to push the FB further down the airway. If the FB fits through the bronchoscope, then it is pulled right through without removing the bronchoscope. However, if the FB does not fit through the bronchoscope, then the bronchoscope has to be withdrawn with the FB trailing behind held by the forceps. It is important to keep your eyes (and hands) on the bronchoscope and forceps at all times. The FB may become caught in the larynx or dropped into the trachea, causing complete airway obstruction. This possibility should always be anticipated and equipment be able to deal with this needs to be readily at hand. To prevent the FB being lost at the laryngeal inlet, the bevel of the bronchoscope is moved around over the FB by rotating the bronchoscope 900 and the bronchoscope is slightly tilted down at this area. A firm grip on the forceps with the FB must be maintained and hopefully, it is still there when the forceps is removed from the oral cavity. If the FB has been removed from the tracheo-broncial tree, but is not found in the forceps, the naso-oro-hypo pharynx should be checked in addition to a repeat bronchoscopy. All throughout the procedure, it is imperative to listen to the sound of the oxygen saturation monitor for signs of desaturation and to inquire from the anesthesiologist regarding the condition of the patient. If desaturation occurs, the bronchoscope is moved back out of the bronchus and into the trachea to allow the anestheshiologist to ventilate the patient through the bronchoscope adaptor. If this is due to a large FB that slipped while in the trachea, then, the FB must be removed right away or pushed back into the bronchus to regain the airway. Once the FB is removed , a second bronchoscopic examination is done to check for any pooling of secretions or blood that may need to be suctioned or for any remnant of the FB- which may have accidentally separated from the bigger piece- that has to be retrieved. Small pieces can often be removed by suctioning. Rarely, a tracheostomy may have to be performed for a FB that, during extraction, will not fit through the laryngeal inlet. Tracheotomy is performed while the bronchoscope is in place and with the forceps grasping the FB. The FB is extracted through the tracheostoma. Afterwards, tracheostoma is closed with sutures and regular wound care is initiated. If the procedure took less that an hour with minimal trauma, then the child is assisted with ventilation until he/she recovers full spontaneous respiration. A dose ofteroids may also be given (I.V. Dexamethasone, 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg; maximum, 20 mg). The patient is brought to the post-anesthesia room and observed. Delayed diagnosis and intervention (24 hours or more) were found to be related to higher complication rates such as recurrent or chronic pulmonary infections and prolonged hospital stay. 13 Thus the need for early diagnosis and treatment of cases with suspected FB aspiration.

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5

Marzo, Sam J., and Andrew J. Hotaling. "Trade-off between Airway Resistance and Optical Resolution in Pediatric Rigid Bronchoscopy." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 104, no. 4 (April 1995): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949510400405.

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Contemporary pediatric rigid bronchoscopy reflects the culmination of years of work by prominent endoscopists aided by technical developments in optical physics and refinements in optical lens manufacturing. Improved neonatal and pediatric care has allowed survival of premature infants, many with bronchopulmonary diseases. Rigid bronchoscopy in these infants is demanding and has necessitated the development of miniaturized telescopic bronchoscopes. This study documents airway pressures through bronchoscopes with and without endoscopic telescopes, analyzes and quantitates optical resolution, discusses the trade-offs between these instruments in airway resistance and optical resolution, and makes recommendations regarding which combinations of endoscopes and bronchoscopes provide the best resistance and resolution profiles. We conclude that the size 1.9-mm endoscopic telescope provides the most favorable resistance and resolution profile for the size 2.5 to 3.0 bronchoscopes, the 2.8-mm telescope is ideal for the 3.5 bronchoscope, and the 4.0-mm telescope works best with the 4.0 and larger bronchoscopes. Furthermore, optical forceps and side-channel forceps used during bronchial foreign body removal cause little change in airway resistance.

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6

Fitri, Fachzi, and M. Rusli Pulungan. "EKTRAKSI BENDA ASING (KACANG TANAH) DI BRONKUS DENGAN BRONKOSKOP KAKU." Majalah Kedokteran Andalas 35, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22338/mka.v35.i1.p68-80.2011.

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AbstrakAspirasi benda asing merupakan keadaan emergensi yang memerlukan penanganan segera untuk mencegah komplikasi yang serius. Lebih dari 50% kasus aspirasi benda asing terjadi pada anak usia kurang dari 3 tahun. Aspirasi benda asing paling sering adalah kacang tanah. Diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan anamnesis, Pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan radiologi dan bronkoskopi. Bronkoskop kaku merupakan pilihan untuk pengangkatan benda asing pada anak.Dilaporkan satu kasus benda asing tiga kacang tanah di bronkus utama kanan pada seorang anak perempuan umur 2 tahun yang berhasil diangkat dengan tindakan bronkoskopi menggunakan bronkoskop kaku.Kata kunci : Aspirasi benda asing, bronskopi, bronkoskop kaku.AbstractForeign body aspiration is an emergency condition that needs early treatment to prevent serious complication. More than 50% foreign body aspiration cases occur among children younger than 3 years. The most common aspirated item was a peanut. Diagnosis is based on anamnesis, physical examination, radiology finding and bronchoscopy. Rigid bronchoscopee is a procedure of choice for removing foreign body in children.A case foreign body (three peanuts) in the right main bronchus 2 years old girl which was successfully removed using rigid bronchoscopee was reported.Key word : Foreign body aspiration, bronchoscopy, rigid bronchoscope

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7

TAHIR, MUHAMMAD, MUHAMMAD ALI BHATTI, and AMEER ABDULLAH. "RIGID BRONCHOSCOPY." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 03 (September 10, 2011): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.03.2355.

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Objectives: To evaluate foreign bodies in tracheobronchial tree and effectiveness of the therapeutic use of rigid bronchoscopy in a tertiary care setting. Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and duration of study. This study was carried out at Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi from June 2006 to June 2010. Patients and methods: This descriptive study was designed to evaluate the foreign bodies in tracheobronchial tree & effectiveness of the use of rigid bronchoscopy in a tertiary care setting. Sixty two patients underwent initial evaluation by ENT consultants and senior registrars followed by management with rigid bronchoscopy. Results: The most commonly affected age group was under 4 years. Male to female ratio was 3:1. Right main bronchus was affected in 51.61% cases. Most of the foreign bodies removed were organic in nature in 90.32% cases. The success rate for removal with rigid bronchoscopy was achieved in 98.39% cases, with fewer complications and no mortality Conclusions: It may be concluded from this study that early diagnosis & management is essential to prevent morbidity & mortality associated with foreign bodies. Rigid bronchoscopy is the most effective procedure for the removal of foreign bodies in tracheobronchial tree.

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8

Helmers, Richard A., and David R. Sanderson. "RIGID BRONCHOSCOPY." Clinics in Chest Medicine 16, no. 3 (September 1995): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-5231(21)00995-3.

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9

Peralta, A., Labib Debiane, Michael Simoff, and Javier Diaz-Mendoza. "Rigid Bronchoscopy." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 39, no. 06 (December 2018): 674–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676647.

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AbstractRigid bronchoscopy is one of the oldest medical techniques used in the respiratory and thoracic fields. Even though its use declined after the development of flexible bronchoscopy, it has again gained importance with the growth of interventional pulmonology, becoming a critical technique taught as part of the training in this subspecialty. The therapeutic advantages compared to other approaches of thoracic pathologies makes rigid bronchoscopy a primary component in the present and future of interventional pulmonary medicine.

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10

Turner, Francis J., Armin Ernst, and Heinrich D. Becker. "Rigid Bronchoscopy." Journal of Bronchology 7, no. 2 (April 2000): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00128594-200007020-00015.

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11

Kvale, Paul A. "Rigid Bronchoscopy." Journal of Bronchology 10, no. 3 (July 2003): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00128594-200307000-00002.

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12

Drummond, Marta, Adriana Magalhães, Venceslau Hespanhol, and Agostinho Marques. "Rigid Bronchoscopy." Journal of Bronchology 10, no. 3 (July 2003): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00128594-200307000-00003.

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13

Alraiyes, Abdul, and Michael Machuzak. "Rigid Bronchoscopy." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 35, no. 06 (December 2, 2014): 671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1395500.

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14

Dutau, Hervé, Thomas Vandemoortele, and David P. Breen. "Rigid Bronchoscopy." Clinics in Chest Medicine 34, no. 3 (September 2013): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2013.04.003.

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15

Eliçora, Aykut, Hüseyin Fatih Sezer, Galbinur Abdullayev, Adil Avcı, and Salih Topçu. "Accidental Foreign Body Aspiration Through Tracheostomy Inlet; 26 cases." Archives of Iranian Medicine 25, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/aim.2022.50.

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Background: Foreign body aspiration from tracheostomy is very rare, and materials related to tracheostomy are usually aspirated. This condition, which can lead to serious complications, can be treated using bronchoscopic procedures. In this study, we aimed to present our clinical experience in foreign body aspiration via tracheostomy. Methods: Data from 26 patients who presented to our hospital for foreign body aspiration via tracheostomy from 2006 to 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Foreign bodies were removed by fiber optic bronchoscopy in 15 (57.7%) cases, by rigid bronchoscopy in 9 (34.6%) cases and both methods were used in 2 (7.7%) cases. During bronchoscopy, local anesthetic procedures were used in 13 (50%) cases and general anesthesia was used in 11 (42.3%) cases. No anesthesia was used in two (7.7%) patients who underwent bronchoscopy under intensive care conditions. While the mean operative time for flexible bronchoscopy was 8.77±0.83 (CI: 26.03–29.43) minutes, the mean operative time for rigid bronchoscopy was 27.73±2.53 (CI: 26.03–29.43) minutes. Conclusion: Both rigid bronchoscopy and fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) have advantages and disadvantages in foreign body removal. In our opinion, it is more reasonable to perform fiber optic bronchoscopy first in patients with a tracheostoma. In the light of our experiences, fiber optic bronchoscopy does not require general anesthesia and the operation time is shorter than rigid bronchoscopy. This feature makes fiber optic bronchoscopy advantageous.

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Choi, J., H. Dharmarajan, J. Yu, K. A. Dunsky, T. J. Vece, E. H. Chiou, and J. Ongkasuwan. "Diagnostic flexible versus rigid bronchoscopy for the assessment of tracheomalacia in children." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 132, no. 12 (December 2018): 1083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215118002050.

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AbstractObjectiveThis project compares the degree of tracheal collapse determined by rigid and flexible bronchoscopy in paediatric patients with tracheomalacia.MethodsA total of nine patients with tracheomalacia underwent both rigid and flexible video bronchoscopy. All patients were breathing spontaneously. Cross-sectional images of the airway were processed using the ImageJ program and analysed via colour histogram mode technique in order to delineate the luminal area. Paired t-tests (conducted using Stata software version 13.0) quantified differences between rigid and flexible bronchoscopes regarding the ratios of luminal pixels at maximum airway collapse to expansion. Correlation between both techniques in terms of airway collapse to expansion ratios was determined by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient (R).ResultsThe difference in ratios of maximum collapse to expansion between rigid and flexible bronchoscopy was not statistically significant (p = 0.4656) and was positively correlated (R = 0.523).ConclusionThe ratios suggest that rigid and flexible bronchoscopy are equally efficacious in assessing tracheomalacia severity, and may be used interchangeably in a clinical setting.

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Unger, Michael. "Rigid versus Flexible Bronchoscope in Laser Bronchoscopy Pro Flexible Bronchoscopic Laser Application." Journal of Bronchology 1, no. 1 (January 1994): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00128594-199401000-00015.

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18

Moslehi, Mohammad Ashkan. "Failures in emergency management of pediatric airway foreign bodies by rigid bronchoscopy: we have yet to complete our learning." World Journal of Pediatric Surgery 5, no. 2 (February 2022): e000321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/wjps-2021-000321.

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BackgroundSeveral children are affected by airway foreign body aspiration (FBA) resulting from life-threatening conditions. Choking has been considered the major symptom and is defined as airway blockage by a foreign body (FB), leading to marked morbidity or mortality. This retrospective study indicates the possibility of misdiagnosis or rigid bronchoscope (RB) failure, which is the standard gold method for extracting FB in the airway.MethodsSix children with airway FBA who failed treatment using RB between 2018 and 2019 were retrospectively studied. The inclusion criterion was a history of failure to extract FB using RB followed by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB).ResultsIn the present study, among 63 patients who had undergone rigid bronchoscopy, airway FBs were successfully removed in 57 (90.48%). Rigid bronchoscopy failed in 6 (9.52%) patients. The age of cases at the time of bronchoscopy ranged from 11 months to 13 years. FFB was performed to extract missing or remaining FBs and was done successfully in all patients. The patients made an uneventful recovery following FB extraction using the FFB method.ConclusionsIt is not easy to diagnose and treat airway FB in children. Rigid bronchoscopy has been approved as a method to manage airway FB, but a negative bronchoscopy result must usually be interpreted carefully. FFB is applicable as a proper and relatively safe diagnostic and therapeutic tool in managing airway FBs among the pediatric population, especially in cases where rigid bronchoscopy was performed but missed or failed to extract the FB.

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Shulman, Mark S., and Irving M. Madoff. "Rigid bronchoscopy revisited." Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 5, no. 3 (June 1991): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1053-0770(91)90314-j.

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20

Nawabi, Sultan, Jean-Louis Frossard, Jerome Plojoux, and Christoph Czarnetzki. "Endoscopic control of gastric emptying after administration of intravenous erythromycin in an awake patient scheduled for urgent rigid bronchoscopy." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 2 (February 2019): e228049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228049.

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Certain interventional pulmonology procedures such as the placement of a tracheal stent or resection of stenosing tracheal tumours require rigid bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia. Unlike an endotracheal tube with a cuff, the rigid bronchoscope only partially protects the airway from bronchoaspiration. For this reason, this procedure is performed on an elective basis in fasted patients. We describe the case of a 60-year-old man with acute respiratory distress requiring emergent rigid bronchoscopy following distal migration of a tracheal stent. One hour before the procedure, the patient had eaten a full meal. Gastric emptying was accelerated by perfusion of intravenous erythromycin and verified by endoscopy with a small diameter gastric endoscope under local anaesthesia. This 1 min procedure was very well tolerated by the patient and allowed to verify with certainty that the stomach was empty. The urgent rigid bronchoscopy for stent retrieval could then be performed safely without any risk of bronchoaspiration.

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Bain, Alexandra, Althea Barthos, Victor Hoffstein, and Jane Batt. "Foreign-Body Aspiration in the Adult: Presentation and Management." Canadian Respiratory Journal 20, no. 6 (2013): e98-e99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/754121.

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Nonasphyxiating foreign-body aspiration in adults can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are nonspecific and chest x-rays may be normal due to organic composition of the foreign bodies. The diagnosis is often made via flexible bronchoscopy; however, debate remains as to whether rigid or flexible bronchoscopy is the optimal method of extraction. The authors describe a patient who was initially referred for assessment of a calcified left mainstem bronchus mass identified only on computed tomography scan of the thorax. The patient underwent flexible bronchoscopy and was discovered to have a bone fragment wedged in the bronchus for a duration of 22 years, which was successfully removed via rigid bronchoscope.

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Kulkarni, Gauri, and Saurabh Ambadekar. "Study of Clinicoradiological Profile of Patients Undergoing Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy." MVP Journal of Medical Sciences 4, no. 1 (May 22, 2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/mvpjms/0/v0/i0/15609.

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Introduction: Bronchoscopy is a procedure to visualize the tracheobronchial tree. There are three types of Bronchoscopy, rigid, flexible, and virtual Bronchoscopy. Rigid bronchoscopy visualizes the proximal airways. Flexible bronchoscopy is the most common type of bronchoscopy. It visualizes the trachea, proximal airways, and segmental airways up to the third generation of branching and can be used to sample and treat lesions in those airways. Flexible bronchoscopy is generally performed in a procedure room with conscious sedation. Aims and Objectives: To study the bronchoscopic findings in patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. To study clinical and radiological profile of patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. To correlate the bronchoscopic findings with clinical and radiological profile of patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Methodology: Present study was conducted in the department of Respiratory Medicine of a Medical College and tertiary health centre. A total of 72 patients were included in this study after satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The cases were recruited from the department of Respiratory and the referred cases from other department were also included. Written informed consent was taken from all the patients after explaining complications occurring during and after bronchoscopy. Procedure was done under local anesthesia. Information regarding clinical features and radiological findings were noted in predesigned proforma. Results: In this study 72 patients underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Procedure was done under local anesthesia in all these patients. All these were diagnostic bronchoscopies. The bronchoscopy was done more in male (68.05%) as compared to females (31.94%). Consolidation (43.06%) was most common radiological finding followed by meditational mass lesion (26.39%). The most common finding on bronchoscopy was growth (25%) followed by secretions (22.22%). However in 27.78% patients no bronchoscopic finding was seen; these were patients with subcarinal lymph node, some cases of pneumonias, some cases of bronchiectasis. In those cases where no finding was seen bronchoalveolar lavage was taken. BAL (68 cases) was the most common procedure done, second most common was lung biopsy of the visible growth (21) However biopsy of the visible growth was more accurate with the accuracy rate of 76.91% followed by trans bronchial lung biopsy of the suspected lesion. Bronchoscopy was conclusive to give final diagnosis in 56 out of 72 cases. There was positive correlation between clinicoradiological diagnosis and bronchoscopic diagnosis. In 59.72% cases there was positive correlation between bronchoscopy and clinicoradiological findings.consolidation (43.06%) was most common radiological finding followed by meditational mass lesion (26.39%). Conclusions: Bronchoscopy is an excellent tool for the diagnosis of lung diseases, Radiological and clinical evaluation is very important prior to the bronchoscopy. There is a correlation between clinicoradiological and bronchoscopic diagnosis.A multimodality approach for the diagnosis is always helpful.

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Freitag, Lutz. "Flexible Versus Rigid Bronchoscopic Placement of Tracheobronchial Prostheses (Stents) Pro Rigid Bronchoscopy." Journal of Bronchology 2, no. 3 (July 1995): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00128594-199507000-00015.

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Octavia, Umi, and Ngakan Putra. "Foreign Body Extraction of a Push-pin nail with Granulation Tissue Complication on a Thirteen Years Old Male." Malang Respiratory Journal 3, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.mrj.2021.003.01.2.

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Background : Foreign body aspiration is common in children (80% in children under 5 years old) and elderly. The ratio in men is higher than in women. Flexible bronchoscopy is often used as a primary procedure in such cases because of its high sensitivity and specificity. However, in some cases, rigid bronchoscopy might be superior. This is a case report about a patient who came with complaints of bloody cough and chest pain after the ingestion of a push-pin nail. The patient underwent both bronchoscopic procedures. Case : A 13-year-old male presented with complaints of sudden bloody coughing accompanied by chest pain in the middle area. Physical examinations were unremarkable, but images of spikes suggestive of a foreign object on the left hilus were found at the chest x-ray. A flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed immediately. A push-pin nail, located the left main bronchus with a sharp tip embedded in the mucosa and covered by granulation tissue, was identified. Evacuation attempts were unsuccessful. Rigid bronchoscopy was then performed and evacuation was carried out successfully. The patient was then discharged after forty-eight hours of close monitoring. Conclusion: There are two types of bronchoscopy, flexible and rigid. Both have their respective advantages in the handling of patients with foreign bodies. Acquiring skills in operating both types of bronchoscopy are important for a bronchologist.

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Redleaf, Miriam I., and John J. Fennessy. "Pneumomediastinum after Rigid Bronchoscopy." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 104, no. 12 (December 1995): 955–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949510401207.

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The accumulation of extrapulmonary air is a well-known complication of airway endoscopic procedures. However, pulmonic disease alone can predispose toward pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax, without iatrogenic manipulation. In this case, a portable chest radiograph diagnosed the cause of the sudden accumulation of extrapulmonary air after rigid bronchoscopy as alveolar rupture, rather than iatrogenic airway perforation. The pathophysiology of pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum and the interpretation of chest radiographs in these situations is reviewed.

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Chaddha, Udit, and Septimiu Murgu. "Complications of rigid bronchoscopy." Respirology 26, no. 1 (July 29, 2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/resp.13917.

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Haller, Layla, Constance Barazzone-Argiroffo, Isabelle Vidal, Regula Corbelli, Mehrak Anooshiravani-Dumont, and Anne Mornand. "Safely Decreasing Rigid Bronchoscopies for Foreign-Body Aspiration in Children: An Algorithm for the Emergency Department." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 28, no. 03 (May 23, 2017): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603523.

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Introduction Rigid bronchoscopy was traditionally performed in the management of foreign-body aspiration (FBA). More recently, since development of a less invasive method, flexible bronchoscopy has been proposed in some centers for the management of FBA. For the past few years, we have applied a decisional algorithm, privileging flexible bronchoscopy for diagnosis and, in some cases, for extraction of foreign body (FB). Our aims are first to analyze our current management of FBA and second to examine the bronchoscopic findings and complications. Materials and Methods Retrospective medical chart review of all patients with clinical suspicion of FBA who underwent bronchoscopy (flexible and/or rigid) from 2009 through 2014. Results An FB was found in 23 (33%) of the 70 patients included in the study (45 boys, 25 girls; median age: 21.5 months). Diagnosis of FBA was made on first intention in 22/23 (96%) and extraction was performed in 7/23 (30%) by flexible bronchoscopy. Rigid bronchoscopy was necessary for the extraction of the 16/23 (70%) remaining FBs. The rigid procedure was performed as first intention in only two (3%) patients, and one of the two was negative. Among the clinical signs of FBA, none were > 90% specific except for apnea (100%), but which was poorly sensitive (22%). Seven clinical and radiologic signs were found to be significantly different between FB+ and FB− groups: sudden choking, cyanosis, apnea, decreased breath sounds, atelectasis, mediastinal shift, and air trapping. Conversely, when none of these symptoms or signs and no clear history of sudden choking were present (in 15/70 patients), no FB was found. No life-threatening complications or death were observed. Conclusion Our current management of FBA allows us to avoid almost all negative rigid bronchoscopies. In addition, we identified some symptoms and clinical and radiologic signs whose absence was highly predictive of negative bronchoscopy. We propose a novel algorithm for management of FBA that will help decrease the number of negative bronchoscopies.

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Behera, G., N. Tripathy, Y. K. Maru, R. K. Mundra, Y. Gupta, and M. Lodha. "Role of virtual bronchoscopy in children with a vegetable foreign body in the tracheobronchial tree." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 12 (November 12, 2014): 1078–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215114002837.

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AbstractObjectives:Multidetector computed tomography virtual bronchoscopy is a non-invasive diagnostic tool which provides a three-dimensional view of the tracheobronchial airway. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of virtual bronchoscopy in cases of vegetable foreign body aspiration in children.Methods:The medical records of patients with a history of foreign body aspiration from August 2006 to August 2010 were reviewed. Data were collected regarding their clinical presentation and chest X-ray, virtual bronchoscopy and rigid bronchoscopy findings. Cases of metallic and other non-vegetable foreign bodies were excluded from the analysis. Patients with multidetector computed tomography virtual bronchoscopy showing features of vegetable foreign body were included in the analysis. For each patient, virtual bronchoscopy findings were reviewed and compared with those of rigid bronchoscopy.Results:A total of 60 patients; all children ranging from 1 month to 8 years of age, were included. The mean age at presentation was 2.01 years. Rigid bronchoscopy confirmed the results of multidetector computed tomography virtual bronchoscopy (i.e. presence of foreign body, site of lodgement, and size and shape) in 59 patients. In the remaining case, a vegetable foreign body identified by virtual bronchoscopy was revealed by rigid bronchoscopy to be a thick mucus plug. Thus, the positive predictive value of virtual bronchoscopy was 98.3 per cent.Conclusion:Multidetector computed tomography virtual bronchoscopy is a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for identifying radiolucent vegetable foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree. It can also provide a useful pre-operative road map for rigid bronchoscopy. Patients suspected of having an airway foreign body or chronic unexplained respiratory symptoms should undergo multidetector computed tomography virtual bronchoscopy to rule out a vegetable foreign body in the tracheobronchial tree and avoid general anaesthesia and invasive rigid bronchoscopy.

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Muntz, Harlan R. "Therapeutic Rigid Bronchoscopy in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 94, no. 5 (September 1985): 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948509400509.

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Often the acutely ill neonate requires endoscopic intervention for deteriorating respiratory status in spite of vigorous pulmonary toilet. Although fiberoptic bronchoscopy has been suggested at times, its mechanical airway obstruction would preclude its use in the very sick child. Rigid endoscopy using a ventilating bronchoscope may be safely and effectively used in the neonatal unit for bedside therapy, avoiding the risk of transfer to and from an operating room. Five case studies are presented outlining the indications and utility of this procedure.

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Jawale, Sagar, Parthapratim Gupta, and Bharti Kulkarni. "Rigid ventilating video bronchoscope with forceps for bronchoscopic foreign body removal in children." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 5, no. 4 (June 27, 2019): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20192746.

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<p>Bronchoscopic foreign body removal is a potentially dangerous and challenging procedure in pediatric surgery. bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia is the gold standard of diagnosis and management of foreign body aspiration. A large ventilating channel and better control over the tip of the instrument and cheaper instrument are the merits of rigid bronchoscopy over flexible one. Traditionally a rigid tube alone is used for this purpose which has extreme limitations of vision and it is risky. Foreign body aspiration typically occurs in 6 to 18 month age and the size of glottis is very small at this age. In Indian children who are small and malnourished the large assembly of sheath and telescope mounted forceps does not pass through the glottis. To overcome the limitations of the traditional equipment I designed my own bronchoscopy equipment by my 15 year of experience in bronchoscopy. This type of device is reported for the first time in medical literature and patent is filed for it at Mumbai office.</p><p> </p>

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Kim, Sang Hyuk, Boksoon Chang, Hyun Joo Ahn, Jie Ae Kim, Mikyung Yang, Hojoong Kim, and Byeong-Ho Jeong. "Safety of Rigid Bronchoscopy for Therapeutic Intervention at the Intensive Care Unit Bedside." Medicina 58, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121762.

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Background and Objective: Although rigid bronchoscopy is generally performed in the operating room (OR), the intervention is sometimes emergently required at the intensive care unit (ICU) bedside. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of rigid bronchoscopy at the ICU bedside. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed medical records of patients who underwent rigid bronchoscopy while in the ICU from January 2014 to December 2020. According to the location of rigid bronchoscopic intervention, patients were classified into the ICU group (n = 171, cases emergently performed at the ICU bedside without anesthesiologists) and the OR group (n = 165, cases electively performed in the OR with anesthesiologists). The risk of intra- and post-procedural complications in the ICU group was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression, with the OR group as the reference category. Results: Of 336 patients, 175 (52.1%) were moribund and survival was not expected without intervention, and 170 (50.6%) received invasive respiratory support before the intervention. The most common reasons for intervention were post-intubation tracheal stenosis (39.3%) and malignant airway obstruction (34.5%). Although the overall rate of intra-procedural complications did not differ between the two groups (86.0% vs. 80.6%, p = 0.188), post-procedural complications were more frequent in the ICU group than in the OR group (24.0% vs. 12.1%, p = 0.005). Severe complications requiring unexpected invasive management occurred only post-procedurally and were more common in the ICU group (10.5% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.052). In the fully adjusted model, the ICU group had increased odds for severe post-procedural complications, but statistical significance was not observed (odds ratio, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.73–8.88; p = 0.144). Conclusions: Although general anesthesia is generally considered the gold standard for rigid bronchoscopy, our findings indicate that rigid bronchoscopy may be safely performed at the ICU bedside in selective cases of emergency. Moreover, adequate patient selection and close post-procedural monitoring are required to prevent severe complications.

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Alloubi, Ihsan, Matthieu Thumerel, Hugues Bégueret, Jean-Marc Baste, Jean-François Velly, and Jacques Jougon. "Outcomes after Bronchoscopic Procedures for Primary Tracheobronchial Amyloidosis: Retrospective Study of 6 Cases." Pulmonary Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/352719.

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Respiratory amyloidosis is a rare disease which refers to localized aberrant extracellular protein deposits within the airways. Tracheobronchial amyloidosis (TBA) refers to the deposition of localized amyloid deposits within the upper airways. Treatments have historically focused on bronchoscopic techniques including debridement, laser ablation, balloon dilation, and stent placement. We present the outcomes after rigid bronchoscopy to remove the amyloid protein causing the airway obstruction in 6 cases of tracheobronchial amyloidosis. This is the first report of primary diffuse tracheobronchial amyloidosis in our department; clinical features, in addition to therapy in the treatment of TBA, are reviewed. This paper shows that, in patients with TBA causing airway obstruction, excellent results can be obtained with rigid bronchoscopy and stenting of the obstructing lesion.

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ÖZDEMİR, Cengiz, Sinem Nedime SÖKÜCÜ, Celalettin İbrahim KOCATÜRK, Kaan KARA, Seda TURAL ÖNÜR, Sedat ALTIN, and Levent DALAR. "Are flexible bronchoscopic cryoextraction practices an alternative to rigid bronchoscopy?" Tuberkuloz ve Toraks 67, no. 1 (March 10, 2019): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/tt.67901.

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Rimell, Frank L., Andrew M. Shapiro, Mary T. Mitskavich, Patricia Modreck, J. Christopher Post, and Robert H. Maisel. "Pediatric Fiberoptic Laser Rigid Bronchoscopy." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 114, no. 3 (March 1996): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989670211-5.

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Use of the fiberoptic laser for treatment of tracheobronchial lesions in the adult is well established. However, there is a paucity of experience with the fiberoptic laser in the pediatric airway. Tracheal obstruction caused by granulation tissue or stenosis, as is often seen in children, may be effectively treated with this approach. This article documents the successful use as well as the technologic advantage of the flexible fiberoptic laser systems, primarily the potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser, combined with standard pediatric rigid bronchoscopic equipment in 73 procedures involving 52 children (43 children younger than five years, with an average age of 21 months). Visualization was excellent, assisted or spontaneous ventilation was well maintained, and complications were few.

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Tandon, Amit K. "Rigid bronchoscopy: a general overview." Shanghai Chest 4 (April 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/shc.2019.11.01.

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Grigo, A. S., N. D. P. Hall, A. J. Crerar-Gilbert, and B. P. Madden. "Rigid bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous tracheostomy." British Journal of Anaesthesia 95, no. 3 (September 2005): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aei186.

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Nicastri, Daniel G., and Todd S. Weiser. "Rigid Bronchoscopy: Indications and Techniques." Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 17, no. 1 (2012): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2012.03.001.

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Mehta, Venu, Nian Baban, Malgorzata Kornaszewska, and Robert Abel. "Airway fire during rigid bronchoscopy." Anaesthesia Cases 2, no. 2 (July 2014): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21466/ac.afdrb2.2014.

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Jefferson, P., V. Addison, and A. J. Taylor. "Rigid bronchoscopy during percutaneous tracheostomy." Anaesthesia 54, no. 7 (July 1999): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.1013n.x.

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RIMELL, F., R. SHAPIRO, M. MITSKAVICH, P. MODRECK, J. POST, and R. MAISEL. "Pediatric fiberoptic laser rigid bronchoscopy." Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 114, no. 3 (March 1996): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(96)70211-5.

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Ahmed, Eltayeb Mohamed, Anil John, George Cummings, Zubair Mulla, and Adrian Marchbank. "Rigid bronchoscopy assisted percutaneous tracheostomy." International Journal of Surgery 11, no. 8 (October 2013): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.06.149.

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Sinha, Vikas, Samanth Talagauara Umesh, and Sushil G. Jha. "Rigid Bronchoscopy in Pediatric Patients." Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery 69, no. 4 (October 13, 2017): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12070-017-1222-2.

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Daut, Ummi Nadira, Jamalul Azizi Abdul Rahaman, Wong Soo Fen, and Mohd Hairol Mohamad Kasim. "Foreign body (tooth) retrieval in polytrauma patient, using single use bronchoscopy and retrieval basket, a case report." Interventionalist Journal 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32896/tij.v1n1.17-20.

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Foreign body aspiration can be a life-threatening emergency and it is uncommon entity in adults. For foreign body extraction, rigid bronchoscopy is superior to flexible bronchoscopy for operative manipulation. However, in view of maxillofacial trauma, rigid bronchoscopy is a risk for patient. Herein we describe our successful experience using single use flexible bronchoscopy with retrieval basket in removal of huge foreign body aspiration in a polytrauma patient.

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ERezk, Moataz, Mamdouh EMohamed, Ashraf MElnahas, Ahmed Shalaan, Mohamed Hamed, Marwa E. Elnaggar, Amany M Elrubeigy, and Mohamed AElgazar. "Comparative Study of Virtual Versus Conventional Bronchoscopies as Assistive Diagnostic Tools for the Thoracic Surgeons." American Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery 5, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2573-864x/5/1/00165.

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Objective: We aim of this work to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of virtual bronchoscope(VB) compared to conventional bronchoscopies (CB) (fiberoptic (FOB) or rigid (RB)) and the viability of their use by thoracic surgeons. Background: Virtual Bronchoscopy is a recent method that permits visualization and evaluationdown to the fourth order branches. In comparison with CB, VB can analyze extra luminal compressions and also evaluate areas beyond even high-grade stenosis, even more mapping the route for scoping by FOB or RB which may be troublesome or distressing to the patient. Methods: This randomized study included five hundred patients with different lesions of thethorax. All of them were admitted to Benha university hospitals from October 2012 to October 2019. All cases were examined with either FOB or RB then reviewed by radiologists and thoracic surgeons. These results were compared with each other’s. Results: FOB and RB time has been decreased by VB which guide the thoracic surgeon evenmore facilitate transbronchial needle sampling for the extraluminal pathology. Conclusion: VB is currently used in clinical practice and seems valuable to review its potentialclinical diagnostic indications. Both VB and CB might be considered as complementary modalities for confirmation of this diagnosis. Keywords: CT=computed tomography, FOB=fiber-optic bronchoscopy, CB=conventionalbronchoscopy, RB=rigid bronchoscopy, VB=virtual bronchoscopy.

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Hinton, A. E., J. M. O'Connell, J. P. Van Besouw, and M. E. Wyatt. "Neonatal and paediatric fibre-optic laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy using the laryngeal mask airway." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 111, no. 4 (April 1997): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100137284.

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AbstractEndoscopy of the upper airways in neonates and infants has traditionally been accomplished using rigid laryngoscopes and bronchoscopes. The laryngeal mask may be used both to control the airway for anaesthetic ventilation and to guide a fibre-optic endoscope to the laryngeal inlet and beyond.We report our experience with five neonatal and paediatric cases where fibre-optic laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy were performed through the laryngeal mask airway. All were cases in which standard rigid endoscopy had proved difficult with only a poor and restricted view of the laryngeal inlet being obtained due to the age of the infants, or abnormal anatomy of the upper airways.No problems have been encountered with maintenance of the airway or with the endoscopic view obtained. In fact in neonatal patients, this technique has been found to be preferable with regard to safety and ease of use when compared to the ventilating bronchoscope. With the size 1 laryngeal mask airway it is not possible to simultaneously ventilate and endoscope the patient. Cases included, a vascular ring, Goldenhar's syndrome, laryngomalacia, supraglottis and vocal fold paresis.This technique provides a secure method of maintaining anaesthetic ventilation during airway endoscopy, and also a means of easily locating the glottis.

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Shrestha, Prajwol, Ashesh Dhungana, Madhusudan Kayastha, Manisha Shrestha, and Deepa Niroula. "Flexible Bronchoscopic Removal of Push-Pin from Right Lower Lobe Bronchus: a Case Report." Nepalese Medical Journal 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmj.v3i1.28613.

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Foreign body aspiration is common in children and adolescents. Foreign body aspiration is often unnoticed and diagnosis may be delayed in children, as many fail to provide a history. Although rigid bronchoscopy is preferred modality, flexible bronchoscopy is also a useful tool for foreign body extraction from the distal airways in selected cases. An eleven-year-old boy presented with a history of fever and dry cough of one month's duration. A chest x-ray showed a linear radiopaque foreign body along the course of the right bronchus. Flexible bronchoscopy revealed a metallic nail-like structure in right lower lobe bronchus which was successfully grasped with the flexible forceps and extracted via the oral route with the bronchoscope. Upon extraction aspirated foreign body was found to be a push-pin.

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Tawfique, Saleh. "Inhaled Foreign Bodies in Erbil, Experience with 72 Patients from 2007-2013." Advanced medical journal 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56056/amj.2016.10.

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Background and objectives: The aim of this study was to report on commonest inhaled foreign bodies in Erbil and challenging in diagnosis of rare foreign bodies and how to manage these cases properly to avoid serious complications. Methods: This is a prospective study of seventy two patients with history of inhalation of foreign bodies seen in otolaryngology clinic in Erbil between January 2007 and May 2013. Data of patients including age, sex, and occupations were recorded and saved. Presenting symptom of chocking, cough, dyspnea etc. were recorded. All patients with suspected foreign bodies’ inhalation were sent for chest X-ray imaging. Patients with positive finding and highly suspicious for inhaled for- eign bodies underwent rigid bronchoscopy for diagnosis and therapy. The type of foreign body removed was recorded. Results: Out of 72 cases, sixty patients were under 10 years old. Forty six patients were males and 26 females. In more than 94% positive physical findings were recorded. Diminished breathing sounds were the commonest. Plain chest film were normal in 56 (78%) of cases. Radio opaque FBs was only reported in 5 cases (7%). Sixty five patients (90%) managed by rigid bronchoscopy and 7 cases (10%) refused the procedure. A foreign body was detected in sixty patients (92%) while the bronchosco- py was negative in 5, (8%) of cases. No serious complication was recorded. Conclusions: It is advisable that rigid bronchoscopy be performed under general anesthesia in: all cases of highly suspicious for inhaled foreign bodies, Cases with chronic cough not responding to medical treatment, and children with wheezy chest which has started recently and does not response for medical therapy. The procedure must be done by a surgeon having good skill in rigid bronchoscopy.

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Julianda, Wahyu, and Ade Asyari. "Case Report: Diagnosis and Management of Pin-Headscarf at The Bronchial Segment In RSUP Dr. M Djamil Padang." Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences 7, no. 3 (October 31, 2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ams.v7i3.24494.

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Introduction: Foreign body aspiration into the airway is a common case in children. Scarf pin aspiration often occurs in women who wear the hijab. A bronchoscopy is an option in the management of foreign body aspiration cases. However, other treatments such as thoracotomy can be considered, if the management of foreign body aspiration fails using rigid bronchoscopy. Case Report: Reported one case of a 12-year-old girl who complained of inhaling scarf pin 1 day before being admitted to hospital. Chest X-ray found radiopaque foreign body projection as high as spatium intercostal V with right lower lobe projection. The patient was diagnosed with foreign body pin scarf et right bronchus and was treated with a rigid bronchoscopy but it was not successfully extracted, one and a half months later the patient was performed Video-assisted thoracic surgery but failed to re-extract, then the foreign bodies were successfully extracted after the thoracotomy. Conclusion: Migration of pins into the bronchial segments as high as spatium intercostal V projections right lower lobe and left lower lobe will be difficult to locate and extract with rigid bronchoscopy. Thoracotomy is further management for scarf pin aspiration that fails to be treated by rigid bronchoscopy. Keywords: foreign body, scarf pin, bronchoscopy, segment bronchi, thoracotomy

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Díaz-Jiménez, J. Pablo. "Bronchoscopic Approach to Tracheobronchial Foreign Bodies in Adults Pro-Rigid Bronchoscopy." Journal of Bronchology 4, no. 2 (April 1997): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00128594-199704000-00016.

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Hardavella, Georgia, and Jeremy George. "Interventional bronchoscopy in the management of thoracic malignancy." Breathe 11, no. 3 (September 2015): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/20734735.008415.

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Анотація:

Educational AimsTo highlight the various methods of interventional bronchoscopy.To inform about the indications for palliation and curative bronchoscopy in lung cancer.Interventional bronchoscopy is a rapidly expanding field in respiratory medicine offering minimally invasive therapeutic and palliative procedures for all types of lung neoplasms. This field has progressed over the last couple of decades with the application of new technology. The HERMES European curriculum recommendations include interventional bronchoscopy skills in the modules of thoracic tumours and bronchoscopy [1]. However, interventional bronchoscopy is not available in all training centres and consequently, not all trainees will obtain experience unless they rotate to centres specifically offering such training.In this review, we give an overview of interventional bronchoscopic procedures used for the treatment and palliation of thoracic malignancy. These can be applied either with flexible or rigid bronchoscopy or a combination of both depending on the anatomical location of the tumour, the complexity of the case, bleeding risk, the operator’s expertise and preference as well as local availability. Specialised anaesthetic support and appropriately trained endoscopy staff are essential, allowing a multimodality approach to meet the high complexity of these cases.

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