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1
Kesby, Alison Gwendoline. "The right to have rights : citizenship, humanity and international law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611274.
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Perruso, Camila Akemi. "O desaparecimento forçado de pessoas no sistema interamericano de direitos humanos: direitos humanos e memória." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-04012011-133617/.
Анотація:
No marco do direito internacional dos direitos humanos, a presente dissertação de mestrado analisa o desaparecimento forçado de pessoas, que, em razão de constituir grave violação de direitos humanos, foi tipificado crime contra a humanidade. Desse modo, tem por fim verificar o surgimento desse fenômeno nos regimes ditatoriais da América Latina, e o tratamento dispensado a ele pela comunidade internacional, observando-se a interdependência de ramos do direito internacional face ao desaparecimento. Ademais, visa a fazer uma aproximação entre memória e direitos humanos, temática intrinsecamente relacionada com o desaparecimento forçado de pessoas. Nessa perspectiva, apresenta uma análise dos casos de desaparecimento julgados pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos com vistas à sua compreensão acerca do direito à verdade, extraindo-se a afinidade desse direito com a construção de memórias. Dessa maneira, este estudo considera a relação direta entre a manipulação de memórias do passado, pelo ocultamento dos fatos relativos a crimes da natureza do desaparecimento forçado, e as violações de direitos humanos que ocorrem no presente.Within the framework of international human rights, this thesis analyzes the enforced disappearance of persons, which was typified as a crime against humanity due the fact of being a serious violation of human rights. Thus, it aims to determine the emergence of this phenomenon during dictatorial regimes in Latin America, and its treatment by the international community, emphasizing the interdependence between different international law branches to the disappearance. Moreover, it aims to make a connection between memory and human rights, a theme closely linked to enforced disappearance of persons. Through this perspective, it presents an analysis of disappearance cases judged by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in order to depict its understanding about the right to the truth, extracting the affinity of this right with the construction of memory. Accordingly, this study considers the relationship between the manipulation of memories about the past through the concealment of facts related to enforced disappearance crimes, and ongoing human rights violations.
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Castro, Fabiana Maria Martins Gomes de. "O núcleo intangível da intimidade: a esfera do segredo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18776.
Анотація:
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The present thesis, aiming at obtaining PhD degree in Effectivity Private Bill and Civil Rights, subarea of Civil Law, entitled “The intangible core of intimacy: the domain of the secret”, discusses the right to intimacy concerning the minimal intangible core that must be preserved and tutored by legal order. The theoretical construction of personal rights is recent, so is the construction of intimacy rights. In Brazil, intimacy rights laws are in the article 5th, X of Brazilian Constitution, 1988, and in the article 21 of Brazilian Civil Code. The discipline of this right has been greatly modified: one particular modification derives from the very discipline of personal rights, in which it is inserted; the other derives from the essentiality and influence of technological tools that operate in social structures. The main question of this research is: what is the intangible core of a person’s intimacy that concerns the humanity of each human being? The hypothesis is that “intimacy” is a vague legal concept, leaving its definition and actualization to the interpreter. The general goal of the thesis is to study conceptual aspects of person, juridical personality and humanity, and also to present conceptual theories of Law relating to intimacy both in Brazilian and foreign doctrine and investigate cases concerning the matter to identify the domain of secret. This thesis analyses the right to intimacy, in its contemporary and most important aspects, chiefly concerning the theories of plural and unitary concept to define it as a component of human nature (humanitas) related to the person’s ontological incommunicability. The methodology to develop this research is based on secondary data and qualitative method, starting from the analysis of law, of the doctrine and of the so far built juridical understanding. The main result achieved is that, once identified the assets in the secret domain and, according the foundation of the human person dignity, there happens the effectivity of this right and so the judge’s subjectivity can be avoided when subsuming and applying this right
A presente tese, destinada à obtenção de grau de doutor em Direito da Efetividade do Direito Privado e Liberdades Civis, subárea Direito Civil, intitulada O núcleo intangível da intimidade: a esfera do segredo versa sobre o direito à intimidade no tocante ao reduto mínimo intangível que deve ser preservado e tutelado pelo ordenamento jurídico. A construção teórica dos direitos da personalidade é recente e, do mesmo modo, do direito à intimidade. No Brasil, as regras do direito à intimidade estão nos artigos 5º, X da Constituição Federal de 1988 e 21 do Código Civil. A disciplina desse direito sofreu grandes modificações; uma, decorrente da própria disciplina dos direitos da personalidade, aos quais ela está inserta; e a outra, pela essencialidade e influência das ferramentas tecnológicas que atuam nas estruturas sociais. A principal indagação da pesquisa é a seguinte: qual o núcleo intangível da intimidade da pessoa que diz respeito à humanidade de cada ser humano? A hipótese é que a expressão “intimidade” é conceito legal indeterminado, competindo ao intérprete declarar e atualizar o seu sentido. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é estudar os aspectos conceituais de pessoa, personalidade jurídica e humanidade, bem como apresentaras teorias conceituais do direito à intimidade na doutrina nacional e estrangeira e investigar o estudo de casos pertinentes ao assunto para identificar a esfera do segredo. Esta tese analisa o direito à intimidade, nos seus aspectos atuais e mais importantes, sobretudo, no que concerne às teorias do conceito plural e unitário para defini-lo como componente da natureza humana (humanitas) quanto à incomunicabilidade ontológica da pessoa. A metodologia para desenvolver esta pesquisa baseou-se em dados secundários e método qualitativo, a partir da análise da lei, da doutrina e do posicionamento jurisprudencial construído. O principal resultado encontrado é de que, identificados os bens da esfera do segredo e, sob o fundamento da dignidade da pessoa humana, tem-se a efetividade desse direito e evita-se o subjetivismo do juiz, no momento da subsunção e da aplicação desse direito.
4
Assogba, Kossi Schamir. "La protection de l'environnement par le Conseil de l'Europe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LIMO0086.
Анотація:
Organisation intergouvernementale paneuropéenne, le Conseil de l’Europe, connu pour son triptyque identitaire « démocratie, droits de l’homme, Etat de droit », s’est intéressé à la protection de l’environnement depuis le début des années 1960. Depuis lors, l’action environnementale que le Conseil de l’Europe mène se structure autour de deux axes. D’un côté, l’institution a élaboré un corpus juridique environnemental abondant composé de normes conventionnelles et de soft law protégeant principalement la diversité biologique et paysagère. De l’autre côté, la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme et le Comité européen des droits sociaux, ont progressivement érigé une jurisprudence environnementale reconnaissant le droit de l’homme à un environnement sain. Toutefois, même si l’influence de cette activité législative et jurisprudentielle foisonnante sur le droit de l’environnement en Europe et dans le monde n’est pas négligeable, son effectivité reste limitée à la fois par des causes internes et externes à l’organisation. En outre, l’arsenal juridique environnementale du Conseil de l’Europe paraît démuni face aux enjeux collectifs et globaux auxquels doit faire face l’Europe afin de protéger à la fois l’homme et l’équilibre global des écosystèmes. En réponse à cette insuffisance, notre étude propose un changement du paradigme de judiciarisation de l’environnement qui aboutirait à la reconnaissance d’un nouveau droit : le droit à un environnement sain et écologiquement viable, un droit de l’humanitéThe pan-European intergovernmental organisation, the Council of Europe, known for its identity triptych "democracy, human rights, rule of law", has been interested in environmental protection since the early 1960s. Since then, the Council of Europe's environmental action has focused on two areas. On the one hand, the institution has developed an abundant body of environmental law composed of conventional standards and soft law protecting mainly biological and landscape diversity. On the other hand, the European Court of Human Rights and the European Committee of Social Rights have gradually established environmental jurisprudence recognizing the human right to a healthy environment. However, even if the influence of this abundant legislative and jurisprudential activity on environmental law in Europe and in the world is not negligible, its effectiveness remains limited both by internal and external causes to the organization. In addition, the Council of Europe's environmental legal arsenal seems helpless in the face of the collective and global challenges facing Europe in order to protect both man and the overall balance of ecosystems. In response to this inadequacy, our study proposes a change in the paradigm of environmental judicialization that would lead to the recognition of a new right: the right to a healthy and ecologically viable environment, a right of humanity
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BORSATO, ALESSANDRA DEBORAH. "La responsabilità internazionale dell'individuo per crimini commessi contro i bambini." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/20192.
Анотація:
The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze rules that attribute international criminal responsibility to the individual for crimes committed against children. The analysis is carried out also considering the jurisprudence of the international criminal tribunals, namely the International Military Tribunal (so-called Nuremberg Tribunal), the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Court. The research identifies serious gaps and open problems as regards international crimes committed against children, such as: the lack of a uniform definition of ‘child’; the failure to take account of “child victims” as a separate category; the need to establish a presumption of absence of consensus in case of crimes committed against children; the lack of a specific aggravating circumstance applying to crimes committed against a child.
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Lee, Calvin C., and calvin lee@rmit edu au. "Confucian humanism as the foundation of human rights and economic ethics: a study of Korea, Japan and the Republic of China." RMIT University. Global Studies, Social Science and Planning, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080228.121903.
Анотація:
This study is about Confucian humanism as the foundation of human rights and economic ethics. The study covers Korea, Japan and the Republic of China. The main research question lies in how Confucian humanism emerged as an enduring tradition, and how it impacts upon human rights and economic ethics of the three nations on their individual paths towards globalizing civil societies. Research elements are (i) literature review, (ii) focus group discussions and (iii) documentation corroborations. Literature reviews covered scholarly works of East Asia and international scholars. Narrative data were obtained from the focus group discussions. Documentation corroboration complemented the focus group discussions. The study explores the origin of Confucianism and proceeds to examine how the Confucian philosophical tradition gave naissance to Confucian humanism. From Confucian humanism, the thesis proceeds to Confucian governance (ching shih). Alternative political views of more egalitarian Confucian schools such as of Mencius also take up a good part of the governance theme. The role of life long self-cultivation is seen as the foundation of character-building for respective societal roles within Confucian ethics and social ethos. The modern democratic institution of human rights is argued as having emerged from the fertile demo-centric Confucian social psychology, but benefited directly from the Western institutional models. Discussions on the tradition of Confucianism and that of Confucian humanism progress through the important turning points throughout history, i.e., the Classic age of Confucius, the Neo-Confucian reformation, the Practical Learning sub-era of the Neo-Confucian era, and, finally, the contemporary Neo-Confucian. The discussions highlight that the Confucian tradition of 'humanity' that Confucius and his disciples formulated in the Classical age endured through the ages to modernity. They also point to the notion that Confucians pursued their intellectual, moral and aesthetic ideals to the highest possible level through the system of learning, philosophizing, and practicing in the tradition. The Confucian cosmology of the 'human to nature' nexus and the Confucian spirituality of cosmic immanence in the 'self' provide clues to the multi-layer structure of Confucian consciousness of self, selves and the greater self, namely society or the Heaven itself. The Neo-Confucian school of 'mind and heart' learning reinforced the inquiry into selves in nexus to nature and the universe. Religious tolerance and the adaptability of Confucianism have stood out as important qualities in the globalization of East-Asian values and ethos, i.e., Confucian 'souls and decorum.' Japan, as an island nation with a unique perception of its self-identity, employs Confucianism, still considered fundamentally as the philosophy of China, to reinforce the national identity without compromising the integrity of the Japanese tradition and sensitivity. Japanese aesthetic sensitivity would place aesthetic unity with nature on equal footing with that of moral unity with the world. Secularism and spirituality of Confucianism benefited from the peaceful co-existence amongst the three great philosophical traditions of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. The thesis as an inquiry into Confucian humanism as a living tradition concludes by answering the main research question and its three associated postulates.
7
Greenstein, Stanley. "Our Humanity Exposed : Predictive Modelling in a Legal Context." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-141657.
Анотація:
This thesis examines predictive modelling from the legal perspective. Predictive modelling is a technology based on applied statistics, mathematics, machine learning and artificial intelligence that uses algorithms to analyse big data collections, and identify patterns that are invisible to human beings. The accumulated knowledge is incorporated into computer models, which are then used to identify and predict human activity in new circumstances, allowing for the manipulation of human behaviour. Predictive models use big data to represent people. Big data is a term used to describe the large amounts of data produced in the digital environment. It is growing rapidly due mainly to the fact that individuals are spending an increasing portion of their lives within the on-line environment, spurred by the internet and social media. As individuals make use of the on-line environment, they part with information about themselves. This information may concern their actions but may also reveal their personality traits. Predictive modelling is a powerful tool, which private companies are increasingly using to identify business risks and opportunities. They are incorporated into on-line commercial decision-making systems, determining, among other things, the music people listen to, the news feeds they receive, the content people see and whether they will be granted credit. This results in a number of potential harms to the individual, especially in relation to personal autonomy. This thesis examines the harms resulting from predictive modelling, some of which are recognized by traditional law. Using the European legal context as a point of departure, this study ascertains to what extent legal regimes address the use of predictive models and the threats to personal autonomy. In particular, it analyses Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the forthcoming General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) adopted by the European Union (EU). Considering the shortcomings of traditional legal instruments, a strategy entitled ‘empowerment’ is suggested. It comprises components of a legal and technical nature, aimed at levelling the playing field between companies and individuals in the commercial setting. Is there a way to strengthen humanity as predictive modelling continues to develop?
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Duarte, Juliana Ferreira Antunes. "Teoria jus-humanista multidimensional do trabalho sob a perspectiva do capitalismo humanista." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6574.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2014-09-10This thesis analyzes labor according to a multidimensional view, from an anthropological perspective inserted in humanistic capitalism, in order to position it in Law. It also establishes a rescue of the genesis of the meaning of labor and its legal consecration from the universal acceptance of human rights in all their dimensions, aiming to realize its corresponding goal, the dignity of the human person. This paper argues that it is entitled to Law establish a new vision of human labor, pillar of a humanistic capitalism, which values what men have as innate and external: their workforce, respecting the dignity of the human person by the composition embodied in the dimensions of human rights of freedom, equality and fraternity. The proposal involves the construction of a multidimensional theory of human labor, from the perspective of humanistic capitalism, using the method of normative jus-humanism, which recognizes capitalism as the prevailing and most efficient system known by men, under the aegis and protection of human rights in all their dimensions, interdependent and indissoluble
A presente tese analisa o trabalho segundo uma visão multidimensional, a partir de uma perspectiva antropológica, inserida no capitalismo humanista, para posicioná-lo no direito. Estabelece, ainda, um resgate, da gênese do significado de trabalho e sua consagração jurídica a partir da aceitação universal dos direitos humanos em todas as suas dimensões, visando concretizar seu correspondente objetivo, a dignidade da pessoa humana. Este trabalho sustenta que compete ao direito estabelecer uma nova visão do trabalho humano, pilar de um capitalismo humanista, que valorize o que o homem tem de inato e externo: sua força de trabalho, respeitando a dignidade da pessoa humana pela composição consubstanciada nas dimensões dos direitos humanos da liberdade, igualdade e fraternidade. A proposta visa a construção de uma teoria multidimensional do trabalho humano, sob a perspectiva do capitalismo humanista, utilizando-se do método do jus-humanismo normativo, que reconhece o capitalismo como o sistema vigente e mais eficaz conhecido pelo homem, sob a égide e proteção dos direitos humanos em todas as suas dimensões, interdependentes e indissolúveis
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Balarezo, Christine. "The Dark Side of Humanity: An Empirical Investigation into Global Slavery." Scholar Commons, 2007. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/613.
Анотація:
Global slavery includes human trafficking, debt bondage, forced labor, commercial sexual exploitation of children, and organ trafficking. Despite its official abolishment within the international community, global slavery continues to thrive in many parts of the world. The various types of slavery do not restrain themselves in a mutual exclusive manner; rather, they transcend and merge to create inter-connectedness within the illegal world of slavery. For instance, a person that is trafficked for the purpose of labor -- domestic or forced -- can also become sexually exploited and prostituted. This thesis discusses the nature and scope of the different faces of contemporary slavery, including human trafficking, debt bondage, and the sex tourism industry. While pervasive worldwide, human trafficking remains a major problem, especially in Central and Eastern Europe, the former republics of the Soviet Union, and Asia. Higher levels of unemployment, the demand for "exotic" women and the existence of well-organized trafficking routes and international criminal organizations has led to the development of this slavery. In short, human trafficking is said to exist in virtually every country of the world. The abundance of beautiful beaches and resorts, as well as the supply of cheap women and children in Southeast Asia and Latin America has led to a thriving sex tourism industry. In Central Asia and Africa, a high demand for manual labor, as well as certain religious and cultural factors, has given rise to the largest type of slavery in the world: debt bondage. An empirical aggregate-level analysis using OLS regression is performed to examine why certain countries have more indigenous people (native to that country) who become enslaved than others. Overall, a lack of human development proves to be a major factor in determining the number of enslaved peoples across countries.
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Kayamba, Musaputa Emery. "The causes of armed conflict and human rights abuses in Central Africa and the impact on the Democratic Republic of Congo /." Abstract Full Text (HTML) Full Text (PDF), 2008. http://eprints.ccsu.edu/archive/00000492/02/1948FT.htm.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2008.Thesis advisor: Timothy Rickard. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in International Studies." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-124). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Fialová, Lydie. "Remnants of humanity : psychiatry and post-socialism in the Czech Republic, 1989-2010." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28684.
Анотація:
This thesis explores the roles that medicine, human rights discourse, and the arts play in the project to improve the lives of patients suffering from severe forms of mental illness in the context of the post-socialist transformation of the Czech Republic. It is a study of the ways in which social solidarity and social exclusion intersect in the spaces of mental illness in a particular historical setting, and how the responsibility for care is negotiated between families, communities, the medical profession, and the state. The first part of the thesis focuses on the proposed reform of care for patients with severe mental illness that was put forward in the two decades after 1989. I examine the origins and aims of the attempted institutional change – the ‘humanization of psychiatry’ – in the context of the influential Charter 77 movement which demanded respect for the rights of those who are unable to claim them for themselves. I also trace how the re-establishment of a civil society that owed much to the concept of ‘apolitical politics’ and the process of the reintegration of Czech Republic into the European community impacted the attempted reforms. More than twenty years after the revolution, Czech Psychiatry still does not comply with international standards of care and, as I show, despite the explicit disclaimer with the totalitarian past and great hopes for change, there is in fact a clear continuation of many of the practices, ideas, interactions, as well as forms of governance of the preceding decades. These historical legacies, in combination with other factors, such as ideological disagreements within the psychiatric profession, a lack of political interest in this area, and a strong focus on other economic priorities have all contributed to the failure to improve mental health care. The second part of the thesis offers a complementary perspective on these processes – a view from ‘inside’ of the institutions that provide psychiatric care. The origins of institutional care in Central Europe date back to late nineteenth century, when large hospitals were built within parks as self-sufficient complexes surrounded by walls, outside of large cities. My research took place in two contrasting institutions: one a highly specialised clinical and research center for treatment of acute conditions, and the other a hospital for treatment of chronic conditions originally devoted to those with ‘incurable’ conditions. I show how the notion of ‘curability’ is a crucial factor in both the experience of the patients and the social responses to their conditions. In this part I also explore some epistemological issues in psychiatry, including knowledge, practices, and ideology, in the context of a strong scientific materialism where – unlike in many parts of the world – the tradition of psychoanalysis has been absent. Specifically, I examine the role of neurobiological paradigm in various interpretations of psychotic experience, its affect on patient’s self-understanding, and its role in the externalization of agency and responsibility. Finally I address the phenomenon of using ‘unclaimed bodies’ of psychiatric patients for anatomical teaching and research, and interpret this practice through notions of liminality, impurity, and sacrifice. I conclude the thesis by examining the ethical dimension of psychiatric care in the light of the writings by Emmanuel Lévinas.
12
Cruz, Ivelise Fonseca da. "Aspectos econômicos da regência jurídica humanista em face das indústrias alimentícias como garantia à saúde dos obesos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5971.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2012-10-17The vast growth of economic liberalism and is necessary to emphasize the man as the center of things, realizing their human dignity through the integral humanism. The incentive of love of neighbor and the exaltation of the fraternity, to compose the relationships and social laws result, then, the preservation and promotion of human health. The strengthening of the brotherhood of the thesis occurs when the clear identification of responsibility of the state, community, society, all in the preservation of fundamental human rights, encouraging the essentiality of the information, exercise and promote the right to food security, opportunity to promote awareness and increasing knowledge of the development of food products from the most diverse. Once the proper identification of obesity as a crop for human rights abuse, is with the literature review that this research aims to clarify the issues that compromise the full experience of human health. And finally, in a positive way, it was pointed out guiding paradigms that help as steps in human progress, in order to facilitate the search for the right to happiness for all in all, for everyone
O amplo crescimento do liberalismo econômico e necessário tem de realçar o homem como centro das coisas, concretizando sua dignidade humana através do humanismo integral. O incentivo do amor ao próximo e a exaltação da fraternidade, ao comporem as relações legislativas e sociais resultam, então, na preservação e promoção da saúde do homem. O reforço da tese da fraternidade ocorre quando da clara identificação da responsabilidade do Estado, da comunidade, da sociedade, de todos na preservação dos direitos fundamentais do homem, no incentivo à essencialidade da informação, no exercício e promoção do direito à segurança alimentar, na possibilidade de se promover a consciência e o crescente conhecimento do desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios dos mais diversos. Feita a adequada identificação da obesidade como um recorte indevido aos direitos humanos, é com o levantamento bibliográfico realizado que esta pesquisa pretende explicitar as problemáticas que comprometem a vivência plena da saúde humana. E, ao final, de maneira propositiva, apontam-se paradigmas orientadores, que auxiliam como degraus no progresso humano, com o intuito de facilitar a busca pelo direito de felicidade de todos em tudo, para todos
13
Rich, Samantha. "State actions and response following instances of politicide." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5624.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 12, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Fata, Muminovic. "Turkey and crimes against humanity : A case study on Turkish treatment of civilian population." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100655.
Анотація:
Despite the developments in the international arena to ensure and protect human rights, evidence from around the world showcase examples of organized and systematic violations of human rights in the form of war crimes, genocides, and crimes against humanity. Turkey is one of the countries that has shown decline in the last ten years when it comes to respect for human rights. Aftermath of the Coup d’etat from 2016, involvement in Syrian civil war, and Kurdish question raised concern within the international community regarding human rights. Consequently, this research aims to provide a deeper understanding of how Turkish government treats the civilian population in these three cases in order to assess if there is a risk of Turkish government committing crimes against humanity. Furthermore, in order to get a more objective view of the happenings, this paper will also examine Turkish actions through the lenses of Realism. A qualitative research with an abductive approach with case study design was conducted. Analytical framework, that presents 10 risk factors for committing atrocities and crimes against humanity, developed by Dieng and Welsh was utilized to make sense of gathered data. Realism, with focus on national interest and security, was used to examine Turkish actions. Findings suggest that all 10 risk factors are presented in each case through different indicators. Journalists, lawyers, professors, refugees, and Kurds face systematic threat of mostly arbitrary detentions and imprisonments. Furthermore, findings show that Turkish actions can be explained through national interest expressed through security and unitary national identity.
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Silva, Tagore Trajano de Almeida. "Direito animal e ensino jurídico: formação e autonomia de um saber pós-humanista." Faculdade de Direito, 2013. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/15284.
Анотація:
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Esta tese trata da formação e autonomia do Direito Animal como componente curricular a ser oferecido nas Faculdades de Direito, tanto nos cursos de graduação como de pós-graduação (lato sensu e stricto sensu). Afirma-se que o Direito Animal adquiriu maturidade científica dentro do paradigma pós-humanista, o que permitiu o reconhecimento de um objeto próprio e princípios norteadores da matéria. Através de um método transdisciplinar, o Direito Animal adota uma hermenêutica evolutiva da Teoria Geral do Direito, reinterpretando seus conceitos fundamentais com o intuito de reconhecer os interesses dos animais. Nesse sentido, o sistema jurídico é pensado para englobar novos sujeitos de direito, merecedores de consideração por parte dos seus operadores. Conclui-se propondo uma nova pedagogia jurídica para o ensino do Direito Animal ao agregar ao ensino jurídico novas técnicas participativas de estudo do direito.
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Azuma, João Carlos. "O Pacto Global das Nações Unidas: uma via para a responsabilidade das empresas pela concretização dos direitos humanos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6429.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2014-05-05The history of human rights shows that these rights are the result of challenges which come along with the "progress" of society. In recent history, the phenomenon of globalization of business and the adverse impacts of their activities on human rights arises. The business and human rights issue has been embodied in the UN s international agenda, including in the initiative called the United Nations Global Compact which consists basically of a commitment that business voluntarily assumes to the alignment of its activities with the implementation of ten universally accepted principles related to four areas, namely: human rights, labor, environment and anti-corruption. In light of two of the Global Compact principles which focus specifically on the issue of human rights, participating business in the initiative are committed to respect them, in other words, not to violate them, as well as not to be complicit in their violation. The Humanist Capitalism, premise of the object of this thesis, is shown to be innovative in the theoretical foundation of business responsibility for the realization of human rights. In this context , the Global Compact shows to be a way for the realization of human rights by those exercising business activity. However, it does not end in itself. Imperative is its coordination with other existing UN mechanisms to build a path to business responsaibility for human rights violations resulting from its activities
A história dos direitos humanos demonstra que esses direitos são frutos de desafios que surgem com o evoluir da sociedade. Na História recente, desponta-se o fenômeno da globalização das empresas e os impactos adversos decorrentes de suas atividades sobre os direitos humanos. A incorporação da temática empresa e direitos humanos à agenda internacional da ONU encontra-se presente na iniciativa intitulada Pacto Global das Nações Unidas, que consiste, basicamente, em um compromisso que as empresas assumem voluntariamente de alinhamento de suas atividades à implementação de dez princípios universalmente aceitos relacionados a quatro áreas, a saber: direitos humanos, trabalho, meio ambiente e combate à corrupção. À luz dos dois princípios do Pacto Global que versam especificamente sobre a questão dos direitos humanos, as empresas participantes da iniciativa assumem o compromisso de respeitá-los, ou seja, não violá-los, bem como de não serem cúmplices de violação. O Capitalismo Humanista, premissa que se utiliza ao objeto da presente tese, mostra-se inovador para a fundamentação teórica da responsabilidade empresarial pela concretização dos direitos humanos. Nesse contexto, o Pacto Global revela-se um caminho para a concretização dos direitos humanos por quem exerce atividade empresarial. Todavia, não se esgota em si mesmo. Imperiosa é a sua coordenação com outros mecanismos existentes na ONU para se construir uma via para a responsabilidade das empresas pela violação de direitos humanos decorrentes de suas atividades
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Bonn, Georg. "Communication Flow, Information Exchange and Their Impact on Human Rights Violations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277910/.
Анотація:
Although international human rights declarations exist, violations of human rights are still sad but also common facts around the world. But for repressive regimes, it becomes more and more difficult to hide committed human rights violations, since society entered the "Information Revolution." This study argues that the volume of international information exchanged influences a country's human rights record. A pooled cross sectional time series regression model with a lagged endogenous variable and a standard robust error technique is used to test several hypotheses. The findings of this study indicate that the flow of information can be related to a country's human rights index. The study also suggests that more empirical work on this topic will be necessary.
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Townsend, John. "Seven contemporary French political thinkers : considerations of individualism, humanism and value pluralism." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2001. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/826e3510-c0fd-4bbe-b78c-979e057f981a/1/.
Анотація:
This thesis focuses upon a significant body of contemporary French political thought which takes as its starting point a contention that both the monist and doctrinaire political precepts dating from the Revolution and the consequent Hegelian, Marxist and structuralist thinking linked to these precepts have become anachronistic and hence have little relevance in present-day France. The originality of this doctoral thesis lies in the analysis of the work of seven political thinkers. All of these thinkers, recognizing a break in the continuity of French political thought consequent upon the claim of François Furet that the "Revolution is complete", have sought to rationalize and reconcile the values of individualism, humanism and modernity in contemporary France. In contrast to the political thinkers of the Sartrean generation, whose work took little account of the actual practice of politics, in the seven thinkers seek to relate the philosophical problems inherent in considerations of individual and communal rights and values to the present-day political environment. Each of the seven has sought to rationalize a political situation, novel in France, of an acceptance of the concept of agreeing to differ on matters of substance and of a recognition that a modern democratic state is heteronomous and may contain a substantial range of incommensurable values . This amounts to an acceptance of agonistic value pluralism, that is, of the idea of political conflict which is constructive (by contrast with the destructive conflict of revolutionary-inspired doctrines) and which leads to the evolution of arguments broadly acceptable to a majority in situations in which there is a clash of values. Thus the practice of politics has become a succession of endeavours to arrive at optimum solutions to conflictual problems, rather than a search after chimerical, maxirnalist answers . Each of the seven has sought to rationalize a political situation, novel in France, of an acceptance of the concept of agreeing to differ on matters of substance and of a recognition that a modern democratic state is heteronomous and may contain a substantial range of incommensurable values. This amounts to an acceptance of agonistic value pluralism, that is, of the idea of political conflict which is constructive (by contrast with the destructive conflict of revolutionary-inspired doctrines) and which leads to the evolution of arguments broadly acceptable to a majority in situations in which there is a clash of values. Thus the practice of politics has become a succession of endeavours to arrive at optimum solutions to conflictual problems, rather than a search after chimerical, maxirnalist answers.
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Chamundeeswari, Kuppuswamy. "The human genome as the 'common heritage of humanity' : a human rights approach to international legal governance of the human genome." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440911.
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Ribeiro, Daniela Menengoti Gonçalves. "O direito ao desenvolvimento e sua recepção pelo ordenamento jurídico interno como direitos humanos: uma abordagem a partir da teoria econômica humanista e da universalização do direito." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6056.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2012-10-22Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This research investigates the aspects of incorporating treaties within the internal sphere, more specifically international conventional standards that focus on the right to development, taking into consideration that this right has a nature of human rights and that, under such a perspective, it should be approved differently than common international treaties. To this end, the contemporary concept of development is taken as a basis, since it is related to human and social criteria, and not simply to economic criteria. In this way, the standards aimed at improving the welfare of the population and individuals that is, aimed at the achievement of the human being in its fullness are understood from the perspective of the right to development. Considering such aspects, the general characteristics of international treaties will be addressed with focus on the peculiarities of the judicial procedures in the incorporation of international human rights treaties. It is concluded that treaties involving the right to development should be incorporated into domestic law with constitutional and hierarchical status and direct and immediate applicability. This thesis is supported on the basis of the humanistic economic theory and the internationalization of human rights, which recognizes the right to development as a universal right of full satisfaction of man
Esta pesquisa investiga os aspectos da incorporação dos tratados no plano interno, mais especificamente de normas convencionais internacionais que versem sobre o direito ao desenvolvimento, considerando que o mesmo possui natureza de direitos humanos e que, sob tal perspectiva, deve ser recepcionado diferentemente dos tratados internacionais comuns. Para tanto, toma-se como base o conceito contemporâneo de desenvolvimento, que o relaciona a critérios sociais e humanos, e não simplesmente a critérios econômicos. Assim, são compreendidas na perspectiva do direito ao desenvolvimento as normas que visem à melhoria e ao bem-estar da população e dos indivíduos ou seja, que visem à realização do ser humano em sua plenitude. Considerando tais aspectos, serão abordadas as características gerais dos tratados internacionais, tendo como escopo as peculiaridades da processualística de incorporação dos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos. Conclui-se que as tratativas que envolvam direito ao desenvolvimento devem ser incorporadas ao direito interno com status hierárquico constitucional e aplicabilidade direta e imediata. Defende-se esta tese com base na teoria econômica humanista e da internacionalização dos direitos humanos, em que se reconhece o direito ao desenvolvimento como direito universalista, de satisfação integral do homem
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Lawson, Cecil Bryant. "Leviathan's Rage: State Sovereignty and Crimes Against Humanity in the Late Twentieth Century." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/13/.
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Romaguera, Daniel Carneiro Leão. "A concepção ocidental de direitos humanos e seus paradoxos: por uma crítica à sujeição humanista na contemporaneidade." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2014. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1158.
Анотація:
A presente dissertação consiste na realização de leitura crítica dos direitos humanos na atualidade, por serem identificados paradoxos, aporias e contradições diante das práticas suplantadas pela lógica dominante da concepção ocidental de direitos humanos. A partir desse viés, vislumbra-se uma premência infirmada nos direitos humanos e suas práticas humanitátias relacionada à expansão do discurso humanista e dominação eurocêntrica. Para tanto, propôs-se fazer uma correlação entre o expansionismo ocidental e o universalismo dos direitos humanos. Isso, sob a ótica do descolonialismo, através da qual, se questionou o projeto da modernidade, no intuito de, revelar que o eurocentrismo e a expansão colonial foram determinantes para a formação de um senso prático de direitos humanos na contemporaneidade. Nesse pesar, foi feita análise da feição colonial dos direitos humanos, ao passo que resta presente o ímpeto expansivista no papel prioritário que esses direitos assumem ao final da história ocidental. Diante desse propósito, porém, fez-se imperiosa destacar a relação entre poder e moral para compreender o recente trajeto histórico do ocidente e o alcance dos direitos humanos na ordem global. Dito isto, a hipótese lançada foi de que os direitos humanos pretendem assumir dimensão universal, muito embora, tenham um lócus específico de produção, já que a produção do saber no epicentro europeu e a tradição imperialista do ocidente foram determinantes para o universalismo desses direitos. Assim sendo, a reflexão feita diz respeito ao exercício de soberania e práticas violentas do cenário atual, conforme se revela o controle social exercido em meio à legitimidade seletiva dos direitos humanos. Dito isto, no curso deste trabalho foi observada a violência manifestada em nome dos direitos humanos, bem como, a produção categorizada do saber definidora da visão constitutiva de humano. Em razão disso, então, se justifica a compreensão da gênese das narrativas preponderantes das declarações de direito na modernidade e a correspondente violência no âmbito constitucional, pois, sobretudo, relaciona-se a lógica do constitucionalismo como paradoxo dos direitos humanos. Além disso, diante da problemática em questão, se fez necessário atentar às relações de poder comumente desconsideradas, sem as quais a concepção atual de direitos humanos poderia ser concebida. Nesse escrito, portanto, o desejo foi revelar os padrões humanitários e a produção do saber eurocêntrico conforme os direitos humanos se estabelecem por substrato moral às práticas dominantes da atualidade. E, assim, questionar o progresso da linearidade histórica pautado no êxito da civilização ocidental. O que se fez, a partir do ofício de genealogia, conforme se questiona a modernidade e os direitos humanos na busca de alternativas ao modelo atual de sociedade. Para isso, menciona-se a importância de fomentar o pluralismo na produção do saber, també, a abertura ao diferente e, acima de tudo, a resistência às práticas dominantes. Logo, tal perspectiva epistemológica implica na inversão do papel dos direitos humanos pela modificação de sua teoria e prática. A pesquisa consistiu na articulação de teorias críticas, em específico, na convergência da perspectiva descolonial e da crítica ao universalismo dos direitos humanos. Além disso, em que pese o caráter teórico prevalecer no trabalho, foram analisados relatos historiográficos e eventos políticos recentes. A partir do que fora enunciado nesta síntese, portanto, busca-se pensar o exercício crítico dos direitos humanos em oposição ao discurso eurocêntrico e o âmbito institucionalizado de sua validação.
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Carvalho, Marcelle Ragazoni. "Regulação dos serviços públicos como instrumento de concretização dos direitos humanos sob a ótica do capitalismo humanista." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6758.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-20This study aims to identify how the regulatory state intervention in public services can serve as an instrument for the realization of human rights and therefore of human dignity, considering the constitutional system of the protection of human rights in Brazil. Thus, in this research, by means of specific literature analyzes, it is possible to identify the regulation of economic activity as one of the most important tools to achieve economic efficiency and to improve the conditions for development. In this context, the substantial approach of public interest‟s legal theory of regulation focuses on the rights and values that should be sought and protected by regulation. These rights and values are already protected by economic order and by the Federal Constitution and international treaties, especially the right of isonomic access to quality public services that dignify the human being. According to this theory, the social function of public services requires that private providers of those suit their economic interest to the collective interest, being the end of regulation the promotion of means for a human dignified existence, according to the dictates of social justice, which means the inclusion of all. Therefore, this will take to human development, from the perspective of humanistic capitalism to govern economic activity and we also point to the precepts of governance and the right to good administration, inherent in the so-called "regulatory state"
Considerando o sistema constitucional de proteção dos direitos humanos no Brasil, o presente trabalho tem como proposta demonstrar como a intervenção regulatória do Estado nos serviços públicos pode servir de instrumento para a concretização dos direitos humanos e consequentemente da dignidade humana. Assim, nesta pesquisa, por meio de análises de bibliografia específica, é possível identificar a regulação da atividade econômica como um dos mais importantes instrumentos para a obtenção da eficiência econômica e para a melhoria das condições de desenvolvimento. Nesse contexto, a abordagem substancial da teoria jurídica do interesse público da regulação foca nos direitos e valores que devem ser buscados e protegidos pela regulação. Esses direitos e valores estão já protegidos pela ordem econômica e também pelas demais normas constitucionais e tratados internacionais, destacando-se o direito de acesso isonômico a serviços públicos de qualidade, que dignificam o ser humano. Assim, segundo tal teoria, a função social dos serviços públicos deve imporaos agentes privados, prestadores de tais serviços que adequem o seu interesse econômico ao interesse coletivo, sendo o fim da regulação a promoçãodos meios para uma existência humana digna, conforme os ditames da justiça social, ou seja, com a inclusão de todos. Isso levará, por conseguinte, ao desenvolvimento humano, segundo a ótica do capitalismo humanistaa reger a atividade econômica, com destaque ainda aos preceitos da governança e do direito à boa administração pública, inerentes ao chamado Estado regulatório
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Cederberg, Carl. "Resaying the Human : Levinas Beyond Humanism and Antihumanism." Doctoral thesis, Södertörns högskola, Filosofi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-4779.
Анотація:
In this reading a notion of the human is developed through an engagement with the work of French philosopher Emanuel Levinas. The argument is that, with the help of Levinas, it is possible for the idea of the human to be understood anew, for the notion to be ‘resaid’. This resaying of the human is performed in a critical appropriation of the philosophical tradition: Levinas’s work is shown not to be a new variation of the complacent ideology of humanism; the idea of the human is instead interpreted to be the bearer of the very movement of critique. This movement is articulated in terms of a transcendence of a discursive ‘economy of violence’. Critique does not establish a permanent position outside of violence, but is a movement that must constantly be renewed. Here Levinas is offered as a modern thinker of particular relevance for contemporary discussions surrounding the nature both of the political and of Human Rights. In addition one finds a systematic analysis of the major works of Levinas, unraveling how a notion of the human develops from within his philosophy. Levinas’s thought is placed alongside philosophical figures of his time, such as Heidegger, Sartre, Bataille, Lévi-Strauss, Althusser, Foucault and Derrida, as well as more recent political thinkers, for example, Alain Badiou, Giorgio Agamben and Jacques Rancière.
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Bielen, Carter. "International Obligations and the International Criminal Court: An Analysis." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3021.
Анотація:
Thesis advisor: David RasmussenThis thesis begins by analyzing three different philosophies on human rights. It looks to the foundations of these theories, but focuses primarily on the obligations that each system creates. It evaluates cosmopolitanism and two different institutionalist arguments, eventually settling on a tiered system of international responsibility as the strongest and most practical conception of rights. The second chapter of the thesis discusses the role of the International Criminal Court as a part of this tiered system, and as a means to promote human rights across the globe. This section evaluates the court by considering its historical foundations, its goals and responsibilities, and its actions over the past ten years. It concludes by providing recommendations for the future of the court
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Gebreselassie, Yonas Debesai. "The United Nations and the African Union in the prevention of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide in Africa: lessons from Rwanda." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1084.
Анотація:
"Although the concept of human rights is not new, it has never attracted more attention than today. However, contrary to the tremendous growth of concern for the international protection of human rights, Rwanda was visited by three main deplorable waves of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. Therefore, while the study is based on the premise that the primary duty of preventing these international crimes lies with the state, it will be argued that the secondary duty lies with international organisations like the UN and the AU. Both organisations could have averted or minimised the atrocities that occurred in Rwanda. Accordingly the study aims to address four issues. First, it attempts to review the weaknesses of the UN and OAU in their human rights monitoring and promotional fucntion derived from international human rights instruments. Second, it seeks to investigate the shortcomings and the failures of these two organisations in intervening to stop the Rwandan genocide. Third, it attempts to examine the UN's and AU's current handling of the cases of genocide as a preventive mechanism against gross human rights violations in Rwanda. Finally, the study will attempt to see if the failures seen in Rwanda are reflected in the current responses of the UN and the AU. The study presupposes that the 1994 Rwandan genocide, although not altogether inevitable, would not have been so comprehensive had the UN and the OAU/AU not developed a culture of impunity in the genocide of 1963 and 1973. One way assume, too, that the suffering could even have been minimized had there been active measures taken by these two organisations. This thesis proceeds on the premise of a problem that the vacuum that still exists under the Rwandan situation, both pre- and post-1994 genocide, as well as the weakness of the response from the UN and AU, is also abetting the current genocide in Sudan and countries with a volatile situation, like the Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/llm1.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Markström, Lindgren Kajsa. "The dystopia between a universal "Empire of meaning" and local contexts : a study of humanity, UN dominance and the interaction process of sensemaking." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-253777.
Анотація:
There seems to be a gap between human rights theory and human rights practice. This gap disables rights to be applicable in practice in a meaningful manner. By theorizing this gap with Neil Thompson’s theory of “thinking” and “doing” while shedding light to this gap with a postmodern flashlight, the study shows that the concepts of human rights, human dignity, culture and ideology are in need to be addressed and added to this discourse and certainly to the overall discourse of human rights. A way of doing this is to make rights in the vernacular, as Sally Engle Merry suggests. What will be the consequences of vernacular rights? What is needed is thus to translate universal values into local contexts by acknowledging the cultural dimension of rights and to learning through experience.
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Vilhena, Josimary Rocha de. "O direito humano à oportunidade." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7060.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-07The Universal Declaration of Human Rights - an historic document which to this day is considered the foundation of human rights proclaimed on December 10, 1948 states, in several passages, that all people have equal rights safeguarding all proportions and that the State is incumbent to take effect without making distinctions. Since then, the world has a new vision, turning the human being as the center and the rights-object, a right set towards general clauses and collective principles in which the "thing" protected is replaced by "someone" legally safeguarded .With the recognition that the dignity is "inherent to all members of the human family" and that the personality rights are inalienable, the Declaration states that this is the foundation of "freedom, justice and peace in the world." In 1948 the American Declaration of Human rights and duties was also proclaimed in Bogotá, targeting a range of rights and stating that the human being needs "equality of opportunity in all cases according to the natural talents, merit and the desire to utilize the resources that can provide the community and the State." This is the focus of this study: the human right to equality of opportunity as an implementation mechanism of the inalienable rights of humanity
A Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos esse documento histórico, que até os dias atuais é considerado o alicerce dos direitos humanos , proclamada em 10 de dezembro de 1948, prevê, em diversas passagens, que todas as pessoas possuem igualdade de direitos resguardadas as proporções e que ao Estado incumbe sejam efetivadas sem distinção. A partir de então, o mundo ganhou uma nova visão, voltando-se para o ser humano como centro e objeto dos direitos, um direito voltado para cláusulas gerais e princípios coletivos, em que a coisa protegida dá lugar ao alguém juridicamente tutelado. Com o reconhecimento de que a dignidade é inerente a todos os membros da família humana e de que os direitos da personalidade são inalienáveis, afirma a Declaração ser este o fundamento da liberdade, da justiça e da paz no mundo . Ainda em 1948 foi proclamada a Declaração Americana dos Direitos e Deveres do Homem, em Bogotá, direcionando um leque de direitos, afirmando que o ser humano necessita de igualdade de oportunidade em todos os casos, de acordo com os dons naturais, os méritos e o desejo de aproveitar os recursos que possam proporcionar a coletividade e o Estado . Esse é o enfoque do presente estudo: o direito humano à igualdade de oportunidade, como mecanismo de concretização dos direitos inalienáveis da humanidade
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Gailliard, Ariane. "Les fondements du droit des sépultures." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30067.
Анотація:
La sépulture est souvent appréhendée à titre d’exception ou par une superposition de notions : copropriété familiale, bien familial, chose hors commerce, indivision perpétuelle, droit réel spécial... Cette approche disparate dissimule l’existence d’un droit des sépultures qui peine, en conséquence, à constituer un droit unifié. Le droit des sépultures se trouve fractionné en plusieurs branches : droit civil, droit pénal et droit public. A travers elles, apparaissent de nombreuses problématiques, liées à la nature et au régime proposés. Pour ces raisons, il est nécessaire d’aborder le droit des sépultures par la recherche de ses fondements, inchangés depuis le droit romain et le droit médiéval. Le premier fondement est le sacré ; le second la communauté. Tous deux prennent leur source dans l’histoire du droit et continuent d’exister dans le droit positif. Ils font apparaître une unité du droit des sépultures, autour d’une double fonction : assurer la séparation du mort et du vivant et perpétuer le culte des morts. Du point de vue anthropologique, le sacré, premier fondement, se distingue du religieux, et se manifeste selon deux opérations : la délimitation d’une frontière entre sacré et profane par la séparation, puis la protection de ce nouvel espace délimité par la répression de toute atteinte. Pour les sépultures, ces deux opérations sont effectuées respectivement par l’extracommercialité et par la protection pénale. Le premier mécanisme est issu du droit romain et montre une protection originale de la sépulture ; toute activité juridique qui n’est pas incompatible avec le respect des morts est autorisée. L’autre mécanisme concerne l’incrimination de violation de sépulture, qui perpétue sa dimension sacrée. Le second fondement est communautaire : il est apparu pour les sépultures de famille avec les communautés médiévales, à une époque où les biens et les personnes étaient soudés en un groupe familial unique. Désormais adapté par l’affectation familiale, un tel fondement se maintient dans notre droit avec un régime de propriété collective, à travers la transmission successorale restreinte au groupe familial et un principe égalitaire, ce qui fait de la sépulture une véritable propriété communautaire. Bien sacré, propriété communautaire, les fondements des sépultures mettent en exergue des dimensions originales de la propriétéBurials are often considered in terms of acceptions or superimpositions of notions: family co-ownership, family property, off-trade affairs, joint possession, specific real right… This multi-entry approach conceals the existence of a right of burial which, as a consequence, is difficult to define as a unified right. The right of burial is divided up into various branches— civil law, criminal law, public law—which rise various questions linked to the very nature if the different systems. For this reason, it is necessary to tackle the right of burial from the point of view of its foundations, which have not changed since the establishment of Roman law and Medieval law.The first founding principle concerns the sacred; the second is about the community. Both originate in legal history and are still valid in the field of positive law. They show a unity in the right of burial as regards two main functions: ensure the separation between the living and the dead and keep up the traditional practice of ancestor worship. From the anthropological viewpoint, the sacred—the first principle—distinguishes from the religious, and is expressed in two main missions: the definition of a frontier between the sacred and the profane by the separation, then the protection of this new space delineated by the suppression of any violation. For the burials, these two missions are respectively accomplished by a position out of commerce and by the criminal procedure. The first mechanism comes from Roman law and shows an original protection of the burial process; every legal activity which is not incompatible with the respect of the dead is allowed. The other mechanism concerns the incrimination of the violation of the burial process and its sacred nature. The second founding principle is about the community: it was created for family burials by medieval communities, at a time when properties and people were seen as a unique family unit. Nowadays adapted by the family affectation, such a principle is maintained in our legal system because of a collective ownership regime, through the transmission of the succession restricted to the family and an egalitarian principle, which turn burials into a property of the community. Sacred property, property of the community, the founding principles of burials bring to light specific dimensions of the concept of property
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Rabelo, Carolina Gladyer. "Dignidade na ordem econômica: o capitalismo humanista como dimensão econômica dos direitos humanos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20942.
Анотація:
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This thesis aims to study the human dignity within the framework of the Brazilian constitutional economic order, which affirmed it as its purpose. Our proposal, based on a fraternal view, consists the search for the effectiveness of this principle in the context of the current capitalist system. The analysis is based on the multidimensionality of human rights, which according to the Theory of Humanist Capitalism – used as a methodological postulate of this work, comprises an indissoluble consolidation of the three dimensions of human rights, linked to: freedom, equality and fraternity. In today's world, where changes occur at the speed of light, there is no more space for a Cartesian thinking, where each discipline remains restricted to its field of activity. Law, a conjectural science par excellence, is not oblivious to such a finding. Therefore, we understand that the problem brought must be a subject of study through other optics, such as Quantum Physics, which understands the interconnection of factors and the awareness of coexistence. Thus, firstly, we will treat the methodological bases used, which contemplate Normative Jus-humanism and Humanist Capitalism, as well as the reinforcements inherent in the Theory of Morphic Fields, Quantum Mechanics and the Theory of Quantum Law. In the next section, we propose an analysis focused on the concept of human dignity and its relation with human rights. Following, using the assumptions presented, we defend the satisfaction of human dignity as a tangible objective, through the recognition of humanist capitalism as the economic dimension of human rights, by its philosophical bases and its legal-economic systematic
Esta tese tem como objeto de estudo a dignidade humana no âmbito da ordem econômica constitucional brasileira, que a afirmou como sua finalidade. Nossa proposta, embasada por um olhar fraterno, compreende a busca pela efetivação do referido princípio no contexto do sistema capitalista vigente. Referida análise encontra-se baseada na multidimensionalidade dos direitos humanos, que segundo a Teoria do Capitalismo Humanista – utilizada como postulado metodológico deste trabalho, compreende um adensamento indissolúvel de três dimensões de direitos humanos, ligadas a: liberdade, igualdade e fraternidade. No mundo atual, onde as mudanças ocorrem na velocidade da luz, não há mais espaço para um pensar cartesiano, onde cada disciplina permanece restrita ao seu campo de atuação. O Direito, ciência conjectural por excelência, não fica alheio a tal constatação. Por isso, entendemos que a problemática ora trazida deva ser estudada por meio de outras óticas, a exemplo da Física Quântica, que entende pela interligação de fatores e pela consciência da coexistência. Assim sendo, primeiramente, serão tratadas as bases metodológicas utilizadas, que contemplam o Jus-humanismo Normativo e o próprio Capitalismo Humanista, bem como, os reforços inerentes à Teoria dos Campos Mórficos, à Física Quântica e à Teoria Quântica do Direito. Adiante, propõe-se uma análise voltada ao conceito de dignidade humana e da relação desta com os direitos humanos. Na sequência, nos utilizando dos pressupostos então apresentados, defendemos como objetivo tangível a satisfação da dignidade humana, por meio do reconhecimento do capitalismo humanista como dimensão econômica dos direitos humanos, em função de suas bases filosóficas e sua sistemática jurídico-econômica
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Murillo, Cruz David Andrés. "Le droit international humaniste : entre crise et révolution de l'ordre juridique international." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0380/document.
Анотація:
L'arrivée de la globalisation a révélé l'existence de deux crises. La crise de l'État-nation et la crise du droit international. Ces crises sont devenues plus aigües à cause des nouveaux problèmes de l'humanité. Problèmes qui échappent tant au contrôle de l’État qu’à la régulation du droit international interétatique. Face à cette problématique, il est apparu le droit global, qui prétend substituer le droit international, en supprimant les Nations Unies, à travers la création d’une nouvelle organisation internationale dénommée : l’humanité unie. Afin de sauver le droit international ainsi que d’éviter les conséquences nuisibles qui pourrait porter le droit global à la communauté internationale, il est proposé la création d’un nouveau droit, le droit international humaniste, fondé sur la protection des intérêts des personnes et de l’humanité. Pour faire effectif le droit international humaniste, il est proposé le concept d’État-outil ainsi que la mise en œuvre du contrôle de conventionnalité, dans le but d’harmoniser les droits étatiques avec la régulation humanisteThe arrival of the globalization revealed the existence of two crises. The crisis of the nation state and the crisis of the international law. These crises became more acute because of the new problems of the humanity. Problems which escape both the control of the State and the regulation of the interstate international law. In the face of this problem, it appeared the global law, which claims to substitute the international law, by eliminating the United Nations, through the creation of a new international organization: The United Humanity. To save the international law as well as avoid the harmful consequences who could wear the global law for the international community, is proposed the creation of a new law, the international law for humankind, based on the protection of the interests of the people and the humanity. To make staff the international law for humankind, is proposed the concept of Tool- State as well as the implementation of the conventionality control, with the aim of harmonizing the state rights with the humanist regulation
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Rossi, Matheus Corredato. "Análise do capital estrangeiro na perspectiva da ordem econômica constitucional brasileira." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8654.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2009-06-22The Federal Constitution provides the rules for the Brazilian economic order that should be followed and implemented by the Public Power, and supported by the community, who is the holder of such order. The parameter of application and interpretation is given by the social justice, which is to give conditions for a dignified life to everybody. The legal regime of foreign capital must be understood in the range of both fundamental rights and principles that inform the Economic Law. The encouragement of enterprises of national capital is possible so as to the accomplishment of fundamental rights of Brazilian constitutional economic order
A Constituição Federal traz o regramento da Ordem Econômica brasileira que deverá ser seguido e aplicado pelo Poder Público e, defendido pela coletividade, que é a titular dessa ordem. O parâmetro da aplicação e interpretação é dado pela justiça social, que é dar a todos condição de vida digna. O regime jurídico do capital estrangeiro deve ser compreendido no conjunto de direitos fundamentais e princípios que informam o Direito Econômico. O favorecimento das empresas de capital nacional é possível com vistas à concretização dos direitos fundamentais finalísticos da Ordem Econômica constitucional brasileira
33
Tsegay, Tesfamicael Negash. "Accomplishments, shortcomings and challenges : evaluation of the Special Court for Sierra Leone." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1236.
Анотація:
"In response to President Kabah's request of June 2000, the United Nations Security Council called on the Secretary-General to negotiate an agreement with the government of Sierra Leone for the creation of a special court for Sierra Leone (hereafter SCSL), to investigate the atrocities committed within the country, by Resolution 1315 of 14 August 2000. Under the agreement concluded in February 2001, the SCSL has jurisdiction over crimes against humanity, war crimes and other serious violations of international humanitarian law committed since November 1996. The author assesses in detail the efficacy of the SCSL in dispensing justice up to date. The author concludes that, although the SCSL has accomplished much, it has shortcomings and faces changes that hamper the attainment of its objectives. ... This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one provides the context in which the study is set, the focus and objectives of the study, its significance and other preliminary issues, including a statement of the problem and the literature review. Analysis of the conflict in Sierra Leone are necessary to grasp the graveness and the nature of the human rights violations and to understand the nature and extent of justice already meted out. Chapter two focuses particularly on the historical background of the conflict and the reasons that necessitate the establishment of the SCSL. The SCSL was established specifically to respond to human rights abuses committed during the civil war in Sierra Leone. Chapter three examines the major achievements of the Court in dispensing justice, and chapter four identifies the shortcomings and the challenges that confront the Court in its aim to fulfil its mandate." -- Chapter one.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006.
Prepared under the supervision of Professor Lovell Fernandez, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Chumberiza, Tupac Yupanqui Mayté Pamela, and Laos Carlos Mauricio Nuñez. "Some considerations about the internal armed conflict and the responsibility of the peruvian State with Human Rights violations. Entrevista al Dr. Salomón Lerner Febres*." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118149.
Анотація:
The present interview makes a recount of some events that occurred during the internal armed conflict in our country. Also, the interviewer gives his opinion about the position of the Peruvian State regarding the Interamerican Court of Human Rights.La presente entrevista busca realizar un recuento de algunos sucesos ocurridos durante el conflicto armado interno en nuestro país y sobre el aporte de la Comisión de Verdad y Reconciliación. Además, el entrevistado expresa su opinión acerca de la posición del Estado Peruano frente a la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.
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Mugero, Jesse. "Uganda's response to the phenomenon of enforced disappearances and the transitional justice response in Uganda." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6278.
Анотація:
Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure)Enforced disappearances are a heinous violation of numerous human rights enshrined in many international conventions. However, they have not been adequately addressed in many jurisdictions. This crime is very common within countries on the continent of Africa, which despite having plenty of conflicts, under report cases of enforced disappearances. This research paper investigates the transitional justice mechanisms implemented in Uganda to deal with the phenomenon of enforced disappearances. It analyses the mechanisms implemented by the Government of Uganda and those by Non- Governmental Organisations. The paper examines also how the phenomenon of enforced disappearances has been dealt with in other countries such as Morocco, Kenya and South Africa. The paper suggests several recommendations to Uganda after having made a comparison with the selected countries on how to deal with the crime of enforced disappearances.
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Hernawan, Yohanes Budi. "From the theatre of torture to the theatre of peace: The politics of torture and re-imagining peacebuilding in Papua, Indonesia." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/10325.
Анотація:
This thesis provides the first full-length of scholarly examination of the half century of the politics of torture and peacebuilding frameworks in Papua, Indonesia. It has
assembled a data base of 431 reported torture cases for the period 1963-2010 as well as examined 214 testimonies of state actors, survivors and third parties from Indonesia, Australia, Papua New Guinea, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. While the current resurgence of scholarly interests on torture largely
focuses on the utilitarian nature of torture as part of the war on terror, the findings of this study take a non-utilitarian turn. First, torture has been deployed strategically by the Indonesian state in Papua as a mode of governance. Second, torture constitutes a spectacle of the sovereign by which the sovereign communicates to a broader audience through the public display of the tortured body. Third, torture has constituted a crime against humanity punishable by both Indonesian and International Human Rights Law. Fourth, the five-decade practice of torture with almost complete impunity has constructed a theatre of torture in which the interactions of survivors, perpetrators, and spectators have produced and reproduced contesting narratives of suffering, domination and witnessing. Based on these four conclusions, peacebuilding in Papua can be reconceptualised as developing a theatre of peacebuilding to transform the theatre of torture. The theatre of peacebuilding model reveals that torture has not always entirely and permanently converted a subject into an ‘abject’. Many survivors not only regain their subjectivity but also their agency. They are able to resist the domination of perpetrators and to take control over their own bodies and histories. In this process of regaining agency, memoria passionis (the memory of suffering) may be beginning to push Papua toward a tipping point that is transforming the theatre of torture to a theatre of peacebuilding. The possibility for this transformation is encapsulated in the idea of establishing a permanent Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Papua (TRCP). Memoria passionis has become a converging point that connects the triangulation of the narratives of suffering, domination and witnessing and inverts the triangulation into a new configuration of ‘revolt, healing and solidarity.’ The whole process of theorising
peacebuilding based on the concept of memoria passionis as a remedy to the politics of torture in Papua contributes a novel and distinctively Papuan foundation to the theory and practice of peacebuilding in conflict situations like Papua.
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Lima, Eduardo Garcia de. "A aplicação quântica do direito sob a ótica do Capitalismo Humanista: a não neutralidade entre o capitalismo e os direitos humanos e fundamentais." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7074.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-14This study aims at investigating the Quantum Law Application, from the Human Capitalism point of view. From the prior conjecture of the current stage of civilization, it s not conceivable to understand the juridical order without the human rights acknowledgment and, consequently, of the fundamental rights, and that reality presents provocative data: to the arrangement of legal orders, particularly to the State, it s not sufficient to acknowledge such rights, since the goal goes far beyond that: it is the efficacy of such rights that matters. In order to approach the human capitalism theory, the concepts of economy and economic order were explored portraying the formulation of said theory which supports the substantiation of human rights in all of its dimensions freedom, equality and fraternity as well as the quantum law application as a way to guarantee the underlying human rights, providing legal science the concept of consubstantiality, by which makes seemingly antagonistic phenomena support normative legal humanism. The study performed showed that in the quantum law application there is no questioning of any legal interpretation that is not compatible with all dimensions of human rights, and consequently with human dignity. Therefore it is possible to state that human capitalism, making use of quantum law application, supports the effectuation of human rights the legal system is committed to human dignity
O presente estudo se propõe investigar a aplicação quântica do direito sob a ótica do Capitalismo Humanista. Parte do pressuposto de que, na quadra civilizatória atual, não se concebe a compreensão da ordem jurídica sem o reconhecimento dos direitos humanos, e, em consequência, dos direitos fundamentais, e que a realidade apresenta um dado instigante: não basta ao ordenamento jurídico, e em especial ao Estado, o reconhecimento desses direitos, pois o que se almeja é mais do que isso: almeja-se a eficácia desses direitos. Para abordar a teoria do Capitalismo Humanista, foram investigados não só os conceitos de economia e de ordem econômica, apresentando o delineamento da referida teoria, que sustenta a concretização dos direitos humanos em todas as suas dimensões liberdade, igualdade e fraternidade , como também a aplicação quântica do direito como via de efetivação dos direitos humanos e fundamentais, que traz para a ciência jurídica o conceito de consubstancialidade, pelo qual se compatibilizam fenômenos aparentemente antagônicos, que sustenta o jus-humanismo normativo. O estudo realizado mostrou que, na aplicação quântica do direito, não se cogita de qualquer interpretação jurídica que não seja compatível com todas as dimensões dos direitos humanos e, em consequência, com a dignidade humana. Por isso, pode-se afirmar que o Capitalismo Humanista, valendo-se da aplicação quântica do direito, sustenta a efetivação dos direitos humanos a ordem jurídica encontra-se comprometida com a dignidade humana
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Hersi, Mohamed Farah. "The possibilites of international prosecution against the former Somali militry regime for human rights abuses in Somaliland from 1981 - 1991: establishing individual criminal and civil responsibility under international law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8055.
Анотація:
Since the aftermath of the brutal civil war in Somaliland, no one has systematically considered the human rights atrocities committed by one of the most brutal regimes in sub-Saharan Africa.
Therefore, it is the objective of this study, firstly, to throw light on the international rules which govern those crimes committed in Somaliland during the military regime. Secondly, the study will apply those rules to the case of Somaliland, based on the available evidence. Thirdly,
the study will establish a case for the international prosecution of those who bear the greatest responsibilities for the human rights atrocities that occurred in Somaliland. Fourthly, this study will investigate which international mechanism provides the best chance of serving as an adequate prosecutorial mechanism. Finally, the study will analyse the role of individual criminal responsibility under international criminal lawThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Frans Viljoen of the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Araújo, Erika Maria Magalhaes Avila de. "A construção de um discurso humanista em Gilberto Freyre: elementos para uma concepção relativista sobre os direitos humanos." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9629.
Анотація:
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This dissertation analyzes the construction of a humanist discourse in Gilberto Freyre. This research starts from the assumption that there are elements in freyreano’s thought to act as an indicator of a relativistic conception of human rights, regardless he was not a jurist, nor have dealt objectively with legal issues and human rights, Gilberto Freyre has a theoretical knowledge who contributes to legal discourse, considering a master's degree in social and legal sciences, in Columbia, at which time he had contact with the cultural anthropology of Franz Boas. At first, as a way to introduce the theoretical debate, there is the definition of which texts bring this concern to the legal field. Then, realize that the discussion around the bachelor’s degree behavior, in the nineteenth century, and the aim of making the legal education closest of social changes through legal sociology, evidences the construction of a relativistic discourse on human rights. Thus, a historical positioning becomes imperative on the period in which the “freyreanas” research will be carried out, bringing the sociological theories in vogue at the time and the development of sociology as a science, to situate the cultural relativism of Franz Boas. The methodology of Boas’s research, peculiar in the conduct of social research, puts Boas as a transforming landmark for sociology as a science, as it brings to this science the empirical character through cultural anthropology. A next step is to understand the influence of Boas’s studies on the development of humanistic-contextual theory of Gilberto Freyre. That is, the dissertation intends to analize in which way the Boas’s empirical trend approaches the Gilberto Freyre’s thoughts about the relativist discourse on human rights. It’s possible to identify the humanistic-contextual aspects that justify the existence of the relativistic humanistic thought in the “freyreanas” sociological analyzes.Thus, to resolve the theoretical-literature concern, the deductive method was used to situate Gilberto Freyre in a historical context, identifying contextual and humanistic elements in Boas analysis, which influences the formation of a Freyre’s legal culture in human rights.
Este trabalho analisa a construção de um discurso humanista em Gilberto Freyre. Tal investigação parte da hipótese que há elementos no pensamento freyreano que se constituem como indicadores de uma concepção relativista sobre os Direitos Humanos, não obstante não ser jurista, nem ter tratado, objetivamente, sobre temas jurídicos ou de direitos humanos, Gilberto Freyre possui um aparato teórico que contribui para um discurso jurídico, considerando um mestrado em ciências sociais e jurídicas, em Colúmbia, momento em que teve contato com a antropologia cultural de Franz Boas. De início, como forma de introduzir o debate teórico, há a definição de quais textos trazem essa preocupação com o universo jurídico. Em seguida, percebe-se que a discussão em torno do comportamento bacharelesco no século XIX e a preocupação em tornar o ensino jurídico mais próximo das transformações sociais através da sociologia jurídica, aponta indícios para a construção de um discurso relativista sobre os direitos humanos. Dessa forma torna-se imperioso um posicionamento histórico sobre o período em que serão realizadas as pesquisas freyreanas, trazendo as teorias sociológicas em voga na época e o desenvolvimento da sociologia como ciência, para situar o relativismo cultural de Franz Boas. A metodologia de pesquisa boasiana, peculiar na condução das pesquisas sociais, coloca Boas como um marco transformador da sociologia enquanto ciência, pois traz para essa ciência o caráter empírico através da antropologia cultural. Um passo seguinte é perceber a influência dos estudos de Boas na construção do pensamento humanístico-contextualista de Gilberto Freyre. Ou seja, a dissertação caminha na direção de perceber em que medida essa tendência empiíricaboasiana aproxima Gilberto Freyre de um discurso relativista sobre os direitos humanos. Verifica-se, portanto, ser possível identificar, aspectos humanísticos-contextuais que justifiquem a existência, nas análises sociológicas freyreanas, ainda que incipiente, de um pensamento humanístico de cunho relativista. Dessa forma, para dirimir a preocupação teórico-bibliográfica, utilizou-se o método dedutivo para situar Gilberto Freyre dentro de um contexto histórico, identificando elementos contextuais e humanísticos nas análises de Boas, os quais influenciarão na formação de uma cultura jurídica freyreana de direitos humanos.
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Kottemann, Kathrin. ""Let heaven kiss earth!": The Function of Humanism and Animism in Shakespeare's Richard II and Henry IV, Parts I and II." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2009. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/999.
Анотація:
As Shakespeare composed the three history plays discussed here, English culture faced a shift in its dominant belief system from an animistic perspective that valued nature and superstition to a humanistic perspective based on reason and personal relationships. In Richard II, Shakespeare creates characters that fall on either side of this divide, and he shows humanism triumph over animism when Henry deposes Richard. In 1 Henry IV, Shakespeare shows that this binary is not so easily reconciled, and Hal (the future Henry V) creates a dual nature that subsumes the tenets of both animism and humanism. After the death of his father and his rejection of Falstaff in 2 Henry IV, Hal demonstrates that the only solution to the humanism/animism debate is to entirely reject the tenets of both and, instead, blend the two viewpoints together. The result is a newly formed conception of kingship and a hero-king.
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Lundborg, Ida. "Ett (o)tillåtet undantag eller en (ny)etablerad regel? : - En studie av den nuvarande folkrättsliga regleringen av humanitär intervention." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-2677.
Анотація:
Abstract
This essay has as its purpose to discuss the current legal regulation of the concept of humanitarian intervention. The inconsistencies in the debate over the legal status of this concept, and the legal uncertainty it brings to the acts of states and the lives of their nationals is a motivating factor for the writing of this essay. However, it has been clear from the outset that the concept of humanitarian intervention is intricately connected to political and moral ideas and values. Thus, the attitude taken towards this doctrine will be highly dependent on the perspectives of the state, government or single author representing it.
Following this starting point, the aim of this essay is not to present a single answer as to whether humanitarian intervention is, or is not, legal, but to research, compare and analyze the different arguments put forward in this subject in international law today. Hopefully, this will provide the reader of this essay with some insight into the sources of international law of today and how the principles of state sovereignty, non-intervention, the prohibition of force and the protection of human rights relate to the concept of humanitarian intervention.
A frank overview of the UN Charter does not support use of force except in the case of self-defence or without a Security Council mandate. Because of the unique character of the Charter and the UN system itself, any interpretation of the Charter will have to consider not only the letter of the Charter but its founding purposes and principles, as well as its function and tasks in international society today. Taking into account this wider perception of the Charter, there have been propositions to interpret the key articles and principles on the use of force in the Charter in such a way that the concept of humanitarian intervention completely circumvents the prohibition on the use of force and the principle of non-intervention. This interpretation, however, has been rejected by the currently most authoritative writers in international law and has received a, to say the least, mixed support among the community of states. The main reason for this is that such an interpretation of the Charter overlooks the travaux preparatoires of the Charter as well as the purposes and functions of the UN, and would produce a result contrary to the peace-building aims of the UN.
As regards the state practice connected to the relevant regulations of the UN Charter, this essay has shown that the consistency, generality and uniformity of this practise is not sufficient to conclude that a new interpretative regime has been accepted by the states that would allow for humanitarian intervention beyond what is provided for today by the explicit support of the UN Charter. Neither has the claims of a customary rule allowing humanitarian intervention, independent of the rules of the UN Charter, been proved to exist as a result of consistent state practice and an accompanying opinio juris. Still, states have been seen to resort to the use of force claiming a right to humanitarian intervention, and there is recognition of such a doctrine in the writing of several authors. This perception may partly be a consequence of the American dominance in the writing on the subject, and the selectivity that such a limited perspective brings to the overview of the legal position of humanitarian intervention. However, there is proof in the practice of the UN and the instruments concluded by states within the UN system of a new perspective of the state and its responsibility towards its own citizens. Coupled with the emergence of human rights instruments within the UN, there is a possibility that this perspective will bring changes in the values and workings of the UN system and the community of states as a whole. This change may perhaps in the future allow for a doctrine of humanitarian intervention in cases of extreme humanitarian distress.
However, the risks of misuse of such a new right, as well as the difficulties of formulating a set of criteria for this doctrine that would encompass the will and interests of all states demand that such a development, however mindful of the urgency of the human suffering necessary to counter with such a doctrine, will have to take its time and be conducted with great care to produce a sustainable result.
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Vandersommers, Daniel A. "Laboratories, Lyceums, Lords: The National Zoological Park and the Transformation of Humanism in Nineteenth-Century America." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1399640141.
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Mattsson, Per-Göran. "Empati med mänskligheten : Om humanitarismens genealogi, möjligheter och förutsättningar." Thesis, Enskilda Högskolan Stockholm, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ths:diva-1070.
Анотація:
The question of how "humanitarianism" became possible, and whether humanitarianism is a factor of power in today's world, and possible in the future, is answered against the backdrop of the problem of the world's moral indifference, and the difficulty of mobilizing empathy and commitment to other people's suffering in humanitarian disasters. A genealogical discourse analysis examines historical breakthroughs for humanitarianism, and how humanitarianism relates to human rights, in a moral-philosophical and sociological perspective, in a historical exposition, with the aim of tracing violations and leaps in the development of conditions and possibilities, which enabled the construction of a discourse of humanitarianism. Important prerequisites for humanitarianism to become possible, and the ideas of human rights, are a changed view of man during enlightenment, and her self-understanding, as an "ethical subject", as ground to rights, and that "humanity" was imagined to be a legal community that entails a moral responsibility of universal solidarity. A discourse of humanitarianism has been constructed which has become a factor of power in international politics to meet needs, that it costs to deviate from. A danger to the future is that humanitarianism, as an active protest against the world's suffering, is politicized and abused as a pretext for power ambitions. Whether humanitarianism is possible depends on the social and moral preconditions of international cooperation and idealism, and the belief that human progression is possible, and the attitude: ”We become more fully human via the manner in which we treat our fellows”.
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Holm, Fanny. "Justice for victims of atrocity crimes : prosecution and reparations under international law." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138761.
Анотація:
This thesis takes its starting point from the need for a comprehensive approach towards justice following atrocities, and where not only the states in which the crimes were committed have a role to play. The thesis discusses atrocity crime (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes) prosecution and reparations procedures concerning individuals as two appropriate courses of action, through which non-territorial states may contribute to atrocity prevention and justice for the victims of atrocities. The analysis addresses whether, under international law, non-territorial states are allowed to, required to, or prohibited from facilitating prosecution and reparations procedures and includes an assessment of the extent to which international law relating to reparations fails to correspond to that applicable to prosecution. The implications of the lack of correspondence are analysed in light of the historical connection and separation of the two courses of action, the procedural and substantive legal overlaps between prosecution and reparations, and the underlying aims and functions of prosecution and reparations. The study covers a wide spectrum of international legal sources, most of them to be found in human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law. The study shows that while non-territorial states are included in both conventional and customary law as regards prosecution of atrocity crimes, the same cannot be said in relation to reparations procedures. This serious deficit and inconsistency in international law, is explained by the framing of reparations, but not prosecution, as a matter concerning victims and human rights, thereby leaving the enforcement of the rules to the discretion of each state. Reparation is also considered a private matter and as such falls outside the scope of the far-reaching obligations regarding prosecution. The study suggests taking further the responsibilities of non-territorial states in relation to atrocity crimes. Most urgently, measures should be considered that bring the legal space for reparations procedures into line with that for prosecution in, for instance, future discussions by human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and in the drafting of new international victims' rights, atrocity crimes or civil procedure instruments.
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Queirolo, Paola Cantarini. "Direito comercial à luz da doutrina do capitalismo humanista e do princípio constitucional da proporcionalidade." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6095.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-26This dissertation was developed with a focus on fundamental rights, the principle of proportionality, philosophy and philosophy of law, to obtain a perspective of humanization of commercial law, allowing for debate and reflection on the design of the new Brazilian Commercial Code through an analysis Legal of socio-economic, developed within the framework of capitalism humanist doctrine. First dealt with the search for a new interpretation of the law, considering its fictional nature, while a product before they will desire, as well as his character autopoietic, postulating a necessary and indissoluble link him with the philosophy and the arts, highlighting what would be the most political among them, since its birth, namely the theater. Thus, we sought a new look in this new interpretation, more sensitive and reflective, launched on commercial law, which would be more closely coupled with humanism and human dignity, right to human rights of otherness, via principle proportionality. This is making the attempt, however difficult that presents itself, for it considers absolutely necessary to reconcile the individualistic and self-centered capitalism with a new humanism, still in gestation, "antropophiliac" to initiate it with him, Also, a new capitalism, humanistic, based on brotherhood, solidarity and human dignity. For the last, it is the analysis of the relationship between the principle of proportionality and human dignity in order to better cope with further questions, crucial, resulting from collisions between fundamental rights and / or fundamental principles, so as to preserve the essence fundamental right of all and the very democratic state, precisely, human dignity, which looms as what's more important to be preserved, preserving us. In a second step, we analyze the issue of flexibility of labor law (working conditions), indicating, in this aspect, the unconstitutionality of the current Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring (Law No. 11.101/05) and also Project Brazilian Commercial Code (PL No. 1572/2011), via the principle of proportionality, as understood through unremovable realization of human dignity and democratic state
A presente dissertação de mestrado foi desenvolvida com foco nos direitos fundamentais, princípio da proporcionalidade, filosofia e filosofia do direito, visando alcançar uma perspectiva de humanização do direito comercial, ensejando o debate e a reflexão acerca do Projeto do novo Código Comercial Brasileiro através de uma análise jurídica de cunho sócioeconômico, desenvolvida no marco da doutrina do capitalismo humanista. Primeiramente tratou-se da busca por nova interpretação do direito, considerando sua natureza ficcional, enquanto um produto antes do desejo que da vontade, assim como o seu caráter autopoiético, postulando uma necessária e indissolúvel vinculação dele com a filosofia e com as artes, destacando-se aquela que seria a mais política dentre elas, desde seu nascedouro, a saber, o teatro. Destarte, buscou-se um novo olhar nessa nova interpretação, mais sensível e reflexiva, lançado sobre o direito comercial, o qual passaria a ser conjugado mais estreitamente com o humanismo e com a dignidade humana, logo com os direitos humanos da alteridade, via princípio da proporcionalidade. Trata-se de fazer a tentativa, por mais difícil que se apresente, por considera-la absolutamente necessária, de se conciliar o capitalismo individualista e egocêntrico com um novo humanismo, ainda em gestação, antropofilíaco , para que se instaure com ele, também, um novo capitalismo, humanista, com fundamento na fraternidade, na solidariedade e na dignidade humana. Por derradeiro, faz-se a análise da relação entre o princípio da proporcionalidade e a dignidade humana, visando posteriormente o melhor enfrentamento das questões, cruciais, resultantes de colisões entre direitos fundamentais e/ou princípios fundamentais, a fim de que se preserve o conteúdo essencial de todo direito fundamental e do próprio Estado Democrático de Direito, precisamente, a dignidade humana, que avulta como o que há de mais importante a ser preservado, preservando-nos. Em um segundo momento, é analisada a questão da flexibilização do direito do trabalho (das condições de trabalho), apontando, neste aspecto, as inconstitucionalidades da atual Lei de Falências e Recuperação de Empresas (Lei nº 11.101/05) e também do Projeto de Código Comercial Brasileiro (PL nº 1572/2011), via princípio da proporcionalidade, entendido como meio inafastável de realização da dignidade humana e do Estado Democrático de Direito
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Caceres, Felipe Chinalli. "Educação e cultura em direitos humanos na ordem internacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2140/tde-05122013-154918/.
Анотація:
Considerando a atual situação do Direito à Educação em Direitos Humanos no Brasil e no mundo e a importância de se inserir nos sistemas educacionais a proposta da gestão de um plano em Direitos Humanos, balizada por interculturalidade e interacionismo, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo institucionalizar a promoção do acesso aos conhecimentos multiculturalistas, inerentes à afirmação histórica dos Direitos Humanos. Entendemos que tanto os alunos quanto os educadores são sujeitos dos direitos históricos da humanidade. Assim, diagnosticamos a necessidade de uma intervenção pedagógica humanista nas escolas a ser institucionalizada por uma cultura em educação alternativa contida no projeto-piloto, ora anexado.Considering the actual state of the Right to Human Rights Education in Brazil, its global present context and the importance to insert its proposals in the educational systems as a political action of a Human Rights plan, oriented by interculturality and interactionism, in this research the main objective has been to institutionalize the promotion of access to multicultural knowledge, associated to the historical affirmation of Human Rights, and to view the students and the educators as mankinds historical rights subjects. It has also been diagnosticated the urgency of a humanistic pedagogical intervention in schools yet to be institutionalized by an alternative educational culture, included in the attached pilot project.
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El, Gamli Tarek. "La protection pénale des minorités religieuses en droit comparé." Thesis, Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL0092.
Анотація:
Les minorités religieuses représentent souvent une composante de la population et se caractérisent par leur différence religieuse qui peut les rendre vulnérables à diverses menaces. Assurer la sécurité et la stabilité des sociétés comportant des minorités religieuses impose l’adoption de dispositions spécifiques. La protection pénale représente ici le moyen juridique le plus efficace, à travers la dissuasion réalisée par les sanctions et les mesures adoptées. Cette étude vise à déterminer le fondement et la portée de ladite protection accordée à des minorités et ce, en établissant une comparaison entre deux systèmes différents devant la religion, le système religieux (libyen et égyptien) et le système laïc (français). Le Statut de la Cour pénale internationale en tant qu’axe complémentaire sera ici un élément neutre par sa position ni laïque, ni religieuse. Cette comparaison s’attachera à l’impact du système juridique adopté quant aux droits des minorités religieusesReligious minorities are often a component of the population and are characterized by their religious difference that can make them vulnerable to various threats. Ensuring security and stability of societies with religious minorities requires the adoption of specific provisions. The criminal protection, here, represents the most effective legal means, through deterrence achieved by sanctions and measures adopted. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of that protection extended to minorities in terms of foundation and reach, by making a comparison between two different systems in front of religion: the religious system (Libya and Egypt) and the secular system (French). The Statute of the International Criminal Court as a complementary axis, here, is a neutral element in its position nor secular or religious. This comparison will focus on the impact of the legal system adopted regarding the rights of religious minorities
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Mattsson, Per-Göran. "Fascismens återkomst i nya kläder? : En analys av SverigeDemokraternas Idé-traditioner." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-5407.
Анотація:
This paper is a case study of the Sweden Democrats with the aim to better understand the nature of the immigrant-critical nationalist parties, often referred to as right-wing extremist, right-wing populist etc. who has had success in several countries, and their ideological roots. A comparative descriptive analysis has been done of the ideas of the Sweden Democrats' ideology, with the aim to identify and examine the presence of fascism ideas in SD's ideology. On the basis of the existing research has an ideal type been formulated what fascism most basic ideas are. With this idealtype as an analytical tool has SD's party platform, political speeches, SD-kuriren and Jimmie Åkesson's book, etc. been analyzed. It has been possible to demonstrate the similarities and differences between the SD's and fascist ideas. Ideas of SD which is also a typical feature of fascism is the opposition to the conduct of immigration policy and to stop or limit immigration which appears as the party's most prominent idea that is also a typical feature of fascism. The myth of the betrayed people's home “Folkhemmet” appears to be a typical "mystical core" in the SD's thinking which is similar to the example stab-in-the-back legend of Nazism. The idea about the third way and a excluding nationalism that sees diversity as a threat is common within fascism while the differences is that the SD profess democracy and denounces anti-democratic ideas. SD is like the fascists not pacifists but has not, moreover, any typical fascist ideas on the war in its program. The multicultural society is considered a threat, which is similar to the ideas of fascism, and SD considers that a culture war is going on, especially with Islam. SD has some ideas in common with fascism that indicates continuity from the interwar fascism. Other ideas differ from the ideas of fascism, which shows that the party has been partly done up with its ideological roots. The type of thought structures identified in the analysis of the Sweden Democrats have several ideas in common with the fascist discourse, but there are also similarities with the humanist Enlightenment discourse in the affirmation of democracy.
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Pogorelsky, Fernanda Giardini. "Os direitos laborais como valores universalizáveis: a urgência de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento econômico." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2009. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2456.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 22Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Atestada a perspectiva hegemônica negativa do modelo socioeconômico vigente, a dissertação objetiva examinar a possibilidade dos direitos laborais, enquanto Direitos Humanos, pautarem uma comunidade mundial de valores em época de globalização econômica. Partindo da universalização dos Direitos Humanos Sociais e de sua distribuição assimétrica no mundo, a viabilidade de conciliação entre os direitos laborais e o sistema capitalista contemporâneo importa na construção semântica de valores universalizáveis, passíveis da formação de uma comunidade inter-humana sem exterior. Valendo-se do método fenomenológico-hermenêutico, o trabalho tenta compreender o fenômeno da precarização das relações sociais e propõe-se a desvendar os direitos laborais como valores universalizáveis, lançando uma nova proposta de construção da humanidade como valor, a partir de Mireille Delmas-Marty. Ordenar e coordenar as legislações nacionais e internacional, por um possível intercâmbio normativo, possibilitando a responsabilização dos a
Attested the negative social-economic hegemonic model‟s perspective in force, the thesis aims to examine the possibility of labor rights, as Human Rights, to guide a world community of values in a economic globalization era. Based on the universality of Human Social Rights and its asymmetrical distribution in the world, the possibility of reconciliation between labor rights and the contemporary capitalist system matter to the a semantic construction of universalible values, able to form an international community without outside human. Based on the hermeneutic-phenomenological method, the paper attempts to understand the phenomenon of social relations deterioration and proposes to unveil the labor rights as universalible values, launching a new proposal by the humanity construction as a value from Mireille Delmas - Marty. Arrange and coordinate nationals and international legislations for a possible standards exchange, enabling the accountability of economic actors by the absence of social commitment, i
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Krid, Riad. "Le droit à un procès équitable devant les juridictions internationales pénales : une analyse critique à travers les dimensions intrinsèques de la procédure pénale internationale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1014.
Анотація:
Les statuts et les règlements des juridictions internationales pénales reconnaissent la plupart des garanties du droit à un procès équitable prévues par les instruments internationaux relatifs aux droits de l’homme. Pourtant, si on examine le volume du contentieux pénal international, nous allons vite nous apercevoir que les allégations relatives à la violation de ce droit occupent une place importante. C’est pourquoi, il nous paraissait nécessaire de déceler et d’analyser les raisons de cette distorsion. Pour faire une telle étude, nous avons préalablement avancé qu’au-delà de la dimension originelle de la procédure pénale internationale visant à mettre en œuvre les règles du droit international pénal, deux autres dimensions se sont confirmées aussi bien à travers les textes que dans la pratique. Il s’agit de la dimension humaniste d’une part et de la dimension managériale d’autre part. Partant de ce constat, nous avons voulu lever le voile sur les impacts de ses dernières sur la mise en œuvre effective du droit à un procès équitable, et ce, en procédant à une analyse critique. Le but de cette démarche est de démontrer que ces dimensions intrinsèques de la procédure pénale internationale, ont des effets directs et indirects sur le caractère équitable des procès pénaux internationauxThe statutes and the rules of international criminal courts recognize most of the guarantees of the right to a fair trial under international instruments on human rights. However, if we examine the size of international criminal litigation, we will soon realize that the allegations relating to the violation of this right take a large place. Therefore, it seemed necessary to identify and analyze the reasons for this distortion. To do such a study, we have previously argued that beyond the original dimensions of the international criminal procedure to implement the rules of international criminal law, two others dimensions were confirmed by the texts and the practice. There are the humanist and the managerial dimensions. With this in mind, we wanted to uncover their impact on the effective implementation of the right to a fair trial, conducting a critical analysis. The purpose of this approach is to demonstrate that these intrinsic dimensions of international criminal procedure have direct and indirect effects on the fairness of international criminal trials