Статті в журналах: "Rider Behaviour"

1

Woodcock, Kathryn, and Janet Tsao. "“Rider Responsibility” and Amusement Ride Accidents: An Observational and Consensus Study of Rider Behaviours." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 19 (September 2005): 1800–1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901910.

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“Rider responsibility” regulations will oblige riders to comply with rules and safety features and to abide by the range and limits of their abilities. This study observed rider errors and analysed inspectors' reports of undesirable rider and operator behaviours. In most errors, provisions for error prevention and error capturing were ineffective, although error tolerance prevented most injury. While inspectors used a discourse of violation to describe undesirable behaviour, the observed errors were goal oriented and made sense in the rider's task or possible mental model. “Rider responsibility” obligations may not eliminate the contextual aspects of the errors resulting in deviation from the existing safety rules.

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2

Purdy, DJ, D. Simner, D. Diskett, A. Duncan, LEE Brooks, and P. Sheppard. "A theoretical investigation into the handling characteristics of snowboards at low lateral acceleration." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 8 (July 22, 2013): 1697–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213496953.

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In this work, a model of a rider and snowboard is presented. The snowboard is modelled as two rigid one-dimensional sections connected by a frictionless pin-joint linked by a torsional stiffness and the rider by a mass at a fixed height above the snowboard, which can move longitudinally. The model is simplified to allow the fundamental behaviour of the snowboard and rider to be investigated for a number of manoeuvres used by learners. The behaviour of the rider is shown to be related to the angle of lean and it is conjectured that the rider might attempt to achieve consistency of response by moving their centre of mass longitudinally. The response of the model in open-loop is difficult to control, and to overcome this, two control loops are designed for the lateral velocity and yaw angle of the snowboard. The model is shown to recreate a number of manoeuvres that are used to help people to learn to ride snowboards.

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3

Gulino, Michelangelo-Santo, Giovanni Zonfrillo, Krzysztof Damaziak, and Dario Vangi. "Exploring Performances of Electric Micro-Mobility Vehicles and Behavioural Patterns of Riders for In-Depth Accident Analysis." Designs 5, no. 4 (October 14, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs5040066.

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(1) Background: Electric micro-mobility vehicles (i.e., e-bikes and e-scooters) represent a fast-growing portion of the circulating fleet, leading to a multiplication of accident cases also attributable to risky behaviours adopted by the riders. Still, data on vehicle performance and rider behaviour are sparse and difficult to interpret (if not unavailable). Information regarding the overall accident dynamics can, however, aid in identifying users’ risky riding behaviour that actually led to a harmful event, allowing one to propose efficient strategies and policies to reduce the occurrence of road criticalities. (2) Methods: Speed and acceleration data of six cyclists of traditional and electric bikes were extracted from six closed-circuit experiments and real road tests performed in the city of Florence (Italy) to derive their behavioural patterns in diverse road contexts. (3) Results: The application of analysis of variance and linear regression procedures to such data highlights differences between men and women in terms of performance/behaviour in standing start; additionally, the use of e-bikes favours a higher speed ride in correspondence to roundabouts and roads with/without the right of way. To thoroughly assess the rider’s responsibilities in an eventual accident, an ancillary procedure was highlighted to evaluate whether a micro-mobility vehicle complies with the applicable regulations. (4) Conclusion: With these results, the prospective recognition of rider behaviour was facilitated during the investigation process, and the abilities to extract such relevant information from in-depth accident data wereconsequently enhanced.

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4

Piccolo, Lara, and Kathrin Kienapfel. "Voluntary Rein Tension in Horses When Moving Unridden in a Dressage Frame Compared with Ridden Tests of the Same Horses—A Pilot Study." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 6, 2019): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060321.

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Too much rein tension while riding may compromise the welfare of the horse. But who generates the tension on the reins—the horse or the rider? The primary aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the maximum rein tension that horses voluntarily maintain without a rider compared to rein tension with a rider. A secondary aim was to evaluate conflict behaviours in relation to rein tension. Thirteen horses were used, all fitted with customised “Animon” rein tension sensors (25 Hz, up to 600 N range), free-moving with side reins set in dressage competition frame with the noseline on the vertical. Rein tension was measured at the walk, trot, and canter in both directions in a round pen. The same horses were then ridden by their usual riders and completed the same task on a riding ground. Continuous video recordings were obtained to subsequently quantify the occurrence of conflict behaviours. The difference in mean maximum peak of rein tension with and without a rider for each gait was compared using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. Without a rider, rein tension was significantly lower (Wilcoxon T = 0, p < 0.01, 7.5 N ± 2.8 N) than with a rider (Wilcoxon T = 0, p < 0.01, 24.0 N ± 12.3 N). Regardless of the different rein tensions in the ridden exercise, all of the horses exhibited approximately the same amount of rein tension in the unridden exercise. The frequency of conflict behaviour was higher with a rider than without (11 ± 14 per minute vs. 2 ± 3 per minute; T = 4, p < 0.01).

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5

GROSSMAN, PHILIP J., MARCO PIROZZI, and JEFF POPE. "AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF FREE-RIDER BEHAVIOUR." Australian Economic Papers 32, no. 60 (June 1993): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1993.tb00136.x.

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6

Özkan, Türker, Timo Lajunen, Burak Doğruyol, Zümrüt Yıldırım, and Ahmet Çoymak. "Motorcycle accidents, rider behaviour, and psychological models." Accident Analysis & Prevention 49 (November 2012): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.03.009.

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7

O’Hern, Steve, Nora Estgfaeller, Amanda Stephens, and Sergio Useche. "Bicycle Rider Behavior and Crash Involvement in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 2378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052378.

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This research investigated how behaviours and attitudes of bicycle riders influence crash frequency and severity. The study recruited 1102 Australian bicycle riders for an online survey. The survey comprised questions on demographics, frequency of riding and the number and severity of traffic crashes during the last five years. The survey included the Cycling Behaviour Questionnaire and the Cyclist Risk Perception and Regulation Scale. Overall, there were low levels of errors and violations reported by participants indicating that these behaviours were on average never or rarely exhibited while riding a bicycle. Conversely, participants reported high levels of engagement in positive behaviours and reported high levels of traffic rule knowledge and risk perception. Higher rates of violations and errors were associated with increased crash likelihood, while higher rates of positive behaviours were associated with reduced rates of crash involvement in a period of 5 years. The findings highlight the relationship between errors, total crashes and crash severity Further promotion of positive behaviours amongst riders may also help to reduce the risk of crashes.

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8

Krishnakishore, Madurai. "Motorised two-wheeler Rider Behaviour Questionnaire: State of the Art." European Transport/Trasporti Europei, no. 89 (December 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.48295/et.2022.89.4.

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Motorised Two-Wheeler (MTW) ownership has increased worldwide, especially in emerging countries. The growing usage of MTW vehicles has resulted in several issues, one of the most serious of which is an increase in fatality rates. Therefore, it is essential to understand the MTW rider behaviour for a safe operation and minimise crash likelihood. Motorised two-wheeler Rider Behaviour Questionnaire (MRBQ) is one such survey instrument used for this purpose. In previous decades, many researchers have attempted to examine numerous factors related to the MRBQ survey in various countries. This study aims to review research papers that have examined various factors used in MRBQ studies from various nations and highlight state-of-the-art conclusions. In addition, the study emphasises the research gaps that are critical for factors related to rider behaviour that can be incorporated in the MRBQ survey. This review will benefit the researchers working in the area of MTW safety and MRBQ studies, as well as be useful to decision makers for analysis and policy implementation.

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9

O’Hern, Steve, Elias Willberg, Christoph Fink, and Sergio Useche. "Relationships among Bicycle Rider Behaviours, Anger, Aggression, and Crashes in Finland." Safety 8, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety8010018.

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Riding a bicycle is increasingly encouraged as a sustainable transport solution, especially in urban areas. However, safety concerns, both perceived and actual, can significantly lower the willingness to ride among the population. To support cycling planning and policy in the double task of increasing the levels of cycling while mitigating crash risk, there is a need to better understand the behaviours and attitudes of bicycle riders. In this manuscript, we study a cohort of Finnish bicycle riders through four questionnaires, the Cycling Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ), Cyclist Risk Perception and Regulation Scale (RPRS), Cyclist Anger Scale (CAS), and Cyclist Aggression Expression Inventory (CAX). Our findings show low self-reported errors and violations, and high levels of knowledge regarding traffic rules among Finnish bicycle riders. Most participants report low levels of aggression, which is generally dealt with in constructive ways, while anger was most commonly a result of interactions with motor vehicles and less with other road users such as pedestrians. To further reduce the crash risk in cycling, our results point to the need for further separation between bicycle riders and motorised vehicles, and for the development of risk perception and positive behaviours among riders, particularly those engaging in risky behaviours.

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10

McKenzie, Jessica, Kate Fenner, Michelle Hyde, Ashley Anzulewicz, Bibiana Burattini, Nicole Romness, Bethany Wilson, and Paul McGreevy. "Equine Responses to Acceleration and Deceleration Cues May Reflect Their Exposure to Multiple Riders." Animals 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010066.

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It is logical to assume that horses with multiple riders encounter variation in application of training cues. When training cues are inconsistent, we expect to see a decrease in trained responses or an increase in conflict behaviours. This study investigated the relationship between the number of people that regularly ride or handle a horse and the horse’s response to operant cues. Data on 1819 equids were obtained from the Equine Behavior Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ), an online global survey of horse owners and caregivers. Three mutually independent indices (acceleration, deceleration, and responsiveness) were derived from a parallel analysis of E-BARQ items related to acceleration and deceleration cues. These indices were then subjected to multivariable modelling against a range of dependent variables including horse and human demographics, horse management, and the number of riders or handlers. The number of riders or handlers was a significant predictor for two out of three indices. As the number of riders or handlers increased, horses were more difficult to accelerate (regression coefficient = 0.0148 ± 0.0071; p = 0.0366) and less difficult to decelerate (regression coefficient = −0.017 ± 0.008; p = 0.030) than those with fewer riders or handlers. These findings suggest that horses’ responses to rein tension cues are more persistent than their responses to leg pressure or whip cues. Alternatively, horses with these responses may be actively selected for multiple rider roles. Longitudinal studies of this sort should reveal how the number of riders or handlers affects horse behaviour and could lead to safer and more humane equestrian practices.

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11

bin Ismail, Mohamad Amiruddin, Pauziah Binti Muhamad, and Aminudin bin Abu. "Modelling Behaviour for Magneto Rheological Motorcycle Suspension System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.690.

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This paper discusses the performance of Magneto-rheological (MR) for motorcycle suspension. Previous studies on the application of the MR fluids may improve the performance and decrease the vibration in systems such as building structure and automobile. The promising future of the application of MR has become the motivation for the present work. Hence, the MR motorcycle suspension system is designed to bring safety and comfort to both rider and passenger. The designed system is also contributed to the improvement of the handling ability to the vehicle. The effectiveness between the MR motorcycle suspension and the conventional passive system is demonstrated by computer simulation. The result showed that MR suspension system could eliminate external disturbance which obtain much better ride quality and handling performance to the motorcycle.

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12

Dialynas, Georgios, Riender Happee, and Arend L. Schwab. "Design and hardware selection for a bicycle simulator." Mechanical Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-1-2019.

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Abstract. With the resurgence in bicycle ridership in the last decade and the continuous increase of electric bicycles in the streets a better understanding of bicycle rider behaviour is imperative to improve bicycle safety. Unfortunately, these studies are dangerous for the rider, given that the bicycle is a laterally unstable vehicle and most of the time in need for rider balance control. Moreover, the bicycle rider is very vulnerable and not easily protected against impact injuries. A bicycle simulator, on which the rider can balance and manoeuvre a bicycle within a simulated environment and interact with other simulated road users, would solve most of these issues. In this paper, we present a description of a recently build bicycle simulator at TU Delft, were mechanical and mechatronics aspects are discussed in detail.

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13

Sunday, O. K. "The performance of the motorcycle rider behaviour questionnaire among commercial motorcycle riders in Nigeria." Injury Prevention 16, Supplement 1 (September 1, 2010): A194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.691.

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14

Stephens, A. N., J. Brown, L. de Rome, M. R. J. Baldock, R. Fernandes, and M. Fitzharris. "The relationship between Motorcycle Rider Behaviour Questionnaire scores and crashes for riders in Australia." Accident Analysis & Prevention 102 (May 2017): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.007.

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15

Wolframm, I. A., J. Williams, and D. Marlin. "The role of personality in equestrian sports: an investigation." Comparative Exercise Physiology 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep150002.

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Personality has been shown to affect the way individuals think, feel and act, and could impact on the way people behave and perform in a wide variety of activities. Anecdotal evidence suggests that differences in personality exist between equestrians participating in different disciplines and at different levels, but empirical evidence is limited. This study aimed to investigate dispositional tendencies of rider cohorts, in relation to age, nationality, discipline, competitive level, breadth of involvement in different disciplines, and level of risk-seeking behaviour. An online survey was developed, collecting rider demographics relating to nationality, sex, age, competitive level and discipline. A risk scores was assigned to each discipline and an average risk rating was calculated per participant. Personality traits of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and intellect were measured using the Mini-International Personality Item Pool. Kruskal-Wallis analyses determined differences for personality traits between different survey categories. Univariable analysis of all factors considered informed multivariable logistic regression models to establish how factors including personality traits differed between dichotomous variables: high to low risk discipline, age groups, unaffiliated to affiliated riders and amateur to professional riders. Results showed that riders in their late teens and early twenties considered themselves less agreeable, less conscientious, but more neurotic compared to older generations (P<0.001). Competitive riders considered themselves more conscientious and extroverted than non-competitors (P<0.005). Riders participating in higher risk disciplines considered themselves less agreeable and conscientious (P<0.05). Increases in agreeableness, conscientious and decreases in neuroticism in older riders might predispose them towards a role in coaching and providing support for younger riders. Personality differences between riders of different disciplines and at different competitive levels might be used to help individuals in their choice of equestrian sport and level of involvement. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the value of identifying personality traits across different rider cohorts.

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16

Kloppenburg, Wieger, Eva Nurlatifah, Christian Spijkerboer, and Fitri Almira Yasmin. "Reducing Free Riding Behaviour in Collaborative Work with Computer Supported Tools." Jurnal Online Informatika 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/join.v3i1.180.

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Free riding behaviour is a problem that has been around for many years. With all the new technological advances, there is much more collaborative work supported by online tools. These developments make it easier for individuals to become a free rider. This research carried out a literature study, to find the best method to reduce free-riding behaviour. Besides the methods, this study also elaborates some factors that trigger free riders in a group. The methods which are highlighted in this research are the implementation of assessments, group awareness tools, sufficient group size and enhancing team morale. However, the study found that none of the methods cover all the aspects of free-riding behaviour. It is suggested by this research to combine and improve various methods, to a new method that can effectively reduce free-riding behaviour in collaborative work with computer-supported tools.

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17

Topolšek, Darja, and Dejan Dragan. "Relationships between the motorcyclists’ behavioural perception and their actual behaviour." Transport 33, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2016.1141371.

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The paper deals with studying the relationships between the motorcyclists’ thinking about proper behaviour and their actual behaviour in the traffic. The impact of some control variables, such as riders’ age, experience, driving history, and engine cubature, on actual behaviour, is also addressed here. For the purpose of research, two additional questionnaires were applied besides the well-known Motorcycle Rider Behaviour Questionnaire (MRBQ). To examine the causal relations between all-important latent factors present in this study, the structural equation model was designed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were also engaged in the analysis and the statistical modelling process. The results show that the higher awareness about alcohol danger and benefits of protective equipment and helmet can noticeably contribute to the bigger traffic safety. Besides, from the results is evident that the control variables are in most cases also significantly interrelated with the actual behaviour factors. The findings of this research could be important for the planning of better traffic safety strategies for the motorcyclists to decrease the fatalities and related costs and traumas.

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18

Marks, Denton. "Academic Standards as Public Goods and Varieties of Free-Rider Behaviour." Education Economics 10, no. 2 (August 1, 2002): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09645290210126896.

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19

Cafiso, Salvatore, Alessandro Di Graziano, Oliver Giudice, and Giuseppina Pappalardo. "Using GPS data to detect critical events in motorcycle rider behaviour." International Journal of Mobile Network Design and Innovation 5, no. 4 (2014): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmndi.2014.067182.

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20

Tollazzi, Tomaž, Matej Moharić, and Chiara Gruden. "A Preliminary Assessment of Rider/Driver Gaze Behaviour in Slovenian Urban Areas." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042056.

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Motorcycle riders are an increasing group of road users. The intrinsic characteristics of powered two wheelers (PTW) allow them to be particularly flexible, both in urban and extra-urban environments. Nevertheless, crash statistics indicate that riders involved in road accidents are highly likely to suffer severe injuries, underlining the vulnerability of this group of road users. An element that can greatly affect the safety of PTW users is road design, as roads are usually designed for two-track vehicles (cars, buses, and lorries) and do not consider the needs of PTWs. Additionally, handling a motorcycle is quite different from driving a car; thus, the behaviour of riders is different to that of drivers. The aim of this paper is to compare how different road designs are perceived by riders and drivers and to preliminarily assess if riders’ behaviour and attention allocation are related. For the purpose of this research, an eye-tracking experiment was developed outdoors. Both drivers and riders travelled along a route comprising four different road designs and various road layouts, and the output was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Although it was not possible to carry out a statistical analysis due to the limited number of participants, the results demonstrate that there is a difference in the gaze behaviour of drivers and riders, with the latter being far more focused on the left-hand side of the road and concentrating on defined elements of road design. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrated that a higher number of fixations is related to lower speeds. Finally, it was noted that both kinds of road users focus fairly well on the carriageway, leading to the conclusion that the indications given through road markings may be much more effective than vertical signalisation, which has rarely been observed.

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21

Anzulewicz, Ashley, Kate Fenner, Michelle Hyde, Susan Heald, Bibiana Burattini, Nicole Romness, Jessica McKenzie, Bethany Wilson, and Paul McGreevy. "The Impact of the Sex of Handlers and Riders on the Reported Social Confidence, Compliance and Touch Sensitivity of Horses in Their Care." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010130.

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Current evidence of how human sex-related differences in riders and handlers may influence horse behaviour is limited. The Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ) was used to collect demographic data on riders and handlers (n = 1420) and behavioural data on their horses. It includes demographic items about the sex of the respondent and how frequently the horse has been ridden or handled by male and female humans. The questionnaire then gathers observations on the horse’s behaviour on the ground and under saddle or when driven. Using E-BARQ’s battery of 97 questions, the current study showed differences in ridden and non-ridden horse behaviour that were related to the sex of the rider or handler. Data were evaluated using multivariate analysis and revealed that horses handled by male humans were significantly more difficult to catch (t-value = −3.11; p = 0.002) and significantly more defensive when approached (t-value = −2.104; p = 0.035), but significantly less likely to pull on the reins/brace the neck or toss their head (t-value 1.980; p = 0.048) than horses handled more frequently by female humans. The differences found between male and female horse handlers suggest that sex is an important factor to consider when understanding equine behaviour. Our study explored reported differences in confidence, handling and working compliance and touch sensitivity among horses ridden and handled by male and female humans and suggested further research into how these differences are gendered.

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22

Anzulewicz, Ashley, Kate Fenner, Michelle Hyde, Susan Heald, Bibiana Burattini, Nicole Romness, Jessica McKenzie, Bethany Wilson, and Paul McGreevy. "The Impact of the Sex of Handlers and Riders on the Reported Social Confidence, Compliance and Touch Sensitivity of Horses in Their Care." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010130.

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Current evidence of how human sex-related differences in riders and handlers may influence horse behaviour is limited. The Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ) was used to collect demographic data on riders and handlers (n = 1420) and behavioural data on their horses. It includes demographic items about the sex of the respondent and how frequently the horse has been ridden or handled by male and female humans. The questionnaire then gathers observations on the horse’s behaviour on the ground and under saddle or when driven. Using E-BARQ’s battery of 97 questions, the current study showed differences in ridden and non-ridden horse behaviour that were related to the sex of the rider or handler. Data were evaluated using multivariate analysis and revealed that horses handled by male humans were significantly more difficult to catch (t-value = −3.11; p = 0.002) and significantly more defensive when approached (t-value = −2.104; p = 0.035), but significantly less likely to pull on the reins/brace the neck or toss their head (t-value 1.980; p = 0.048) than horses handled more frequently by female humans. The differences found between male and female horse handlers suggest that sex is an important factor to consider when understanding equine behaviour. Our study explored reported differences in confidence, handling and working compliance and touch sensitivity among horses ridden and handled by male and female humans and suggested further research into how these differences are gendered.

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23

Burattini, Bibiana, Kate Fenner, Ashley Anzulewicz, Nicole Romness, Jessica McKenzie, Bethany Wilson, and Paul McGreevy. "Age-Related Changes in the Behaviour of Domestic Horses as Reported by Owners." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 2321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122321.

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The broad traits of boldness and independence in domestic horses can affect their usefulness and, indirectly, their welfare. The objective of the current study was to explore associations between attributes that reflect equine boldness and independence with both the age of horses and the age at which they were started under saddle, as well as other variables including breed, colour and primary equestrian discipline. All data were sourced from responses (n = 1940) to the 97-question online Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ). Twenty E-BARQ items from the dataset were selected to reflect boldness and independence and were tested for univariate significance at p < 0.2. Multivariable modelling of the effect of age on remaining traits was assessed by an ordinal logistic regression, using a cumulative log odds model. This revealed that older horses were bolder (p = 0.012). However, horses started under saddle at an older age were less bold and less independent (p = 0.040 and p = 0.010, respectively). Australian Stock Horses were bolder and more independent (p = 0.014 and p = 0.007, respectively) than crossbreed horses. Horses used for breeding conformation (p = 0.039), working equitation (p = 0.045), eventing (p = 0.044) and traditional working horses (p = 0.034) were bolder than those used for other disciplines. Dressage (p = 0.039) and therapy (p = 0.040) horses were less bold than horses used for other disciplines. Stallions were bolder (p = −0.034) than geldings. Brown (p = 0.049) and chestnut (p = 0.027) horses were less bold than bay horses. Compared to crossbreed horses, Thoroughbreds (p = 0.000) and companion horses (p = 0.017) were less bold whilst heavy horses (p = 0.029) and ponies (p = 0.044) were bolder. Compared to pleasure horses, mounted games horses (p = 0.033) were less independent whereas working equitation horses (p = 0.020) were more independent. Riders with more than eight years’ experience reported more independence in their horses (p = 0.015) than those who had ridden their whole lives. The study findings suggest that boldness and independence are separate traits and only boldness was associated with the age of the horse. Factors that relate to desirable boldness and independence are important in ridden horses because they can affect rider safety. Results from this study should improve horse–rider matching and thereby potentially enhance horse welfare.

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24

Barnes, Barry. "Macro-Economics and Infant Behaviour: A Sociological Treatment of the Free-Rider Problem." Sociological Review 38, no. 2 (May 1990): 272–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1990.tb00912.x.

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25

Christensen, Janne Winther, Rikke Munk, Lesley Hawson, Rupert Palme, Torben Larsen, Agneta Egenvall, Uta U. König von Borstel, and Maria Vilain Rørvang. "Rider effects on horses’ conflict behaviour, rein tension, physiological measures and rideability scores." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 234 (January 2021): 105184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105184.

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26

König von Borstel, U., S. Euent, P. Graf, S. König, and M. Gauly. "Equine behaviour and heart rate in temperament tests with or without rider or handler." Physiology & Behavior 104, no. 3 (September 2011): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.05.010.

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27

AI-Faris, A. F. "Oil inventory behaviour: the public and private sector relationship and the free-rider problem." OPEC Review 16, no. 3 (September 1992): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0076.1992.tb00433.x.

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28

Stedmon, Alex, David McKenzie, Martin Langham, Kevin McKechnie, Richard Perry, and Stuart Wilson. "Safer road users: Investigating the influence of PRIME road markings on motorcycle rider behaviour." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 91 (November 2022): 368–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2022.10.020.

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Topolšek, Darja, and Dejan Dragan. "Behavioural Comparison of Driverswhen Driving a Motorcycle or a Car: A Structural Equation Modelling Study." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 27, no. 6 (December 17, 2015): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v27i6.1816.

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The goal of the study was to investigate if the drivers behave in the same way when they are driving a motorcycle or a car. For this purpose, the Motorcycle Rider Behaviour Questionnaire and Driver Behaviour Questionnaire were conducted among the same drivers population. Items of questionnaires were used to develop a structural equation model with two factors, one for the motorcyclist’s behaviour, and the other for the car driver’s behaviour. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were also applied in this study. Results revealed a certain difference in driving behaviour. The principal reason lies probably in mental consciousness that the risk-taking driving of a motorbike can result in much more catastrophic consequences than when driving a car. The drivers also pointed out this kind of thinking and the developed model has statistically confirmed the behavioural differences. The implications of these findings are also argued in relation to the validation of the appropriateness of the existing traffic regulations.

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Baack, Ben. "America's first monetary policy: inflation and seigniorage during the Revolutionary War." Financial History Review 15, no. 2 (October 2008): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565008000127.

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AbstractThis examination of America's original monetary policy as implemented by the Continental Congress during the Revolutionary War finds that the extreme inflation experienced during the war resulted from a policy designed to circumvent a free-rider problem institutionalised by the Articles of Confederation, and that war news played a critical role in the behaviour of the money base over time. Furthermore, despite the extreme inflation, the inflation tax that accrued to Congress remained on the left side of the Laffer curve.

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Sharp, R. S. "Optimal stabilization and path-following controls for a bicycle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 221, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406jmes529.

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The article is about stabilizing and path-tracking control of a bicycle by a rider. It is based on previously published work, in which it has been shown how a driver's or rider's preview of the roadway can be combined with the linear dynamics of an appropriate vehicle to yield a problem of discrete-time optimal-linear-control-theory form. In the previous work, it was shown how an optimal ‘driver’ converts path preview sample values, modelled as deriving from a Gaussian white-noise process, into steering control inputs to cause the vehicle to follow the previewed path. The control compromises between precision and ease, to an extent that is controllable through choice of weights in the optimal control calculations. Research into the dynamics of bicycles has yielded a benchmark model, with equations of motion firmly established by extensive cross-checking. Model predictions have been verified for modest speeds by experimental testing. The established optimal linear preview stabilizing and tracking control theory is now brought together with the benchmark bicycle description to yield optimal controls for the bicycle for variations in speed and performance objectives. The resulting controls are installed in the bicycle, giving a virtual rider-controlled system, and frequency responses of the rider-controlled system are calculated to demonstrate tracking capability. Then path-tracking simulations are used to illustrate the behaviour of the controlled system. Tight and loose controls, representing different balances between tracking accuracy and control effort, are calculated and illustrated through the simulations.

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32

Fenner, Kate, Sarah Matlock, Jane Williams, Bethany Wilson, Andrew McLean, James Serpell, and Paul McGreevy. "Validation of the Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ): A New Survey Instrument for Exploring and Monitoring the Domestic Equine Triad." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111982.

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The Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ) was developed to obtain quantitative data on the domestic equine triad: training, management and behaviour. It can be taken repeatedly, thus collecting longitudinal data to enable evaluation of how changes in a horse’s training and management are reflected in that horse’s behaviour over time and how these changes can impact horse welfare in the longer term. Questionnaire validation and reliability were tested by determining (a) whether an owner’s subjective ratings of their horse’s problematic behaviours or undesirable temperament traits were reflected in the questionnaire scores obtained for that horse (construct validity), (b) whether two respondents, equally familiar with a particular horse, reported comparable scores for that horse through the questionnaire (inter-rater reliability), and (c) whether the same respondent, scoring the same horse after a known interval of time, recorded similar responses (intra-rater reliability). Construct validity testing of 1923 responses showed significant alignment between owners’ reported experience of focal horses’ behaviour and those horses’ E-BARQ scores, with scores varying from 1.13 to 1.34 for ridden horse behaviour (all p < 0.001) and from 1.06 to 1.43 for non-ridden horse behaviour (all p < 0.001). Inter-rater reliability testing of ten horse–rider pairs revealed that 203 of the 215 question items were significantly aligned (p < 0.001) when tested by two independent raters. Of the remaining 19 items, four had fair alignment (ĸ = 0.174–0.316; p = 0.281) and ten items, largely related to whether the horse shows behavioural signs related to anxiety when taken away from home, did not align (ĸ = 0; p = 1). Intra-rater reliability tests showed that the responses significantly aligned on all 215 question items tested (p < 0.001). The results of these tests confirmed the construct validity and reliability of E-BARQ as a standardised behavioural assessment tool for horses.

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Fenner, Kate, Michelle Hyde, Angela Crean, and Paul McGreevy. "Identifying Sources of Potential Bias When Using Online Survey Data to Explore Horse Training, Management, and Behaviour: A Systematic Literature Review." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 3 (September 22, 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7030140.

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Owner-reported behavioural observations form an essential part of the veterinarians’ diagnosis and treatment plan. The way we train and manage horses affects their behaviour and, in turn, their health and welfare. Current horse training and management practices are largely driven by traditional techniques and longstanding methodologies. These approaches generally lack an evidence base for evaluation purposes. The absence of evidence and evaluation contributes to the persistent use of risky practices and this, in turn, increases risk of potential harms for both horse and rider, and fuels questioning of the equine industry’s current social license to operate. Objective evidence is required to make training and management decisions based on demonstrable best practice. Large-scale experimental or intervention studies using horses are generally not practical because of the associated costs and logistics of gaining ethical approval. Small studies generally lack statistical power and are subject to the effects of many forms of bias that demand caution in the interpretation of any observed effects. An alternative to collecting large amounts of empirical data is the use of owner-reported observations via online survey. Horse owners are ideally placed to report on the domestic equine triad of training, management, and behaviour. The current article highlights three sources of potential bias in a systematic review of literature on large-scale online studies of horse owners’ observational reports that met the following selection criteria: English-language, published, peer-reviewed articles reporting on studies with over 1000 respondents and open access to the survey instrument. The online surveys were evaluated for three common forms of bias: recall, confirmation, and sampling bias. This review reveals that online surveys are useful for gathering data on the triad of horse training, management, and behaviour. However, current use of online surveys to collect data on equitation science (including horse training, management, and behaviour) could be improved by using a standardised and validated tool. Such a tool would facilitate comparisons among equine and equitation science studies, thus advancing our understanding of the impacts of training and management on horse behaviour. The authors of the current review suggest the use of a standardised behavioural and management assessment tool for horses. Such a tool would help define what constitutes normal behaviour within geographically disparate populations of horses, leading to improvements in rider safety and horse welfare.

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Alcalde, Nuria, Concepción Garcés, Marta Pedraja, and Pilar Rivera. "The Recycling of Container and Packaging Waste in the Spanish Retail Distribution Sector." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, no. 8 (August 2005): 1461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a36149.

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The authors analyse the determinants of the commercial container recycling behaviour of small and medium-sized companies in the retail-distribution sector of a representative Spanish city. A conceptual model is proposed, based on the literature on the incentives for and barriers to participation in selective collection programmes. By application of structural equation model methodology to a sample of 245 retail-distribution establishments, the main determinants of recycling were ascertained to be the perceived importance of the environmental problems and the perception of good management by public authorities. However, the free-rider attitude represents a barrier to participation.

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Hyánek, Vladimír, and Marie Hladká. "Philanthropic behaviour and motives." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 4 (2013): 923–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361040923.

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Even though philanthropy tends to be considered a sociological theme rather than an economic one, it poses a number of questions that challenge economists as well. We chose to address the following: How can economists contribute to the theories related to philanthropy? We examine some terms that are used in public economics theory and use them to explore the issues of philanthropy like Samaritan’s Dilemma, the Prisoner’s Dilemma, and the Free-Rider Problem, which we consider to be interesting and inspiring (Stone, 2008). We have to find and identify the social values of donors and volunteers rather than their economic values, because economists are not fully able to explain empathy, altruism, and helpful behaviour using traditional economic principles (Rutherford, 2008). The theoretical frame is supported by relevant empirical data. Before starting a large-scale survey, we decided to conduct smaller pre-research probes into people’s attitudes towards altruism, philanthropy, and giving. Even though our sample was not fully representative, the responses that we collected generated interesting findings about people’s views and attitudes. The first wave of data was collected between February and April 2009; the second wave between February and April 2010.Because of this pilot research mission and because of the budget restriction too, the non-representative sample of 823 respondents has been used; students of our Public Economics study programme were used as interviewers. They have also obtained a proper training of the professional sociologist. Students utilized the face to face interviewing method; non-standardized questions were immediately recorded into the reply form. Questions were divided into three groups with typical characteristics. The first one focuses on personal (individual) motives for financial donating (only financial gifts for non-profit organizations). Second part examines the attitudes of individual towards the non-profit sector and its transparency, while the third part analyses the profile of particular groups of donors, which are stratified according to selected characteristics as age, field of activity, income level, etc.This paper deals with the second group of questions. Because of the limited representativeness of the sample, the data are not linked to other observed socio-demographic characteristics and indicators (although we have collected them).Currently we are working on similar, but fundamentally extended and representative survey. In this paper presented preliminary research should serve basically as a reference for identifying dominant donor strategies, motives and attitudes.

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Putri, Friska, Muhammad Arifin, and Ludfi Djakfar. "Prediction model of motorcycle accident in economic and driving behaviour factors." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 3(118) (August 31, 2022): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.263651.

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The number of motorized vehicles, especially motorcycles, is also offset by increased traffic accidents. As is known, road accidents essentially depend on four interrelated factors: human behavior, vehicle efficiency, environmental conditions, and the characteristics of the infrastructure. However, most accidents are attributable to the first three factors, almost always to improper user behavior. This study aims to determine motorcyclists’ socio-economic characteristics and conduct on the intensity of accidents. The research location is on the Pandaan-Purwosari National Road, Pasuruan Regency, Section 094‑098 (Surabaya-Malang). Three hundred forty respondents are motorcyclists who have experienced accidents in this segment. The research method is interviews and questionnaires—data analysis using Structure Equation Modeling (SEM), with software SmartPLS (Partial Least Square). The result of accident modeling Y=0.299X1+0.154X2+0.077X3+0.554X4. The first biggest influence on the chance of an accident is the characteristics of driving behavior (X4) exceeding speed (X4.10). The more often the rider exceeds the rate, the higher the chance of an accident. The second most significant influence of socio-economic characteristics (X1) is the age indicator (X1.2), the more mobility in the productive age, the higher the risk of accidents.

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Kukučková, Soňa, and Pavel Žiaran. "Free‑Rider Problem in Classroom Games – Impact of Gender and Intergroup Conditions." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 6 (2018): 1517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866061517.

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Behavioural experiments in the field of provision of public goods (including free rider problem) help to uncover the underlying processes and forces determining the nature of economy in the public sector. The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of gender and intergroup conditions on the extent of cooperation in standard linear public goods game using the voluntary contribution mechanism. Design of the teaching experiment is based on the methodology of Špalek (2011) with some modification. There were 80 undergraduate students of business participating in the classroom game, age range 20–22 years. Students were divided into three independent groups by 26 to 27 participants. Each group was playing independently, and individual strategies were recorded. We used the nonparametric tests (Mann‑Whitney U test and Kruskal‑Wallis Test) to analyse the differences between the gender and groups. Findings do not show statistically significant difference based on gender. On the other hand, the intergroup conditions determined by the social dynamics and discussion have significant influence on the distribution of goods. Results bring strong evidence on the importance of social and political factors influencing the pro‑social behaviour in the society.

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Jastrzębska, Ewa, and Izabela Wilk. "Influence of age and experience rider on differentiate the behaviour of recreational horses being prepared for use." Animal Science Journal 89, no. 12 (October 16, 2018): 1712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asj.13109.

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Trung Bui, Hiep, Ismaïl Saadi, and Mario Cools. "Investigating on-road crash risk and traffic offences in Vietnam using the motorcycle rider behaviour questionnaire (MRBQ)." Safety Science 130 (October 2020): 104868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104868.

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Lemonakis, Panagiotis, George Kaliabetsos, Nikolaos Moisiadis, and Nikolaos Eliou. "A Methodology to Investigate Powered Two-Wheeler Rider’s Comfort over Road Sections with Skew Superelevation." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 16 (November 22, 2021): 592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2021.16.55.

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The proper surface water drainage not only affects vehicle movement dynamics but also increases the likelihood of an accident since inadequate drainage is associated with potential hydroplaning and splash and spray driving conditions. Nine solutions have been proposed to address hydroplaning in sections with inadequate drainage e.g. augmented superelevation and longitudinal slope, reduction of runoff length, and skew superelevation. The latter has been extensively implemented in highways recently, enhancing the safety level in the applied road segments regarding the effective drainage of the rainwater. However, the concept of the skew superelevation has raised concerns regarding the level of driver’s comfort when traveling over skew superelevation sections particularly with high speeds. These concerns were alleviated through the concept of the round-up skew superelevation which reduces both the lateral and the vertical acceleration imposed on the drivers and hence, improves comfort and traffic safety. The present study investigates the behaviour of power two-wheeler riders since they are susceptible to any changes on the pavement surface and therefore a comparison between the traditional superelevation practice and the skew superelevation concept is of paramount importance. The methodology is based on the utilization of sophisticated software to design the model of the road for several values of longitudinal slopes. Based on the values of the slopes and the use of mathematical equations, the accelerations imposed on the wheel of the motorcycle were calculated. Since the final aim of the study is the influence of the skew superelevation to the rider, it was deemed necessary to convey the calculated accelerations from the wheel to the rider. That was accomplished by implementing the quarter car suspension model adjusted to the features of two-wheeler vehicles. Finally, the accelerations derived from this process evaluated according to specific thresholds based on the literature which correspond to certain levels of comfort. The most important conclusion drawn is that the comfort of the riders is not dependent to a great extent on the form of the road gradient because the vertical acceleration imposed on the riders took similar values regardless of the value of the longitudinal slope.

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Hüther, Michael, and Jochen Pimpertz. "Wider eine verpflichtende Aktienrente – auch Vermögen sichert Wohlstand im Alter." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 71, no. 3 (November 7, 2022): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2022-2081.

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Abstract A compulsory funded supplementary pension scheme is being discussed to prevent the number of retirees relying on tax financed assistance from increasing. The economic reason could be to prevent free-rider behaviour. The article discusses, why this argument is not convincing. Moreover, we argue that often too little attention is paid to possible welfare losses that households suffer if they prefer accumulating assets to provide for old age but are forced to annuitise the capital. Empirical evidence shows that the accumulation of assets plays an important role in household retirement planning. Therefore, it would make more sense to integrate asset accumulation into eligible old age provision instead.

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Ren, Yaxing, Truong Quang Dinh, James Marco, and David Greenwood. "Torque vectoring–based drive: Assistance system for turning an electric narrow tilting vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 233, no. 7 (January 14, 2019): 788–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651818823589.

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The increasing number of cars leads to traffic congestion and limits parking issue in urban area. The narrow tilting vehicles therefore can potentially become the next generation of city cars due to its narrow width. However, due to the difficulty in leaning a narrow tilting vehicle, a drive assistance strategy is required to maintain its roll stability during a turn. This article presents an effective approach using torque vectoring method to assist the rider in balancing the narrow tilting vehicles, thus reducing the counter-steering requirements. The proposed approach is designed as the combination of two torque controllers: steer angle–based torque vectoring controller and tilting compensator–based torque vectoring controller. The steer angle–based torque vectoring controller reduces the counter-steering process via adjusting the vectoring torque based on the steering angle from the rider. Meanwhile, the tilting compensator–based torque vectoring controller develops the steer angle–based torque vectoring with an additional tilting compensator to help balancing the leaning behaviour of narrow tilting vehicles. Numerical simulations with a number of case studies have been carried out to verify the performance of designed controllers. The results imply that the counter-steering process can be eliminated and the roll stability performance can be improved with the usage of the presented approach.

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Wiński, Krzysztof, and Adam Piechna. "Comprehensive CFD Aerodynamic Simulation of a Sport Motorcycle." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 5920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165920.

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Nowadays, aerodynamics is a key focal point in the vehicle design process. Beyond its direct impact on the performance of a vehicle, it also has significant effects on economics and safety. In the last decade numerical methods, mainly Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), have established themselves as a reliable tool that assists in the design process and complements classical tunnel tests. However, questions remain about the possible obtained accuracy, best practices and applied turbulence models. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of motorcycle aerodynamics using CFD methods which, compared to the most common car aerodynamics analysis, has many specific features. The motorcycle, along with its rider, constitutes a shape with very complex aerodynamic properties. A detailed insight into the flow features is presented with detailed commentary. The front fairing, the front wheel and its suspension were identified as the main contributors to the aerodynamic drag of the motorcycle and its rider. The influence of rider position was also studied and identified as one of the most important elements when considering motorcycle aerodynamics. An extensive turbulence models study was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the most common Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models and novel hybrid models, such as the Scale Adaptive Simulation and the Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation. Similar values of drag coefficients were obtained for different turbulence models with noticeable differences found for k−ϵ models. It was also observed that near-wall treatment affects the flow behaviour near the wheels and windshield but has no impact on the global aerodynamic parameters. In the summary, a discussion about the obtained results was set forth and a number of questions related to specifics of motorcycle CFD simulations were addressed.

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McClendon, John A. "Members and Nonmembers: Determinants of Dues-Paying Membership in a Bargaining Unit." Articles 55, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 332–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/051311ar.

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This study builds on the union organizing and free-rider literature by examining determinants of dues-paying membership in the Temple Association of University Professionals (TAUP). The TAUP, an American Federation of Teachers affiliate, is the collective bargaining representative for 992 members of the Temple University faculty, 52 percent of whom are dues-paying members. Results indicate that attitudes about unions in general, the costs of union dues, the perception of alternative faculty governance effectiveness, and beliefs about the appropriateness of unionization for professional employees were related to joining behaviour. In contrast, job attitudes, attitudes about the employer, perceived bargaining unit effectiveness, and political ideology were not significant predictors of membership status.

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Wang, Haotian, and Mengxin Chen. "Consumers’ Adopt Intention for Contactless Delivery during COVID-19: An Extended Perspective on The Theory of Planned Behavior." SHS Web of Conferences 155 (2023): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315503008.

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COVID-19 is a severe disease and has now spread around the world as a highly infectious pandemic. COVID-19 has rapidly and deeply affected our daily life, and most countries have taken measures to prevent the spread of this disease, such as restricting entry and centralized isolation. Contactless delivery is a non-face-to-face delivery method which help ensure sufficient distance between the rider and the customers, thus further reduces the pandemic transmission risk. While relatively few people know and adopt this service. This study used the theory of planned behaviour to investigate people’s intention to adopt contactless home delivery services during COVID-19. Research results provide both contributions to academics and practitioners.

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Nakazawa, Katsuyoshi. "Free-rider behaviour under voluntary amalgamation: The case of setting the long-term care insurance premium in Japan." Papers in Regional Science 97, no. 4 (August 29, 2017): 1409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12312.

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47

Passigato, Francesco, Andreas Eisele, Dirk Wisselmann, Achim Gordner, and Frank Diermeyer. "Analysis of the Phenomena Causing Weave and Wobble in Two-Wheelers." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 29, 2020): 6826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196826.

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The present work follows in the tracks of previous studies investigating the stability of motorcycles. Two principal oscillation modes of motorcycles are the well-known wobble and weave modes. The research in this field started about fifty years ago and showed how different motorcycle parameters influence the stability of the mentioned modes. However, there is sometimes a minor lack in the physical analysis of why a certain parameter influences the stability. The derived knowledge can be complemented by some mechanical momentum correlations. This work aims to ascertain, in depth, the physical phenomena that stand behind the influence of fork bending compliance on the wobble mode and behind the velocity dependence of the weave damping behaviour. After a summary of the relevant work in this field, this paper presents different rigid body simulation models with increasing complexity and discusses the related eigenvalue analysis and time behaviour. With these models, the mentioned modes are explained and the physical phenomena only partly covered by the literature are shown. Finally, the influence of the rider model on weave and wobble is presented.

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Mahmudi, Irwan, and Sri Wiwoho Mudjanarko. "SAFETY AND SECURITY STUDIES OF RAILWAY LINES WITH PUBLIC ROADS (CASE STUDY OF RAILROAD CROSSING IN THE KENJERAN ROAD OF SURABAYA CITY)." IJEEIT : International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijeeit.v2i2.1154.

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Railways are a mode of transportation that is being liked by the public because of its efficiency. The train has its own road in the form of rails, it doesn’t mean the train doesn’t intersect other transportation. The train crossing is a conflict area for public road users with train. This includes train crossing at Kenjeran street. The kenjeran street itself is a national road that is quite strategic because it is one of the accesses to the Surabaya-Madura toll road. The research this time aims to find out the security aspects that must be improved at the train crossing kenjeran street. Including rider behaviour at the time of the train crossing. The method used for this research is direct observation of the field and also shares questionnaires to find out if a public road user understands regulations while on a train crossing. The research results of many signs or road markers are incomplete so that many road users do not know that in front of the train crossing. Other public road user behaviour is also a lot of offense.

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Dyson, S., A. D. Ellis, R. Mackechnie‐Guire, J. Douglas, A. Bondi, and P. Harris. "The influence of rider:horse bodyweight ratio and rider‐horse‐saddle fit on equine gait and behaviour: A pilot study." Equine Veterinary Education 32, no. 10 (March 31, 2019): 527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eve.13085.

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Pollard, Danica, and John Duncan Grewar. "Equestrian Road Safety in the United Kingdom: Factors Associated with Collisions and Horse Fatalities." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 2403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122403.

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Over 60% of UK horse riders report having experienced a road-related near-miss or accident. The aim of this study was to describe horse-related road incidents (n = 4107) reported to the British Horse Society (2010–2020) and to identify factors associated with higher odds of collisions with another vehicle and horse fatalities using multivariable logistic regression modelling. Drivers passed the horse too closely in 84.2% of incidents while road rage and speeding were reported in 40.3% and 40.1% of incidents, respectively. Close passing distance alone (odds ratio [OR] 18.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.5, 51.6) or in combination with speeding (OR 4.4, CI 1.7, 11.7) was associated with higher collision odds compared to speeding alone. Speeding was, however, associated with higher horse fatality odds (OR 2.3, CI 1.2, 4.6). Wearing high visibility clothing reduced odds of collision (OR 0.2, CI 0.1, 0.4). A fatal injury to a horse was almost 12 times as likely to result in severe to fatal rider/handler injury. Loose horses contribute significantly to road-related horse fatalities. Driver behaviour of how to pass horses safely on UK roads needs further improvement and will help reduce the risk of collisions and horse and human fatalities.

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