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Статті в журналах з теми "Richmond High School (Richmond, Indiana)"
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Stachura, I., M. Pardo, J. Costello, and D. M. Landwehr. "Structural and functional renal alterations in five-sixth nephrectomized rats on unrestricted diet." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010014333x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Under experimental conditions severe reduction of renal mass results in the hyperfiltration of the remaining nephrons leading to a progressive renal insufficiency. Similar changes are observed in patients with various renal disorders associated with a loss of the functioning nephrons. The progression of renal damage is accelerated by high protein and phosphate intake, and may be modified by the dietary restrictions.We studied 50 five-sixth nephrectarrized male Wistar rats on a standard diet (Rodent Laboratory Chow 5001 Ralston Purina Co., Richmond, Indiana; containing 23.4% protein) over a 20 week period.
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Watanabe, Michinoku. "Willingness to Communicate and Japanese High School English Learners." JALT Journal 35, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltjj35.2-1.
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In this longitudinal study I investigated the extent, if any, to which Japanese high school English learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC; McCroskey & Richmond, 1985) changes over the 3 years of high school and then explored the reasons for the changes or stability. A questionnaire was developed drawing on the WTC scale (McCroskey, 1992) and administered to 190 students three times at yearly intervals. The data were analyzed with the Rasch rating scale model and ANOVAs. Two distinct constructs were identified across the three waves of data: willingness to communicate with friends and acquaintances (WTCFA) and willingness to communicate with strangers (WTCS). The results showed that neither WTCFA nor WTCS changed significantly over the high school years, and that WTCS remained low. Follow-up interviews with selected students suggested several possible reasons for the questionnaire results. 本縦断的研究は、日本の高校生英語学習者のwillingness to communicate （WTC; McCroskey & Richmond, 1985）が高校３年間に変化するのかどうかと、その変化または無変化の理由を調査したものである。WTC質問票（McCroskey, 1992）を基に質問票を作成し、高校生190人に、１年間隔で３回、回答してもらった。質問票のデータは、ラッシュモデルと分散分析（ANOVA）を用いて分析した。その結果、何れの回においても、「友人や知人に対するWTC」と「見知らぬ人に対するWTC」の２つの心理概念が見いだされた。そして、「友人や知人に対するWTC」にも「見知らぬ人に対するWTC」にも高校３年間に有意な変化が無かったこと、また、「見知らぬ人に対するWTC」は大変低いレベルに留まっていたことがわかった。質問票での調査に続けて実施した、抽出した生徒へのインタビューでは、それらの結果のいくつかの理由が示唆された。
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Poland, J. L. "Physiology course for secondary school biology teachers." Advances in Physiology Education 262, no. 6 (June 1992): S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1992.262.6.s15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Department of Physiology at the Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University offered a human physiology course to middle school and high school science teachers in the Richmond, VA, area. It was a three-credit course, team taught, and given at a location convenient to many area teachers. This course served the community by contributing to the continuing education efforts of teachers and concurrently enhanced our recruitment program by advertising "physiology" to teachers who will influence college-bound students for years to come. In addition, we established ties between teachers and physiology faculty such that continuing interactions (e.g., collaborative research during the summer) should be facilitated. The success of the course suggests that this is an effective way to serve local communities, enhance efforts to recruit graduate students into the basic sciences, and at the same time help reverse the educational crisis in the US by bolstering the backgrounds of secondary school teachers.
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Wilkerson, Taylor, Schanea Ward, Amy Popovich, Pamela Parsons, and Faika A. Zanjani. "IMPACT OF SOCIALIZATION IN LOW-INCOME URBAN ELDERLY COMMUNITIES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S528—S529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1944.
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Abstract Older adults who experience social isolation have higher rates of mortality relative to their counterparts. Social interactions are an important way to combat this isolation. This research aims to better understand how social isolation in older adults living in low-income households in Richmond, Virginia (RVA) is related to their economic, physical, and psychological health status. As part of the VCU iCubed Health and Wellness Aging Core and in collaboration with the Richmond Memorial: East End Housing Coalition for Older Adults, older adults from a selected public housing unit (n=28) self-reported their financial status, experiences with physical and psycho-social health, and feelings of social isolation. Survey participants were 71.4% female, the mean age was 69.75 years, and 25% were high school graduates. Participants averaged 34 years living in the area and reported an average of $300 to spend on rent monthly. Overall, 55% (n=20) reported having two or more supports and 61% (n=22) reported hardly ever feeling isolated. However, a small subset of the sample reported having either no supports (5.6%, n=2) and 41.7% (n=15) lacked companionship some of the time or often. A one-way ANOVA was conducted and it was determined that participants who reported feeling left out more often were significantly more likely to report stress, anxiety, and depression (F[2, 25] = 6.998). Findings support the existence of supportive communities formed in low-income areas. Findings also indicate some older individuals residing in public housing in RVA experience social isolation, linking them to poorer psycho-social health.
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Riaz, Husna, and Yumna Ali. "The Relationship among School Mindfulness, Classroom Anxiety, and High School Student Life Satisfaction." Educational Challenges 28, no. 2 (October 27, 2023): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/2709-7986.2023.28.2.09.
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Purpose. The study aims to improve student life throughout the school years by exploring the use of mindfulness-based instruction to reduce classroom anxiety. Many school systems in Asia do not use mindful based instruction at primary, secondary and high school education. Emphasis on academic achievement as measured in terms of grade scoring and competitive exam results is high, and leads to significant stress on students. It is believed that mindfulness coaching could help reduce overall stress levels in high school students. Methodology. The study is a correlational design in which convenience sampling was used. It aims to measure school mindfulness by Hoy (2004), classroom anxiety by Richmond (2001), and high school student life satisfaction by Heubener (1991) for a sample of 80 high school students drawn from the private school system of Pakistan. Results. The study reported moderate to weak positive correlations between the three constructs. It was found that there was a significant link between school mindfulness, student life satisfaction, and classroom anxiety. The study reported that age and gender have no significant impact on school mindfulness, student life satisfaction and classroom anxiety. Conclusions. The study indicates the development of mindfulness-based training at the school level to improve student life satisfaction. The study indicates the possibility of Western mindfulness instruction courses being implemented in the Eastern traditional school system. School mindfulness can help students to meaningfully grow in their academic careers. It further can enhance their coping and stress handling techniques as they proceed into higher education. The study will pave way for the implementation of school mindfulness programs and workshops to be delivered by mindfulness certified instructors and counselors, which is at present a rarity in traditional academic system.
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Couser, Natario L. "The W.H.E.E.L.S. Preschool Vision Screening Program’s Initial Outcomes for 12,402 Children Screened Using the Plusoptix Photoscreener." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (July 1, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/793546.
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Objective. To report the results of the W.H.E.E.L.S. Prevent Blindness Mid-Atlantic vision screening program that targets preschoolers using the Plusoptix Photoscreener (Plusoptix Inc., Nuremburg, Germany). Methods. Trained program staff members conducted vision screenings at up to 113 preschool programs in the Richmond metropolitan area for four consecutive years; a cross-sectional analysis was performed. Results and Discussion. From September 2010 to March 2014, 15,075 preschoolers have been offered a free vision screening; 12,402 (82%) have been screened. A total of 3,018 (24%) have failed the screening and were recommended to follow up with an eye care specialist for a comprehensive examination; only 30% reported complying. Significant refractive errors were more frequently the cause for a failed screening. Conclusions. The W.H.E.E.L.S. program has identified a high number of preschoolers with significant amblyopic risk factors that were previously unknown to be present. Undesirably low follow-up reporting outcomes from children who fail a vision screening examination were consistent with other reports. Nevertheless, having a mobile vision screening program that uses photoscreening technology in targeting children prior to school entry is an efficient and cost-effective way to detect vision disorders in a timely manner.
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Sargent, Lana, Faika Zanjani, Jodi Winship, Tracey Gendron, Marissa Mackiewicz, Ana Diallo, Leland Waters, et al. "Socioeconomic Effects on Psychosocial Factors Among Low-Income Older Adults." Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 8 (March 2022): 233372142210848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23337214221084866.
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Objectives: Older adults have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19. The primary goal of this study is to determine the socioeconomic effects on psychosocial factors among low-income independent-living older adults, in an urban setting, during the COVID-pandemic. Methods: Participants were recruited through Virginia Commonwealth University’s Richmond Health and Wellness Program. Telephone surveys ( n=100) were conducted using the Epidemic – Pandemic Impacts Inventory Geriatric with the Racial/Ethnic Discrimination addendum. Responses were analyzed for income and education effects across seven domains: home life, social activities/isolation, economic, emotional health-wellbeing, physical health, COVID-infection history, and positive change behaviors/experiences. Results: The sample population was between 51 and 87 years of age, 88% were Black, 57% reported incomes of $10,000/year or less, and 60% reported a high-school education or less. There were income effects for social activities/isolation (f = 3.69, p<.05) and positive change (f = 8.40, p<.01), and education effects for COVID History (f = 4.20, p <.04). Discussion: Overall results highlight the social patterns for a diverse sample of low-income urban older adults; education and income are identified as risk factors for social losses, COVID-infection experiences, racial/ethnic discrimination during the COVID-pandemic, and positive change behaviors.
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Nguyen, Margaret B. "Aligning Partners in Pediatric Health: Using Geographical Information Systems to Plan Community Coalitions." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 11 (January 2020): 215013272094051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150132720940513.
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Introduction: Compared with adults, children have higher emergency department (ED) utilization for asthma exacerbation. While community coalitions have been shown to prevent ED visits for asthma, there is little guidance on where to best implement these efforts. Geographical information systems (GIS) technology can help in the selection and coordination of potential coalition partners. This report proposes a model to be used by clinicians and child health equity advocates to strategize high-impact community health interventions. The aims were to identify the clusters of ED utilization for pediatric asthma, evaluate sociodemographic features of the population within the clusters, and identify potential primary care and school community partners. Methods: This model uses ED visit data from 450 nonmilitary California hospitals in 2012. We obtained ZIP code–level counts and rates for patients younger than 18 years discharged with a diagnosis code of 493 for asthma conditions from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development’s Open Portal. We applied GIS spatial analysis techniques to identify statistically significant cluster for pediatric asthma ED utilization. We then locate the candidate community partners within these clusters. Results: There were 181 720 ED visits for asthma for all age groups in 2012 with 70 127 visits for children younger than 18 years. The top 3 geographic clusters for ED utilization rates were located in Fresno, Inglewood, and Richmond City, respectively. Spatial analysis maps illustrate the schools located within 0.5– and 1-mile radii of primary care clinics and provide a visual and statistical description of the population within the clusters. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a model to help clinicians understand how GIS can aid in the selection and creation of coalition building. This is a potentially powerful tool in the addressing child health disparities.
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Etowa, Josephine, Bishwajit Ghose, Yuji Sano, Ilene Hyman, Hindia Mohamoud, Ikenna Mbagwu, and Charles Dabone. "Sociodemographic Characteristics Associated with Higher Numbers of COVID-19 Cases: A Neighbourhood Level Study in Ottawa, Ontario." Global Journal of Health Science 16, no. 5 (April 25, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v16n5p1.
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INTRODUCATION: The complex interplay of the social conditions that one lives in and functions greatly influences the exposure to a certain health condition and the ability to recover from it. Reports on COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization and fatality reveal a clear sociodemographic divide with the marginalized communities bearing a disproportionately higher burden of the outcomes. The objectives of this study was to explore the neighbourhoods characteristics associated with higher COVID-19 rates in Ottawa by employing a social determinants of health framework that identifies critical intersections that impact of multi-level determinants of health. METHODOLOGY: This study is based on data on 98 neighbourhoods in Ottawa that were collected from the Ottawa Neighbourhood study (ONS). The outcome variable was COVID-19 rate between March 09, 2020 - January 31, 2021. The independent variables were potentially vulnerable groups, Socioeconomic, neighbourhood, and demographic factors. We used descriptive and logistic regression methods to analyse the data. RESULTS: The neighbourhoods that had relatively high number of rates COVID-19 cases were Hunt Club Park (909), Manor Park (831), Greenboro East (739), Overbrook McArthur (641), and Hunt Club Upper-Blossom Park (619); and the ones with lowest rates were Laurentian (44), Old Ottawa South (31), Richmond (22), Riverside South Leitrim (19), Wateridge Village (5), and Westboro (3). Multivariate regression analysis showed that neighborhood characteristics such as percentage of community health center within a 50m walk, higher population density, higher percentage of people taking public transportation to work, higher percentage of people with no high school diploma, perceived walkability score, low income prevalence, higher percentage of unsuitable housing, households with multiple family, refugee population, new comer during 2011-16, single parent family, and higher percentage of living alone were associated higher odds of above average COVID-19 rates. CONCLUSION: These findings reflect a greater likelihood of COVID-19 infection in the neighbourhoods with poorer socioeconomic and living conditions such as low income, unhealthy housing, and higher population density. Addressing the challenges among the disadvantaged communities may help reduce the higher vulnerability and promote health conditions.
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Howard-James, Claudine. "H08 Post vacancy: Dublin’s first dermatologist." British Journal of Dermatology 191, Supplement_1 (June 28, 2024): i168—i169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljae090.356.
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Abstract William Wallace (1791–1837), later known internationally as ‘Wallace of Dublin’, was Dublin’s first dermatologist. Born in County Down, he studied at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) from 1810 to 1813. During his time at RCSI, he was apprenticed to Charles Hawkes Todd, lecturer and surgeon in the Richmond and Lock Hospitals, both institutions experiencing high volumes of venereal and skin disease. Following receipt of his licence from RCSI in June 1813, Wallace travelled to London. Here he studied under established dermatologist Thomas Bateman (himself a pupil of Robert Willan), surgeon John Pearson, and expert venereal disease physician Joseph Adams, among others. Gaining significant experience in cutaneous and venereal disease during this time, he returned to Dublin in 1817 with the intention of utilizing this knowledge to establish a hospital. In his own words, the hospital’s mission was to ‘at once afford relief to the poor; supply the means of extending our knowledge of cutaneous diseases, by accurate clinical investigation and extensive observation; and establish a school for the instruction of medical students’. The following year, he personally founded and funded the Dublin Infirmary for Diseases of the Skin at 20 Moore Street, the first hospital in Europe or the British Empire exclusively devoted to skin disease. By 1837, an estimated 25 000 cases had been treated in the Dublin Skin Infirmary. Wallace made two internationally recognized contributions to medicine: introducing potassium iodide to the materia medica for treatment of syphilitic lesions and demonstrating the infectivity of secondary syphilis. The latter he proved unethically by the inoculation of ‘secretions from exanthematic sores’ into healthy individuals, demonstrating its transmissibility and incubation period. His publications include Observations on Sulphurious Fumigations as a Remedy in Rheumatism and Diseases of the Skin (1820) and A Treatise on the Venereal Disease and its Varieties (1833). During this time he was also appointed surgeon at Jervis Street Hospital, where he does not appear to have been an easy colleague; there were public rows with fellow surgeon James O’Beirne, complaints about the hospital’s cleanliness, and an increase in skin-related admissions while Wallace was on service, with a colleague commenting ‘certainly not one case of diseases of the skin was fit for an hospital’. While his ethics and behaviour as a colleague are at times questionable, his contribution to modern dermatology is undeniable. His sudden and untimely death in 1837 from typhus brought an end to the Dublin Skin Infirmary as his post lay vacant, owing to his habit of independence.
Дисертації з теми "Richmond High School (Richmond, Indiana)"
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Pfenninger, Cook Amanda. "A survey of Richmond, Indiana seventh grade students' perceptions of Indiana Tobacco Prevention and Cessation's anti-smoking media campaign." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1313640.
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Gibbs, Cheryl Jeanne. "The Quaker Farm Boy and the Wizard of Menlo Park: How C. Francis Jenkins Fought to Keep Thomas Edison from Claiming Credit for One of Jenkins' Most Significant Inventions." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1543522521915393.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Richmond High School (Richmond, Indiana)"
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Carr, Audrey. Well played!: The story of Richmond High School. Richmond,North Yorkshire: AzteC, 1988.
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Whitt, Michael. United in rivalry: Richmond's Armstrong-Maggie Walker Classic. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2009.
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Cowy, Kim Katherine, ed. Quietly torn: A literary journal by young Iu Mien American women living in Richmond, California. San Francisco, CA: Pacific News Service, 1999.
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Wenham, L. P. James Tate: Master of Richmond School, Yorkshire and canon of St Paul's Cathedral, London : schoolmaster and scholar. (Northallerton): North Yorkshire County Record Office, 1991.
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Niven, Jennifer. Aqua Net Diaries: Big Hair, Big Dreams, Small Town. Downtown Press, 2010.
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Whitt, Michael. United in Rivalry: Richmond's Armstrong-Maggie Walker Classic. Arcadia Publishing, 2009.
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Whitt, Michael. United in Rivalry: Richmond's Armstrong-Maggie Walker Classic. Arcadia Publishing, 2009.
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Pictorial History of the City of Richmond, Indiana: Containing a Brief Sketch of Richmond, Views of Public Buildings, School Houses, Churches, Business Houses, Manufactories, Private Residences, Street, Park, and River Views. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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Pollack, Howard. The Young Writer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190458294.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses Latouche’s early education. This includes his early artistic interests, and his years at John Marshall High School, during which time he wrote extensively for the school newspaper and acted in school plays. During these early years, he also partook in community theater in Richmond, making a name for himself as an actor. After graduating high school, he attended the Riverdale Country Day School in the Bronx, where he pursued similar activities. Entering Columbia University on scholarship, he distinguished himself as a critic and poet, winning several prestigious awards. But after the success of his columbia Varsity Show, Flair-Flair, for which he wrote the book and lyrics and even some of the music, he dropped out of Columbia to pursue a career on Broadway.
Частини книг з теми "Richmond High School (Richmond, Indiana)"
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Johnson, Joseph F., Cynthia L. Uline, and Stanley J. Munro. "Maplewood Richmond Heights High School." In When Black Students Excel, 25–42. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003277910-3.
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Curtis, Cathy. "Richmond." In Alive Still, 3–14. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190908812.003.0001.
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Born in 1922 in Richmond, Virginia, Nell Blaine was a rebellious only child, a loner fussed over by her mother. Her early years were plagued by serious vision problems, finally corrected in her teens. She was active in extracurricular clubs in both high school and college, where she encountered avant-garde art for the first time. Although she had to drop out of college after two years for financial reasons, she took an evening class in painting that helped her connect with new ideas in art. Meanwhile, she worked at an advertising agency, gaining experience that would stand her in good stead years later when she needed to earn a living. At age twenty, she left for Manhattan, ignoring the pleas and threats of her mother.
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Brown, Jeannette E. "Chemists Who Work for the National Labs or Other Federal Agencies." In African American Women Chemists in the Modern Era. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190615178.003.0009.
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Dr. Patricia Carter Sluby (Fig. 5.1) is a primary patent examiner retired from the US Patent and Trademark Office and formerly a registered patent agent. She is also the author of three books about African American inventors and their patented inventions. Patricia’s father is William A. Carter Jr., and her mother is Thelma LaRoche Carter. Her father was the first black licensed master plumber in Richmond, VA, and his father also had the same distinction in Columbus, OH, years earlier. Her father was born in Philadelphia, PA, and attended college. Her grandfather went from Virginia to look for work in Canada and became a stonemason. Later he relocated back to the United States, where he soon married in Boston, MA, and several of his children were born there. Later, the family moved to Philadelphia where Patricia’s father was born. Her mother, who attended Hampton Institute, taught school and later managed the office for Patricia’s father’s business. Patricia’s mother was born and raised in Richmond, as were most of her maternal relatives. Patricia had three brothers. They were all born during segregation in Richmond, the former capital of the Confederacy. Patricia was born on February 15, in Richmond. She attended kindergarten through eighth grade in segregated schools that were within walking distance of home. In school, they studied from hand-me-down books, but her black teachers were well trained and well informed. They had bachelor’s degrees; some had master’s or even PhD degrees. To go to high school, Patricia took a city bus across to the east side of town, to the newly built school for black students, which incorporated eighth grade through twelfth grade. Her teachers were excellent instructors who lived in her neighborhood and knew her parents quite well. The teachers looked out for the neighborhood kids and acted as surrogate parents outside the confines of the home. Teachers and principals were also great mentors, dedicated to their craft; they encouraged students to understand the world and function as responsible adults. Patricia excelled in science and math.
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Tidwell, John Edgar, and Mark A. Sanders. "“The Palmer Case”." In Sterling A. Brown’s, A Negro Looks At The South, 225–32. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313994.003.0037.
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Abstract Before I got to know Lutrelle F. Palmer well, I had heard an anecdote that did him honor. It also held promise of what has happened to him since. When the white principals of Richmond’s colored high schools were finally displaced by Negroes, Dr. Palmer was offered the principalship of the new Maggie Walker High School. Richmond wanted him badly, but offered him less than the principals of the white high schools were getting. Palmer naturally refused. The dickering continued; larger and larger salaries were offered. Finally Palmer stated his price, which was exactly that being paid white principals. The representative of the Richmond board spoke in aggrieved surprise: “But, Dr. Palmer, you know we can’t pay you that. That’s what we pay white principals.” As the anecdote was told me at Slaughter’s Café in Richmond, “The white folks offered Palmer all the way up to $3,000. ‘Couldn’t you take just $2,998.98, Mr. Palmer? We can’t go a cent higher.’ The white folks were nearly crying. Even called him Mr. Palmer. But Palmer wasn’t coming on that deal. Not for one penny less.” Palmer admitted gravely, a bit stiffly, that the anecdote was to all intents and purposes true. I have known him for many years, having visited his model high school in Newport News, and having served with him on the staff of the Atlanta Summer School where he supervised educational workshops. About the campus he was always earnest, but in the classroom his reserve was shed and a zeal, almost that of a preacher, took its place. Years ago when I was a school kid, around Howard University I had heard him debate for Wilberforce against Howard; I remember him, even after thirty years, quiet but forceful and convincing, a man for Howard to watch. He had grown bald in the meanwhile, but the piercing, almost glaring eyes beneath the heavy rimmed glasses were the same as when he used to say “Honorable Judges, Ladies, and Gentlemen.”
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Wilson, Sondra Kathryn. "A Message from Our Field Secretary." In The Selected Writings of James Weldon Johnson, 21–22. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195076455.003.0003.
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Abstract I left New York on January 16 to organize branches in the principal cities of the South. I stopped at Baltimore and spoke at a meeting held by the branch in that city then went to Richmond. Up to the present date branches have been organized in Richmond and Norfolk, Va.; Raleigh, Durham, and Greensboro, N.C.; Atlanta, Athens, Savannah and Augusta, Ga.; Columbia and Charleston, S.C.; and Jacksonville, Fla. The response of the colored people in the South to this call shows the wisdom of the Association in taking this step to organize south of Washington. In every city that I have visited I have found the thinking men and women of our race alive to the situation and ready to take part in the work that must be done. They also realize that the condition which has been brought about by the movement of colored people from the South to the North gives the great opportunity that has come in the last forty years for a demand to be made for those things to which the Negro is rightly entitled. The branch of the Association which was formed in Atlanta has already taken action on the public school question in that city. A while ago the Board of Education cut off the eighth grade from all the colored public schools. It now proposes to cut off the seventh grade. This proposal is simultaneous with one to build a Junior High School for white children; so it looks as though the means to provide for this new High School for white children are to be secured by the further cutting down of the colored schools.
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Nagel, Robert F. "’A Direct Challenge of the Segregation Statutes’ Making the Record in Brown." In Making Civil Rights Law, 150–67. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195084122.003.0012.
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Abstract On Monday, April 23, 1951, Oliver Hill got a telephone call from R. R. Moton High School in Farmville, Virginia. His caller, never identified, told him students were striking to protest conditions there: expanding school enrollments led the school board to put up some leaky and badly heated ’temporary’ outbuildings made of wood and tarpaper. Barbara Johns, a sixteen-year-old at the school, organized the student strike, working with friends from the school’s student council. Johns, born in New York but raised in Farmville, was the niece of Vernon Johns, a fiery preacher whose sermons delivered throughout the South often focused on segrega-tion. Inspired by her uncle, Barbara Johns decided that something had to be done. The school’s principal was sympathetic to community efforts to improve the schools, and Johns did not want to implicate him in militant action. She lured him away by placing a call that two high school students were about to be arrested. When he left the school, Johns sent a note in his name to each classroom, calling an assembly. The students and teachers went to the school auditorium and Johns started speaking. When some teachers tried to stop her, she had them escorted out. Johns denounced the school board’s failure to provide decent facilities and ended by calling for a strike. The students walked out.1 Hill was trying to develop a desegregation case in nearby Pulaski County, and was scheduled to go to the area on Wednesday. After asking that the students write him describing their situation, Hill agreed to meet the students’ families on his way to Pulaski County, although he was unsure that Farmville was a good place to bring a lawsuit. Farmville was in Prince Edward County, a ’tense’ part of Vir-ginia’s Southside, and Hill believed that Richmond or Norfolk were better places for the first Virginia desegregation suit. According to Hill, he ’had a horror of talking to a group of these kids with no adults around.’ If the parents did not agree with the students, a lawsuit could not be sustained. And, although students routinely got the attention of recalcitrant school boards by striking, a lawsuit with such a dramatic beginning might be bad public relations; after all, the students were violating the state’s compulsory attendance laws.