Дисертації: "Rice Nutrition"

1

Lou-Hing, Daniel Edward. "Arsenic in rice : the role of phosphate in sensitivity and the genetics behind shoot arsenic." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=159212.

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Rice consumption is responsible for the largest dietary contribution of inorganic arsenic. In addition to the direct human health impact of arsenic, arsenic toxicity impacts on rice yield. Thus two issues must be addressed: rice sensitivity to arsenic and the contribution of rice towards dietary arsenic. The grass Holcus lanatus achieves arsenate tolerance through the constitutive down regulation of phosphate transporters, which facilitate arsenate uptake. To gain a better understanding of mechanisms underlying arsenic sensitivity in rice and determine if phosphate uptake was responsible for differential arsenic sensitivity between two rice cultivars (Azucena and Bala) an experiment was undertaken examining the role of phosphate in rice arsenic sensitivity. Although high phosphate treatments were found to provide protection against both arsenate and arsenite toxicity and the two cultivars were found to respond differently to phosphate induced protection, the mechanism underlying reduced arsenic sensitivity did not appear to be controlled through a reduced phosphate uptake system. Attempts to link lab-based arsenic sensitivity of various rice cultivars to published biomass and tissue arsenic concentrations of rice grown in the field is presented. No consistent trend was identified across field sites although two negative correlations at two different sites were found (grain arsenic concentrations and shoot dry weight plotted against arsenate sensitivity). These data demonstrated the importance environment influence on traits examined. These correlations suggest that breeding for more arsenic resistant rice strains may increase plant yield but inadvertently lead to an increase in grain arsenic. Finally, QTL mapping and genome-wide association mapping were used to identify genomic regions and candidates genes responsible for variations in shoot arsenic concentrations in rice. The purpose of which was to offer a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this variation. Unfortunately the QTLs revealed were not reproduced in the association mapping study. A list of potential positional candidate genes are summarised and functional candidates identified and discussed.

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2

Ramesh, Sunita. "Molecular mechanism of zinc uptake and regulation in cereals." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr1724.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 174-204. "This work provides a starting point for understanding the molecular mechanisms of zinc uptake and the regulation of zinc transport in cereals. Zinc efficient cereals would yield more on soild with low zinc and could potentially result in increased zinc content grain."

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3

Shahnaseri, Mahnaz. "The effect of cooking method upon iron and zinc bioavailability in rice /." View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031120.102309/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2001.
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Campus, 2001. Bibliography : leaves 205-244.

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4

Alli, Zaman. "The assembly of hepatitis B virus core particles in transgenic tobacco, carrot and rice plants." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29072.

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The spread amongst humans of viral diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is alarming. A plant-based high fidelity production system is being developed with emphasis on producing antigens capable of being orally delivered to humans in plant packets. To test whether transgenic tobacco, carrot and rice plants can correctly process and assemble the hepatitis-B virus (HBV) core particle/antigen (HBcAg), they were transformed with a C-terminal truncated version of the HBcAg subunit coding sequence. Transgenic tobacco, carrot and rice plants processed the HBV subunits accurately indicating that these recombinant expression systems can be extended to produce other proteins at reduced costs. In the wild-type expression construct (H1); the enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus double 35S (CaMV-d35S) promoter was fused to the alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 (AMV-RNA4) sequence to achieve greater translation of a C-terminal truncated HBV core particle subunit. A second expression construct (H2) was plant-codon optimized to match the Arabidopsis thaliana plant genome codon preferences. A third codon-optimized expression construct (H3) had a KDEL (lysyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-leucine) encoded sequence. While a fourth expression construct (H4) included an extensin signal sequence in place of the AMV-RNA4 sequence. Western blotting analysis showed the presence of the HBcAg in transgenic tobacco, carrot and rice plants. The HBcAg levels increased from the H1 to the H4 transgenic tobacco lines. Plant codon-optimization of the HBcAg sequence and addition of the KDEL encoded sequence led to higher levels of HBcAg. The most effective modification was observed when the extensin signal sequence replaced the AMV-RNA4 translation enhancer sequence resulting in the highest observed yields of HBcAg in both the leaves and seeds of the best H4 tobacco plant. In edible plants, higher levels of HBcAg were observed in carrot roots as opposed to carrot leaves and in rice seeds as opposed to rice leaves. Further analyses via electron microscopy indicated that the HBV subunits had assembled into virus-like particles of 25--30 nm diameter in all three plant systems. Therefore, these studies may aid in the global quest to develop cheap, safe and effective vaccines.

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5

Criscioni, Ferreira Patricia Fabiola. "Application of an open circuit indirect calorimetry system for gaseous exchange measurements in small ruminant nutrition." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/64069.

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[EN] The main objective of this Thesis was to study the energy metabolism in small ruminants under different nutrition sceneries. As methodology we utilized indirect calorimetry instead of direct calorimetry or feeding trials. Within indirect calorimetry we worked with a portable open circuit gas exchange system with a head hood. This open circuit respiration system permitted completed the whole energy balance and evaluate the efficiency of utilization of the energy of the diet for different physiological circumstances as milk production in dairy goats or maintenance in sheep. Besides, we could quantify in each trial some of the wastes related to environmental pollution as CH4 emissions and excretion of nitrogen in feces and urine. In this thesis three experiments were designed, two in dairy goats and other in sheep as we described below. In the first experiment, digestibility, energy balance, carbon and nitrogen balance, milk performance, rumen parameters and milk fatty acids and metabolites were obtained. Metabolic cages and open circuit indirect calorimetry system were the methods applied. Treatments consist in two mixed diets with alfalfa as forage. Within the concentrate, oat grain was replaced with rice bran. No significant differences were found for metabolizable energy intake (MEI), 1254kJ/kg of BW0.75 on average, and heat production (HP); 640 kJ/kg of BW0.75 on average. No differences were obtained for milk production (2.2 kg/d on average) and milk fat was greater in the rice bran diet (6.9% vs. 5.3% for rice bran and oat diets, respectively). Energy balance was positive and milk metabolites correlated these found. Regards to CH4 emissions, determined in vivo by gas exchange indirect calorimetry, goats fed the rice bran significantly reduced methane production (23.2 g/d vs 30.1 g/d). In the second experiment, we also used two types of diets, but in this case we substituted the forage and maintained the same concentrate; in one of the diets a grass (Maralfafa [Pennisetum sp.]- M diet) was used as forage and in the other an extensively used leguminous (Alfalfa [Medicago sativa]- A diet). Methods and analysis were the same that in Experiment 1, and here we include metabolites in urine and blood plasma. The dry matter intake was higher for diet A (1.8 vs 1.6 kg/d, respectively) and digestibility coefficients were higher for diet M. However, no significant differences were shown in MEI (1089 kJ/kg of BW0.75, on average) and HP (639 kJ/kg of BW0.75on average). Higher milk yield was observed in A diet than M diet (1.8 vs. 1.7 kg/d, respectively) and metabolites in urine, plasma and milk indicated better use of diet A than M, while no differences in milk composition were found (5% of fat and 4.3% of protein). Methane production was higher for A diet (28.5 g/d) than M diet (25.9 g/d), although these differences were not statistically significant. In the third experiment, energy partition was compared in two sheep breeds (Manchega vs. Guirra) fed above maintenance. We fed again with mixed diets and metabolic cages, indirect calorimetry, nitrogen balance and integral calculus were the tools used for these energy partitioning approach. An approximation of division of heat production was done. ME for maintenence was estimated at 354 kJ/kg of BW0.75and day, on average for the two breeds. Basal metabolic rate was different between breeds; 270 vs. 247 kJ/kg of BW0.75for Guirra and Manchega, respectively.
[ES] El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue estudiar el metabolismo energético en pequeños rumiantes bajo diferentes escenarios de nutrición. Como metodología se utilizó la calorimetría indirecta en vez de calorimetría directa o pruebas de alimentación. Dentro de la calorimetría indirecta trabajamos con un sistema portátil de circuito abierto de intercambio de gases con una "urna" (Heat hood). Este sistema de circuito abierto de respiración nos permitió completar todo el balance energético y evaluar la eficiencia de la utilización de la energía de la dieta para diferentes estados fisiológicos como producción de leche en cabras u oveja en mantenimiento. Además fue posible cuantificar en cada ensayo algunas perdidas relacionadas con la contaminación ambiental como emisiones de CH4 y la excreción de nitrógeno en heces y orina. En esta tesis se diseñaron tres experimentos, dos en cabras en lactación y otro en ovejas como describimos a continuación. En el primer experimento se han determinado, digestibilidad, balance energético, balance carbono nitrógeno, producción de leche, parámetros ruminales, ácidos grasos y metabolitos en leche. Jaulas metabólicas y un sistema de circuito abierto de calorimetría indirecta fue el método aplicado. Los tratamientos consistieron en dos dietas mixtas con alfalfa como forraje y dentro del concentrado el grano de avena fue reemplazado por cilindro de arroz. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la energía metabolizable ingerida (MEI) de 1254 kJ/kg PV0.75 en promedio y una producción de calor (HP) de 640 kJ/kg PV0.75 en promedio. La producción de leche no presentó diferencias significativas entre las dos dietas, (2,2 kg/den promedio), la grasa de la leche fue mayor en la dieta de cilindro de arroz (6,9% vs. 5,3% para cilindro de arroz y avena respectivamente). El balance energético fue positivo y correlacionado a los metabolitos en leche determinados. En cuanto a las emisiones de CH4, determinadas en vivo mediante el intercambio de gases por calorimetría indirecta, las cabras alimentadas con el subproducto redujeron significativamente la producción de metano (23,2 g / d vs 30,1 g / d.). En el segundo experimento, también utilizamos dos tipos de dietas, pero en este caso sustituimos los forrajes y mantuvimos el mismo pienso; en una de las dietas se utilizó como forraje una gramínea (Maralfafa [Pennisetum sp.] - dieta M) y en el otro una leguminosa de uso extendido (Alfalfa [Medicago sativa] - dieta A). Los métodos de análisis y análisis fueron los mismos que los utilizados en el Experimento 1, y se incluyeron además análisis de metabolitos en orina y plasma. La materia seca ingerida fue mayor para dieta A (1,8 vs 1,6 kg/d, respectivamente), los coeficientes de digestibilidad fueron mayores para la dieta M. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en MEI (1089 kJ/kg PV0.75, en promedio) y HP 639 kJ/kg PV0.75, en promedio). La producción de leche fue mayor en la dieta A que la dieta M, (1,8 vs. 1,7 kg/d, respectively) y los metabolitos en orina, plasma y leche indican un mejor aprovechamiento de la dieta A. No se presentaron diferencias en la composición de la leche (5% de grasa and 4.3% de proteína). La producción de metano fue mayor para la dieta A (28,5 g/d) que para la dieta M (25,9 g/d), aunque estas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. En el tercer experimento se compararon la partición energética en dos razas de ovejas (Manchega vs. Guirra) en mantenimiento. Fueron alimentadas con dietas mixtas en jaulas metabólicas, calorimetría indirecta, balance carbono nitrógeno y cálculos integrales fueron las herramientas utilizadas para un aproximación de la partición energética. Se realizó una aproximación de división de producción de calor. El ME para mantenimiento se estimó en 354 kJ/kg PV0.75/ día, en promedio para las dos razas. Las diferencias en la tasa metabólica basal entre las razas fu
[CAT] El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi va ser estudiar el metabolism energètic en xicotets ruminants baix diferents escenaris de nutrició. Com a metodologia es va utilitzar la calorimetria indirecta en compte de calorimetria directa o proves d'alimentació. Dins de la calorimetria indirecta treballarem amb un sistema portatil de circuit obert d'intercanvi de gasos amb "urna" (Heat hood). Aquest sistema de respiració de circuit obert ens va permetre completar tot el balanç energètic i avaluar l'eficiència de la utilització de l'energia de la dieta per a diferents circumstàncies fisiològiques com produccion de llet en cabres o manteniment en ovelles. A més va ser possible quantificar en cada assaig algunes perdues relacionades amb la contaminacion ambiental com a emissions de CH4 i l'excreció de nitrogen en femta i orina. En aquesta tesi es van dissenyar tres experiments, dos en cabres en lactación i un altre en ovelles com vam descriure a continuació. En el primer experiment s'han determinat,digestibilidad, balanç energètic, balanç carboni nitrogen, producció de llet, paràmetres ruminales, àcids grassos i metabòlits en llet. Gàbies metabòliques i un sistema de circuit obert de calorimetria indirecta va ser el mètode aplicat. Els tractaments van consistir en dues dietes mixtes amb alfals com a farratge i dins del concentrat el gra de civada va ser reemplaçat per cilindre d'arròs. No es van trobar diferències significatives en l'energia metabolizable ingerida (MEI) de 1254 kJ/kg PV0.75 en mitjana i una producció de calor (HP) de 640 kJ/kg PV0.75 en mitjana. La producció de llet no va presentar diferències significatives entre les dues dietes, (2.2 kg/donen mitjana), el greix de la llet va ser major en la dieta de cilindre d'arròs (6.9% vs. 5.3% per a cilindre d'arròs i civada respectivament). El balanç energètic va ser positiu i correlacionat als metabòlits en llet determinats. Quant a les emissions de CH4, determinades en viu mitjançant l'intercanvi de gasos per calorimetria indirecta, les cabres alimentades amb el subproducte van reduir significativament la producció de metà (23.2 g / d vs 30.1 g / d.).En el segon experiment, també utilitzem dos tipus de dietes, però en aquest cas substituïm els farratges i vam mantenir el mateix pinso; en una de les dietes es va utilitzar com a farratge una gramínea (Maralfafa [Pennisetum sp.] - dieta M) i en l'altre una **leguminosa d'ús estès (Alfals [Medicago sativa] - dieta A). Els mètodes d'anàlisis i anàlisis van ser els mateixos que els utilitzats en l'Experiment 1, i es van incloure a més anàlisi de metabòlits en orina i plasma. La matèria seca ingerida va ser major per a dieta A (1,8 vs 1,6 kg/d, respectivament), els coeficients de digestibilidad van ser majors per a la dieta M. No obstant açò no es van trobar diferències significatives en MEI (1089 kJ/kg PV0.75, en mitjana) i HP 639 kJ/kg PV0.75, en mitjana). La producció de llet va ser major en la dieta Al fet que la dieta M, (1,8 vs. 1,7 kg/d, respectively) i els metabòlits en orina, plasma i llet indiquen un millor aprofitament de la dieta A. No es van presentar diferències en la composició de la llet (5% de greix i 4.3% de proteïna). La producció de metà va ser major per a la dieta A (28,5 g/d) que per a la dieta M (25,9 g/d), encara que aquestes diferències no van anar estadísticament significatives. En el tercer experiment es van comparar la partició energètica en dues races d'ovelles (Manxega vs. Guirra) en manteniment. Van ser alimentades amb dietes mixtes en gàbies metabòliques, calorimetria indirecta, balanç carboni nitrogen i càlculs integrals van ser les eines utilitzades per a un aproximació de la partició energètica. Es va realitzar una aproximació de divisió de producció de calor. L'EM para manteniment es va estimar en 354 kJ/kg PV0.75 / dia, en mitjana per a les dues races. Les diferències en la taxa metabòlica basal entre les races va ser de 2
Criscioni Ferreira, PF. (2016). Application of an open circuit indirect calorimetry system for gaseous exchange measurements in small ruminant nutrition [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64069
TESIS

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Alkhuzaim, Faisal Kh. "“I Want Ketchup on my Rice”: The Role of Child Agency on Arab Migrant Families Food and Foodways." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7258.

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This exploratory research study examines changes in food and foodways (food habits) among Arab migrant families in a small community in Tampa, Florida. It also explores how those families’ children may play a role in the process of change. Within this community, I conducted my research study at a private school, where I recruited families with children between the ages of eight and seventeen. In applying the ecological model of food and nutrition and the developmental niche theoretical framework, this research draws on qualitative methods, including structured interviews with parents; focus group discussion with parents; a food survey; and children’s focus groups that included engaging activities such as vignettes (role playing), free-listing and sorting, and one-day food menus. I used MAXQDA 18 software for qualitative data analysis, and the results show that the main factors aiding in post-migration food and foodways changes are time constraints (lifestyle), ingredients, and availability and accessibility of permissible food (halal). Parent did not mention their children as a main factor; however, they perceive influence of their children. Feeding practices such as rewarding, restriction, forcing, and family meals were emerging themes, and children express their agency around those practices. Children developed their own agency regarding food because of their social and physical environments. Older children perceived their influence on their families’ food and foodways by introducing food items to their own families.

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Scott, Victoria Elizabeth. "Stability of Whole Wheat Flour, Rolled Oats, and Brown Rice During Long-Term Storage and Preparation." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6169.

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Whole grains are an increasingly popular health food in America. However, shelf life of whole grains is compromised due to the presence of lipoxygenases in the bran and germ, which lead to rancidity and generation of oxidative byproducts. These byproducts reduce sensory quality and may have a degradative effect on vitamins in whole grain products. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of lipid and vitamin degradation during long-term storage of three whole grains: whole wheat flour, brown rice, and rolled oats. We also examined vitamin loss after cooking to determine if oxidative byproducts had an effect on vitamins during typical household cooking. Whole wheat flour, brown rice, and rolled oats were stored for 12 months and periodically analyzed for conjugated dienes, free fatty acids, tocopherols, thiamin, and riboflavin. Whole wheat bread, steamed brown rice, and oat porridge were made from samples stored for 0 months and 12 months and were analyzed for thiamin and riboflavin. Conjugated dienes increased significantly only in rolled oats, while tocopherols decreased significantly in whole wheat flour and rolled oats and insignificantly in brown rice. Free fatty acids increased significantly in whole wheat flour and brown rice. Thiamin and riboflavin were stable in raw stored grains and cooked products made from stored grains with the exception of brown rice, in which we observed a significant decrease in thiamin after 12-month storage and cooking. These results suggest whole wheat flour, brown rice, and rolled oats experience significant lipid and tocopherol degradation, but it does not appear to affect thiamin and riboflavin in raw stored products. Cooking appears to cause degradation of thiamin after storage of brown rice, but thiamin and riboflavin were otherwise stable in these whole grains.

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8

Hallinan, Robert Michael. "Increasing the Oral Bioaccessibility of Curcumin Using Oleogels Structured by Rice Bran Wax." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1578004597209035.

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9

Vu, Duy Hoang [Verfasser], and Folkard [Akademischer Betreuer] Asch. "Effects of temperature and vapor pressure deficit on genotypic responses to nitrogen nutrition and weed competition in lowland rice / Duy Hoang Vu ; Betreuer: Folkard Asch." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1240761198/34.

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10

Moras, Benjamin. "Fractionnement de protéines végétales pour le développement d'ingrédients alimentaires infantiles hypoallergéniques et à teneur réduite en phytoestrogènes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0070.

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Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit ont pour but de développer des procédés industriels pour la production de quatre ingrédients alimentaires infantiles ayant des propriétés hypoallergéniques et des teneurs réduites en phytoestrogènes. Les propriétés nutritionnelles des protéines de riz et de soja en font des sources intéressantes. Néanmoins, plusieurs problématiques liées aux caractéristiques des produits apparaissent aujourd’hui : la présence de phytoestrogènes (isoflavones) dans les isolats protéiques de soja ; la difficulté à solubiliser et isoler les protéines de riz et la forte allergénicité des protéines dans le cas du soja. Ces travaux présentent l’étude du fractionnement des protéines de soja et de riz pour le développement : d’isolat protéique à teneur réduite en isoflavones ; isolat protéique de riz ayant une teneur supérieure à 90% de protéines ; hydrolysats protéiques de soja et de riz dont le profil de poids moléculaire est maitrisé et potentiellement hypoallergénique. Afin d’y parvenir, la réduction de la taille des protéines par des processus enzymatiques puis le contrôle de leur poids moléculaire ont dû être étudiés. Concernant l’élimination des phytoestrogènes (isoflavones), deux méthodes ont permis d’atteindre de hauts rendements d’extractions. En premier lieu, l’étude de l’extraction par éthanol via une optimisation à petite échelle, suivie d’une mise à l’échelle industrielle ont permis de développer un premier produit à teneur résiduelle en isoflavones inférieure à 50 μg/g de produit sec représentant une réduction de près de 98% de la teneur en isoflavones. Le second procédé étudié a été la rétention des isoflavones sur résine d’adsorption à partir d’un hydrolysat protéique de soja préalablement mis au point, et ceci, par l’utilisation de solution aqueuse sans étape préalable d’extraction. Ce procédé a fait l’objet d’une mise à l’échelle industrielle et d’une étude du comportement chromatographique des isoflavones. L’extraction des isoflavones par eau subcritique et CO2 supercritique est aussi présentée dans cette thèse. Elle a permis de mettre en évidence l’influence de la polarité des différents composés et de la teneur en protéines des produits de soja utilisés. Ces travaux de thèse ont aussi permis de définir un nouveau procédé pour la production d’isolat protéique de riz par l’intermédiaire d’enzymes de types cellulolytiques et amylases, à partir de coproduits issus de l’industrie du sirop de glucose. Des études sur des matières moins transformées telles que le son de riz et la farine ont aussi été étudiées pour la concentration des protéines. L’étude de l’hydrolyse des protéines de soja et de riz a été possible par le suivi de différents indicateurs tels que le pH, la solubilité des protéines, le degré d’hydrolyse, le profil de poids moléculaire par électrophorèse et par chromatographie d’exclusion stérique. Ces procédés ont permis la production de quatre nouveaux ingrédients pouvant être testés pour leurs caractéristiques hypoallergéniques avant une éventuelle production industrielle
The objectives of these works were to develop industrial processes for the production of four infant food ingredients with hypoallergenic properties and reduced levels of phytoestrogens. For this purpose, the nutritional properties of the rice and soy protein are promising. However, due to the presence of phytoestrogens (isoflavones) the consumption of soy protein isolates is a big concern for infant food security because the high exposure to these compounds, known to be endocrine disruptors. Consequently, it was first intended to develop a soy protein isolate with reduced content of isoflavones below 50 μg/g following the recommendations of French and European health authorities. Rice protein isolates are either non-existent on the market, or extremely rare. Therefore, the development of rice protein isolate with a minimum content of 90 % protein was another objective. For the sensitive population, such as infants, the aim of this work was also to develop soy and rice protein hydrolysates conferring hypoallergenic properties. To achieve this goal, the reduction of the size of proteins and the control of their molecular weight was studied. Two methods were used to achieve high extractions yields. A study of ethanol extraction ranging from small-scale optimization to industrial scale was used for a final product with a residual content in isoflavones below 50 μg/g. The second method was to retain isoflavones on adsorption resin from a soy protein hydrolysate. This was possible without preliminary extraction step by solvent. This method was also tested in the industrial scale. The chromatographic behavior of different isoflavones was also studied. The extraction of isoflavones with subcritical water and supercritical CO2 is also presented in this thesis even though these methods were not retained. These pressurized extractions showed the influence of the polarity of isoflavones and the protein content of soy products onto the isoflavone extraction. These works also identified a novel process for the production of rice protein isolate by the hydrolysis of polysaccharides with cellulolytic enzymes and amylases from concentrated protein byproducts from the glucose syrup industry. Studies on less processed materials such as rice bran and flour were also studied for protein isolation. The study of the hydrolysis by proteases of soy and rice proteins were monitored by various indicators such as pH, protein solubility, the degree of hydrolysis, the molecular weight profile by electrophoresis, and size exclusion chromatography. These processes are enabled for the production of four new ingredients that will be tested for their hypoallergenic characteristics before a large scale production

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11

Muñoz, Denegri Viviana Mónica, and Jares Manuel David Grados. "Cuantificación de Arsénico total en arroz integral comercializado en supermercados y mercados de Lima Metropolitana." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656973.

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Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como finalidad determinar la cantidad de arsénico total (Ast) presente en el arroz integral comercializado en los supermercados y mercados de Lima Metropolitana, enero-febrero, 2020. Metodología: Se recolectaron nueve muestras de granos de arroz integral que representaron a la totalidad de las marcas expendidas al momento de realizar el muestreo, 8 de ellas se encontraron embolsadas y 1 a granel. Se empleó la técnica de espectrometría de masas con plasma inductivamente acoplado (ICP-MS) para la determinación de metales pesados en alimentos. Resultados: Ninguna de las muestras analizadas sobrepasó el contenido de Ast pues presentaron un promedio de 0,147 mg/kg con una desviación estándar de 0,021. Discusión: Los resultados del estudio indican que en general, el valor de Ast en el arroz integral que se comercializa en Lima Metropolitana se encuentra por debajo de los niveles máximos establecidos por diferentes entidades nacionales e internacionales que vigilan la inocuidad de los alimentos. Sin embargo, debido al alto impacto que este contaminante puede tener en la salud de las personas, los profesionales de la nutrición deberían estar expectantes a que las autoridades competentes realicen un adecuado control y monitoreo de este cereal, y de esta manera tener mayor seguridad en la recomendación de su consumo, ya que este se ha incrementado en los últimos años por sus diversos beneficios en la salud. Conclusión: En las muestras de arroz integral la cantidad de Ast no superó los límites máximos recomendados para As en el arroz según el Codex Alimentarius, MERCOSUR/GMC Resolución Nº 12/11 y la NTP 205.011:2014.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the amount of total arsenic (Ast) in brown rice sold in the supermarkets and markets of Metropolitan Lima, January-February, 2020. Methodology: Nine samples of brown rice grains were collected, representing all the brands found at the time of sampling, 8 of them were packed and 1 in bulk. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique was used for the determination of heavy metals in food. Results: None of the samples analyzed exceeded the Ast content as they presented an average of 0,15 mg/kg with a standard deviation of 0,021. Discussion: The results of the study indicate that, in general, the value of Ast in brown rice that is sold in Metropolitan Lima is below the maximum levels established by different national and international entities that monitor food safety. However, due to the high impact that this pollutant can have on people's health, nutrition professionals should expect for the competent authorities to carry out an adequate control and surveillance of this cereal, and thus have greater reassurance in the recommendation of its consumption, since it has increased in the past years for its various health benefits. Conclusion: In the brown rice samples the amount of Ast did not exceed the maximum recommended limits for As in rice according to the Codex Alimentarius, MERCOSUR/GMC Resolution Nº 12/11 and NTP 205.011: 2014.
Tesis

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12

Aguiar, Elisabete Cristina Fonseca. "Study of rice varieties: chemical and nutritional facts." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21566.

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Mestrado em Biotecnologia - Biotecnologia Alimentar
Este estágio curricular foi desenvolvido em parceria com a Novarroz – Produtos Alimentares, S.A., uma empresa familiar cuja atividade principal é o processamento e comercialização de arroz e dos seus subprodutos. O arroz (Oryza sativa) é uma das mais importantes culturas de cereais e é consumido por 60% da população mundial, sendo uma das principais fontes de nutrientes e energia. Desta forma, o conhecimento da composição das variedades de arroz é de total importância para a Novarroz, Produtos Alimentares, S.A. Assim, este trabalho englobou dois objetivos principais. O primeiro objetivo consistiu na caraterização de 23 amostras de arroz branqueado da nova colheita, nomeadamente em termos de caraterísticas físicas dos grãos de arroz, propriedades de gelificação, composição química e nutricional. A determinação das caraterísticas físicas dos grãos de arroz permitiu observar maiores comprimentos e proporções comprimento/largura para as variedades de arroz indica. Foram obtidas correlações elevadas entre estes dois parâmetros. As amostras de arroz japonica mostraram maiores percentagens de área gessada comparando com as variedades indica. Assim, obteve-se uma correlação elevada e positiva entre a brancura total e o kett. O comportamento do amido durante o cozinhamento e arrefecimento foi avaliado através da determinação das viscosidades. Em geral, as viscosidades do pico e rutura foram mais elevadas para as amostras de arroz japonica. Por outro lado, as viscosidades de retrocesso foram superiores para as variedades indica e negativa e fortemente correlacionadas com as viscosidades do pico e de rutura. O conteúdo de amido total variou de 74.79 a 84.45%, em matéria seca. A determinação do conteúdo de amilose atribuiu os maiores valores às variedades indica. Este parâmetro estava fortemente correlacionado com as propriedades de gelificação. O índice glicémico (IG) das amostras de arroz foi determinado. As amostras cuja hidrólise de amido foi mais rápida ao longo do tempo apresentaram valores de IG mais elevados. Indica6 apresentou o menor IG (76.40 ± 1.06) sendo visto como uma variedade de arroz de baixo IG destinada a diabéticos do tipo 2. O IG e o conteúdo de amilose apresentaram uma correlação negativa, estando de acordo com a literatura. O segundo objetivo deste estágio consistiu na germinação de duas amostras de arroz integral: japonica14 G0h e japonica15 G0h. Estas amostras foram germinadas em água da Novarroz (pH = 5.3), a pH = 3.0 e a pH = 4.0 durante 24, 48 e 72 horas, a fim de verificar as alterações bioquímicas que ocorreram durante a germinação, principalmente em termos do conteúdo de ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA), um aminoácido não proteico que tem sido implicado em muitos benefícios para a saúde. Os conteúdos de amido total e amilose diminuíram significativamente. Como esperado, a hidrólise de amido levou a um aumento do conteúdo de açucares redutores ao longo do tempo. Em geral, o processo de germinação contribuiu para o aumento do IG. Contudo, as amostras germinadas japonica15 G24_5.3, japonica15 G24_3.0 e japonica15 G24_4.0 apresentaram uma diminuição significativa no IG comparando com a amostra japonica15 G0h. Efectivamente foi encontrada uma relação entre o conteúdo de GABA e as condições acídicas da germinação. A germinação a pH = 3.0 levou a um aumento significativo de GABA nos grãos de arroz com o tempo, principalmente nas amostras japonica14: a cada 24 horas, o conteúdo de GABA aumentou significativamente, variando entre 9.27 (0 horas) e 43.63 mg/100 de matéria seca (72 horas), mostrando um aumento de quase 5 vezes em relação à amostra não-germinada japonica14, corroborando estudos anteriores.
This traineeship was developed in partnership with Novarroz – Produtos Alimentares, S.A., a familiar company whose major activity is the processing and commercialization of rice and its by-products. Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important cereal crops and it is consumed by 60% of the world’s population, being one of the main sources of nutrients and energy. Thus, the knowledge of the composition of rice varieties is of total importance to Novarroz, Produtos Alimentares, S.A. Therefore, this work comprised two main goals. The first goal consisted in the characterization of 23 milled rice samples from the new harvest, namely in terms of physical characteristics of the rice grains, pasting properties and chemical and nutritional composition. Physical analyses of the rice grains enabled detecting higher length and length-to-width ratio values to indica rice varieties. Strong correlations were found between these parameters. Japonica rice samples showed higher chalky area % compared to indica varieties. Chalky area was strongly and positively correlated with total whiteness and kett. Starch behaviour during cooking and cooling was assessed through the determination of pasting properties. In general, peak and breakdown viscosities were higher for japonica rice samples. These two parameters were found strongly and positively correlated. On the other hand, setback viscosities were higher for indica rice varieties and negatively and strongly correlated with peak and breakdown viscosities. Total starch ranged from 74.79 to 84.45 %, in dry matter. The determination of amylose assigned the highest values to indica varieties. This parameter was strongly correlated with pasting properties. Glycemic index (GI) of rice samples was determined. Samples in which starch hydrolysis was faster over time presented the higher GI values. Indica6 presented the lowest GI (76.40 ± 1.06) being seen as a possible low GI rice variety destined to type 2 diabetic people. A negative correlation was found between glycemic index and amylose content corroborating some literature reports. The second goal of this internship consisted in the germination of two brown rice samples: japonica14 G0h and japonica15 G0h. These samples were germinated in Novarroz’s water (pH = 5.3), pH = 3.0 and pH = 4.0 for 24, 48 and 72 hours in order to assess the biochemical changes occurring during germination, mainly in terms of γ - aminobutyric acid (GABA) content, a non-protein amino acid that has been implicated in many health benefits. A significant decrease was detected in total starch and amylose contents. As expected, starch hydrolysis led to an increase in reducing sugars content over time. In general, the germination process contributed to the increase of the GI. However, japonica15 G24_w, japonica15 G24_3.0 and japonica15 G24_4.0 presented a significant decrease in GI compared to japonica15 G0h. A relation between acid germination conditions and GABA content was effectively detected. Germination at pH = 3.0 led to a significant increase in GABA content in the rice grains over time, mainly in japonica14 samples: each 24 hours, the GABA content increased significantly ranging from 9.27 (at 0 hours) to 43.63 mg/100 dry matter (at 72 hours), showing an increase of almost 5 times in relation to ungerminated japonica14, corroborating previous reports.

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13

Yulistiani, Dwi. "The nutritive value of rice straw varieties for ruminants." Title page, Contents and Abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AS/09asy95.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 102-114. This study evaluates the difference in the nutritive value of rice straw varieties using chemical composition and digestibility measurements. It assesses several methods for improving the nutritive value of rice straw and the effect of urea treatment and rice straw quality on the colonisation of ruminal fungi and the characteristics of stem tissue structure.

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14

Loureiro, Bruno Bianch. "Concentrado proteico de farelo de arroz como substituto da farinha de peixe em dietas para juvenis de jundiá (rhamdia quelen)." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10896.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Our study tested the inclusion of rice meal protein concentrate (RMPC) in diets containing fish meal, to reduce their use in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) nutrition. Were evaluated growth parameters, body composition, deposition of nutrients, metabolic responses and digestive enzymes activities. RMPC was obtained from the Fish Farming Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS. During 45 days, 500 silver catfish juvenile with initial weight of 6.28 ± 0.12 g were average and randomly divided into 20 cylindrical tanks (280 L, each), connected tothermoregulated water recirculation system, two biological filters and ultraviolet filter. The fish were fed three times daily at 9: 00, 13h: 00 to 17h: 00 at apparent satiety, with diets increasing levels of inclusion of RMPC (10, 15, 20, and 30%). At end of the study, we evaluated growth parameters, body composition, nutrient deposition, digestive indices, activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin enzymes, blood parameters and liver. The data were submitted to normality test and analysis of variance and the means were compared with the Control diet by Dunnett test, except weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), which were calculated by analysis of cubic regression. Differences were considered significant at probability level of P <0.05. There were no mortalities during the experimental period. Significant differences in body composition, feed conversion, activity of digestive enzymes and plasma parameters of the fish fed with the experimental diets were observed. Significant differences were found for lower final weight and condition factor in fish fed the RMPC10 and RMPC15 diets, as well as lower body protein deposition and daily feed intake in RMPC10 diet. WG and SGR parameters (P = 0.003 and P = 0.004) set up to the cubic regression model, indicating the optimal level of inclusion of RMPC in the diet for maximum growth (25.01% and 25.07% respectively). Fish fed the RMPC30 diet had lower protein efficiency ratio (PER) and hepatossomatic index (HSI) as well as increased activity enzyme alanine aminotransferase. Based on the results obtained, it can be seen that the inclusion of 20% RMPC in diet did not change any of the parameters analyzed in this study, showing growth performance numerically superior to the control and the other diets, demonstrating significant nutritional quality of RMPC. Therefore, adding 20% of RMPC can be used in diets for silver catfish, as an alternative protein ingredient to reduce the use of fishmeal.
Nosso estudo testou a inclusão do concentrado proteico de farelo de arroz (CPFA) em dietas contendo farinha de peixe, visando reduzir seu uso na alimentação de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen). Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, composição corporal, deposição de nutrientes, respostas metabólicas e atividades de enzimas digestivas. O CPFA foi obtido do Laboratório de Piscicultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. Durante 45 dias, 500 juvenis de jundiá com peso médio inicial de 6,28 ± 0,12 g foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 20 tanques circulares de polietileno (280 L cada), conectados a um sistema de recirculação de água termorregulado dotado de tanque de decantação, dois filtros biológicos, reservatório de água e filtro ultravioleta. Os peixes foram alimentados três vezes ao dia às 9h:00, 13h:00 e 17h:00, até a saciedade aparente com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão do CPFA (10, 15, 20, e 30%). Ao final do estudo, foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, composição corporal, deposição de nutrientes, índices digestórios, atividades das enzimas tripsina e quimotripsina, parâmetros plasmáticos e hepáticos. Os dados foram submetidos a teste de normalidade e análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas com o controle por teste de Dunnett, exceto para ganho de peso (GP) e taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) que foram calculados por análise de regressão cúbica. As diferenças foram consideradas significativas a um nível de probabilidade de P<0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para composição corporal, conversão alimentar aparente, atividade de enzimas digestivas e parâmetros plasmáticos dos peixes alimentados com as dietas experimentais. Foram encontrados menor peso final e fator de condição nos peixes alimentados com as dietas CPFA10 e CPFA15, além da menor deposição de proteína corporal e consumo diário de ração na dieta CPFA10. Os parâmetros de crescimento GP e TCE ajustaram-se (P = 0,003 e P = 0,004) ao modelo de regressão cúbica, indicando o nível ideal de inclusão do CPFA na dieta para o máximo crescimento (25,01% e 25,07%, respectivamente). Os peixes alimentados com a dieta CPFA30 apresentaram menor taxa de eficiência proteica e índice hepatossomático, além de maior atividade da enzima alanina aminotransferase. Com base nos resultados obtidos, é possível observar que a inclusão de 20% de CPFA na dieta não alterou nenhum dos parâmetros analisados neste estudo, demonstrando desempenho de crescimento numericamente superior ao controle e as demais dietas, demonstrando a significativa qualidade nutricional do CPFA. Portanto, a inclusão de 20% de CPFA pode ser utilizada em dietas para jundiás, como ingrediente proteico alternativo para reduzir o uso da farinha de peixe.

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Garcia, Dario Cardenas. "The nutritional evaluation of Colombian rice polishings as a feed supplement for ruminants." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU601996.

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The aims of the present study were to evaluate the suitability of Colombian rice polishings (RP) as a feed supplement for ruminants and to study its effect on rumen fermentation. The quality of RP appeared to be uniform and independent of the period of the year when the RP were collected. The low content of particles greater than 2 mm2 separated on sieving, combined with the low ash content suggested that the RP used in the current studies contained little broken rice or rice hulls. The proximate analysis of RP suggested a by-product which represented a good source of carbohydrates (starch), protein and phosphorus, but contained a high fat concentration (254, 143, 12.7 and 180 g/kg DM respectively). Of the total fatty acids in the oil 0.77 were unsaturated. Full-fat RP were fermented in the in vitro Menke system less efficiently than other substrates containing medium quality hay, starch or cellulose, but were apparently more degradable when measured in sacco. However, for each diet at 4, 8, 24, and 48h incubation there was a significant correlation (r2=0.97) between the amount of DM degraded in sacco and the gas production measured in vitro (P<0.01)'. The evaluation of RP in the in vitro Rusitec system indicated that any adverse effects of high lipid concentration of RP, such as the potential for an inhibition in bacterial growth, appeared to be outweighed by a nonsignificant stimulation in microbial activity resulting from the inclusion of this rapidly degradable substrate in the diet. An in vivo study with adult sheep suggested that at the level tested RP, as an alternative to urea molasses did not increase the efficiency of rumen fermentation and were not as effective a supplement with urea as molasses for a low quality forage diet. Measurements of in vitro fermentation of sieved fractions suggested that the rate of degradation in the rumen fluid decreased as particle size increased in excess of 2 mm2, in vitro batch culture results suggested that RP crude protein is highly and rapidly degraded in the rumen. In the current study RP were a rapidly degradable substrate in the rumen, represented a source of RDP and the high ammonia concentration recorded may indicate an intraruminal n recycling possibly due to an enhanced Protozoal population.

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16

Liang, Yan. "An Ex Ante Analysis of the Effects of Transgenic Rice on Farm Households’ Nutritional Vulnerability in Bangladesh." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27841.

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Despite concerted efforts at agricultural development over many years, millions of people in developing countries still suffer from poverty and under-nutrition. New crop varieties, such as those released during the green revolution in Asia, increased farmersâ income and reduced the level of under-nutrition. In recent years, while the speed of the development of conventional breeding technology has slowed, biotechnology has developed rapidly. In 2005, about 8.5 million farmers in 21 countries grew transgenic crops. Transgenic rice has not been commercially released on a large scale, but progress has been made in developing varieties with potential to increase yield and reduce input costs. In this context, this research aims to provide empirical evidence on the potential effects of introducing transgenic rice on farm householdsâ income and nutritional well-being in Bangladeshâ including the impacts on their current nutritional status and nutritional vulnerability over time. To this end, two econometric models are constructed and estimated. A farm household model is employed to project farm householdsâ production and consumption responses to introducing improved rice varieties such as transgenic rice. The model estimates the profit effect of introducing transgenic rice. The influence of the profit effect on farmersâ consumption decisions is then considered. Due to the ex ante nature of this research and data limitations, the effects of transgenic rice are assumed to be similar to that of previous high yielding varieties (HYVs), and the impact of transgenic rice on farm household profit is assumed to be similar to the effect of the percentage of rice area in HYVs and the yield effect of transgenic rice is the same as HYVs. On the production side, the supply of three outputsâ rice, all other crops and animal productsâ and demand of labor and fertilizer were estimated. On the consumption side, both poor and non-poor householdsâ demand for rice, wheat/other food, pulse, oil, vegetables/fruits, meat/egg/ milk, fish, and spices were estimated. Based on the parameter estimates, the calorie intake and protein intake elasticities with respect to introducing transgenic rice were computed. The results indicate that the total profit elasticity with respect to the percentage of rice area in HYVs is 0.08. The calorie elasticity with respect to the percentage of rice area in HYVs ranges from 0.062 in non-poor to 0.074 in poor households, and the protein elasticity ranges from 0.075 in non-poor to 0.084 in poor households. The results indicate that transgenic rice is likely to play a positive role in improving farm householdsâ nutritional status in terms of total calorie/protein intake. The magnitude, however, is likely to be moderate, if only the profit effect is considered. A consumption forecasting model is used to examine farmersâ nutritional vulnerabilityâ a probabilistic concept defined as â having a high probability now of suffering a shortfall in the futureâ . It is assumed that when exposed to risk, farmersâ consumption decisions have already considered their risk coping strategies. The effect of transgenic rice is reflected by its impact on farm income. Farm householdsâ calorie intake in the future (hunger season) was predicted by a multivariate regression function with the logarithmic daily per resident calorie intake as the dependent variable. The independent variables include variables that represent householdsâ income, flood exposure, assets, and demographic composition. Farm householdsâ nutritional vulnerability profiles, based on the estimation of ex ante mean and variance, indicate that vulnerability exists among surveyed rice farm households. The model also predicts that the income increase induced by introducing transgenic rice will reduce each individual householdâ s probability of suffering a future consumption shortfall and subsequently will reduce its vulnerability. The overall vulnerability profile of farm households improves in Bangladesh.
Ph. D.

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17

Simoneau, Nathalie. "Attributes of vitamin A and calcium-rich foods consumed in K'asho Got'ine, NWT." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27412.

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Over 60% of the population in K'asho Got'ine, NWT, obtained less than 2/3 of the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI) for vitamin A and calcium, as reported in a previous nutritional assessment. Focus group discussions and a food preference assessment were conducted with adults in order to identify the cultural, ecological, and socioeconomic factors (food attributes) as well as the individual preferences which influence the consumption of vitamin A and calcium-rich traditional and market foods in K'asho Got'ine. The major attributes limiting intakes of traditional food rich in vitamin A and calcium included: lack of equipment for hunting/fishing; seasonality; distance traveled to obtain certain foods; occasional unhealthy appearance of food; no hunter/fisher in the household. The major food attributes reported as barriers to greater intakes of selected market foods were: cost, freshness, intolerance to certain items, availability and unfamiliarity. Foods that received the highest preference scores were rabbit liver, loche liver, and Canada goose meat (smoked/dried) for vitamin A-rich foods and connie eggs, rabbit flesh, woodland and barrenland caribou head for calcium-rich foods. Criteria for selection of traditional and market foods to promote in the community included: (1) convenience of the food; (2) difficulty to overcome barriers to increasing food consumption; (3) concentration level of contaminants in certain traditional food; and (4) food preference score. This study identified available and underutilized traditional and market foods rich in vitamin A and calcium which are most acceptable to the community, and may be promoted in future nutrition intervention programs.

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18

Motoyama, Takayasu. "Introduction of β-conglycinin genes into rice to confer high-physiological and nutritional functions". Kyoto University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144104.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第12369号
農博第1550号
新制||農||925(附属図書館)
学位論文||H18||N4127(農学部図書室)
24205
UT51-2006-J361
京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻
(主査)教授内海成, 教授谷坂隆俊, 教授松村康生
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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19

Shahnaseri, Mahnaz, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, of Science Technology and Environment Faculty, and School of Food Science. "The effect of cooking method upon iron and zinc bioavailability in rice." THESIS_FST_SFH_Shahnaseri_M.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/695.

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Prevention of iron deficiency rather than treatment is preferred by most nutritionists. The presence of a maximal iron supply is not advised because an excessive or unnecessary iron supplement may have biologically adverse effects, such as impaired immune resistance or negative interaction with other trace elements. All cereals and most vegetables contain phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) which can bind iron and zinc and reduce their biological availability. The amount of iron available for absorption in any given diet depends to a large extent on the composition of the diet, e.g., the presence of vitamin C and haem iron, and the absence of phytate. Rice is one of the most important staples in the Iranian diet and, in fact, rice, for most Iranians, is not a side dish but a main dish to which other foods or ingredients are added. An awareness of the effects of cooking method on nutrient content is important because cooking techniques influence the overall quality of a group's diet. The goal of this study is to determine the bioavailability of iron and zinc in traditional Iranian rice dishes and to assess the effect of traditional methods of cooking rice upon iron and zinc bioavailability. Iranian migrants residing in Sydney were surveyed in order to determine their food habits and traditional cooking methods, for the assessment of their effects upon the bioavailability of iron and zinc in Iranian rice dishes. Rice contains phytate, which is a potent inhibitor of iron absorption. The amount of phytate in rice depends on whether the rice is polished or not. The pre-cooking treatment such as soaking can also influence the phytate content of the rice. Soaking prior to cooking also reduced the amount of ion and zinc. The inhibitory effect of phytate is also overcome by adding different herbs, vegetables and legumes used traditionally in rice dishes cooked by Iranians. Herbs or vegetables such as coriander, parsley and cauliflower, used in Iranian rice dishes, increased the bioavailability iron and zinc. Results obtained from this research show that method of cooking, as well as the food mixture, is very important for the absorption of iron and zinc from the diet
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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20

Nurhasan, Mulia. "Nutritional composition of aquatic species in Laotian rice field ecosystems : possible impact of reduced biodiversity /." Tromsø : Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Universitetet i Tromsø, 2008. http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/bitstream/10037/1434/1/thesis.pdf.

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21

Snarr, Chandra. "Protein balance, metabolic and satiety responses to leucine- rich versus isonitrogenous meal in healthy post-menopausal woman." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106495.

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Despite higher protein relative to energy needs with advancing age, many older adults experience a decline of appetite. Thus, a strategy to optimize protein retention is essential. Leucine is a branched-chain amino acid with anabolic effects via stimulation of protein synthesis and insulin secretion. Studies of postprandial response to leucine supplementation are limited, and no study exists in exclusively older women. We assessed protein balance, metabolic and satiety responses to a leucine-rich versus isonitrogenous mixed meal in nine healthy postmenopausal women by double-blinded, randomized, crossover meal studies. Five-hour whole-body postprandial leucine oxidation response, measured by constant infusion of [1-13C]leucine, was increased with higher leucine intake. Resulting leucine balance (intake-oxidation) was nonetheless greater with added leucine, corresponding to greater protein retention, with no effect on satiety and gut peptides. This study provides evidence of the anabolic potential of a leucine-rich mixed meal in postmenopausal women, and may be used in interventions to promote protein anabolism.
Les personnes âgées vivent souvent une perte d'appétit malgré leurs besoins en protéines relativement élevés. Une stratégie visant à favoriser la rétention des protéines est donc souhaitable. La leucine est un acide aminé à chaîne ramifiée qui possède des propriétés anaboliques via la stimulation de la synthèse protéique et la sécrétion d'insuline. La réponse postprandiale à un supplément de leucine a été peu étudiée et aucune étude n'a été menée exclusivement auprès des femmes âgées. Dans un devis expérimental d'études pairées-croisées, randomisées, menées à double-insu, nous avons mesuré le bilan protéique et les réponses métaboliques et de satiété de neuf femmes post-ménopausées, suite à un repas mixte enrichi en leucine versus un repas de contenu équivalent en azote. La réponse d'oxydation de la leucine, mesurée à l'aide d'infusion constante de [1-13C]leucine pendant 5 heures, était davantage augmentée suite au repas enrichi en leucine. Néanmoins, le bilan en leucine (apport-oxydation) était supérieur avec la leucine, ce qui représente une meilleure rétention protéique, sans affecter la satiété et les peptides gastro-intestinaux. Cette étude démontre le potentiel anabolique d'un repas enrichi en leucine chez les femmes post-ménopausées, qui peut être utilisé comme intervention nutritionnelle visant à promouvoir l'anabolisme protéique.

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Sparks, Lacey. "‘SOMETHING A LITTLE BIT TASTY’: WOMEN AND THE RISE OF NUTRITION SCIENCE IN INTERWAR BRITISH AFRICA." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/52.

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Widespread malnutrition after the Great Depression called into question the role of the British state in preserving the welfare of both its citizens and its subjects. International organizations such as the League of Nations, empire-wide projects such as nutrition surveys conducted by the Committee for Nutrition in the Colonial Empire (CNCE), sub-imperial networks of medical and teaching professionals, and individuals on-the-spot in different colonies wove a dense web of ideas on nutrition. African women quickly became the focus of efforts to end malnutrition due to Malthusian concerns of underpopulation in Africa and African women’s role as both farmers and mothers. Currently, the field focuses either on the history of nutrition science in Britain specifically, such as David Smith’s Nutrition in Britain: Science, Scientists, and Politics in the Twentieth Century, or broadly on the history of European scientists of all disciplines in Africa, such as Helen Tilley’s Africa as a Living Lab. Gendered medical histories in Africa tend to have a narrow geographical focus and a broad chronology, such as Henrietta Moore and Megan Vaughan’s Cutting Down Trees: Gender, Nutrition, and Agricultural Change in the Northern Province of Zambia, 1890-1990. This work enlarges the field both by linking British nutrition science to nutrition science in Africa, and by analyzing gendered colonial policy across space rather than across time. The dissertation examines the process by which colonial officials came to pin their hopes of ending malnutrition on the education of African women. Specifically, this project analyzes nutrition surveys from the League of Nations and the CNCE, as well as articles and pamphlets circulated by medical and education experts. Using circular dispatches from the Colonial Office and CNCE, meeting minutes from the Advisory Committee on Education in the Colonies, annual education reports, and medical journal articles, this work zooms out to show the global context of the interest in malnutrition and the scientific advancements of nutrition. Then, the dissertation zooms in to illustrate how those global concerns impacted women in Southern Nigeria, who used colonial education for their own goals of professional advancement or marrying up rather than ending malnutrition. I argue that African women’s education transitioned from under the control of missions to the control of the state as a result of the proposed solutions of colonial nutrition surveys. Furthermore, I argue that, as a priority of the colonial state, the pedagogy of African women’s nutrition education became its own kind of colonial experiment as educators and students disagreed on the best means of relating the new knowledge of nutrition. In conclusion, the colonial state increasingly controlled African women’s education by the end of the 1930s, and this focus on altering individual African women’s food habits via education allowed the colonial state to take action to solve malnutrition without altering the colonial economy from which they profited. State-controlled education attempted to create a new kind of colonial subject concerned with science, which revealed the limits of state intervention and provided a new arena for African women to shape their own futures.

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23

Khairallah, Joelle. "Biotransformation and antioxidant capacity of polyphenol-rich potato extracts after digestion in a computer controlled dynamic human gastrointestinal model." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114590.

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In vitro digestions mimicking gastric and intestinal enzymatic action in a chemical milieu have been used to examine the effects of digestion on polyphenol structure and function. However, most these studies have not accounted for the effects of human colonic bacterial action on polyphenols. The Computer Controlled Dynamic Human Gastrointestinal Model (GI model) is composed of five vessels representing different compartments of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the stomach, the small intestine (SI), the ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon. The aim of this thesis was to assess the change in polyphenolic profiles and antioxidant capacities of polyphenol-rich 'Onaway' potato extracts (PE) following their enzymatic and microfloral digestion in the vessels of the GI model. The predominant components in the PE were chlorogenic acid (CGA), caffeic acid (CA), ferulic acid (FA), and the flavonoid rutin (RU). A major change in the polyphenolic profile was detected in the colonic vessels after 24 h digestion of the PE as assessed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Major biotransformation was seen in the ascending colon vessel, where there was first contact of polyphenols with human colonic microflora showing a mixture of parent compounds and microbial polyphenol metabolites. At 24 h the parent polyphenols, CGA, CA, FA, and RU, were absent in the last 2 colonic vessels coinciding with the appearance of microbial metabolites. Different phenolic profiles were detected among the three colonic vessels with the most abundant microbial metabolites including derivatives of propionic acid, acetic acid, and benzoic acid. Antioxidant capacity assays; ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid) (ABTS), increased in all vessels of the GI model upon the addition of the PE. A significant increase in FRAP activity (P < 0.05) was detected in colonic vessels after 16 h of fermentation which is likely the time required to produce the microbial metabolites. The ascending colon showed the greatest (P < 0.05) increase in ABTS at 24 h compared to baseline as it contained both the parent compounds and their microbial metabolites. The current study shows that the digestive process involving human colonic bacteria causes major changes in the polyphenolic profile that differ according the colonic region. Microflora play an important role in biotransformation of polyphenols by producing new metabolites that have a relatively high antioxidant activity.
Afin d'étudier l'effet de la digestion sur la structure et la fonction des polyphenols, les études in vitro qui reproduisent les conditions enzymatiques et chimiques de l'estomac et de l'intestin grêle sont utilisées. Malheureusement, la majorité de ces études, ne prennent pas en compte l'effet de la microflore intestinale. Le Modèle gastro-intestinal humain dynamique contrôlé par ordinateur (modèle GI) est composé de cinq récipients/bioréacteurs qui représentent respectivement les compartiments du système digestif humain: l'estomac, l'intestin grêle, le côlon ascendant, le côlon transverse, et le côlon descendant. Le bute de cette thèse était d'évaluer le changement du profil polyphénolique et de la capacité antioxydante des extraits de pommes de terre 'Onaway' riches en polyphénols après leur digestion enzymatique et microbactérienne par la microflore intestinale en utilisant le modèle GI. Les composants prédominants dans les extraits de pommes de terre étaient l'acide chlorogénique (CGA), l'acide caféique (CA), l'acide férulique (FA) et la flavonoïde rutine (RU). Un changement majeur dans le profil polyphénolique a été détecté par chromatographie en phase liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (LC-MS) et chromatographie liquide haute performance (HPLC) dans les récipients/bioréacteurs du côlon après 24 h de digestion. Les biotransformations majeures ont été détectées dans le récipient/bioréacteur qui représente le côlon ascendant où les polyphénols sont fraichement exposés avec la microflore du colon. Ce récipient est composé d'un mélange de polyphénols parents et ses métabolites microbiens. Apres 24 h, les polyphenol parents, CGA, CA, FA, et RU étaient absents dans les deux dernier récipients/bioréacteurs coloniques. Des profils phénoliques différents ont été détectés parmi les trois récipients du côlon. Les métabolites microbiens les plus abondants étaient des dérivés de l'acide propionique, l'acide acétique et l'acide benzoïque. Le pouvoir de réduction des ions ferriques (FRAP) et l'activité antioxydante par 2, 2'-azino-bis [3-éthylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonique] (ABTS) ont été augmentés après l'addition des extraits des pommes de terre. Une augmentation significative de l'activité FRAP (P < 0.05) a été détectée dans les récipients coloniques après 16 h de fermentation. Ceci pourrait correspondre au temps requis pour produire les métabolites microbiens. Le côlon ascendant a subi la plus grande (P < 0.05) augmentation en ABTS par rapport au scénario de référence avant l'addition des extraits des pommes de terre car il contenait à la fois les composés parents et de leurs métabolites microbiens. Cette étude montre que lors du processus digestif humain, la microflore intestinale entraîne des changements majeurs dans le profil polyphénolique qui diffèrent selon la région du côlon. La microflore joue un rôle important dans la biotransformation des polyphénols en produisant de nouveaux métabolites qui ont une activité antioxydante élevée.

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24

Deferne, Jean-Luc. "The effect of dietary supplements rich in 6-desaturated essential fatty acids on cardiovascular variables in normotensives, stress-sensitive individuals and borderline hypert." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339206.

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25

Vicens, de Sanchez Lizette. "Dona Elena twenty-seven years later /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1986. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/10620084.

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26

Redmond, Emily Ja Young. "The protein metabolic response to ingestion of a complete meal in sarcopenic women and the potential anabolic effect of a leucine-rich meal: a pilot study." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106253.

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Sarcopenia – muscle loss that occurs with aging – is a growing concern affecting physical strength and function. This thesis assessed whether 1) the anabolic response of protein metabolism to a meal is impaired in older sarcopenic women – a phenomenon we believe to be largely responsible for the daily imbalance between protein synthesis (S) and breakdown that ultimately causes muscle loss, 2) meal supplementation with leucine (LEU), an essential amino acid which has been shown to stimulate protein S, improves the protein anabolic response to a meal, and 3) a LEU-rich meal affects meal thermogenesis or satiety. Using tracer methodology, whole-body LEU balance was measured, as well as energy expenditure, blood hormone, nutrient and appetite profiles, and activity of muscle intracellular pathways of protein S, in both healthy control (n = 4; body mass index: 24.9 ± 1.5 kg/m2; lean body mass (LBM): 39.4 ± 2.1 kg) and sarcopenic (n = 5; 22.6 ± 1 kg/m2; 34.7 ± 0.4 kg) older women (≥ 61y) after ingestion of a LEU-rich and non-LEU-rich meal in random crossover design. Preliminary results by kg LBM reveal no difference in whole-body LEU balance between groups. The LEU-rich meal achieved greater net balance in both groups without affecting thermogenesis and appetite. Muscle immunoblot data (N = 6) do not suggest blunted activation of mTORC1 and its downstream substrates PRAS40, 4E-BP1, S6K1 and rpS6 in older sarcopenic women, however additional subjects are necessary to draw any conclusions. Future longitudinal supplementation studies assessing postprandial rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in the sarcopenic population will also be necessary to confirm any immunoblot results.
La sarcopénie – perte musculaire associée au vieillissement – est une source de préoccupation, puisqu'elle affecte la force physique et le fonctionnement. Cette thèse a évalué si 1) la réponse anabolique du métabolisme protéique au repas est déficiente chez la femme âgée sarcopénique – un phénomène que nous estimons être largement responsable du déséquilibre entre la synthèse (S) et le catabolisme protéique qui résulte ultérieurement en la perte musculaire, 2) un repas enrichi en leucine (LEU), un acide aminé essentiel avec lequel il fut démontré qu'il stimule la S protéique, améliore la réponse anabolique au repas et 3) un repas enrichi-LEU affecte la thermogénèse et l'appétit. Nous avons procédé à la mesure du bilan en LEU corporel à l'aide d'un traceur isotopique, de même qu'à la dépense énergétique, aux profils des hormones sanguines, nutriments et appétit, et à l'activité intracellulaire de la voie de transduction de la S protéique musculaire, chez des femmes âgées > 61 ans, témoins en santé [n = 4; indice de masse corporelle : 24.9 ± 1.5 kg/m2; masse maigre (MM) : 39.4 ± 2.1 kg] et chez des femmes sarcopéniques (n = 5; 22.6 ± 1 kg/m2; 34.7 ± 0.4 kg), après ingestion d'un repas enrichi-LEU et non-enrichi-LEU dans un devis aléatoire, pairé et croisé. Les résultats préliminaires en kg MMC ne démontrent aucune différence entre les groupes dans le bilan en LEU corporel pour l'un ou l'autre des repas. Cependant le repas enrichi-LEU a stimulé d'avantage le bilan net sans affecter la thermogénèse et l'appétit. Les données musculaires obtenues par immunoblots (n = 6) ne démontrent pas d'activité réduite du mTORC1 et de ses substrat en aval PRAS40, 4E-BP1, S6K1 et rpS6 chez les femmes sarcopéniques. Il est par contre nécessaire d'obtenir plus de sujets avant de pouvoir formuler des conclusions. Des études longitudinales avec des suppléments LEU évaluant les taux de S protéique musculaire (SPM) postprandiaux chez les femmes sarcopéniques seront aussi nécessaires pour confirmer ces résultats.

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27

Farhat, Grace. "Effect of polyphenol-rich dark chocolate on anthropometric, nutritional, biochemical and physiological markers in normal weight and overweight adults." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2014. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7371.

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Polyphenols are phytochemicals widely available in plants. Dark chocolate (DC) is a high source of polyphenols, particularly flavanols. Studies previously reported a beneficial effect of polyphenol-rich dark chocolate (PRDC) on insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress, while its effects on blood pressure, serum lipid levels and inflammation remain unclear. In addition, a research area regarding the effect of PRDC on body weight control emerged recently. Two investigations were carried out. Study I (61 participants) looked at the effect of PRDC on insulin sensitivity in normal weight and overweight adults, while Study II (14 participants) investigated the effect of PRDC on body weight in overweight individuals. Volunteers received 20g of either PRDC (500mg of polyphenols) or placebo DC (low in polyphenols) daily for 4 weeks (Study I) or 12 weeks (Study II). Anthropometric measures and blood, saliva and urine samples were taken. Results showed that 4 weeks of PRDC supplementation decreased insulin levels (p<0.001) and HOMA-IR (p=0.003), and increased QUICKI (p<0.001), but had no significant impact on glucose levels (p=0.16). However, participants administered placebo DC showed an increase in insulin (p=0.014), HOMA-IR (p=0.003), TG (p= 0.008), glucose (p=0.041) and BMI (p=0.007) levels and a decrease in QUICKI (p=0.013). No significant changes in blood pressure, other serum lipid levels or glucocorticoid hormones were noted in both groups. In study II, there was an increase in BMI in the whole study population (p=0.046) with no significant difference between groups. Results indicate a potential implication of PRDC in the prevention of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Findings also highlight the detrimental effects of placebo DC, and propose the analysis of polyphenol content of different DC brands in the market. The increase in BMI and other markers only in the placebo group after four weeks, suggests that PRDC may counteract the adverse effects of fat and energy in the diet. However, the increase in BMI in both groups after 12 weeks implies further investigations to test the counteracting effect of PRDC over the long term.

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Tshihwanambi, T. P. "Consumption patterns of vitamin a-rich foods of 10-13 year old children living in a rural area in Venda." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06132008-154920.

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29

Cantor, Allison Rachel. "Costumbres, Creencias, y “Lo normal”: A Biocultural Study on Changing Prenatal Dietary Practices in a Rural Tourism Community in Costa Rica." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6199.

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This study explores the relationship between tourism, the nutrition transition, and prenatal dietary practices in the Monteverde Zone, Costa Rica. This rural tourism community, located in the central highlands of Costa Rica, has seen rapid growth and development since the tourism boom in the early 1990s, leading to changes in the local food system and increased food insecurity. This investigation added to this work by identifying the ways that prenatal dietary practices have shifted over time in the context of increased tourism and the concomitant nutrition transition, and by describing the relationship between food insecurity and nutritional status among pregnant women. In applying a critical biocultural approach, this study drew on both quantitative and qualitative methods. Pregnant women were recruited to participant in twenty-four hour diet recalls (n=21), the Household Food Insecurity and Access Scales (n=20), and semi-structured interviews (n=22). Women who had older children were also recruited for semi-structured interviews (n=20) to explore prenatal dietary practices and decision-making over time. Focus groups (N=2, n=15) and surveys with a free listing component (n=52) were administered to better understand the cultural construction of nutrition in this region, and how tourism and the nutrition transition have interacted with the local dietary norms. Overall this study found that there was a relationship between tourism, the nutrition transition, and diet, although findings suggest that pregnant women may be buffered from these effects by cultural factors. Food insecurity was present in the sample (n=7) and was associated with numerous variables, including saturated fat and zinc intake.

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30

Bayourthe, Corine. "Valeur nutritive de proteines bacteriennes (pbol) dans l'alimentation de la truite arc-en-ciel (salmo gairdneri rich. )." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30214.

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Des pou sont substitues, a differents taux, a la farine de poisson utilisee pour la truite. Mesure de la qualite nutritionnelle: mesure de la digestibilite, de la composition musculaire et corporelle du poisson, performances zootechniques. Des experiences complementaires ont ete effectuees: traitements technologiques des pou et addition d'acides amines libres (lys, met, cys)

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31

Bayourthe, Corine. "Valeur nutritive de protéines bactériennes (PBOL) dans l'alimentation de la truite arc-en-ciel (Salmo gairdneri Rich.)." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37611658s.

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32

Saki, Ali Asghar. "Effects of dietary calcium, phytoestrogen rich diets and estrogen on intestinal calcium transport proteins, egg and eggshell quality in maturing layer hens." Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ANP/09anps158.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Science, 1998.
Corrigenda inserted behind title page. Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-210).

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33

Miyauchi, Tomoyuki. "Preventive Effect of Antioxidative Nutrient‐Rich Enteral Diet Against Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242381.

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34

Karp, Emma Rose. "The Rise of Childhood Obesity in China: Social and Cultural Factors Within the Modern Environment." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1398835468.

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35

Gustafsson, Kerstin. "Metabolic effects of fibre-rich foods studies of vegetables, oats and wheat on glucose and lipid metabolism and satiety /." Lund : Dept. of Community Health Sciences, and Dept. of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39725793.html.

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36

Mari, Lucas José. "Intervalo entre cortes em capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf cv. Marandu): produção, valor nutritivo e perdas associadas à fermentação da silagem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-20102003-164240/.

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Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar os efeitos do intervalo entre cortes e da estação do ano, sobre a produção de matéria seca (MS), composição morfológica e químico-bromatológica do capim-Marandu. Os tratamentos consistiram em seis intervalos entre cortes (T15, T30, T45, T60 T75 e T90), com forragens colhidas, respectivamente, aos 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias de rebrotação, conduzidos ao longo de 12 meses. Parte da forragem colhida foi ensilada em janeiro (verão) e julho (inverno), exceto T75. Foram realizados dois ensaios, no primeiro houve a caracterização da produção de MS, composição morfológica e químico-bromatológica da forragem. Num segundo ensaio foi caracterizada a composição químico-bromatológica das silagens de capim-Marandu e foram avaliados alguns parâmetros físicos das mesmas, como densidade da massa verde (DMV), da massa seca (DMS), tamanho médio das partículas, condutividade elétrica (CE) e atividade de água (Aw). O processo fermentativo foi avaliado indiretamente através da quantificação das perdas por gases, produção de efluente e taxa de recuperação de MS das silagens. O delineamento experimental constituiu-se de blocos completos casualizados avaliando seis tratamentos para o primeiro ensaio e cinco no segundo. Para o ensaio de produção e qualidade da forragem os dados foram agrupados em ciclos de cortes de 90 dias para efeito de comparação entre os tratamentos. As produções de MS nos tratamentos T30 e T45 (21 t ha -1 ano -1 ) foram inferiores (P<0,01) aos demais (27 t ha -1 ano -1 ) e a produção de MS digestível (16,2 t ha -1 ano -1 ) seguiu a mesma tendência. As alterações encontradas nas variáveis estudadas foram, sobretudo, decorrentes das variações ambientais, que levaram a alterações na composição morfológica e químico-bromatológica. Em geral, maiores intervalos entre cortes proporcionaram redução na porcentagem de folhas e aumento na de hastes que, como conseqüência, levaram ao declínio nos teores de proteína bruta (PB) e na digestibilidade verdadeira in vitro da matéria seca (DVIVMS), além de aumentos nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). A silagem de inverno promoveu discreta alteração na composição químico-bromatológica entre os tratamentos, restringindo-se a variações nos teores de PB, FDN e celulose que levaram a alterações na DVIVMS. Na silagem de verão observou-se consistência de redução do valor nutritivo com a maior extensão do intervalo entre cortes da forragem ensilada, com aumento das frações da parede celular, exceto hemicelulose, e diminuição nos componentes do conteúdo celular. Os valores de pH (4,9), apesar de elevados, estiveram dentro da amplitude de variação esperada para silagens de capins tropicais. O menor tamanho de partículas (31 mm) proporcionou maiores (P<0,01) DMV (633 kg m -3 ). Os maiores teores de MS nas silagens confeccionadas no inverno levaram a maiores perdas por gases e menores produções de efluente, com maiores taxas de recuperação de MS. A otimização do intervalo entre cortes, visando conciliar elevada produção de MS e valor nutritivo satisfatório, ocorreu ao redor dos 60 dias de crescimento vegetativo, quando a baixa digestibilidade (63,1%) foi compensada pela maior produção de MS (27 t ha -1 ano -1 ) e menores perdas (3,45% MS) no processo fermentativo.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate cutting intervals and season of the year on dry matter (DM) yield, morphological and chemical composition of Marandu grass. Treatments consisted of Marandu grass harvested at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90-d intervals and was carried out during 12 months. Part of the harvested forage was ensiled, both in the summer (January) and in the winter (July) cuts, except that of 75-d interval. In the first trial was evaluated the dry matter (DM) yield, morphological composition and nutritive value of Marandu grass. In the second trial, silage samples were submitted to chemical and physical analysis (electrical conductivity - EC, water activity - Aw, particle size - PS, fresh matter density - FMD, dry matter density - DMD, effluent yield, gases losses and dry matter recovery rate-DMRR). Randomized blocks with six treatments in the first trial and five treatments in the second one was the experimental design chosen. In the first trial data were pooled in 90-d interval to compare treatments. DM yield was lower (P<0.01) at 30 and 45-d interval (21 t ha -1 year -1 ) as compared to 15, 60, 75 and 90-d interval (27 t ha -1 year -1 ). Digestible DM yield (16.2 t ha -1 year -1 ) followed the same pattern. Values observed in the measured parameters were probably due to environmental conditions, leading to morphological and chemical composition changes. In general, samples harvested at longer cutting intervals showed a decrease in leaves, crude protein (CP) content and in vitro true DM digestibility (IVTDMD) and an increase in stems and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content. Among treatments, the winter cut silages showed minor chemical composition changes as compared to the summer cut silages. The summer cut silages showed a trend for increasing cell wall fractions, except hemicellulose and decreasing cell soluble contents as the cutting intervals were increased. Average silage pH values were 4.9. Small particle size (31 mm) silages had higher (P<0.01) FMD (633 kg m -3 ). The higher DM content observed in the winter cut silages led to increased gases losses and DMRR and lower effluent yield. The 60-d cutting interval is recommended based on productivity (27 t ha -1 year -1 ), digestibility (63.1%) and fermentation losses (3.4% DM) values.

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Bederski, Hans Jurgen 1966. "Adaptation of goat rumen microflora and microfloral activity of non-adapted cow versus goat microflora to tannin rich shrub live oak (Quercus turbinella)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278019.

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Tannins are polyphenolic compounds which precipitate, or conjugate, with proteins to make them indigestible. Tannins appear to confer anti-herbivore defense in shrub live oak (Quercus turbinella), a common browse in the interior chaparral of Central Arizona. The results of the present study indicate that the rumen microflora in goats can adapt to tannin rich diets thereby increasing in vitro dry matter digestibility of shrub live oak leaves. Major digestion inhibitors of shrub live oak appear to be fiber content (NDF, ADF, and lignin) and presence of condensed tannins in the leaves. In vitro dry matter digestibility of oak leaves appears to be higher in rumen microflora from goats than in rumen microflora from cows, although further research is needed to determine digestive efficiency among these species.

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Bell, Justin S. "Effects of a Flavonoid-Rich Diet on Gut Microbiota Composition and Production of Trimethylamine in Human Subjects." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5019.

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The prevalence of cardiovascular disease is a major public health concern worldwide. It has been theorized that diets rich in fruits and vegetables may be protective against the development of cardiovascular disease mainly through their high content of flavonoids. Flavonoids were thought to influence traditional risk factors of cardiovascular disease such as blood pressure, lipid profile, and systemic inflammation. Recent clinical studies have shown that this may not be the case. The production of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) by the gut microbiota from dietary sources of choline has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of a high flavonoid diet on gut microbiota composition and plasma trimethylamine oxide concentrations. Potential benefits of this research include the determination of a potential correlation between diet and markers of traditional and non-traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Also, the effects that a high flavonoid diet has on the composition of the gut microbiota and plasma trimethylamine oxide concentrations may provide insight into possible dietary interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease.

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Dalton, Annalien. "Development and effect of an N-3 fatty acid-rich spread on the nutritional and cognitive status of school children." Thesis, Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1119.

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Thesis (PhD (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), especially the n-3 LCPUFA metabolic products eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play an important role as regulators in many biological processes. To date hake (Merluccius capensis) heads, a rich source of EPA and DHA, have been discarded at sea. The South African Fisheries Policy Development Committee concerned with the environmental impact of this practice has rendered it undesirable. The high prevalence of under-nutrition amongst children in South Africa can be addressed by the supplementation of their diet with this unexploited fish source. The aim of the current study was to develop a microbiologically safe and sensory acceptable sandwich spread using fish flour prepared from fish heads, as a prime ingredient. The intervention trial aimed to compare the effects of an increased dietary intake of n-3 LCPUFA, specifically DHA, on the blood fatty acid levels and absenteeism (as indicator of immune function), as well as the cognitive status, of the subjects. The microbiological content of the sandwich spread was determined after storage for 20 d at 5°C and 15 d at 25°C. Sensory evaluation was performed by consumers (n = 95; M:F = 44:51; 6 – 9 yr) to determine acceptance of the five different flavours individually incorporated into the sandwich spread to mask the fishy note and to provide different flavour options. For the intervention trial subjects (n = 351) were stratified within class group (A - E) and gender and randomly assigned to two treatment categories, an experimental group (EG; n = 174) receiving 25 g sandwich spread.d-1 (191.66 mg DHA. d-1) and a control group (CG; n = 177) receiving an analogous placebo. On school days (104 d), each subject received two sandwiches consisting of two slices of bread (ca. 60 g), spread with 25 g of either the placebo or the experimental spread. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and post intervention. Plasma fatty acid and red blood cell (RBC) membrane status, C-reactive protein levels, as well as vitamin and micronutrient status, were determined. Trained test administrators conducted a battery of cognitive tests. According to South African Government health standards, the sandwich spread remained microbiologically safe after storage. Male and female consumer respondents revealed a significant difference between gender preferences of the five different spread flavours (p <0.05). Significant treatment effects (p <0.05) were observed in n-3 LCPUFA status of the EG, as well as for their absenteeism from school. The two subtests of the Hopkins Verbal Learning test, Recognition and Discrimination Index, showed significant differences between the EG and CG (p <0.05) post intervention in the Grade 2 subjects. The Spelling tests also showed a significant difference between the two groups (p <0.05). In the current study a microbiologically safe and sensory acceptable sandwich spread was developed and tested during an intervention trial, and could possibly in future, provide a healthier option in the School Nutritional Programme. This study proved that supplementation of children (6 - 9 yr) with n-3 LCPUFA, with specific reference to EPA and DHA from a marine source, could have a beneficial effect on their fatty acid status and absenteeism from school. Based on the outcomes of the Hopkins Verbal Learning test and Spelling test, the current study proved that an n-3 fatty acid-rich spread improved the learning ability and memory of children.

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Galaniha, Lakmani Tharaka. "TOWARDS A HEALTHIER CHOCOLATE FORMULA WHICH IS RICH IN POLYPHENOLS AND LOW IN FAT." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/foodsci_etds/62.

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Chocolate is a food that is craved by many in the world and healthy chocolates have become a current topic in the healthy eating trend. The healthiness of a chocolate depends mainly on the polyphenol, fat and sugar contents. Although the literature serves several interventions to reduce the fat content and total calorie content of chocolates, it does not provide many interventions that consider both improving the polyphenol and reducing the fat content simultaneously. Considering this gap in the literature, this research project sought to develop a chocolate that is both low in fat and high in polyphenol content, without sacrificing the taste that consumers would expect in a good dark chocolate. The research resulted in three chocolate formulas that consists of 60% cocoa and 30% fat (formula A, formula B and formula C). They differed from each other in the polyphenol content due to the changes in the cocoa powder type and the presence or absence of freeze-dried blueberry powder. Formula A and formula B mainly differed in the percentage of each type of cocoa powder, both alkalized and non- alkalized. Formula C differed from the other two formulas because there was no freeze-dried blueberry powder. The resulted chocolates were evaluated for the sensory characteristics using paired preference tests and consumer-oriented attribute diagnostic tests (color, flavor, melting properties, overall preference, likelihood to buy). They were analyzed for polyphenol content using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The chocolates were compared with a well-established commercial chocolate (formula D) of a 60% cocoa. Sensory evaluation tests revealed that formula C was superior and comparable to the commercial chocolate D in all the tested attributes except for color. Polyphenol analysis confirmed that all three developed formulas had a higher polyphenol estimate than formula D. Consumers preferred to buy each chocolate type regardless of the differences in their preference for the other attributes, if the chocolates were known to be healthier. Formula C was found to be the best prototype formula among the developed formulas and it can further be developed to enhance the color and other attributes in future work.

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McDaniel, Michael Reid. "The effects of dosing feedlot cattle with Megasphaera elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 prior to the introduction of a grain-rich diet." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1666.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
James S. Drouillard
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of [italic]Megasphaera elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125 and its potential use in the mitigation of ruminal acidosis. In experiment 1, a metabolism study was conducted to evaluate ruminal parameters, quantify changes in ruminal bacterial populations, and determine in vitro capacity for lactate utilization following intraruminal dosing of a placebo or [italic]M. [italic]elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 and an abrupt diet change. Angus crossbred steers (n=20; average BW=253 ± 24 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were blocked by BW and assigned randomly to treatments. Treatments consisted of intraruminal dosing with a placebo (100 mL of autoclaved culture), or 10, 100, or 1,000 mL of a live culture containing 1.62×108 CFU/mL of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125. Prior to inoculation, cattle were placed into individual pens in an enclosed facility and allowed free access to alfalfa hay, salt, and water. Feed and water were removed for 24 h prior to administering treatments, after which, cattle were allowed free access to a diet consisting of 34% alfalfa hay and 66% steam-flaked corn-based concentrate. On d 7, cattle were fed an 80% concentrate diet. On d 12, steers were started on the final finishing diet of 94% concentrate. Ruminal pH and concentrations of lactate and VFAs were monitored following introduction of each concentrate diet. Ruminal samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h after feeding for quantitative rt-PCR detection of native and introduced strains of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic], as well as total bacterial genomes. Capacity for metabolism of lactic acid was evaluated by inoculating 0.2 mL of strained ruminal fluid into anaerobic culture tubes containing 15 mL of semi-defined lactate medium. Tubes were incubated at 39˚C, and turbidity changes were determined by measuring absorbance at 2 h intervals up to 12 h. Experiment 2 was conducted in a commercial feedlot to evaluate the efficacy of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125 for improving feedlot performance. A second objective of the study was to determine if oral dosing of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] has the potential for reducing the number of cattle treated for bovine respiratory disease. Angus steers and heifers (n = 3179; average BW = 356 ± 58.4kg) were used in a randomized complete block design with two treatments. Cattle were assigned to treatment on an every-other-head basis such that every-other-animal was orally drenched with 100 mL of a culture medium containing 1.5×108 cfu/mL [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125 at processing. Cattle were blocked by gender and date of arrival. To maximize profitability, cattle were sorted via visual appraisal to identify cattle that were market ready. Cattle were shipped to a commercial abattoir in Lexington, NE for harvest. Data obtained for each pen of cattle included feedlot performance, morbidity, mortality, carcass characteristics, and grid-based program carcass qualifications. In trial 1, compared to the placebo group, cattle administered [italic]Megasphaera[italic] maintained higher ruminal pH 24 h after the carbohydrate challenge (P < 0.05). Ruminal lactate concentrations increased in response to the diet change (P < 0.05), but concentrations were lower for cattle that received [italic]Megasphaera[italic] compared to the placebo group (P < 0.05). Total number of bacterial genomes 24 h after inoculation was unaffected by intraruminal dosing of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125 (P > 0.05), but populations of undifferentiated [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] and strain NCIMB 41125 increased by 24 h after inoculation (P < 0.05). Turbidity of cultures inoculated with ruminal fluid increased in response to [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] administration (P < 0.05), suggesting a greater capacity for lactate utilization in inoculated cattle compared to the placebo group. In trial 2, no differences in feed efficiency were observed (P > 0.05). Compared to cattle dosed with [italic]Megasphaera[italic], the control group had more USDA yield grade 2 carcasses (P < 0.05), and cattle dosed with [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] had more USDA yield grade 5 carcasses (P < 0.05). [italic]Megasphaera[italic] cattle also tended to have more USDA Prime carcasses (P = 0.14). No effects on incidence of liver abscesses were observed. Dosing cattle with [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] prior to introduction of typical concentrate diets may be useful in preventing ruminal lactate accumulation and associated depressions in ruminal pH. Inoculating cattle with [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] is effective in bolstering populations of ruminal lactate utilizers, and may be useful in preventing ruminal lactate accumulation in grain-fed cattle. No effects on reducing episodes of BRD were noted.

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42

Yaman, Ibrahim. "Mechanisms of Post-transcriptional Regulation of Cat-1 Gene Expression by Amino Acid Starvation." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1120145927.

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Barbosa, Alexandre Wesley Carvalho. "Efeitos da dieta rica em leucina e da atividade fisica sobre a matriz extracelular de tendão de ratos submetidos a recuperação nutriconal." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317654.

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Orientador: Laurecir Gomes, Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes Marcondes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T20:59:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_AlexandreWesleyCarvalho_M.pdf: 9272160 bytes, checksum: d577f5e5dbcbe2f820746ed64790cbfa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: o tendão apresenta-se como um dos integrantes essenciais do complexo de movimentação angular nas articulações e tem sido estudado em sua estrutura e composição bioquímica quando sob tensão, compressão, após exercício e durante o envelhecimento. Em condições de estresse, a constituição bioquímica da matriz extracelular do tendão é alterada no tipo e/ou na quantidade do colágeno, proteoglicanos e glicosaminoglicanos. A desnutrição severa afeta de forma significativa à síntese protéica e a capacidade de resposta corporal à atividade física. A utilização de dieta rica em leucina tem demonstrado influência no implemento da síntese protéica e na recuperação corpórea após desnutrição severa. O presente estudo se propôs a submeter ratos às condições: (1) desnutrição protéica severa; (2) recuperação nutricional com dieta normal (C); (3) recuperação nutricional com dieta rica em leucina (L); e (4) exercício físico na água, e analisar os conteúdo de colágeno e as propriedades biomecânicas do tendão flexor profundo dos dedos de ratos. Após período de desnutrição, grupos recuperados com leucina apresentaram concentrações elevadas de hidroxiprolina em relação aos demais grupos. Quanto à carga, grupos exercitados obtiveram valores idênticos ao controle. O grupo desnutrido apresentou menor valor entre os demais. Na tensão, o controle, o desnutrido e o recuperado com leucina não diferiram entre si, diferindo apenas do controle exercitado.O grupo renutrido com dieta C e exercitado sofreu a menor tensão. Os maiores valores de deformação foram observados no controle, recuperado com dieta L e recuperados com dieta C (exercitado e sedentário). Os grupos desnutrido, recuperado com leucina e exercitado e o controle exercitado, que obtiveram os menores valores, diferiram dos grupos recuperado com leucina e renutrido com dieta C e exercitado, estes semelhantes ao controle. Os resultados sugerem que, após desnutrição protéica, a dieta L promove implementação na síntese de colágeno do tendão, no entanto, para níveis nonnais de colágeno, a aplicação da dieta C é suficiente. O exercício físico na água favorece a síntese de colágeno, principalmente quando associado à dieta L, mas as propriedades biomecânicas são afetadas por microtraumas cumulativos resultantes do protocolo empregado. Uma menor intensidade no programa de exercícios pode favorecer a resposta à tração
Abstract: Tendon is an essential component ofthe angular motion complex and it has been studied on its structure and biochemical composition under tension, compression, after exercise and during ageing. Under stress, the biochemical constitution of the extracellular matrix is altered in kind and the amount of collagen, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. In this way, severe protein-caloric malnourishe alters the protein synthesis and the body response to exercise. Leucine-rich diet increases the proteins synthesis and improves the body recovery and response to severe under nutrition. Leucine-rich diet groups showed greater hydroxyproline amount. Analyzing the load (biomechanical properties), control exercised group (CT), undemourished (D), recovered and exercised (DRT), recovered with leucine- rich diet and exercised (DRLT) groups achieved identical statistic values to control group (C). The D group showed the minor leveI among the others, statistically decreased when compared to C, recovered group (DRC) e recovered with leucine-rich diet (DRL). On the stress results, C, D and DRL had the same contents, differing only to CT. DRT group suffered the minor stress. DRC, DRLT and CT were different to C group. The highest strain levels were observed on C, DRL, DRT and DRC groups. D, DRLT and CT groups, achieving the lowest values, differed statistically from DRL and DRT groups, and these identical to C group. The resuIts suggest that after the under nutrition period, the leucine-rich diet improves the tendon collagen synthesis, but the control diet is sufficient to improves collagen normal levels. The exercise protocol raises the collagen synthesis response when associated to leucine-rich diet, but biomechanical properties are affected by tendon overuse. These mechanical properties levels could improve when associated to lower exercises program
Mestrado
Biologia Celular
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

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Russo, Joseph F. "Effects of linoleic and palmitic acid rich diets on GLUT-4 protein content in red vastus muscle of the mouse." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834510.

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Dietary fats have been proposed to alter the amount of glucose transporters in various tissues. This study examined how diets containing linoleic or palmitic fatty acids affected the amount of the major insulin-responsive glucose transporter protein, GLUT-4, in red vastus muscle of mice. At 8 weeks of age, 28 healthy female mice were separated into 3 dietary groups, one control group (5% corn oil fat) and two high fat (15% fat) groups. One of the high fat diets was a linoleic acid rich diet (76% linoleic polyunsaturated fat), while the other was a palmitic acid rich diet (95% palmitic saturated fat). The mice remained on their respective diets for 12-13 weeks until sacrifice. Red vastus muscle samples were removed and prepared for GLUT-4 protein analysis. Homogenized red vastus muscle samples were separated by SDSPAGE, transfered to membrane paper, and immunoblotted. scanning densitometry determined the relative quantity of GLUT-4 from each sample. TAP GLUT-4 protein in the group fed the linoleic acid rich diet was 9% higher than the group fed the low fat diet, and 37% higher than the group fed the palmitic acid rich diet. These data suggest that a prolonged high fat diet consisting of linoleic or palmitic fatty acids play a role in the regulation of GLUT-4 protein content.
School of Physical Education

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Cruz, Bread Leandro Gomes da 1979. "Metabolismo proteico e estresse oxidativo em musculatura de fetos provenientes de ratas portadoras de tumor submetidas a dieta rica em leucina." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314502.

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Анотація:

Orientador: Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes Marcondes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T11:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_BreadLeandroGomesda_M.pdf: 401647 bytes, checksum: bd87e2b677303756744ab1ef75ad2316 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Câncer acomete, aproximadamente, uma entre 3000 gravidezes e causa um terço de mortes maternas. A leucina é usada experimentalmente para minimizar as alterações do metabolismo protéico durante o crescimento tumoral. Este trabalho investigou os efeitos do crescimento tumoral sobre o metabolismo protéico e estresse oxidativo nos fetos provenientes de ratas alimentadas com dieta suplementada com leucina. Os grupos de fêmeas prenhes foram divididos da seguinte forma: controle (C), controle com dieta suplementada com leucina (L), tumor (W), tumor com dieta suplementada com leucina (WL), dieta pareada á ingestão diária das ratas do grupo W (Cp), dieta suplementada com leucina e pareada á ingestão diária das ratas do grupo WL (Lp). Após 20 dias de prenhes os músculos fetais foram analisados. Os resultados mostraram que a síntese protéica fetal foi reduzida no grupo W quando comparados aos outros grupos. Houve significativa recuperação da síntese protéica no músculo dos fetos WL sugerindo efeito positivo do uso de aminoácido de cadeia ramificada nessa situação. Ocorreu aumento significativo da degradação protéica nos fetos W. Essa perda protéica foi amenizada pelo uso da dieta suplementada com leucina indicando efeito benéfico sobre a degradação protéica no grupo WL que obteve valores similares ao observado no grupo C. A atividade da enzima glutationa-S-transferase ficou elevada no músculo de fetos WL em comparação com o grupo W. Também houve aumento na atividade da enzima fosfatase alcalina no grupo WL indicando maior atividade celular nesse grupo quando comparado ao grupo W. A presença de MDA (Malondialdeído) no músculo fetal também ficou reduzida nos fetos WL. Com a análise desses parâmetros conclui-se que a dieta suplementada com leucina pode alterar o metabolismo muscular fetal aumentando a síntese protéica e reduzindo o efeito danoso do estresse oxidativo.
Abstract: Cancer occurs in approximately 1 per 3.000 pregnancies and accounts for one-third of maternal deaths. Leucine has been used experimentally to minimize the protein metabolism changes during tumor growth. The present work investigated the effects of tumor growth on muscle protein metabolism and oxidative stress in fetus pregnant rats fed a leucine-rich diet. Fetal groups from pregnant Wistar rats were: control (C), control fed leucine-rich diet (L), tumor-bearing (W), tumor-bearing fed leucine-rich diet (WL), Pair-fed control (P) and Pair-fed Leucine (PL). After 20 days the fetal muscles were analyzed. The results showed that fetal protein synthesis was decreased in W group, when compared to the other groups. The significantly recover on muscle protein synthesis in fetus of WL group suggested a positive effect of this branched-chain amino acid. There was a significant increase on protein degradation in W fetus and a protective effect of the leucine-rich diet on muscle protein waste in WL group, since it was similar to C group. The muscle enzyme glutathione-S-transferase activity was increased in WL fetus in comparison to W group. The muscle alkaline phosphatase activity increased in WL group. The malondialdehyde content (MDA) in fetal muscle was decreased in WL fetus. The leucine supplemented diet can alter the fetal muscle protein metabolism, improving the fetal muscle protein synthesis and reducing the oxidative stress.
Mestrado
Fisiologia
Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

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46

Sandoval, Ramírez Berner Andrée. "The tissue bioavailability, biomarkers, and effects of anthocyanins on human health. Studied through systematic reviews on anthocyanin-rich foods and a nutritional pre-clinical study with anthocyanin-rich red fleshed-apples. The AppleCOR Project." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672575.

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ompleix els criteris per ser considerat un biomarcador d'ingesta de baies en el plasma i l'orina humans. 3) consumir 100-150 g / dia d'illes senceres millora múltiples factors de risc de malaltia cardiovascular (MCV), i mortalitat per MCV. 4) a partir de la intervenció animal, les pomes riques en ACN tenen un efecte antiinflamatori, mentre que les pomes de polpa blanca redueixen les proteïnes relacionades amb el sistema de l'complement a cors i aortes de rates hipercolesterolémicas, el que suggereix un efecte de matriu de poma beneficiós, independentment del seu contingut d'ACN. 5) la ingesta oral d'ACN, independentment del seu origen, s'associa amb un risc reduït de DM2 i hipertensió en humans. A més, els ACN orals també milloren el perfil de lípids plasmàtics, el metabolisme de la glucosa i la funció endotelial, el que explica raonablement la reducció de el risc de DM2 associat amb la ingesta dietètica d'ACN. 6), L'administració oral de PC en animals millora la integritat i funció de la barrera intestinal a partir de tres mecanismes principals: a) la reducció de molècules proinflama
dando respuesta a diversas preguntas como la biodisponibilidad tisular del ACN, el biomarcador de consumo y los efectos de su ingesta en la salud humana. Métodos: Se realizó 1 experimento animal en ratas hipercolesterolémicas y 6 revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura científica siguiendo los procedimientos metodológicos más adecuados entre febrero de 2018 y febrero de 2021. Resultados: De varias revisiones sistemáticas: 1) las ACN se pueden detectar en múltiples tejidos diana con relevancia médica sugiriendo efectos sobre la salud. 2) C3G es el único ACN que cumple los criterios para ser considerado un biomarcador de ingesta de bayas en el plasma y la orina humanos. 3) consumir 100-150 g/día de manzanas enteras mejora múltiples factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV), y mortalidad por ECV. 4) a partir de la intervención animal, las manzanas ricas en ACN tienen un efecto antiinflamatorio, mie
periment on hypercholesterolemic rats and 6 systematic reviews from the scientific literature were conducted following the most adequate methodological proceedings between February 2018 and February 2021. Results: From various systematic reviews: 1st, ACNs can be detected in multiple target tissues with medical relevance, suggesting some health effects. 2nd, C3G is the only ACN fulfilling the criteria to be considered an adequate food-intake biomarker for berry consumption in human plasma and urine. 3rd, consuming 100-150 g/day of whole-apples improves multiple CVD risk factors and reduces the risk of CVD and CVD mortality. 4th, from the animal intervention, ACN-rich apples have an anti-inflammatory

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47

Ranga, Leocardia. "The association between dietary fat knowledge and consumption of foods rich in fat among first-year students in self-catering residence at a university of technology, Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2473.

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Thesis (MTech (Consumer Science: Food and Nutrition))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Objective: To determine the association between the dietary fat knowledge and consumption of foods rich in fat among first-year students in self-catering residence at a university of technology, Cape Town, South Africa. Design: The two concepts – the dietary fat knowledge (represented by dietary fat food knowledge and dietary fat nutrition knowledge) and the consumption of foods rich in fat – were assessed separately. Two norm-referenced, valid and reliable knowledge tests and an intake screening questionnaire were used for the assessments (as subsidiary objectives), before the associations between the concepts were determined (main objective). The dietary fat food and nutrition knowledge as assessed was categorised in the range poor or below average, average and good or above average, and the consumption of foods rich in fat as high, quite high, the typical Western diet, approaching low or desirable. The Pearson‟s chi-square test was applied to these categorical findings to determine if associations (five percent significance) existed between the concepts. Results: The stratified sample included 225 first-year students. Nearly half (48.4%) of them achieved an average fat food knowledge score, while the majority (80.9%) achieved a poor fat nutrition knowledge score. More than half (52.5%) either followed a typical Western diet, a diet quite high in fat or high in fat. While no significant (p > 0.05) association was found between the students‟ dietary fat food knowledge and consumption of foods rich in fat, significant results were found in the association between the students‟ dietary fat nutrition knowledge and consumption of foods rich in fat (p < 0.05) and between their fat food knowledge and fat nutrition knowledge (p < 0.001). Conclusions: An inverse association was found between the students‟ dietary fat nutrition knowledge and fat consumption, a positive association between their dietary fat food knowledge and dietary fat nutrition knowledge, and no association between their dietary fat food knowledge and fat consumption.

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Lima, Suzana Cristina de Toledo Camacho. "Desenvolvimento de snack rico em ferro e vitamina A e intervenção nutricional em crianças com HIV/Aids." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/89/89131/tde-15032007-135834/.

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As crianças infectadas por HIV/Aids apresentam desnutrição e deficiências nutricionais, como anemia por deficiência de ferro e hipovitaminose A, causando prejuízo ao crescimento e desenvolvimento e imunodepressão. A fortificação de alimentos é vista como uma estratégia promissora para o combate de deficiências nutricionais. Objetivo: Desenvolver e testar aceitação e eficiência de snack de milho e pulmão bovino, rico em ferro e vitamina, na redução de anemia e hipovitaminose A, em crianças com HIV/Aids. Metodologia: Inicialmente, foi realizado um estudo transversal para caracterização do estado nutricional e alterações hematológicas - anemia e dislipidemias, em 63 crianças, com idade entre 5-10 anos, com HIV/Aids da Unidade de Infectologia do Instituto da Criança - HCFMUSP. Paralelamente, foi desenvolvido o snack rico em ferro e vitamina A, através da extrusão termoplástica, utilizando-se como matérias-primas: grits de milho degerminado e pulmão bovino liofilizado desengordurado (m/m, 90:10), como fonte de ferro heme, altamente biodisponível. A aromatização foi feita com os sabores bacon, cebola e salsa, e morango; neste processo, utilizou-se substituto de gordura e acetato de retinol para fortificação. A aceitação do snack, mediante avaliação sensorial com escala hedônica facial, foi feita por 53 crianças sadias e infectadas por HIV/Aids, com idade entre 2-10 anos, na Associação Civil Anima, SP. A intervenção nutricional ocorreu durante 2 meses; foram oferecidas 3 porções de 30g/semana de snack fortificado a 18 crianças com HIV/Aids, com idade entre 5-10 anos. Para avaliação nutricional, acompanhou-se: consumo alimentar através de recordatório de 24h, peso, altura, hemoglobina, ferro total, ferritina e retinol sérico, no início e no final da intervenção. Resultados: A desnutrição leve, moderada ou grave foi encontrada em 46% dos casos; sendo a maior freqüência no índice E/I, com escore-z de 39,7%, refletindo comprometimento de longa duração (stunting) no crescimento destas crianças. A prevalência de anemia do grupo foi de 19%. Entretanto, entre os tratados com AZT foi de 66%, observando-se associação entre prevalência de anemia e uso de AZT (zidovudina) na terapia anti-retroviral (TARV) (p=0,022). As prevalências de hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia, considerando-se valores limítrofes e aumentados, foram respectivamente 53,5 e 51,7%; com observação de maiores freqüências nos grupos com inibidores de protease (IP) na TARV. O snack fortificado desenvolvido forneceu, em cada 100g, 5,07mg de ferro e 780?g RE de vitamina A, representando respectivamente 56% e até 78% das DRIS para crianças com idade entre 7-10 anos. O resultado da avaliação sensorial foi de aproximadamente 80% de aceitação para todos os sabores testados. A intervenção nutricional resultou em aumento da média de hemoglobina de 12,45+1,34g/dL para 12,56+1,33g/dL, sem significância estatística; e aumento do retinol sérico de 0,447+0,124 ?g RE para 0,928+0,415 ?g RE (p<0,01). Conclusão: Além de estudos de prevalência das deficiências nutricionais em grupos vulneráveis, tais como as crianças com HIV/Aids, são relevantes as intervenções nutricionais, pois contribuem como co-fator positivo no tratamento de doenças, através da melhora do estado nutricional do indivíduo.
Children infected by HIV/Aids present malnutrition and nutritional deficiency, as anaemia by iron deficiency and hypovitaminosis A, causing damage to growing and developmente. The food fortification is seen as promising strategy to the combat of nutritional deficiency. Objective: Developing and testing the efficiency of a corn snack and bovine lung. rich in iron and vitamin, in the reduction of de anaemia and hypovitaminosis A, in children with HIV/Aids. Metodology: At first, a transversal study was carried out to characterize the nutritional state and hematology alterations - anaemia and dyslipidemia, in 63 children, with age between 5-10 years old, with HIV/Aids from the Unit of Infectology from Children Institute. At the same time, the snack rich and vitamin A, was developed through the thermoplastic extrusion, using as raw material: corn grits ingeminated and bovine lung lyophilized no fat (m/m, 90:10), as source of heme iron, in highly bioavailability. In the fragrance, bacon, onion and parsley and strawberry flavors, it was used fat substitute and retinol acetate to fortification. The acceptance of the snack, through sensorial evaluation with hedonic facial scale, had been done by 53 healthy children and infected by HIV/Aids, with ages between 2-10 years old, in the Civil Anima Association, SP. Finally, the nutritional intervention was done during 2 months; it was offered 3 portions of 30g/week of strenghtened snack to 18 children with HIV/Aids, with ages between 5-10 years old. To nutritional evaluation, it was followed: food consumption through the 24-hour diary, weight, height, hemoglobin, total iron, ferreting e serum retinol, at the beginning and in the ending of the intervention. Results: The slight, moderate or severe malnutrition was found in 46% of the cases; being the most frequency when considered, the z-score of height-for-age 39,7% of malnutrited, reflecting commitment of long duration (stunting) in the growing of these children. The prevalence of anaemia was 19%, end more of 66% between the AZT treated; there was association between anaemia the AZT use (zidovudina) in the anti retroviral therapy (ARVT) (p=0,022). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia e hypertrigliceridemia, considering low values and increased, were respctively 53,5 and 51,7%; with tendency to major frequencies in the groups with protease inhibitors (PI) in ARVT. The strengthened snack developed, per each 100g, guaranteed 5,07 mg of iron and 780 µg RE of A vitamin, representing respectively 56% and even 78% of DRIS to children with age between 7-10 years old. The result of sensorial evaluation, showed around 80% of acceptance to all tested flavors. The nutritional intervention, resulted in growth of the hemoglobin average of 12,45 +/- 1,34 g/dL to 12,56 +/- 1,33 g/dL, without statistics significance; and increasing of serum retinol of 0,447 +/- 0,124 to 0,928 +/- 0,415 (p«0,01). Conclusion: Besides the studies of prevalence of nutritional deficiency in vulnerable groups, such as children with HIV/Aids, the nutritional intervention are relevant, because contribute as co-positive factors in the didease treatments, through the improvement of the nutrition state of the individual.

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49

Selmo, Márcia Spadari. "Efeito da adição de metilcelulose, transglutaminase e spirulina nas características tecnológicas e nutricionais de pães de farinha de arroz." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2014. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/6088.

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A doença celíaca é uma enfermidade causada pela intolerância ao glúten, substância proteica presente no trigo e seus derivados. O controle desta doença é feito através da total restrição ao glúten, ou seja, os celíacos não podem consumir qualquer tipo de alimento que contenha farinha de trigo. A farinha de arroz é um bom substituto do trigo na elaboração de pães livres de glúten, no entanto, a farinha de arroz produz pães de pouco volume, pois não possui as mesmas características tecnológicas do glúten, principalmente para a elaboração de pães. Desta forma, vários aditivos têm sido usados para melhorar a qualidade dos pães feitos com farinha de arroz, dentre eles enzimas, gomas ou hidrocolóides, amidos modificados e outras fontes proteicas. Para aumentar o teor proteico e melhorar a qualidade nutricional dos pães, várias fontes proteicas podem ser usadas. A alga Spirulina platensis é muito estudada para uso na alimentação humana por apresentar um bom perfil nutricional, tornando-a ideal como suplemento alimentar, pois combina diversos constituintes como proteínas, vitaminas e minerais de maneira equilibrada. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição da metilcelulose, enzima transglutaminase e Spirulina na qualidade tecnológica e nutricional de pães de farinha de arroz. Para isso foi utilizado um delineamento central composto rotacional (DCCR) a fim de avaliar os efeitos tecnológicos da adição de metilcelulose, transglutaminase e Spirulina nos pães de farinha de arroz. As respostas do planejamento possibilitaram definir concentrações adequadas destes aditivos para a obtenção dos pães A, B e C com boas características tecnológicas, que foram avaliados pela composição proximal e sensorialmente por teste de preferência. A avaliação sensorial dos pães de farinha de arroz mostrou que a preferência dos consumidores independe da quantidade de Spirulina adicionada ao pão. A enzima transglutaminase teve maior eficiência na formação de ligações cruzadas na massa fermentada dos pães de farinha de arroz quando foi utilizada a concentração de 0,6% (em base à farinha de arroz), mas a proteína da Spirulina não aumentou a formação de “rede”. Através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) das massas fermentadas dos pães foi verificado que a transglutaminase torna a microestrutura da massa mais compactada, enquanto que a proteína da Spirulina forma estruturas fibrosas na massa. A avaliação nutricional do pão de arroz com Spirulina através de ensaio biológico utilizando ratos Wistar mostrou que a adição de Spirulina (4% em base de farinha) não provocou aumento do valor proteico, mas o valor de coeficiente de eficiência alimentar (CEA) não diferiu da dieta controle com caseína.
Celiac disease is an illness caused by intolerance to gluten which is a protein substance found in wheat and its derivatives. The control of this disease is made by complete restriction to gluten, in other words, celiac people cannot eat any food containing wheat flour. Rice flour is a good substitute for wheat in the preparation of gluten free breads, however, the rice flour produces low volume breads once it does not have the same technological characteristics of gluten, especially for the preparation of breads. Thus, various additives have been used to improve the quality of rice flour breads, including enzymes, hydrocolloids or gums, modified starches and other protein sources. To increase the protein content and improve the nutritional quality for the breads, various protein sources may be used. The alga Spirulina platensis is widely studied for the use as food for human because it has a good nutritional profile so it becomes an ideal feed supplement, since it combines various constituents such as protein, vitamins and minerals in a balanced way. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of adding methylcellulose, Spirulina and transglutaminase enzyme on technological and nutritional quality of rice flour breads. The Rotational Central Composite Design (RCCD) method was used to assess the technological effects of adding methylcellulose, transglutaminase and Spirulina in rice flour breads. Responses from planning made it possible to define appropriate concentrations of these additives to obtain the A, B and C breads with good technological characteristics that were evaluated by proximate composition and sensory by means of preference test. The sensory evaluation of rice flour breads showed that consumers' preference is independent of the amount of Spirulina added to bread. The transglutaminase enzyme was more efficient at the crosslinking established in the sourdough of rice flour breads when the concentration of 0.6% (rice flour based) was used, but the Spirulina protein did not increase the network formation. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fermented dough of breads was found out that the mass microstructure becomes more compacted due to the transglutaminase enzyme while the Spirulina protein forms fibrous structures in the mass. The nutritional evaluation of the Spirulina based rice bread made through a biological test using rats showed that the addition of Spirulina (4% on flour basis) resulted in no increase for the protein value, but the amount of Food Efficiency Ratio (FER) did not differ from the control diet.

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50

Schmidt, Daiana. "Multi-method research strategy for understanding changes in barley grain protein composition and its relation to improved nutritional quality." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-30092015-113900/.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth largest produced cereal worldwide. About two thirds of barley production is used to animal feed. When used to feed monogastric animals, the main shortcoming of barley grains is the deficiency of essential amino acids, especially lysine, threonine and methionine. The unbalanced amino acid composition is due to the main storage protein, the hordeins, which account for about 50% of total grain protein content. The nitrogen fertilization promotes C-hordein expression and accumulation, the hordein subgroup with the lowest content of essential amino acids, and the highest content of non-essential amino acids. Due to the importance of grain protein content and composition in the end use grain quality the key objective of the present study was to obtain a detailed insight into synthesis and accumulation of barley grain proteins and their relation to improved nutritional quality. An integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analysis have been undertaken in a set of transgenic antisense barley lines with the grain protein profile altered in comparison to the non-transgenic line cv. Golden Promise. The results were presented in three manuscripts in the thesis (chapters 2, 3 and 4). The first manuscript (chapter 2) reported a new grain protein extraction method combined with multi-method protein evaluation, including biochemical quantification, amino acid composition, sodium dodecyl-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) couple with mass spectrometry (MS) identification and a gel free shotgun MS identification and relative quantification. The results showed the changeability of proteins between protein groups and the importance of choosing an adequate proteomic-based method for protein identification according to the complexity of protein mixtures. In the second manuscript (chapter 3) a differential protein profile of non-transgenic barley cv. Golden Promise and the transgenic antisense C-hordein barley lines was achieved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) for salt soluble proteins and the differentially expressed proteins were identified by MS. The key results showed that the suppression of C-hordeins, the poor nutritional hordein subgroup, does not exclusively affects hordein synthesis and accumulation, and that the more balanced amino acid composition of these lines may be a consequence of distinct protein sources among different transgenic events, though a stable lysine-rich proteins upregulation occurs in all lines. In the third manuscript (chapter 4) the effects of nitrogen fertilization on hordein family at transcriptional and proteome level were assessed. The main results showed differential responses to N nutrition between non-transgenic and transgenic lines. In relation to C-hordein, specific C-hordein downregulation effect and in particular different responses to N were verified among subgroups of C-hordein multigene family in the transgenic line at transcriptional and proteomic level. In summary, the multi-method strategy used in the present work was successfully applied to obtain comprehensive information about barley grain proteins synthesis and accumulation and explain, at least in part, their relation to improved nutritional quality. These results can be useful in barley breeding programs aiming selective alterations of specific alleles/homologues to change amino acid composition by changing the relative proportions of the grain proteins in order to improve the barley grains nutritional quality.
A cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.) é o quarto cereal mais produzido no mundo. Cerca de dois terços desta produção é utilizada na alimentação animal. A principal desvantagem dos grãos de cevada na alimentação de animais monogástricos é a deficiência de aminoácidos essenciais, principalmente lisina, treonina e metionina. Esta composição desfavorável ocorre devido à principal proteína de reserva dos grãos, as hordeínas, que representam cerca de 50% do teor total de proteína no grão. O nitrogênio promove a expressão e o acúmulo de C-hordeínas, o subgrupo com o menor teor de aminoácidos essenciais e o maior teor de aminoácidos não essenciais. Devido à importância do teor e composição de proteínas nos grãos na determinação de sua qualidade no uso final, o principal objetivo do presente trabalho foi obter uma visão detalhada sobre a síntese e acúmulo de proteínas de grãos de cevada e sua relação com a melhoria da qualidade nutricional. Análises proteômicas e transcriptômicas integradas foram realizadas em um conjunto de linhagens transgênicas de cevada com o perfil de proteínas de reserva alterados em comparação à linhagem não transgênica cv. Golden Promise. Os resultados foram apresentados na forma de três manuscritos (capítulos 2, 3 e 4). O primeiro (capítulo 2) descreveu um novo método de extração de proteínas dos grãos em combinação com métodos de estudo de proteínas diversos, incluindo a quantificação bioquímica, composição de aminoácidos, eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida-dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE) seguido de identificação por espectrometria de massas (MS) e estratégia shotgun para identificação e quantificação relativa das proteínas. Os resultados mostram a mutabilidade das proteínas entre os diferentes grupos e a importância da escolha de um método adequado para a sua identificação de acordo com a complexidade das misturas proteicas. No segundo manuscrito (capítulo 3) o perfil proteico diferencial da linhagem não transgênica e transgênica foi obtido por eletroforese bidimensional (2-DE) para proteínas solúveis, e aquelas expressas diferencialmente foram identificadas por MS. Os resultados demonstram que a supressão das C-hordeínas não afeta exclusivamente a síntese e o acúmulo de hordeínas, e que a composição de aminoácidos mais equilibrada destas linhagens pode ser uma consequência de fontes de proteína distintas entre os diferentes eventos de transgenia, embora a regulação positiva de proteínas ricas em lisina foi estável. No terceiro manuscrito (capítulo 4) foram avaliados os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada sobre a família das hordeínas. Os resultados mostraram que as respostas foram diferentes entre as linhagens não transgênica e transgênica. Um efeito específico de supressão e respostas particulares foi verificado entre os subgrupos da família multigênica das C-hordeínas na linhagem transgênica. Em resumo, a estratégia de pesquisa multimétodo foi aplicada com sucesso na obtenção de informações abrangentes sobre a síntese e o acúmulo de proteínas nos grãos de cevada, e pelo menos em parte, explicou sua relação com a melhoria da qualidade nutricional. Esses resultados podem ser úteis em programas de melhoramento de cevada que visam alterações seletivas de alelos/homólogos específicos para alterar a composição de aminoácidos, através de mudanças nas proporções relativas das proteínas dos grãos.

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