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Статті в журналах з теми "Rhynchosporium secalis"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

MAY, K. W., and F. R. HARPER. "SCREENING FOR SCALD RESISTANCE IN BARLEY GROWN AT HIGH PLANT DENSITY IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-028.

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A method of spray inoculation with the scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) incitant was highly reliable in differentiating susceptible and resistant barley plants grown at high plant density in a controlled environment. Segregating populations can be efficiently screened under precise conditions in the limited space available in controlled environment chambers.Key words: Hordeum vulgare, Rhynchosporium secalis, scald, screening, resistance, high plant density

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2

NEWTON, A. C. "Somatic recombination in Rhynchosporium secalis." Plant Pathology 38, no. 1 (March 1989): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb01429.x.

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3

Carvajal-Moreno, Magda. "Rango de hospedantes de Rhynchosporium secalis." Botanical Sciences, no. 46 (April 2, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1313.

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A worlwide list of 75 host plants of Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) Davis is given, as well as a list of the grasses that are not host, and of those that are secondary hosts. The aim is to help to achieve agronomic control of this barley parasite.

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4

Beer, Wolfgang W. "Leaf Blotch of Barley (Rhynchosporium secalis)." Zentralblatt für Mikrobiologie 146, no. 5 (1991): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0232-4393(11)80168-x.

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5

NEWMAN, PAMELA L. "Variation amongst isozymes of Rhynchosporium secalis." Plant Pathology 34, no. 3 (September 1985): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1985.tb01369.x.

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6

Beer, Wolfgang W., and Frank Bielka. "Ein beitrag zur epidemiologie der Rhynchosporium-Blattfleckenkrankheit (Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) Davis)." Zentralblatt für Mikrobiologie 141, no. 5 (1986): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0232-4393(86)80016-6.

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7

Lee, H. K., J. P. Tewari, and T. K. Turkington. "A PCR-Based Assay to Detect Rhynchosporium secalis in Barley Seed." Plant Disease 85, no. 2 (February 2001): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.2.220.

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A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assay was developed to detect Rhynchosporium secalis, the barley scald fungus, in barley seed. Species-specific primers were designed based on sequence data of a region consisting of the 5.8S RNA gene and internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 of R. secalis. The sequenced regions showed 100% homology between the two R. secalis isolates and 93% homology between R. secalis and R. orthosporum. Five sets of synthesized oligonucleotide primers were tested for their specificity using 29 isolates of R. secalis of diverse geographic origins and from different barley cultivars. In addition, DNA extracts from 22 species of microbes either taxonomically related to or from the same niche as R. secalis were tested as negative controls. Among five sets of primers, a primer set, RS8 and RS9, was selected for use in detecting R. secalis because it amplified a 264-bp fragment from the DNA of all R. secalis isolates but not the DNA from other species used for validation of the specificity of this primer set. This primer set was also used to detect R. secalis in barley seed and successfully amplified the predicted size of the DNA fragment in the infected material. PCR detection of as little as 1 to 10 pg of R. secalis DNA was possible. The method described here requires 1 day for completion, compared to 10 days required for the cultural method.

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8

Lebedeva, L., and L. Tvarůžek. "Specialisation of Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J.J. Davis infecting barley and rye." Plant Protection Science 42, No. 3 (February 10, 2010): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2760-pps.

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Анотація:

Fifty-five isolates of <i>Rhynchosporium secalis</i> from <i>Hordeum vulgare</i> and 34 isolates from Secale cereale were compared for growth on different nutrient media, effect of temperature on growth and morphology of colonies. The pathogenicity of the isolates was assessed on 10 rye varieties, 10 triticale varieties and the susceptible barley variety Gambrinus. The triticale varieties differed in the number of rye chromosomes in the genome. Isozymes of <i>R. secalis</i> isolated from infected leaves of barley and rye were compared. The RAPD-PCR method was used for comparison of isolates on DNA-markers. The analysis indicated two specialised forms of the fungus; each of them able to develop only on its original host.

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9

McDonald, B. A., J. Zhan, and J. J. Burdon. "Genetic Structure of Rhynchosporium secalis in Australia." Phytopathology® 89, no. 8 (August 1999): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.8.639.

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Анотація:

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to determine the genetic structure of Australian field populations of the barley scald pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis. Fungal isolates were collected by hierarchical sampling from five naturally infected barley fields in different geographic locations during a single growing season. Genetic variation was high in Australian R. secalis populations. Among the 265 fungal isolates analyzed, 214 distinct genotypes were identified. Average genotype diversity within a field population was 65% of its theoretical maximum. Nei's average gene diversity across seven RFLP loci was 0.54. The majority (76%) of gene diversity was distributed within sampling site areas measuring ≈1 m2; 19% of gene diversity was distributed among sampling sites within fields; and 5% of gene diversity was distributed among fields. Fungal populations from different locations differed significantly both in allele frequencies and genotype diversities. The degree of genetic differentiation was significantly correlated with geographic distance between populations. Our results suggest that the R. secalis population in Western Australia has a different genetic structure than populations in Victoria and South Australia.

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10

NEWMAN, PAMELA L., and H. OWEN. "Evidence of asexual recombination in Rhynchosporium secalis." Plant Pathology 34, no. 3 (September 1985): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1985.tb01370.x.

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11

Gubiš, J., M. Hudcovicová, and M. Gubišová. "Rapid Detection and Quantification of Rhynchosporium secalis in Barley Using a Polymerase Chain Reaction." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, No. 3 (November 21, 2011): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3650-cjgpb.

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Анотація:

PCR primers for diagnosis of Rhynchosporium secalis in seed samples of barley were developed. For the quantification of the pathogen in seed samples a real-time PCR with SYBR Green approach was used. Amounts from 1.8 to 419.1 pg of R. secalis DNA per 100 ng of total DNA were detected in 18 samples of barley seeds contaminated by R. secalis in field conditions. The correctness of this quantitative analysis was checked using an artificial infection of seeds with 1, 2, 5 and 20% level of infection by R. secalis. The level of contamination of artificially infected samples decreased with a lowering amount of added seed powder contaminated by the pathogen, the correlation coefficient for this analysis was 0.98. While the primer pair used in these analyses shows cross-reactions with other pathogens (P. teres, Drechslera tritici-repentis, F. culmorum and F. poe), it is recommended to check the products of RT-PCR by agarose-gel electrophoresis, in which these pathogens are easily distinguishable from R. secalis by different lengths of the amplified fragments.  

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12

Forgan, Angus H., Wolfgang Knogge, and Peter A. Anderson. "Asexual Genetic Exchange in the Barley Pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis." Phytopathology® 97, no. 5 (May 2007): 650–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-5-0650.

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Анотація:

The causal agent of barley scald, Rhynchosporium secalis, is a haploid anamorphic ascomycete with no known sexual stage. Nevertheless, a high degree of genetic variation has been observed in fungal populations on commercial barley cultivars and parasexuality has been suggested to contribute to this variation. In order to test whether asexual genetic exchange can occur, isolates of R. secalis were transformed to hygromycin B resistance or phleomycin resistance. Mixtures of transformants were co-inoculated either on agar or in planta and screened for the occurrence of dual-antibiotic-resistant colonies. No dual-antibiotic-resistant colonies resulted from mixing transformants of different fungal isolates. In contrast, with transformants originating from the same fungal isolate, asexual exchange of markers was demonstrated on agar plates and in planta. This is the first definitive evidence of asexual genetic exchange in R. secalis.

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13

Ríos, Melina Ocampo, Paula Fernández, and Marcelo Carmona. "Detection of Rhynchosporium secalis in barley seeds from Argentina through polymerase chain reaction technique." Fitopatologia Brasileira 32, no. 5 (October 2007): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582007000500007.

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Анотація:

Leaf scald of barley caused by Rhynchosporium secalis is an important disease in Argentina. The fungus is a necrotrophic pathogen which survives in stubble, seeds and weeds. Isolation of R. secalis from seeds on artificial media usually has not been successful due to the slow growth rate of the pathogen and strong inhibition by contaminants. The objective in this work was to detect R. secalis in different genotypes of barley seeds in Argentina using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assay. Four barley genotypes were tested in 2004: Quilmes Ayelén, Quilmes Alfa, Barke and Maltería Pampa 1004. The previously described RS8 and RS9 primers were used for the detection of R. secalis in barley seeds. A 264-bp single band was obtained for each cultivar showing the presence of R. secalis. The use of specific primers was efficient in the detection of R. secalis in barley seeds in Argentina and could be used for routine diagnosis, epidemiology and seed transmission studies. This is the first report on the detection of R. secalis in barley seeds in Argentina.

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14

Arabi, Mohammad Imad Eddin, Eyad Al-Shehadah, and Mohammad Jawhar. "Pathogenic Groups Identified Among Isolates of Rhynchosporium secalis." Plant Pathology Journal 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.2010.26.3.260.

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15

Al-Daoude, Antonious, Amina Shoaib, Eyad Al-Shehadah, Mohammad Jawhar, and Mohammad Imad Eddin Arabi. "Transcriptome Analysis of the Barley-Rhynchosporium secalis Interaction." Plant Pathology Journal 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.nt.04.2014.0033.

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16

Cselenyi, L., and W. Friedt. "Differential Reaction of Barley Genotypes to Rhynchosporium secalis." Journal of Phytopathology 146, no. 5-6 (July 1998): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1998.tb04689.x.

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17

Howlett, S. G., and B. M. Cooke. "Scanning electron microscopy of sporulation in Rhynchosporium secalis." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 88, no. 4 (June 1987): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(87)80038-4.

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18

Rohe, M., J. Searle, A. C. Newton, and W. Knogge. "Transformation of the plant pathogenic fungus,Rhynchosporium secalis." Current Genetics 29, no. 6 (May 1996): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02426964.

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19

Rohe, M., J. Searle, A. C. Newton, and W. Knogge. "Transformation of the plant pathogenic fungus, Rhynchosporium secalis." Current Genetics 29, no. 6 (May 23, 1996): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050089.

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20

Williams, K., S. Donnellan, C. Smyl, L. Scott, and H. Wallwork. "Molecular variation in Rhynchosporium secalis isolates obtained from hotspots." Australasian Plant Pathology 32, no. 2 (2003): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap03008.

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21

Kendall, Sheila J., D. W. Hollomon, Louise R. Cooke, and D. R. Jones. "Changes in sensitivity to DMI fungicides in Rhynchosporium secalis." Crop Protection 12, no. 5 (August 1993): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(93)90078-w.

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22

Robinson, J., M. Jalli, and H. Lindqvist. "Resistance to Rhynchosporium secalis in six Nordic barley genotypes." Plant Breeding 116, no. 1 (March 1997): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1997.tb00983.x.

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23

Meles, K., M. Hulluka, and M. L. Deadman. "Pathogenic Variation in Rhynchosporium secalis on Barley in Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol5iss2pp75-78.

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Анотація:

This paper presents the first detailed study on pathogenic variability in Rhynchosporium secalis in Ethiopia. Twenty four isolates of R. secalis, collected from Arsi, Bale and Shoa, major barley growing locations in Ethiopia, were tested on ten differential host cultivars, with known genes for resistance to the disease. The most frequent pathotypes were those inducing susceptible reactions on cvs Steudelli and Kitchen and the least complex pathotype identified was able to induce a susceptible reaction on these two cultivars only. Pathotypes 16 and 7 were the most complex and were able to induce susceptible reactions on 10 and 9 of the differential host cultivars respectively. These pathotypes were collected from research stations and were isolated from improved barley cultivars belonging to the malting barley type. The most frequent pathotype was pathotype 6 which was represented by four isolates from different locations in Arsi, Bale and Shoa. Pathogenic variation was detected amongst spores collected from the same field and from the same geographical location. The most effective resistance genes were those possessed by Turk, La-Mesita, Bey, Nigrinudum, Jet and Forrajera.

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24

Jenkyn, J. F., O. J. Stedman, G. V. Dyke, and A. D. Todd. "Effects of straw inoculum and fungicides on leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis), growth and yield of winter barley." Journal of Agricultural Science 112, no. 1 (February 1989): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084148.

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SummaryFive experiments in harvest years 1980–2 tested the effects of straw inoculum and fungicides on leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis), growth and yield of winter barley. Inoculating plots with rhynchosporium-infected straw increased the rate of disease development and greatly decreased seedling growth but inoculating plots with wheat straw or sterilized barley straw had no effect. In 1982, plots inoculated with infected straw gave less grain than uninoculated plots, but in all years fungicide sprays applied in winter or early spring had mostly small effects on grain yield that were only poorly related to their effects on leaf blotch and seedling growth.

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25

Jarosz, AM, and JJ Burdon. "Resistance to barley scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) in wild barley grass (Hordeum glaucum and Hordeum leporinum) populations in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 3 (1996): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960413.

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Plants from 22 wild barley grass populations, 10 Hordeum glaucum, 11 Hordeum leporinum, and one mixed population, were inoculated with seven isolates of Rhynchosporium secalis originally collected from H. leporinum plants. There was substantial variability for resistance within and among populations from both Hordeurn species, but H. glaucum was: on average more resistant than H. leporlnum. Individual populations often responded differentially to the R. secalis isolates, being resistant to some isolates and susceptible to others. Differential responses were more pronounced among H. glaucum populations. No consistent geographic correlations between level of resistance within a population and geographic location were found, indicating that large scale trends for resistance do not exist in either H. gluucum or H. leporinwm. The existence of widespread resistance variation in both wild barley grasses may create substantial selection pressures favouring the emergence of variability for pathogenicity in R. secalis, which would complicate efforts to breed for R. secalis resistance in cultivated barley.

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26

Xue, A. G., and P. A. Burnett. "Evaluation of interactions between Rhynchosporium secalis and Pyrenophora teres on barley." Phytoprotection 76, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706079ar.

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Анотація:

Interactions between Rhynchosporiumsecalis and Pyrenophora teres were investigated on barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings grown in a greenhouse and growth chambers. Following mixed inoculations, the two pathogens colonized the same leaf simultaneously, but the leaf area with symptoms (LAS) was less than that produced by either of the two pathogens alone at the same inoculum concentration. On plants inoculated with the mixed inocula, LAS induced by R. secalis was reduced by a greater amount than LAS induced by P. teres. The predominance of P. teres over R. secaliswas observed even when inoculations with R. secalis either preceded or followed the inoculation with P. teres by 24 h. Antagonism occurred when inoculum densities were 103-104 spores mL-1 for each pathogen, wetting periods were 24-28 h, and incubation temperature was above 12°C.

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27

Carvajal-Moreno, Magda. "Distribución de Rhynchosporium secalis en el mundo y en México." Botanical Sciences, no. 48 (April 5, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1340.

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Анотація:

The present work is a review of the distribution of Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) Davis, causal fungus of barley leaf blotch, because this disease is of great importance to the mentioned crop. This fungus is of worldwide distribution and it is present in 34 countries at least. In Mexico, it is found in the central part of the country, in the states of Hidalgo, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Mexico, Jalisco, Zacatecas, Veracruz, Aguascalientes and Querétaro. It also attacks the bar ley of the northern part of Mexico, causing damage in Ensenada and North Baja California.

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28

Davis, Helena, and B. D. L. Fitt. "Symptomless infection of Rhynchosporium secalis on leaves of winter barley." Mycological Research 94, no. 4 (June 1990): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(10)80023-1.

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29

Arabi, M. I. E., H. Alek, E. Al-Shehadah, and M. Jawhar. "Viability and pathogenicity of Rhynchosporium secalis after long-term storage." Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 54, no. 2 (December 2019): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/038.54.2019.011.

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30

von Felten, Andreas, Pascal L. Zaffarano, and Bruce A. McDonald. "Electrophoretic karyotypes of Rhynchosporium commune, R. secalis and R. agropyri." European Journal of Plant Pathology 129, no. 4 (November 30, 2010): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-010-9717-7.

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31

Karjalainen, Reijo. "Yield reduction of spring barley in relation to disease development caused by Rhynchosporium secalis." Agricultural and Food Science 62, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72931.

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Анотація:

Effects of barley scald caused by Rhynchosporium secalis on grain yield were studied in three spring barley cultivars under field conditions using artificial inoculation over three years. The disease strongly reduced the green-leaf area duration compared with fungicide-treated leaves. At low infection level, R. secalis reduced the grain yield of barley by 3—5 %. Moderate and severe infection reduced the grain yields of susceptible cultivars by 10—12 %. Single-tiller analysis of yield components indicated that grain weight and ear weight were most affected, but the number of grains was only insignificantly reduced by the disease. Implications of these results for controlling scald disease in Finland are discussed.

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32

Xi, K., T. K. Turkington, J. H. Helm, K. G. Briggs, J. P. Tewari, T. Ferguson, and P. D. Kharbanda. "Distribution of Pathotypes of Rhynchosporium secalis and Cultivar Reaction on Barley in Alberta." Plant Disease 87, no. 4 (April 2003): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.4.391.

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Анотація:

Forty-four barley accessions and commercial cultivars with different levels of resistance to scald caused by Rhynchosporium secalis were evaluated for scald reaction from 1997 to 1999 at various sites in Alberta. The accessions Hudson, Atlas, Atlas 46, Atlas 68, Abyssinian, and Kitchin that have the major resistance genes were resistant to pathotypes of R. secalis at all sites. Although scald levels were low for these accessions, they were significantly different among years. Pathotypes of R. secalis and environmental conditions affected diseases levels on 32 commercial cultivars, resulting in significantly different scald reactions among sites and seasons. Resistance in commercial cultivars, AC Stacy, Kasota, and Seebe, held up at most sites with the majority of cultivars being intermediate to moderately susceptible. Cultivars that were previously considered resistant were intermediate in reaction and became increasingly susceptible at some sites from 1997 to 1999. Pathogen virulence was more diverse at the sites where the cultivars became increasingly susceptible compared with sites where the same cultivars were resistant. Scald reactions of the commercial cultivars depended on location, which reflected the presence of different pathotypes, as well as variation in environmental conditions. Consequently, scald management via cultivar choice will be dependent on location.

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33

Wolfe, R. I., D. G. Faris, J. G. N. Davidson, and P. J. Clarke. "AC Stacey barley." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-078.

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Анотація:

AC Stacey is an early maturing, six-row feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with excellent barley leaf scald resistance. It was developed at the Northern Agriculture Research Centre, Beaverlodge, Alberta from the cross Otal/Melvin. It is moderately strong strawed, and adapted to barley leaf scald prone areas in Alberta, and the Peace River region of British Columbia. Key words:Hordeum vulgare, barley, early maturity, cultivar description, Rhynchosporium secalis, scald

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34

Goodwin, Stephen B., Robert W. Allard, Shirlee A. Hardy, and Robert K. Webster. "Hierarchical structure of pathogenic variation among Rhynchosporium secalis populations in Idaho and Oregon." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-103.

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Анотація:

Ninety-four isolates of Rhynchosporium secalis, the causal organism of the barley scald disease, from four populations (infected fields) in Idaho and eight in Oregon, were tested for pathogenicity to 14 barley differential cultivars; 60 distinct pathotypes, 33 in Idaho and 28 in Oregon, were found among the 94 isolates. Pathogenicity to most of the differentials was found in each local population sampled. One differential cultivar, CI 5831, was resistant to all isolates tested. Isolates from the same cultivar in different locations usually had different pathogenicities, and most pathotypes were genetically heterogeneous mixtures of many different genotypes based on previous electrophoretic data. The sampled cultivars generally had few or no resistance genes, suggesting that the R. secalis populations in Idaho and Oregon are characterized by large amounts of seemingly unnecessary pathogenicity. When the total pathogenic diversity was partitioned into hierarchical components using the Shannon information statistic, 58% was accounted for by the within-population component, 33% among populations within regions, and only 9% by the between-region component. Because most of the pathogenic variation is within local populations, these populations should adapt rapidly to introduced resistance genes; therefore traditional methods of breeding for resistance to R. secalis using single major resistance genes are not likely to be effective in the Pacific Northwest. Key words: pathogenicity index.

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35

Al-Shehadah, E., A. Al-Daoude, and M. Jawhar. "Survival and germinability of Rhynchosporium secalis conidia exposed to solar radiation." Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hppj-2018-0006.

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Abstract Rhynchosporium secalis, the causal agent of barley scald disease, is a fungus commonly found in the environment. Disease spread within a field and between fields occurs through the aerial dispersal of the fungal spores. However, not much is known about the survival potential of fungal conidia exposed to solar radiation. In the present study, detached conidia of R. secalis were exposed simultaneously in the field to direct sunlight or placed in an adjacent ventilated enclosure in the dark for periods ranging from 0.5 to 8h. In addition, conidia were either exposed or not exposed to UV-C light (254 nm) for periods ranging between 0.5 and 60 min in the laboratory. After exposure, conidia were placed on water agar Petri dishes and allowed to germinate for 24h. Germinability of conidia was reduced by up to 94% after 8h of exposure to solar irradiance (670-860 Wm-2) in the field in comparison to the non-exposed control. Germinability of conidia in the laboratory was reduced up to ~100% by doses of UV-C light of 3.2±0.7 Wm-2. The results of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between climatic conditions and barley scald epidemics

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36

Xi, Kegnan, Thomas Turkington, Jon Meadus, James Helm, and Jalpa Tewari. "Dynamics of Rhynchosporium secalis pathotypes in relation to barley cultivar resistance." Mycological Research 107, no. 12 (December 2003): 1485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756203008748.

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37

Mert, Z., and A. Karakaya. "Determination of the Suitable Inoculum Concentration for Rhynchosporium secalis Seedling Assays." Journal of Phytopathology 151, no. 11-12 (November 2003): 699–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0931-1785.2003.00770.x.

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38

Carisse, K. Xi, P. A. Burnett, J. P. Tewari, M. H. Chen, T. K. Turkington, and J. H. Helm. "Histopathological Study of Barley Cultivars Resistant and Susceptible to Rhynchosporium secalis." Phytopathology® 90, no. 1 (January 2000): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.1.94.

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Differences in the penetration process by Rhynchosporium secalis were compared in resistant and susceptible barley cultivars at the seedling stage. Percent penetration and percent host cell wall alteration (HCWA) differed significantly among cultivars and isolates as revealed by light microscopy. Based on these two variables, the cultivars were statistically separated into two groups that corresponded to their disease reactions. The resistant cultivars, Johnston and CDC Guardian, showed 81.2 to 99.4% HCWA and 0.1 to 20.1% penetration at encounter sites, whereas the susceptible cultivars, Harrington, Argyle, and Manley, had 30.1 to 78.3% HCWA and 31.8 to 81.8% penetration. In the current study, cv. Leduc, which is susceptible at the seedling stage and resistant at the adult stage, showed the same percent HCWA and penetration as did susceptible cultivars. A significant negative correlation (P < 0.01) was found between percent penetration and percent HCWA for cultivars inoculated with two isolates of the pathogen. Isolate 1 was less virulent than isolate 2 with respect to percent penetration and induced significantly fewer HCWA. Scanning electron microscopy showed various shapes of fungal appressoria but no apparent difference in host reaction between resistant and susceptible cultivars. Transmission electron microscopy revealed interactions between the host and pathogen at various stages of penetration. The resistant cv. Johnston responded by producing appositions, as evidenced by a layer of compact osmiophilic material deposited on the inner side of the cell wall. Infection pegs produced by conidia were unable to penetrate the cuticle where an apposition had formed inside. When penetration occurred in the susceptible cv. Argyle, cytoplasmic aggregates and separation of the plasmalemma were visible from the host cell wall, but the layer of compact osmiophilic material was not always present. Data based on light microscopic observations suggested that HCWA may be one of the mechanisms responsible for resistance that is characterized as penetration prevention rather than as a slow rate of mycelial growth after successful penetration. HCWA occurred in response to attempted cuticle penetration, suggesting that HCWA may produce chemical barriers that help to prevent penetration.

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39

Robinson, J., H. Lindqvist, and M. Jalli. "Genes for resistance in barley to Finnish isolates of Rhynchosporium secalis." Euphytica 92, no. 3 (June 1995): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00037111.

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40

Mayfield, AH, and BG Clare. "Effects of high temperatures on scald lesion development and sporulation in barley infected with Rhynchosporium secalis." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 2 (1985): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850197.

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Temperature treatment at 40�C, but not at 35�C, inhibited scald lesion production and sporulation of R. secalis in barley leaves infected by R. secalis if the temperature treatment was applied during the first 7-8 days of infection but not if infected plants were treated later than the eighth day. Exposures at 40�C for 4 h had a greater effect than exposures for 2 h in most cases, but increasing the treatment duration from 4 to 6 h did not reduce lesion development or sporulation further.

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41

Abang, Mathew M., Michael Baum, Salvatore Ceccarelli, Stefania Grando, Celeste C. Linde, Amor Yahyaoui, Jiasui Zhan, and Bruce A. McDonald. "Differential Selection on Rhynchosporium secalis During Parasitic and Saprophytic Phases in the Barley Scald Disease Cycle." Phytopathology® 96, no. 11 (November 2006): 1214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-1214.

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Competition among eight Rhynchosporium secalis isolates was assessed during parasitic and saprophytic phases of the disease cycle in field experiments conducted at two locations and over two growing seasons. The eight isolates were inoculated onto six barley populations exhibiting varying degrees of resistance. Microsatellite analysis of 2,866 isolates recovered from the field experiments showed significant, and sometimes opposite, changes in the frequencies of R. secalis genotypes during the growing season (parasitic phase) and between growing seasons (saprophytic phase). Isolates that showed the most complex virulence in greenhouse seedling assays had the lowest fitness in the field experiment. Significant differences in isolate fitness were found on different host populations and in different environments. Selection coefficients were large, indicating that evolution can occur rapidly in field populations. Although inoculated isolates had the lowest overall fitness on the moderately resistant landrace cv. Arabi Aswad, some isolates were more virulent and consistently increased in frequency on this landrace, suggesting a risk of directional selection and possible erosion of the resistance following its widespread deployment in monoculture. These results provide the first direct evidence that R. secalis pathogen genotypes differ in their saprophytic ability and parasitic fitness under field conditions.

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42

Lebedeva, L. "Diversity of Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J. J. Davis strains in morphological and cultural peculiarities." Acta Agrobotanica 58, no. 1 (2012): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2005.007.

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Biological peculiarities of the rye scald fungus <i>Rhynchosporium secalis</i> (Oud.) J. J. Davis, in one population of North-West region were examined. Seventy-eight isolates, the causal agent of scald, were taken from infected rye plants. This isolates were analalysed on rate of growth on artificial test medium, structure and color and temperature dependence. Single-spore strains were obtained from each natural isolate. Color and structure of some single-spore isolates remained stable through repeated transfers to fresh PDA medium.

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43

WHEELER, I., S. KENDALL, J. BUTTERS, and D. HOLLOMON. "Detection of benzimidazole resistance in Rhynchosporium secalis using allele-specific oligonucleotide probes." EPPO Bulletin 25, no. 1-2 (March 1995): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1995.tb01446.x.

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44

Mille, B. "Application de l'immunofluorescence à la détermination de Rhynchosporium secalis sur semences d'orge." Agronomie 10, no. 2 (1990): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:19900203.

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BRUNNER, P. C., S. SCHÜRCH, and B. A. MCDONALD. "The origin and colonization history of the barley scald pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20, no. 4 (July 2007): 1311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01347.x.

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46

Howlett, SG, and BM Cooke. "More scanning electron micrographs of conidial production in Rhynchosporium secalis on barley." Mycologist 6, no. 1 (February 1992): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(09)80510-7.

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47

Schweizer, G. F., M. Baumer, G. Daniel, H. Rugel, and M. S. Röder. "RFLP markers linked to scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) resistance gene Rh2 in barley." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 90, no. 7-8 (June 1995): 920–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00222904.

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48

ARAI, Michiyoshi. "Brown Necrosis Symptoms on Nodal Portions of Barley Infected with Rhynchosporium secalis." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 62, no. 3 (1996): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.62.254.

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49

SALAMATI, S., and A. M. TRONSMO. "Pathogenicity of Rhynchosporium secalis isolates from Norway on 30 cultivars of barley." Plant Pathology 46, no. 3 (June 1997): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-20.x.

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50

Lee, H. K., J. P. Tewari, and T. K. Turkington. "Quantification of seedborne infection by Rhynchosporium secalis in barley using competitive PCR." Plant Pathology 51, no. 2 (April 2002): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00685.x.

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