Дисертації з теми "Revêtement chaussée"
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Wallace, Efoé Rodrigue. "On the rolling contact between multi-layered bodies, application to tire-pavement modelling." Thesis, Lyon, 2022. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2022LYSEI014/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this thesis has been the development of a dimensioning tool for pavement design. In order to better understand their surface degradations (mainly rutting and cracking), a modelling study is carried out. This modelling task has been performed with contact mechanics tools. Particularly, a semi-analytical model has been developed, based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM) algorithms. With view to achieve a more realistic modelling of the tire-pavement contact, the focus has been put on three aspects of the contact problem. Firstly, the multi-layered aspect of the pavement has been considered. Using the Papkovich-Neuber potentials, the influence coefficients have been found in the Fourier frequency domain. A numerical inversion using FFT algorithms has allowed to find the influence coefficients in the space domain. Secondly, the viscoelastic behaviour of asphaltic materials, used in roads construction, has been accounted. To this aim, an Elastic/Viscoelastic correspondence has been proposed. This correspondence imposes to recalculate the influence coefficients at every time step. These additional calculations imply an increase of the computation time; however, the simulations remain straight and fast. In addition, the proposed correspondence is exact in some cases (especially in steady-state regime); and it is an approximation in the other cases where the committed error has been shown to be marginal. Thirdly, the effects of the tangential overall forces have been integrated to the rolling contact. The goal is that the present tool can be able to simulate acceleration, braking, turnaround, etc. cases where tangential forces and/or moment are applied on the wheel in addition to the normal force (which is generally the weight of the car or truck). This tractive rolling contact has been solved between elastically dissimilar bodies submitted not only to tangential forces but also to a spinning moment. All these aspects, introduced together in the model, have allowed to perform various parametric analyses for a better grasp of their influence on general contacts. Furthermore, an application of the developed model has allowed to simulate realistic cases of rolling contact between the tire and the pavement. From examples such as acceleration, turnaround and drift, it has been proven that the tangential forces increase significantly the overall stresses
Yahia, Jamal Charles. "Validation d'un modèle physique de prévision de la température de surface du revêtement de la chaussée : intégration de données in situ et de prévisions à moyenne échéance pour l'élaboration d'informations en météorologie routière hivernale." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688806.
Повний текст джерелаPouteau, Bertrand. "Durabilité mécanique du collage blanc sur noir dans les chaussées." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT2138.
Повний текст джерелаFor the last ten years, two new composite pavement structures (whitetopping –i. E. Thin concrete slabs over existing rutted asphalt pavement– and Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement, CRCP, over asphalt sub-base) have raised a significant interest. Based on the association of a concrete layer bonded to an asphalt sub-base, they lead to a reduction of the layers thickness and cost. A long-lasting bond is essential. This work deals with the mechanical study of the bond fatigue lifespan. Firstly, the bibliographical analysis focuses on the way this bond is deteriorated in such structures submitted to traffic. Cracks induced by the restrained shrinkage of the concrete layer can initiate and propagate debonding. Secondly, a mechanical fatigue test simulates this way of deterioration in laboratory. Interface blasting leads to a more lasting bond. A mechanical analysis of the test is also proposed. Thirdly, a non destructive survey method of the bond quality, based on the use of mechanical wave propagation, is developed. Eventually, full scale experiments analysis provide two evolution of bond. The RN4 experiment aims to measure the growth of an initial fracture at the interface between the concrete layer and the asphalt sub-base under real traffic conditions. After 2 years of traffic, no propagation of the fracture is noticed. For the second full scale experiment, a pavement structure model, constituted of thin layers and wide opened cracks, the awaited way of deterioration (delamination initiated from the vertical crack) is observed after 1 million cycles applied by the accelerated pavement loading facility FABAC
Cesbron, Julien. "Influence de la texture de chaussée sur le bruit de contact pneumatique/chaussée." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2079.
Повний текст джерелаThis work deals with experimental and numerical investigations on tyre/road contact for the prediction of tyre/road noise. The dynamical contact stresses between the tyre and the road are modeled by successive static states between an elastic half-space and several perfectly rigid asperities. The problem in statics is solved using a Two-scale Iterative Method (TIM) which is faster than classical numerical methods. Concerning experiments, the contact stresses measured between a rubber block and several spherical punches are in good agreement with the results of the TIM. For the contact in statics between a slick tyre and many rough surfaces, the comparisons between experiments and calculation are still good for surfaces composed of spherical indenters and road surfaces with medium macrotexture. The results are less good for road surfaces with high or small macrotexture. These results are encouraging considering the precision of the measurement system and the simple hypotheses used in the model in comparison with the complexity of tyre/road contact. Finally, in situ measurements of contact forces and tyre/road noise were carried out for a slick tyre rolling on several road surfaces. It seems that dynamical contact stresses are influenced by the visco-elastic behavior of the rubber and by the vibration of the tyre during rolling. These phenomena could be included in the model in the future. Moreover, the measured levels of contact forces and noise were greatly correlated around 800 Hz, which frequency could be directly linked to road texture
Hun, Catherine. "Exploitation de la texture d'images de speckle pour caractériser, de façon globale, l'état de surface des chaussées à l'échelle de la microtexture." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003899.
Повний текст джерелаManyo, Edem Yawo. "Modélisation avancée du contact pneu-chaussée pour l'étude des dégradations des chaussées en surface." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0034/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe recent appearance of new materials in road structures associated with surface layers thickness decreasing and the increasing of trucks loading and their passage frequency has led to new pathologies of degradation. In addition to the well-known rutting problems, top down cracking is now appearing as well as problems of decohesion at the interfaces. These new pathologies led to considerable expenditure on the entire network (around 15 billion euros per year), particularly in urbanized areas that are more prone to surface damage and do not make it possible to adequately estimate the lifetimes of the roadway, most often overestimated in current design methods. This doctoral work proposes a new approach of the tire-road contact allowing for better apprehend of the main and residual stresses in a bituminous pavement structure. Using a fast numerical tool based on a semi-analytical approach ("Semi-Analytical Methods" (SAM)), the precise geometry of the tire is integrated in order to obtain a real contact pressure distribution as well as surface shear on the pavement surface. Initially, an elastic tractive rolling contact model is implemented for simple theoretical cases and validated by analytical and numerical results from the literature.Then, this model is extended to take into account the elastoplastic behavior of the bodies in contact. This is compared to a numerical result based on the nite element method from the literature. The application for tire-pavement contact results, show a non-uniform distribution of stresses in the structure and mainly in the rst centimeters below the surface with much higher levels than can be predicted by current models that use a uniformly distributed load. The contact pressure is compared to the measurements made by a system called TekScan and the mechanical elds in sublayers are compared to those of Alizé-LCPC in the case of a simple structure. The surface shears are determined in the case of tractive rolling. An application is carried out on the modeling of surface pavement damage. Firstly, analyzes of the behavior of the surface pavement are carried out for a semi-innite semi-grit asphalt concrete layer supposed to be elastic, homogeneous under conditions of acceleration, braking and turning. For studies on top down cracking, principals deformations and directions are determined and analyzed. Then, the elastoplastic contact model is applied on a semi-innite asphalt agragate layer. Deformations and residuals stresses generated in the structure are determined for an analysis on the instability ruts. Once validated, these results will make it possible to more accurately estimate the residual life of pavements but also to understand and avoid surface or near surfacedegradation mechanisms
Neji, Jamel. "Fissuration des chaussées semi-rigides : expérience et modélisation." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECAP0246.
Повний текст джерелаDiakhaté, Malick. "Fatigue et comportement des couches d’accrochage dans les structures de chaussée." Limoges, 2007. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/6571d719-9eba-4e0e-be37-58cb8a5632eb/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4037.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe research work presented in this PhD thesis lies within the framework of a partnership between the laboratory Mechanics and Modeling of Materials and Structures in Civil Engineering (3MSCE, University of Limoges) and Eurovia, a subsidiary of the VINCI Group. The study aims at better understanding the mechanistic behavior of tack coats spread at the interface between two asphalt concrete (AC) layers. This behavior is characterized through a large experimental campaign. Then, the tests results are used in a finite element program. This program allows the pavement structure engineer to predict, on the one hand, the durability of the bonding at the interface, and on the other hand, the effect of modeling the interface behavior on the pavement response. In this research project, a laboratory double shear test device is designed and manufactured. By means of a mono-axis hydraulic press, the device allows applying a double shear loading at the interfaces of a symmetrical specimen which is consisted of three AC layers. Thus, monotonic, oligocyclic and fatigue tests are carried out at 10 and 20°C on an interface BBTM/BBSG (very thin AC layer overlaid on a dense AC layer). This interface is with or without tack coat (a cationic rapid-set emulsion with pure bitumen). The oligocyclic and fatigue tests were carried out in a force controlled mode, and lead to very innovative and interesting results. Three failure criteria are analyzed. The results clearly show that the lack of tack coat reduces the fatigue performance of the bonding (interface). Through the analysis of the results, a method is proposed, and allows predicting the fatigue law of the bonding from the monotonic shear tests results. This shear tests campaign is completed by a series of laboratory monotonic torque tests. Besides the characterization of the tack coats shear behavior, the experimental conditions where the torque and the double shear tests results are similar are specified. The last part of this work deals with, on the one hand, the effect of the interface shear behavior on the pavement structure design, and on the other hand, the effect of the repeated horizontal loads on the fatigue of the bonding at the interface. Two finite element models (2D and 3D) are developed in order to evaluate the mechanistic response of the pavement subjected to the French standard axle. Findings from this numerical simulation show that, when taking into account the horizontal loads, the fatigue of the bonding becomes predominant during the pavement structure design
Hamlat, Smail. "Étude de la résistance des revêtements routiers aux sollicitations tangentielles." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2045.
Повний текст джерелаHeavy traffic at intersections (especially in urban areas) poses a particularly difficult challenge to traffic engineers interested in durable and safe wearing courses. At such places, heavy traffic causes damage to the road surface by aggregates loss and horizontal displacement of the bituminous surfacing, due to application of high shear stresses by truck tyres. Currently, the question of the assessment of the durability of bituminous surfacings in zones with high shear stresses in the laboratory does not seem completely resolved. In this work, we propose an approach based on a new experimental apparatus to simulate the surface damage by loss of aggregates. Taking in account the local phenomenon, an important advantage of the new device is that it permits to maintain a constant vertical loading whatever the level of surface deterioration. The first stage of this work is concerned with the characterization of the mechanical contact. The friction and the distribution of pressure are given for different loading conditions. The experimental procedure has been optimized in vertical force control in order to ensure a contact with a high friction between the materials. We present the results performed with different binders and with different aggregate gradations. Before the appearance of surface damage, aggregates displacements are systematically observed on the surface of the sample before the first departure of aggregates. At last, we propose two parametric models; the first model gives a link between the resistance to the tangential force and the performance of binders measured from fracture tests. The second one gives a prediction from aggregate gradation
Tang, Zhenzhong. "Polissage et adhérence des chaussées routières." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003623.
Повний текст джерелаEdjeou, Wiyao. "Analyse multiéchelle de la texture des chaussées - effet sur l'adhérence des revêtements routiers." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ECDN0056.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is to develop a multiscale decomposition method to explain the effect of different texture scales on the evolution of skid resistance with polishing and which can be integrated into a multicriteria optimization system of pavement properties. An experimental study is carried out in the laboratory on samples of asphalt mixes and aggregate mosaics to simulate the polishing induced by road traffic and to map the texture corresponding to the different polishing states. A multiscale decomposition based on continuous wavelets is then done on each map. This multiscale analysis allows us it to observe the various phenomena involve in the polishing of pavements (bitumen removal, general wear, differential wear). Finally, a 3D contact model based on the theory of semi-infinite space is applied on each maps. It takes into account the multi – asperity aspect of the contact and the viscoelasticity of the tire rubber. At the output of the model, we have the contact pressures, the displacements induced by each asperity in the rubber and the real contact area. Evolution of these contact parameters with polishing permits to describe the evolution of skid resistance. This model permits to make good numerical estimation of skid resistance. Coupling between this contact model and multiscale decomposition metho allows us to estimate the overall skid resistance from multiscale skid resistance. The weights of different scales on skid resistance are considered in these calculations
Zhao, Dan. "Evolution de l'adhérence des chaussées : Influence des matériaux, du vieillissement et du trafic, variations saisonnières." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00905871.
Повний текст джерелаAli, Bassem. "Modèle numérique pour comportement mécanique des chaussées : application à l'analyse de l'orniérage." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Ali.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDumais, Simon. "Évaluation des revêtements routiers à albédo élevé en contexte nordique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25384.
Повний текст джерелаHigh albedo surfaces can be used to reduce heat absorption by road pavement for limiting the degradation of the permafrost underlying road embankments. This project aims at proposing an efficient method to evaluate the use of high albedo surfaces in northern environments. The first objective is to provide tools to evaluate quickly the thermal benefits of high albedo surfaces. A model has been developed to calculate surface temperature of pavements as a function of the albedo of the surface. The model has been validated using data from a test section built in Beaver Cree, Yukon. Simple calculation tools based on the model have been proposed. The second objective is to provide a way to evaluate the technical properties of high albedo surfaces. The most important properties targeted are reflectivity, skid resistance and durability. Testing methods have been chosen in order to test these properties. Observations made on the field and in the laboratory allowed to draw recommendations in order to assure a durable, efficient and safe usage of high albedo surfaces.
Bentarzi, Younes. "Conception d'un nouvel éco-matériau à utiliser en chaussées perméables et épuratoires dans les zones urbaines." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6016.
Повний текст джерелаThe work of this thesis deals mainly with environmental protection and resource conservation. An innovative solution is developed in the field of sustainable stormwater management by designing a new material used as permeable and purificating pavement in urban areas with low traffic, such as parking lot. The material is a mixture of crushed concrete which provides the skeleton of the drainage structure, and compost that plays the role of pollution retention and its biological treatment. For the hydrodynamic characterization of this new material, we designed a pilot experimental laboratory. Experiments were conducted in a saturated media to measure the hydraulic conductivity of the crushed concrete, and the ones of the new material which is composed of crushed concrete mixed with 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% of compost. We conducted, thereafter, tracing experiments for the five mixture proportions. These experiments were conducted under steady flow and continuous conditions in an unsaturated media. The experimental approach adopted for this study is an analysis of statistical moments (Residence Time Distribution). Tracing was performed using a conservative tracer (NaCl). These laboratory experiments were followed by a modeling work using a computer code CXFIT to estimate the solute transport parameters in laboratory scale. Further, we designed an experimental plat form in situ, to study the hydraulic behavior and purificating power of the new material under real climatic (stormwater) and mechanical (car’s parking) load conditions. The primarily results show that the mixture 90/10 (consisting of 90% of crushed concrete and 10% of Compost) has the high retention of stormwater
Turki, Kamel. "Approche des problèmes non réversibles des chaussées par le calcul avec éléments finis." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ECAP0179.
Повний текст джерелаGidel, Gunther. "Comportement et valorisation des graves non traitées calcaires utilisées pour les assises de chaussées souples." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12366.
Повний текст джерелаKhoueiry, Nicole. "Study of granular platforms behaviour over soft subgrade reinforced by geosynthetics : Experimental and numerical approaches." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI027.
Повний текст джерелаGeosynthetics were used since 1970 in the base course reinforcement supported by soft subgrade in unpaved road application. The various factors and parameters influencing the dominant mechanism and its relative contribution on the platform improvement explain the need of more investigations in this topic. In this research work, large-scale laboratory test was developed to study the reinforcement contribution in the unpaved road improvement. Therefore, an unpaved platform was built of 600 mm of artificial subgrade supporting a base course layer. A detailed experimental Protocol was established regarding the soil preparation, the installation and the soils compaction procedure to reproduce the site conditions and insure the platform repeatability for each test. Three geosynthetics were tested first under a cyclic plate load test. Cyclic load was performed on the prepared platform, with a maximum load of 40 kN resulting in a maximum applied pressure of 560 kPa. The platform was subjected to 10,000 cycles with a frequency of 0.77 Hz. An advanced and complete soil instrumentation was provided in order to collect the maximum data needed for thorough analysis. Quality control tests were performed before each test to verify the soil layers homogeneity and properties. Two base course thicknesses were tested under this test condition, 350 and 220 mm. Once the developed protocol was confirmed under the circular plate load tests, further tests using the Simulator Accelerator of Traffic (SAT) were performed. Indeed, the laboratory prepared platform was placed in a larger box of 1.8 m in large, 5 m in length and 1.1 m in height. The prepared platform was subjected to two solicitations: a particular plate and traffic load. The Simulator Accelerator of Traffic was developed specially for this application. A machine that simulates the traffic load under an effective length of 2 m and a velocity of 4 km/h. The two areas were instrumented: the area under the circulation load, and the area under the plat load, located aside. In addition, a numerical model based on the differential element method using FLAC 3D was developed. The model simulated the circular plate load test with the same platform configuration under monotonic load. The results were compared to the first monotonic load applied on the rigid plate experimentally
Castañeda, Pinzon Eduardo Alberto. "Contribution de méthodes non destructives à l'évaluation de l'effet de l'eau sur les enrobés bitumineux." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT2074.
Повний текст джерелаMoisture and stripping (debonding of bitumen and aggregate) are a key element in the distress of bituminous mixtures in the tropical countries. Most of the laboratory testing procedures are destructive and require many specimens. This study aims at understanding the mechanical characteristics evolution for compacted bitumen-aggregate mixtures, using a non-destructive test. The classical study of stiffness evolution highlights the effect of the mineralogical nature of the aggregate skeleton and the bitumen content. The evolution of complex modulus appears to be relevant in evaluating moisture damage, showing the consistent results. It's modelling allows to determine a factor (D) related to moisture-induced damage
Mathias, Vincent. "Recyclage des fraisats d'enrobés dans les bétons routiers." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT2113.
Повний текст джерелаNguyen, Thanh Binh. "Valorisation des sédiments de dragage traités par le procédé NOVOSOL(R) dans des matériaux d'assises de chaussée : comportement mécanique et environnemental." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/704/.
Повний текст джерелаThe management of dredged sediments is a challenge for our society because of their huge volume. The contamination of heavy metals and organic micro pollutants make that the majority of dredged sediments are regarded as dangerous waste and are put in discharge. This isn't in the same point of view of the durable development policy: the French law supports the valorization so that only ultimate waste is put in discharge. In this context, Solvay Company has developed the process NOVOSOL(r) for the treatment of the dredged sediments polluted. The process comprises two stages: an immobilization of heavy metals by formation of apatite under a phosphatising reaction with acid phosphoric and a destruction of the organic matter by a calcination. The goal of this thesis is to use river sediments treated by the process NOVOSOL(r) in road base materials. Experimental studies in laboratory comprise two aspects: mechanical performance and leaching behaviour. The treated sediments by NOVOSOL(r) are introduced into road base mixes treated with cementitious binders as substitute for regular sand. The preparation of materials according to the normalized methodology in laboratory does not present any difficulty. As the treated sediments content increases, the water demand increases and the materials are less compact than reference material. This is due to the characteristics of treated sediments: important ratio of fines, friability and the porosity of granular. These characteristics have as a consequence to weaken the granular skeleton, which results in a reduction in the stiffness module of materials. On the other side, the reactivity of treated sediments NOVOSOL(r) in the matrix of cimentitious binder and a better homogeneity of materials lead to an improvement of the tensile strength. Mechanical performance of all the materials with of treated sediments NOVOSOL(r) evaluated by index of elastic quality is better than that of the reference material. .
Bresson, Alexa. "Proposition d'une méthode de conception des chaussées revêtues de pavés de béton en zone urbaine et nordique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27369/27369.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGaborit, Philippe. "Comportement thermo-mécanique de structures de chaussées bitumineuses." Thesis, Vaulx-en-Velin, Ecole nationale des travaux publics, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENTP0004.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis was conducted into a parnership between ENTPE university of Lyon, AREA and Eiffage Travaux Publics. Current methods of determination and prediction of damage to highway pavement structures are unreliable and need to be improved. The aim of the thesis is to establish an back analysis procedure from the deflection measurements fiving access to material behavior parameters of each pavement layers. A first step is to define more precisely the states of stress and deformation existing in the different layers of pavement. For this reason, a motorway pavement instrumentation was performed near Aix les Bains in France. 47 strain sensors and temperature were implanted into the structure in three layers during maintenance works in August 2012.In parallel, pavement materials were collected on motorways to characterize their behavior. Complex modulus tests were used to determine the thermo-viscoelalstic properties of materials. These results were used to modeling the deformation of the pavement and compared with measurements. Deflection measurements were also performed on the instrumented pavement with a curviameter device. The reseults were compared to modeling. The observed differences have helped to provide a critical analysis of deflection measurements
Allou, Fatima. "Un modèle élastoplastique pour la modélisation de l’orniérage des chaussées à faible trafic." Limoges, 2006. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/93d6406d-717a-455f-a660-0ad854f7bc9c/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0067.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаRutting, due to permanent deformations of unbound materials, is one of the principal damage modes for low traffic pavements. The flexible pavement design methods remain empirical. These mechanistic methods do not characterize the inelastic behaviour of these materials (only linear elasticity is used as mechanical model) and do not predict the rutting under large loading cycles number. A simplified method, based on the concept of the shakedown theory developed by Zarka for metallic structures under cyclic loadings, to estimate the permanent deformations of unbound granular materials (UGM) subjected to traffic loading has been developed and presented in the framework of this study. The mechanical initial states of granular layers are taken into account with an anisotropic hyperelastic model and the calculation of the rut depth evolution with time is carried out. Based on repeated loading triaxial tests, a general procedure has been developed for the determination of the material parameters of the constitutive model. The results of a finite elements modelling of the long-term behaviour of a flexible pavement with the simplified method are presented and compared with the results of the LCPC full scale pavement experiment
Saussaye, Lucile. "Traitement des sols aux liantshydrauliques : aspects geotechniques et physico-chimiques des pertubations de la solidification." Caen, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800952.
Повний текст джерелаThe reuse of soils after adding binder agents is becoming more and more applied. This treatment technique results in the improvement of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the soils, allowing them to be reused in several geotechnical applications. The technical guides "Soils treatment with lime and/or hydraulic binders", (SETRA-LCPC, 2000 and 2007) present the geotechnical investigation methodologies in the laboratory and in situ. However, the analysis of the experience feedback analysis shows some disturbances such as swelling. This research work investigates the influence of assumed disruptive chemical compounds thanks to: -the physicomechanical and physicochemical characterisation of 3 soils of the Normandy region before and after treatment; -the determination of the thresholds of solidification disturbance due to the presence of anions Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, PO43- in soils. The concentrations thresholds are evaluate both from the mechanical performances and the structural stability point of view. At the microscopic scale, the disturbances are studied by the physicochemical and microstructural analyses of the spiked soils. It seems that the four anions have a disturbance potential. But their influence depends to the soil, the treatment, the chemical form of the anion, its concentration, the cure conditions and the geotechnical test. If the introduction of one single anion in the soil doesn’t prevent a reuse of the treated soil in road construction, the simulations of the anions interactions reveal harmful cases of unsuitability, opening on a new approach on the understanding of the solidification disturbances
Nadah, Jaouad. "Valorisation d'une craie du Nord de la France en assise de chaussée routière." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00494527.
Повний текст джерелаMartínez, Juan Luis. "Contribution au dimensionnement rationnel des structures de chaussées souples et inverses : comportement des graves non traitées et des sols support." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20271.
Повний текст джерелаTautou, Rémi. "Modélisation dynamique de la thermo-viscoélasticité des matériaux bitumeux : Application aux essais FWD sur les structures des chaussées." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0031/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe diagnosis of the road fleet becomes a necessary step prior to themaintenance and the repair of pavement structures. The importance of a finer analysis of the results of the non-destructive testing methods can eventually achieve to cost and energy savings for the maintenance and construction. This phD thesis introduces a thermo-visco-elastic model for intersting the behavior ofbituminous pavement materials, using the complex modulus and damping from master curves. The resolution of the dynamic problem is performed thanks to a frequency approach. This approach is particularly applicable to a FWD test on which climatic variations are studied. In situ tests, carried out on two instrumented sites, are used to validate the model. The obtained of good results suggests the use of this model through a multi-criteria analysison deflection basins and of the records for the future development of a backcalculation dynamic model
Becquart, Frédéric. "Première approche du comportement mécanique d'un milieu granulaire issu d'un mâchefer d'incinération d'ordures ménagères : valorisation en technique routière." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-13.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDe, bortoli Anne. "Pour un entretien routier durable : Prise en compte des conséquences de l’interaction chaussée-véhicule dans l’aide à la décision des politiques de resurfaçage – illustration par un cas autoroutier français." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1165.
Повний текст джерелаAs the principal conveyor of transportation, roads are a determinant of population well-being. Nevertheless, the budgets for the maintenance of public infrastructure keep on shrinking in most countries, along with the overall quality of road pavements. Literature has shown that a substantial surface deterioration leads to road vehicle overconsumption - in fuel, tires and suspension spare parts – with financial, macroeconomic, social and environmental impacts. Thus, considering road pavement-vehicle interactions is crucial to maintain roads in a sustainable way: we developed such a method to compare pavement resurfacing programs on a sustainable point of view for French intercity roads.First, an analytical then systemic approach led to an inventory of the stakeholders of road maintenance, and to develop indicators to quantify the impacts of different pavement overlay strategies on these stakeholders. The eleven indicators chosen to assess the sustainability of road maintenance are: the discounted expenses for the road manager; the discounted expenses and the time spent for the users; the road noise and health damages to local communities; the damages to non-renewable resources and to biodiversity for the environment; the national production and employment, the tax collection and the overall cost for the Nation.This assessment model is integrated, on the life-cycle. The calculation of indicators combines well-known methods used in other sectors and adapted to the studied subject: environmental life-cycle and life-cycle cost assessments, input-output analysis, financial and socioeconomic appraisals. We completed these methods with new data and statistical models about road maintenance techniques, environment, acoustics and economy. We sent a questionnaire to the managers of the different kinds of intercity roads in France to refine our models. Based on these answers with good representativeness, we built environmental Life Cycle Inventories and prices of road overlay techniques for the French market.We then applied this method to a ten-kilometer-long highway section in France to compare 5 scenarios of resurfacing, and highlighted few lessons learnt from this case study for sustainable highway maintenance programs. We first presented the studied road section – its characteristics, the current maintenance strategy of the manager – then explained the parametrization and scenario development to use the method, before analyzing and interpreting the results. The baseline scenario consisted in overlaying the road with 2.5 cm of hot mix asphalt every T=13 years period of time. Based on it, we quantified gains for the different stakeholders to change this period according to the following alternative scenarios: “Minimal Investment”: T=19.5 years; «50% Increased Investment »: T=9.8 years; « Ambitious Practices »: T=7.8 years; « Maximal investment »: T=5.7 years.An increased investment would lead to gains in terms of production, employment, environment (health, biodiversity, non-renewable resource consumption) and user expenses. Optima of public health return and user savings on maintenance investment have been spotted around +50% of investment compared to current practices: gains reach up to 700€ for local communities’ health and 4€ for users for each extra euro spent in road resurfacing program. On the contrary, rising the road maintenance investment entails losses in terms of tax incomes for the Nation, road manager expenses and time spent by users.Sensitivity analyses have also been conducted over three parameters: the traffic level, the resurfacing techniques and the speed of road surface deterioration. These analyses show that the more important traffic and speed of deterioration are, the higher environmental gains and users savings are. Moreover, environmental gains do not depend on road pavement materials: almost 100% of the environmental gains or losses come from the fuel consumption dependence on road surface condition
Arsenie, Ioana maria. "Etude et modélisation des renforcements de chaussées à l'aide de grilles en fibre de verre sous sollicitations de fatigue." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAD025/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of the PhD thesis « Study and modelling of the pavement reinforcement with glass fibre grid under fatigue loading » is to characterize the reinforcement role of the asphalt surface layer of a pavement subjected to fatigue loading with the glass fibre grid or « geo-grid ». The fatigue behaviour of the composite formed of asphalt mixture and geo-grid is studied in laboratory with four point bending tests (4PB) performed with sinusoidal waveform, at 10°C and 25 Hz. The tested specimens are 630 x 100 x 100 mm3 beams of two types: asphalt beams (non-reinforced) and asphalt beams reinforced with geo-grid (reinforced). A four point bending prototype device was designed to perform the fatigue tests on the big size asphalt specimens. The device respects the European Standards. The experimental results were used for modelling of the damage evolution under fatigue loading of the both types of beams. The damage laws of the materials are Bodin laws programmed in Cast3M finite element code. Two categories of models were conceived, respectively: one layer beam models and tri-layers beam models. Each category has a model of non-reinforced beam and a model of reinforced beam. Furthermore, Castro-Sanchez model was used to predict damage evolution and in particular the number of cycles to failure correspondent to the two types of beams
Meftah, Rabie. "Une approche par formalisme de green réduit pour le calcul des structures en contact dynamique : application au contact pneumatique/chaussée." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00665546.
Повний текст джерелаVoirin, Jean. "Utilisation des calcaires du Bajocien lorrain moyen en techniques routières." Nancy 1, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2004_0093_VOIRIN.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis work looks at the use of aggregates taken from limestone formations in the Lorraine Bajocian banks for road subbases. Economic studies show that the use of carbonate rock keeps growing in Lorraine, surpassing traditional materials to the point of being the major resource for road building. This manuscript displays how these materials don't cause any particular technical difficulties in this field even though they have a wide range of aspects. However, the formulation must be well adapted and binder use is preferable. The limestone from massive rock has good adhesion properties with the matrix, especially if the hydraulic binder contains slag. A kinetic study of the setting of these mixes proves that standard equivalence coefficients, for the estimation of final performances, used now are not adapted to limestone, which reacts chemically. As to pertains to the elaboration of the limestone mixes, we confirm that the standard gradings are pertinent until an eventual improvement of recomposition methods based on aggregate stacking theory is established
Mengue, Emmanuel. "Évaluation du comportement mécanique d’un sol latéritique traité au ciment pour des applications routières." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10050/document.
Повний текст джерелаUntil recently, in many tropical and subtropical regions, lateritic gravels have been used in geotechnical highway, like for example in the road foundations. With the increase of needs, the recent consideration of environmental constraints and the unavailability of lateritic gravels with good mechanical properties, the promotion of materials whose use is not widespread for various technical or historical reasons is encouraged. In Sub-saharan Africa, the valorization of local natural marginal materials particularly the fine grained lateritic soils, in road construction purposes is strongly encouraged where a better utilization of resources might help insure sustainable development in a particular socio-economic context.This thesis presents a study of the mechanical behavior of a cement treated fine grained lateritic soil for a valorization in road construction. It constains five parts:The first part concerns a literature review of work on lateritic soils. It also presents the work completed on soils treated with cement.The second part is devoted to the description of the materials studied. After the presentation of physical, chemical and mineralogical characterizations of these materials, we present the parameters of the study. At the end, mineralogical and microstructural characterization of cement treated lateritic at different dosages is presented.The third part presents the experimental results of a study of one-dimensional consolidation of lateritic soil before and after treatment with cement at different dosages. The verification of the processability of the soil, as well as the determination of intrinsic characteristics and compaction of the cement treated lateritic are also illustrated in this section.The fourth part shows the experimental results of the mechanical strength of the lateritic soil before and after treatment with cement. The discussion about bearing capacity, the compressive and tensile strength and the rupture and shear strengths constitutes the major concern of this part.Finally, the fifth part presents a numerical and economic analysis of the design of a road foundation of lateritic soil treated with cement at different dosages. The influence of soil treatment on the thickness of the road foundation is examined, as well as the economic cost of the road foundation
Wang, Dongxing. "Solidification et valorisation de sédiments du port de Dunkerque en travaux routiers." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10086/document.
Повний текст джерелаNearly 50 millions m3 of sediments are dredged each year from rivers and ports in France. The traditional solution such as land deposit and ocean dumping to manage dredged sediments is increasingly restricted. The use of sediments in the field of construction can not only solve problems related to sediments, but also provide a new source of construction materials. The present work focuses on a proposed solution for use of marine sediment in roadbed layer by the respect of a general methodology. After identifying the characteristics of raw sediments, the evaluation of marine sediments by cement and lime in roadbed is assessed in terms of bearing capacity and mechanical performance. The effect of cement and lime on soil compaction, strength, swelling, durability and le change in mineral phases is studied. Fly ash can be used for the valorization of sediments because of its pozzolanic property. For treated sediments, the addition of fly ash induces certainly the change in mechanical and chemical properties, which are evaluated by the compaction tests, the bearing capacity tests, the compressive and tensile strength tests, the freezing-thawing cycle tests, the immersion in water tests and the XRD and DTA/TGA tests. The potential of the proposed formulations treated with fly ash was evaluated for the potential use in road engineering. Finally, the supplementary mechanical study on raw sediments and lime-treated sediments is presented. The mechanical performance of sediments is evaluated by using the compressibility tests, direct shear tests and triaxial tests
Attia, Thomas. "Interfaces between pavement layers in bituminous mixtures." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSET001.
Повний текст джерелаTo ensure that road structures present a good mechanical strength, the layers that compose them are bonded together with tack coats. A new device, named 2T3C Hollow Cylinder Apparatus (2T3C HCA), has been designed in this thesis to characterise the thermomechanical behaviour of interfaces between pavement layers in bituminous mixtures. 3D Digital Image Correlation (3D DIC) has been used to find the displacement gaps at the interface. The behaviour of different interface configurations has been studied in the small strain domain, for which a new model was introduced to describe them, and in the large strain domain thanks to monotonic shear failure tests
Marc, Teodor paul. "Conception et réalisation de structures routières à hautes performances." Thesis, Artois, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ARTO0214/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe doctoral thesis analyses certain factors of influence that, through large temperature variations, frequently have a negative impact upon road pavements, especially the bituminous layers, with a view to determine the thermal-physical properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, diffusive thermal, thermal effusion and emissivity) and to design and realize asphalt layers with better thermo-physical, and physical and mechanical characteristics.Practically, the studies highlighted in the thesis focus mostly on determining the thermal characteristics of asphalt mixtures, characteristics which help to combat the influence factors resulting from environmental conditions to which road structures are subject continuously road in the construction and repair stages, as well as during their service life. Due to being aware of temperature distribution in each bituminous layer of the road structure, the stresses occurring from variations of temperature can be controlled. The daily and seasonal fluctuations of air temperature, the intensity of solar radiation, the materials that make up the road structure layers by their geometry and surface conditions are some of the most important factors that significantly endanger the stability of the road structure.Positive contributions have been made on improving the thermal characteristics through designing and realizing asphalt mixtures in the composition of which, in addition to basic materials, flying ash was used as partial or total replacement for filler. This helps to obtain higher thermo-physical properties that have a favorable effect on physical and mechanical characteristics.Based on experimental results, some interesting and in the same time extremely valuable conclusions have been formulated opening a range of opportunities for further research in the field of road infrastructures
Vu, Trong Dai. "Modélisation des effets tournants du pneumatique et des forces decontact pour le bruit de roulement basses fréquences." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1051/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe rolling noise contributes significantly to the noise inside cars. This noise comes from the tire/road contact. In low frequencies (0-400 Hz), it is mainly transmitted into the cabin through structural vibration. The current method used at PSA Peugeot Citroen to predict this noise, is a mixed simulation/experimental approach which is long, expensive and not sufficiently predictive. In order to overcome these difficult, a full numerical approach is considered. It requires modeling the tire vibration by taking into account the rotating effects and the contact with the rough surface. Concerning the model of rotating tire, a formulation of a deformable solid is constructed by using an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian approach (ALE). This formulation is validated by an application on a new simplified tire model which is a circular ring including the shear stresses and the non linear effects due to the vehicle weight. A more complex model composed of tire/wheel/cavity including all the rotating effects is also validated by comparison with experiments. Then the contact with a real road is calculated by different approaches to get the acceptable computing time for industrial uses. In particular, the calculation of the contact is divided into a non-linear static analysis followed by a linear dynamic calculation. The validation of this model is successfully achieved by comparison test results
Cantot, Justine. "Contribution à l’étude de la tenue à l’eau des enrobés : Approche expérimentale multi échelle en laboratoire, d’un système modèle aux mélanges compactés." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDN0009.
Повний текст джерелаPerformance of asphalts pavement are lowered under mechanical and environmental loadings. Among influent factors, water appears to be one of the major element leading to deterioration of the material cohesion. Numerous test in the world are available to evaluate moisture damage in laboratory. However, most of them show poor correlation with field performances. A fundamental understanding is still needed to predict and prevent its effects.Contrary to wetting, stripping is defined as the shrinkage of the bitumen on aggregate surface. It could be one of the road pavement materials moisture damage mechanisms in presence of water. An experimental method was used to characterize the stripping kinetic using a model bitumen/aggregate interface. Additionally, standardized laboratory tests were carried out on loose and compacted mixes. Experimental procedures vary from one to another regarding conditioning process and mechanical loading types. Advantages and limits of these test methods are exposed. Different moisture damage mechanism have been identified using the acquired knowledge from the stripping evaluation on model system. This work also allow to evaluate the discriminating power of test methods. It allows to select the most relevant one able to evaluate several parameter influences on material durability in presence of water,in particular the chemical additivation of bitumen
Arrais, Freire Reuber. "Use of fiberglass geogrids to the reinforcement of bituminous mixtures layers." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSET009.
Повний текст джерелаThis doctoral dissertation was developed at the Laboratory of Tribology and Dynamics of Systems (LTDS) at the Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat (ENTPE), France. It was part of a partnership between the French companies Afitexinov and EIFFAGE Infrastructures. It also had the support of the Brazilian science without borders program from CNPq. The objective of this study is to contribute to the future development of new geosynthetics to the reinforcement of bituminous mixtures. As well as to provide useful information that could allow the proposition of new design method for reinforced pavement structures. To this end, five slab configuration was conceived, four bi-layered and one whole, containing the same type of bituminous mixture regardless of the configuration. From the bi-layered slabs, three were reinforced with the combination of two fiberglass geogrids (50 and 100kN/m maximum tensile strength) with two emulsions as tack coat (bitumen pure and modified by SBS). The last bi-layered slab was unreinforced, containing only emulsion bitumen pure on its interface. The first experimental campaign concerned the characterization of the behavior of cylindrical specimens reinforced by fiberglass geogrid at a small strain domain using cyclic tension-compression tests. A new interface analysis method was proposed for complex modulus tests of specimens reinforced by geogrid. From test results, the interface behavior obtained was linear viscoelastic (LVE) and it could be modelled by 2S2PD model. The second experimental campaign concerned characterization at monotonic axial tension loading. Three temperatures were combined with two strain rates of loading for the tension characterization. The results showed that the geogrid was not highly mobilized possibly due to a slippage in the interface. The third experimental campaign concerned fatigue characterization. Sinusoidal tension-compression tests at 10°C, 10Hz, and controlled strain at different amplitudes were carried out. The different configurations presented distinct susceptibility to strain amplitude variation of Wöhler curves. For the French design method for pavements, according to the parameter ε6 obtained in this work, the geogrid reinforcement effect was negligible. The fourth experimental campaign concerned the crack propagation resistance characterization. Four-point bending notched fracture (FPBNF) test was carried out using beams. 3D Digital Image Correlation device was used to calculate the strain field during the crack propagation as well as its tip. A force plateau, proportional to the geogrid maximum tensile strength, was observed in reinforced results related to the mobilization of the geogrid during the test
Lamothe, Sébastien. "Endommagement d'un enrobé bitumineux partiellement saturé en eau ou en saumure soumis à des sollicitations cycliques de gel-dégel et mécaniques." Thesis, Vaulx-en-Velin, Ecole nationale des travaux publics, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENTP0008/document.
Повний текст джерелаDuring winter and spring in the province of Quebec, hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement could be subjected to sever conditions over their design life. These conditions are: 1) rainfall and snowmelt, which generates the partial saturation of the HMA, 2) winter maintenance requiring the presence of de-icing salt, which acting chemically on HMA, 3) traffic, which acting mechanically on HMA, and 4) temperature changes and presence of freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) creating thermal stress and deformation (thermo-mechanical coupling) within the pavement, and pressure, within the material, generated by freezing water or brines. More specifically, the literature review of this work focuses on the study of: 1) severe conditions such as climatic, chemical and mechanical solicitations, 2) physical characteristics of HMAthat affect its durability, mechanical properties (viscoelastic and fatigue) and thermomechanical properties (coefficient of thermal contraction).An experimental laboratory program was conducted to verify the influence of these severe conditions on the degradation and behavior of HMA. First, thermal testing (-18 to +23°C), including freeze-thaw cycles (FTC, -18 to +10°C) were performed on samples under dry (D)and partially saturated (PS), with water or brine, states. The samples were instrumented with an axial gauge and two thermocouples. During FTC (-18 to +10°C), sample partially saturated with water, compared to those partially saturated with brines, is subject to expansions and contractions significantly greater during formation and melting of ice. In the temperature range from +10 to +23°C, the linear coefficients of thermal contraction of partially saturated samples are quite similar, but higher than that of HMA in dry state. At such temperature range, this implies that the partially saturated HMA contracts and expands a little more than that in dry state. Secondly, the samples were subjected to mechanical testing.The complex modulus test was performed in order to evaluate the damage of samples due to FTC. The test results and rheological model 2S2P1D were used to simulate the behavior of the HMA according to the various states. Over FTC, damage is observed for all samples, butmuch higher for the PS sample with water. Moreover, for PS samples, a distinct behavior is observable below and above the solidification temperature of the liquid. Finally, the study of the fatigue behavior of HMA under PS, with water, and D states is performed. At +10°C and 10Hz, only slight decreases were observed for complex modulus (3%) and fatigue (ε6 = 105 vs 109μstrain) for HMA partially saturated with water. These small decreases are due to the low period of immersion of samples in water, lowers temperatures of water and test, low void content of the samples, modified bitumen and good aggregates used
Dong, Jucai. "Étude de l’effet de la taille d’agrégats sur la raideur des sols fins traités à la chaux et/ou au ciment : des conditions de laboratoire aux conditions in situ." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1063/document.
Повний текст джерелаSoil treatment is a well known earthwork technique which has been widely used in constructions of railway and highway substructures. It can improve the workability of soils by lowering their water contents and improve the hydro-mechanical performance by reinforcing and binding the soil grains/aggregates. However, the durability of the treated soils is still an open question. It constitutes the main objective of the ANR project TerDOUEST (Terrassements Durables - Ouvrages en Sols Traités, 2008 - 2012).The present study is part of the works in TerDOUEST project, and deals with the aggregate size effect on the stiffness (Gmax) development of lime and/or cement treated fine-grained soils from Héricourt using bender element technique. In the laboratory conditions, four aggregates sizes were accounted for (Dmax = 0.4, 1, 2 and 5 mm). To prepare an aggregate size, the soils were first air-dried, crushed and sieved through a target sieve. The soils were then brought to a desired water content, mixed with additive (lime and/or cement) and compacted both dry and wet of optimum of normal Proctor by keeping the same dry density. The Gmax measurements were performed during curing and during application of wetting/drying cycles. In field conditions that refer to the experimental embankment in Héricourt, the aggregates size is significantly larger: Dmax = 20 mm and 31.5 mm for the silt and the clay, respectively. Cores samples were taken from the embankment at two different times and the Gmax measurements on core specimens were performed. The results show that the hydromechanical behaviour of the cementitious treated soils is strongly influenced by the aggregates size for the treated silt and clay prepared in both laboratory and field conditions: the larger the aggregates, the lower the Gmax and the resistance to wetting/drying cycles. The high heterogeneity of the in-situ soils was also clearly identified. A hyperbolic model was developed enabling up-scaling the results in laboratory conditions to those in field conditions by considering the effect of aggregate size. Comparison between the model predictions and experimental measurements shows the performance of the model proposed, provided that the mean values of experimental data are used to minimize the effect of soil heterogeneity
Ndiaye, Massamba. "Contribution à l'étude de sols latéritiques du Sénégal et du Brésil." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00977354.
Повний текст джерелаAlvarado, patino Nelson Andrey. "Évaluation des performances thermomécaniques des enrobés bitumineux à fort taux de recyclage : Apport du procédé de régénération Fenixfalt." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAR0021/document.
Повний текст джерелаAn experimental programme has been performed on three types of bituminous mixes with variable recycling rates and the possible addition of rejuvenator. The mix composition and the production process have been defined in order to perform a comparative analysis. The coating process modifies the physico-chemical parameters of the binders, like consistency, glassy transition temperature, cristallizable moiety, aromatics and asphaltenes rates; the above variations are limited by using the rejuvenator. As the RAP content increases, the compactibility and the rutting of the mixes decrease and the viscoelastic stiffness increases, but the rejuvenation reduces these variations. Globally, RAP increases the fatigue resistance of the mixes and flattens the Wöhler curve. Rejuvenation enhances ɛ6 fatigue parameter; fatigue performances increase with R&B temperature and colloidal index of the binder and as the viscous component of the mixes decreases. The positive impact of a high rate of RAP and of the rejuvenation on the allowable traffic has been evaluated from the structural design of a threelayered pavement. At low temperature, the deterioration of the tension ductility and of the stress restrained failure temperature produced by the RAP, is limited by the rejuvenation; a compromise with the fatigue resistance has to be found. The rejuvenated mixes laid as surface layers on a provincial road have experienced a smaller evolution that non rejuvenated mixes
Benoit, Gaëlle. "Caractérisation des propriétés acoustiques de revêtements poreux par mesures in situ - Application au colmatage des chaussées." Phd thesis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954944.
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