Дисертації з теми "Reverse and direct emulsions"
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Ramos, Diego. "Contrôle et caractérisation des propriétés d'émulsions de Pickering stabilisées avec des particules de silice à partir d'une approche type génie des produits formulés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0204.
The chemical product design approach tries to understand and control the link between the micro-, meso- and macroscopic properties of a finished product. In this approach, the understanding of the global behavior of the product requires the characterization of its three constitutive scales, in order to control its end-use properties and to be able to fulfill a specification, which is generally imposed. This approach is adapted to the study of non-equilibrium and multi-component systems. Pickering emulsions, or particle-stabilized emulsions, are a rich experimental field to apply this approach. In this thesis, we worked with commercial silica particles to stabilize the emulsions. The size and wettability of the particles were characterized. The nature of the emulsions could be direct reverse water-in-oil or direct oil-in-water. In addition, we tested three different stirrers: Rushton turbine, rotor-stator and ultrasonic probe to prepare them. Systematic characterizations of the emulsions concerned the average drop size, the rheological behavior and partitionning of the silica particles between the liquid/liquid interfaces and the continuous phase. We found that the composition-process coupling allowed to control these properties. In a first step, we focused on reverse and direct emulsions prepared with the same emulsification process. In a second step, we proposed a systematic study of direct emulsions prepared mainly with two emulsification processes. And in a third time, we tried to push the limits of the dispersed phase fraction of these emulsions as well as a modeling of their rheological behavior
Ghiu, Silvana Melania Stefania. "Mass Transfer of Ionic Species in Direct and Reverse Osmosis Processes." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000176.
Nelson, Diane L. "Pulmonary Drug Delivery via Reverse Perfluorocarbon Emulsions: A Novel Method for Bacterial Respiratory Infections and Acute Respiratory Failure." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2018. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1147.
Mandich, Nenad V. "Mechanisms of chromium deposition and dissolution under direct and pulse reverse plating conditions." Thesis, Aston University, 1996. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/15349/.
Delviks, Krista Anda. "Development of murine leukemia virus-based vectors for more effective gene therapy genetic analysis of direct repeat deletions /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=642.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 119 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
Hussain, Moeed. "Optical Scattering Properties of Fat Emulsions Determined by Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy and Monte Carlo Simulations." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-54284.
To estimate the propagation of light in tissue-like optical phantoms (fat emulsions), this thesis utilized the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in combination with Monte Carlo simulations. A method for determining the two-parametric Gegenbauer-kernal phase function was utilized in order to accurately describe the diffuse reflectance from poly-dispersive scattering optical phantoms with small source-detector separations. The method includes the spectral collimated transmission, spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectra (SRDR) and the inverse technique of matching spectra from Monte Carlo simulations to those measured. An absolute calibration method using polystyrene micro-spheres was utilized to estimate the relation between simulated and measured SRDR intensities. The phase function parameters were comparable with previous studies and were able to model measured spectra with good accuracy. Significant differences between the phase functions for homogenized milk and the nutritive fat emulsions were found.
Eaton, Yatika C. "A Framework for Integration of Forward and Reverse Logistics Into a Single Facility." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1168547069.
Candéa, Tatiana Vidal. "Study of membrane emulsification process as a pre-step for the microencapsulation of lipid compounds by spray drying." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10412.
Food emulsions play an important role in product development and formulation, as well as to encapsulation of food additives. Conventional methods for emulsion production may present some drawbacks, such as the use of high shear stress, high energy demanding and polydisperse droplet size distribution. In this sense, membrane emulsification emerges as an alternative method to overcome all this issues and to produce fine and stable emulsions. Linseed oil has been widely studied in the last years, due to its nutritional composition, being the richest ω-3 vegetable source and for that reason it was used as the raw material for emulsion production. Premix and direct (cross flow) membrane emulsification were carried out using three different membrane materials: polissulphone, cellulose ester and α-alumina membrane. For premix membrane emulsification (PME) the variables transmembrane pressure, membrane material, surfactant type and membrane mean pore size were evaluated. The membrane mean pore size was the crucial factor to achieve emulsions by PME, once it was not possible to achieve stable emulsion with mean pore sizes lower than 0.8 μm. For direct membrane emulsification, transmembrane pressure, surfactant concentration and cross flow velocity were evaluated by means of a experimental design. The evaluated responses were stability, droplet size and distribution and dispersed phase flux. For all the variables studied, only dispersed phase flux showed to have significant influence of pressure. Comparing both methods of membrane emulsification, premix showed to be more suitable in terms of emulsion production throughput and droplet size correlation with membrane pore size, however, in terms of stability, direct membrane emulsification showed much better results. Encapsulation of linseed oil by spray drying was promoted using the optimum point of the performed experimental design and the droplets size distribution has considerably changed with the addition of the wall material to the emulsion.
The EM3E Master is an Education Programme supported by the European Commission, the European Membrane Society (EMS), the European Membrane House (EMH), and a large international network of industrial companies, research centres and universities
Dalke, Trevor. "Data Chunking in Quasi-Synchronous DS-CDMA." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1187.
Löfström, Åsa. "Diskriminering på svensk arbetsmarknad : en analys av löneskillnader mellan kvinnor och män." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi, 1989. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-65869.
digitalisering@umu
Chehtane, Mounir. "REAL TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR DIRECT DETECTION OF VIABLE MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS IN CROHN S DISEASE PATIENTS and ASSOCIATION OF MAP INFECTION WITH DOWNREGUALTION IN INTERFERON-GAMMA RECEPTOR (INFG." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4281.
M.S.
Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology
Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences
Molecular Biology and Microbiology
Tian, Yingtao. "Electrodeposition of indium bumps for ultrafine pitch interconnections." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7122.
Левицька, Олена Андріївна, та Olena Levytska. "Дослідження роботи асинхронного двигуна при несиметрії напруги мережі". Master's thesis, ТНТУ імені Івана Пулюя, 2019. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29769.
In diploma work deals with the scientific research problem of practical direction for the study of electromechanical characteristics of an asynchronous motor with a short-circuited rotor with asymmetry of the network voltage. Calculations have been made to model asymmetric modes in the study of the electromechanical characteristics of an asynchronous motor with a short-circuited rotor. A scheme is developed and a simulated experimental setup for investigating the effect of voltage asymmetry and changing the frequency of voltage on the electromechanical characteristics of an asynchronous motor. Carried the analysis of systems of diagnostics and protection of the asynchronous motor during emergency modes of operation caused by the asymmetry of the network voltage.
ВСТУП ………………………………………………………………………….. 7 1 АНАЛІТИЧНА ЧАСТИНА .……………….……………………………….. 10 1.1 Аналіз заходів підвищення надійності електропостачання промислових підприємств ………………………..………………..…………………..…….… 10 1.2 Аналіз споживачів ТП 35/10 кВ ……………………………………………. 15 1.3 Висновки по першому розділі ……………………………………………… 23 2 НАУКОВО-ДОСЛІДНА ЧАСТИНА …………………………………….… 24 2.1 Вибір і обґрунтування критерію ефективності функціонування силових трансформаторів ………………………………………………………………… 24 2.2 Методи розрахунку надійності відновлювальних систем, побудованих на базі теорії масового обслуговування ………………………………..……... 27 2.3 Розрахунок надійності силових трансформаторів за даними їх експлуатації ……………………………………………………………………… 34 2.4 Висновки по другому розділі …………………………………….………… 37 3 ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНА ЧАСТИНА ………..……………….…………………… 39 3.1 Розрахунок електричних навантажень …………….………………………. 39 3.2 Розрахунок навантажень на ділянках КЛ-10 кВ ……………...…………... 42 3.3 Розрахунки з вибору перерізу проводів КЛ-10 кВ до ГРП ……………… 43 3.4 Кількість і потужність трансформаторних підстанцій ……......………….. 44 3.5 Компенсація реактивної потужності ….......……………………………… 50 3.6 Висновки по третьому розділі ……………...…………………….………… 51 4 ПРОЕКТНО-КОНСТРУКТОРСЬКА ЧАСТИНА …………...…….…….. 53 4.1 Розрахунок струмів короткого замикання ………………………………… 53 4.2 Вибір електричних апаратів та струмоведучих частин розподільчих пристроїв ……………………………………………………………………….... 60 4.3 Вибір релейного захисту …………………………………….…………….. 64 4.4 Висновки по четвертому розділі …………………………………………… 64 5. СПЕЦІАЛЬНА ЧАСТИНА ……………..………………………..………… 66 5.1 Техніко-економічне обґрунтування заміни масляних вимикачів 35, 10кВ на вакуумні …………………………………………………………………….... 66 5.2 Вибір вакуумних вимикачів 35, 10 кВ ………………………...…………… 69 5.3 Розрахунок заземлюючого пристрою районної трансформаторної підстанції 35/10 «Північна» …………...………………………..……..……….. 71 5.4 Блискавкозахист будівель і споруд на підстанції …………………………. 73 5.5 Вимоги до побудови систем автоматичного введення резерву на підприємствах …………………………………………………………………… 74 5.6 Технічна характеристика вакуумного вимикача BU/TEL-10 …………….. 78 5.7 Висновки по п’ятому розділі ………………..……………………………… 80 6 ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ …………..… 81 6.1 Планування системи планово-попереджувальних ремонтів ……..……… 81 6.2 Планування чисельності ремонтно-експлуатаційного персоналу…...…… 83 6.3 Планування кошторису експлуатаційних витрат …………………………. 86 6.4 Планування собівартості передачі і розподілу електроенергії …………... 88 6.5 Заходи щодо зменшення затрат ……………………………………………. 89 7 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ 91 7.1 Заходи з охорони праці та техніки безпеки на підстанції …………...…… 91 7.2 Заходи щодо підвищення стійкості роботи трансформаторної підстанції за умов надзвичайних ситуацій ………………………………………………… 98 8 ЕКОЛОГІЯ …………………………………………………………………… 102 Заходи по охороні навколишнього середовища на об’єкті в процесі експлуатації ………………………………………………….…………………... 102 ЗАГАЛЬНІ ВИСНОВКИ ДО ДИПЛОМНОЇ РОБОТИ …...........……….... 107 ПЕРЕЛІК ПОСИЛАНЬ ……………………………………………………….. 109
Ghamri, Walid. "Dépollution des eaux usées contaminées par les produits pharmaceutiques par les procédés membranaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022REN1S040.
Pollutants of pharmaceutical origin present in water are poorly removed by conventional treatments. In this context, membrane processes are efficient and clean alternative techniques for water depollution. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the performance of different membrane techniques: nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO) and forward osmosis (FO) for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants (Naproxen, Diclofenac). The three membranes used are made of polyamide of different natures: aromatic for RO and FO membranes and semi-aromatic in the case of the NF membrane. Moreover, for the FO membrane, the active layer of the membrane also contained aquaporins. The evaluation of the new membranes performance showed a much lower rejection rate of naproxen for the NF membrane than for the RO and FO membranes. In addition, during their use, polyamide membranes can be accidentally exposed to sodium hypochlorite used during the cleaning/disinfection steps of the installations. The impact of this exposure on the properties of the membrane materials and their removal performance was evaluated in the case of FO and RO membranes. The membranes were exposed to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions at different concentrations, different pH and for different contact times. Surface characterization of the membranes (zeta potential, ATR-FTIR, contact angles) showed a modification of their properties after exposure to NaOCl solutions. Thus, it was highlighted that the contact with NaOCl can lead not only to the modification of the chemical nature of the membrane material but also to the modification of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds network within the polyamide, thus impacting the structure of the membrane material and the retention performances. Nevertheless, depending on the type of membrane (and polyamide), different types of variations have been observed. Finally, it was shown by XPS that, in the case of biomimetic FO membranes, the presence of polymersomes incorporating aquaporins within the polyamide was not impacted by the contact with NaOCl. Thus, the FO membrane retains a good rejection capacity for the molecules studied despite an increase in reverse salt flux
Войтович, Юрій Сергійович. "Трифазні багатопульсні випрямлячі з електронним зсувом фаз". Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/41947.
thesis is devoted to the solution of an important scientific problem - the creation of three-phase semiconductor converters of alternating current to constant current with improved energy and mass characteristics. The characteristics of existing types of three-phase rectifiers with electronic phase shift are analyzed and it is shown that a three-phase rectifier with electronic phase shift with a pulse frequency of more than 12 should contain a matching device for balancing the output voltage level. The use of low-frequency pulse-width modulation for balancing the output voltage of three-phase rectifier modules is proposed, which eliminates the use of autotransformers at the input of the converter. Electromagnetic processes in the converter based on multipulse rectifiers with electronic phase shift are analyzed and it is shown that for the considered class of converters it is advisable to use rectifiers with a pulse range from 18 to 24. The proposed circuit solutions of multi-pulse rectifiers with electronic phase shift can be used in the development and design of promising sources of direct current, requiring improved mass performance and compliance with the requirements for electromagnetic compatibility. For example: - In the development and design of promising sources of direct current electrified railways. - In the ground electrical equipment of airports, as an integral part of the ground supply complex 3x115 V 400 Hz 30-90 kW, etc.
Войтович, Юрій Сергійович. "Трифазні багатопульсні випрямлячі з електронним зсувом фаз". Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/41949.
Thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences in the specialty 05.09.12 "Semiconductor power converters" – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2019. The thesis is devoted to the solution of an important scientific problem - the creation of three-phase semiconductor converters of alternating current to constant current with improved energy and mass characteristics. In many electrical networks and systems, semiconductor transducers are one of the main types of load. Semiconductor transducers are nonlinear for the power supply, and its operation affects the network operating modes, especially if the power of the converter and the network are dimensional. Therefore, when designing both electrical networks and semiconductor converters, it is necessary to take into account the effect of converters on the power supply. In power electronics, one of the most common converters is a three-phase rectifier. Schemes of three-phase power rectifiers mainly used for power supply to consumers of medium and high power. Improvement of electromagnetic compatibility in these systems is possible using schemes of three-phase rectifiers with increased pulsativeness. The use of phase-shift transformers or autotransformers is necessary for such rectifiers. The use of phase-shift magnetic elements, worsens the mass characteristics of the converter, and when the rectifier pulsity increases, their design becomes more complicated. Improvement of mass characteristics and electromagnetic compatibility is possible with the use of electronic phase shift in three-phase rectifiers with increased pulsatility. In the dissertation work the structure of multipulse rectifiers with electron phase shift of pulses more than 12 is proposed, which allows to improve the harmonic composition of consumed current by increasing the rectifier pulsity, obtaining a high power factor by using the "lagging" and "outgoing" angles of control. The expediency of using fully controlled semiconductor keys with reverse blocking capability in three phase rectifiers with electron phase shift is substantiated. The use of low-frequency pulse-width modulation for balancing the output voltages of three-phase rectifier modules is proposed. The proposed circuitry solutions of multi-pulse rectifiers with electron phase shift can be used in the design of advanced DC sources requiring improved mass performance, compliance with electromagnetic compatibility requirements.
Lin, Chia-Chun, and 林佳駿. "Direct modeling of applying reverse engineering to fast product design." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/t9qg36.
國立成功大學
工業設計學系碩博士班
90
Abstract The marketing trend nowadays is not the same as usual, the consumers do not have to accept all of the products manufactured by factories, or they will not be satisfied with the product, which has the function of consumers’ demands. Current consumers need to have more choices on selecting products and their requests are becoming variety. This is a quite complicated and unpredictable form of consumer market. It is not easy to predict the trend of market as usual. To the factories, what are their strategies for solving this problem ? How do they face up to the complicated consumer form and the more competitive market surrounding? Furthermore, since Taiwan joined the huge international market, WTO (World Trade Organization), the competition Taiwanese factories are facing is keener and keener, because every factory is standing at the same starting line for gaining the worldwide market. Who could catch up the likes and dislikes of consumers quickly, who is going to win the most share of the market. With regard to Industry Design, in order to conform to the “fast-design of products” and satisfy the tack of “ small volume and variety of products” required to different consumer groups, predecessors have brought up the application of “Reverse Engineering” to establish the curved surface operating interface of direct molding in order to speed up the production of products. This study is conferring how to apply the technique of Reverse Engineering to increase the benefits and methods of quick-design on products. This study is proceeding by experiments, in order to manifest the contribution of the whole study, I adopted a real product as example for digitizing the data of scanned product and imitating in the computer. And then, to utilize the designed planes drawn by designer as the base maps of product, after that, to make direct changes on the appearance of the 3D model which has been digitized in computer according to the base maps. By doing direct molding changes on the NUBS curved surfaces and curve structures of the 3D model, to produce various curved surfaces in order to achieve the” speed production” and “varied style-making” of products, and establish a product direct molding interface by the methods of Reverse Engineering to benefit the designers on designing and expediting the speed of production. In the meantime, while conferring the application of the method, the influences and improvements to former procedures of product design caused by this method will be explained and compared, and expect to find out a better procedure of product design. Keywords: Reverse engineering, Style-making of curved surface, direct modeling
Gao, Han-chang, and 高漢昌. "Anodic Nano-catalysts Of Pt-Ru Nanoparticles By Reverse Microemulsion For Direct Methanol Fuel Cells." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29582646368013572168.
義守大學
生物技術與化學工程研究所碩士班
95
This research is aimed at studies to prepare novel anodic nano-catalysts by reverse microemulsion for direct methanol fuel cells, utilizing the system of AOT/isooctane as surfactant and hydrazine as reducing agent. Different atomic compositions of Pt-Ru nanoparticles were employed for the fabrication of bi-metallic nano-catalysts with carbon black and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as supports to explore effects on methanol electro-oxidation and CO tolerance. Electrochemical investigations involving cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and hydrogen electroadsorption were undertaken to study the resulting Pt-Ru/C and Pt-Ru/MWCNT catalysts to be appropriate for DMFC anodes. It has been found that the catalysts of the composition of Pt75-Ru25 exhibit the best methanol electro-oxidative behaviors. However, CO tolerance of the catalysts studied enhances with increasing Ru content of the electrode, with Ru100 being the best. Experimental results reveal that catalysts fabricated by multi-walled carbon nanotubes as supports exhibit superior behaviors in terms of methanol electro-oxidation and CO tolerance to those prepared by carbon black. XRD and TEM as well as hydrogen electroadsorption show that Pt75-Ru25/MWCNT exhibits the smallest crystallite size and highest electro-chemically active Pt surface area, respectively, thus verifying its methanol electro-oxidation performances.
Cai, Jia-Ru, and 蔡佳儒. "Effect of organic additives on the properties of copper layer obtained by pulse-reverse plating and direct plating." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19081516084701276935.
國立聯合大學
化學工程學系碩士班
95
Abstract The electroplating of Cu has been a subject of recent extensive investigations in the semiconductor processing and electronics packaging because of its relatively low cost , and high deposition rate . The morphology , microstructure , and resistivity of electroplating copper are important for device applications , as these properties can affect both life and performance . These paper presents two experimental observations on electro- deposited copper . Initial obserxation indicated the optimum concent- ration of various organic additives(Brightener、Suppressor、Leveler) was investigated by the potentio-dynamic linear analysis . A suitable recipes of micro electroplating of copper can be obtained . Secondary observation indicated the properties of copper micro-layer using various additive recipes obtained by direct plating , pulse plating , and pulse-reverse plating . Moreover , electroplated efficiency and speed that deposit of copper were investigated using surface profilometer . Surface roughness of copper were investigated using atomic force microscopy(AFM) . Resistivity of copper were investigated using four-point probe . Copper film of surface form were investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM) . The content of additive in copper level were investigated using energy dispersive spectrum(EDS) . Found ,the characteristic of leveler and Surface roughness of prescription 1-3-1(1: MPSA(3-mercapto-1-propane- sulfonate), 3: Janus Green B , 1: PEG 1000(Polyethylene glycol 1000))and prescription 1-4-1(4:2-MP (2-Mercaptopyridine) )is more smooth than commerce recipe , but resistivity is more high than commerce recipe . Pulse-Reverse plating of prescription 1-2-1(2:2-AB (2-Amino- benzothiazole)) is good result , and it is similarity in commerce recipe . The copper film of pulse plating of prescription 1-3-1 is interested to observe , the root mean square(R.M.S) of it (10 nm) is better commerce recipe (72.29 nm) , and resistivity(2.758 X 10-3(Ω/□)) similarity in commerce recipe . Keywords: potentiodynamic , copper plating , polarization curver , electroplate wave form , prescription,characteristic analysis
Li, Lan. "Learning how to learn: reverse knowledge transfer mechanism in Chinese manufacturing MNEs – in the context of outbound direct investment with aim at knowledge acquisition." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/14587.
Knowledge transfer, specifically reverse knowledge transfer (RKT) from invested European company to company from emerging markets, has become well-taken strategy for enhancing company’s competitive advantage and become an important topic for academic research. Since 2010, a trend is confirmed that Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs) employ outbound direct investment (ODI) as a strategy to acquire knowledge and realize industrial upgrading. Tacit knowledge is found out as most valuable asset to company, thus it is also the most difficult in transferring. This research is carried out with specific focus on tacit knowledge transfer to Chinese investor companies. The result of RKT does not always meet investor-company’s expectation. Built on “knowledge sender-receiver” model and the theory of ba, I try to explore a mechanism for better RKT performance after Chinese MNEs invested in Europe. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology is applied in this research. In the end, 10 interviews and 101 questionnaires are collected among employees who work at Chinese MNEs or invested European companies that have actively involved in ODI for knowledge transfer. RKT performance is impacted by complex factors. As an explorative research, we have found that firms’ absorptive capacity, under the environment of high-employeecommitted organizational climate, trust in leadership and other RKT participants, wellestablished formal knowledge transmission channel and similar organizational structure in both Chinese MNEs and invested European companies have major impact on reverse knowledge transfer performance.
A transferência de conhecimento, nomeadamente a Transferência Inversa de Conhecimento (TIC) de empresas europeias adquiridas para empresas de economias emergentes, tornou-se numa estratégia adotada para melhorar a vantagem competitiva e é também um tópico importante de pesquisa académica. Desde 2010 que as empresas multinacionais chinesas utilizam o investimento no exterior como uma estratégia de aquisição de conhecimento para efetuar a atualização industrial. O conhecimento tácito é considerado não somente como o ativo mais importante de uma empresa como também o mais difícil de transferir. Esta investigação focaliza-se na transferência do conhecimento tácito das empresas europeias para as empresas chinesas que nelas investiram. O resultado da transferência nem sempre satisfaz as expetativas das empresas investidoras. Baseando-me no modelo “emissor-recebedor de conhecimento” e na teoria do ba, tentei explorar um mecanismo para uma melhor Transferência Inversa de Conhecimento para as multinacionais chinesas que investiram na Europa. Nesta investigação utilizamos uma combinação de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos. Para além de 10 entrevistas recolhemos também 101 questionários de colaboradores de empresas multinacionais que investiram na Europa e que estão envolvidos na transferência inversa de conhecimento. A transferência inversa de conhecimento está sujeita a fatores muito complexos. Nesta investigação exploratória, concluímos que a capacidade de absorção, num ambiente de elevado empenhamento, confiança na liderança e nos outros participantes na TIC, canais de transmissão bem organizados e estruturas organizacionais semelhantes têm um grande impacto da transferência inversa de conhecimento.
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