Дисертації з теми "Ressources marines – Gestion – Seychelles"
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Sabino, Magali. "Bioaccumulation of trace elements in Seychelles marine food webs." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS026.
Повний текст джерелаFood security, that is guarantying food supply and quality while sustainably managing resources, is closely linked to knowing the biology and ecology of consumed species. In a context of global changes that are threatening seafood safety, it is thus necessary to establish baselines on marine ecosystem functioning, as well as nutrient availability and contamination occurrence in seafood. This is all the more important in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), where populations rely on marine resources for their subsistence, and where capture fisheries resources are the main sources of proteins and micronutrients (i.e. essential trace elements) in local populations’ diet. In spite of the importance of tropical systems in ensuring food security, they remain largely understudied compared to polar and temperate systems. This thesis thus aims to better understand the functioning of tropical marine systems, and to establish a baseline on micronutrient availability and metal(loid) contamination in a wide diversity of capture fisheries resources from the Seychelles (Western Indian Ocean), a tropical SIDS. By investigating trace element concentration patterns at the inter- and intraspecific levels, it was possible to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing trace element bioaccumulation in tropical capture fisheries resources. We thus highlighted the importance of considering different scales (individual, species, and ecosystem) to better understand essential trace element availability and non-essential trace element occurrence in seafood
Sadio, Oumar. "Evaluation de l'efficacité des Aires Marines Protégées comme outil de restauration des ressources marines et de gestion des stocks halieutiques : l'expérience ouest africaine." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0090/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the study of the effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as restoration tools of marine resources and fish stocks management in tropical West Africa. The study involves three MPAs. The first one is the Bamboung MPA, a marine reserve located in estuarine areas (with marine influence), closed to fishing since 2004. The second is the Urok Islands MPA established in 2005 and located in the biosphere Reserve of Bijagos archipelago in the coastal part of Guinea-Bissau. It is divided into three areas and fishing is allowed there with a fishing pressure becoming stronger from the central area to peripheral area. The third MPA is the Banc d‟Arguin National Marine Park located along the coast of Mauritania. It was created in 1976 and fishing activities are restricted. Many AMP were evaluated worldwide and the results are in the main part positive. In tropical zones, the variability of environmental parameters affects the spatial and temporal organization of fish assemblage. Therefore, the MPA establishment in a tropical zone has raised questions about their effectiveness inrelation to the influence of environmental parameters. According to the AMP, spatial or temporal approach will be used to answer questions. Comparison analysis will be used. The analysis of biological data comes after those of the physicochemical parameters that show strong seasonal variability in each MPA. This result justifies the choice of seasonal analysis of biological data in order to minimize the influence of environmental variations.Regarding the Bamboung MPA, the results of global approach clearly confirm that it is an effective tool for restoring marine resources. The seasonal approach shows this role in cold season, but not in hot and wet seasons. In 9 years of protection, the Bamboung MPA contributed to attract big fish in the Bamboung bolon. The spillover effect in Bamboung MPA is not clearly demonstrated according to our results. A downward trend of biological indicators according to the distance to the MPA has been observed especially in hot season and wet season. Similarly, the analysis of indicators related to reproduction does not show that the Bamboung MPA improve fish reproduction. Regarding Urok Islands MPA and Banc d’Arguin National marine Park, the results do not confirm that these AMP are fish stock management tools (improved yields of fishing activities and fish reproduction). However, for Urok islands MPA the observed trends suggest a biomass concentration in the central area, an equilibrium role played by the intermediate area and a role of fish biomass provider of the peripheral area. For Banc d’Arguin National Marine Parc, the inside area seems to contribute to the enrichment of the external area by transferring fish biomass. Non-specific results could be explained by the small data collected in the MPAs. So the idea to conduct a short-term biological monitoring and to analyze reproduction indicators in population level has been considered for the three MPA to find clear results on their role in the management of fish stocks
Diop, Bassirou Masseck. "Economie écologique des ressources marines : Le cas de la pêcherie crevettière guyanaise." Thesis, Guyane, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016YANE0007/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis was to understand the economic behavior of fisheries and to propose resource management policies. The focus was mainly on the French Guiana shrimp fishery. First an initial analysis will be performed on a historical data basis. Initial findings have showed that this fishery was characterized by a strong decrease in its stock, its effort, its production and lead to the closure of some companies. The results have helped also to understand that the production in this fishery is highly dependent on stock and the decrease of the stock is not related to overfishing. Indeed, despite a considerable decline in fishing effort and production, the stock continued to slump suggesting that other factors may be involved. In particular the fishing zone is characterized by an Amazonian environment with significant mangrove and many rivers. The integration of mangrove in the analysis, which shows a decrease in its surface in the 90s did not explain the collapse of the stock. However, the integration of other factors such as rivers and sea surface temperatures have increased understanding of stock depletion in this sector. The French Guiana shrimp fishery is highly influenced by global change, notably increasing in temperature. Moreover, the last chapter suggests that some endogenous phenomena in the fishery, like the congestion effects between fishing vessels, make the whole fishery more sensitive to technology, exogenous economic or biological shocks, amplifying their impact on the optimal business decisions regarding fishing effort. In order to save the French Guiana shrimp fishery, it appears therefore crucial to try to limit the sources of climate change instead of deeply modifying economic practices in this sector, which may lead to misunderstandings by fishermen and local political conflicts
Mariat-Roy, Émilie. "Si les quotas m'étaient contés : les conséquences économiques et sociales des politiques islandaises de gestion des ressources marines : ethnologie de communautés littorales." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0483.
Повний текст джерелаMy doctoral research brings together diverse aspects -social, economic, political and symbolic - of the transformations in the system of property ownership and regulation of access to marine resources following the implementation in 1991 of individual transferable quotas (ITQ). With a view to gaining a comprehensive understanding of the organization of a system of halieutic production, as well as the conditions determining its evolution, I seek to ientify an occupational group across a wide geographical and temporal extent. The aim is to capture, on the one hand, the diversity and fullness of meaning of meaning which fishing as both an idustry and way of life embodies whilst, on the other, to chart its transformation across the past, present and envisaged future fromboth a material and an ideal perspective. With these gols in mind, I consider, firstly, the historical development of the fishing industry in order to shed lighton the process through which marine resources came to be considered as national property, one which involves a comples nexus of interrelated technical, social and economic factors. Secondly, I carry out a comparative analysis of the practices and discourses structuring the forms of mobilization as well as the individual and collective strategies of the coastal populations of seven fishing ports in response to national policies for the management of marine resources. Within this framework, I give detailed consideration to the manner in which the industry's independent fishermen, the flourishing of whom had gone hand in hand with that of commercial fishing, attempt to counteract the effects of national reforms, observing the conditions, forms and consequences of such attempts on both local and national level. This analysis seeks to give due emphasis to the individualization process of fishing and fish processing practices variations in fishing practices which varies from one region to the next, as well as on making sense of the evolution of juridical practices for the regulation of the industry in the wake of the implementation of the ITQ. I bring to light, furthermore, the fashion in which the process of the privatization and commercialization of fishing rights, initiated by public authorities and subsequently pursued by diverse members of the industry, contradicts the principals embodied in fishing laws, a contradiction the significance of which cannot be overlooked
Thébaud, Olivier. "Les choix collectifs de conservation des ressources marines vivantes : analyse economique appliquee aux cas des pecheries coralliennes et de l'exploitation internationale des grands cetaces." Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHES0080.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis explores collective choice issues related to the conservation of marine living resources. Adaptations of the usual economic approach to recent developments in the definition of conservation problems are investigated. The thesis is based on a comparative analysis of an international case - whaling, and a local case - reef fisheries, used throughout the discussion to illustrate the evolutions considered. It is organised in three parts. The first part presents the usual economic approach to problems of collective choice regarding the conservation of living resources. The analysis shows the central role played by the notion of authority in this approach, leading to the question of the nature and origin of the control exercised by economic agents over marine ecosystems. Following a review of the standard approach to the control of marine fisheries, the second part studies the consequences for this approach of the recent evolution of conservation issues towards a greater emphasis on the natural and social environment in which fisheries operate, at national and international levels. The analysis shows that although conventional bioeconomic tools can partly deal with these changes, they are of limited use in understanding the process by which new systems controlling access to marine ecosystems emerge. The third part investigates this procedural dimension of collective choice problems. Using tools developed for the study of sequential choice in other fields, the analysis shows the benefits of a dynamic approach to decision-making, in which conservation decisions are understood as sequences of choices determining the evolution of resource systems. Based on a comparative analysis of the emergence of control systems in the local and international situations studied, an analysis of the collective dimension of conservation decisions is also carried out
Dagher-Pineri, Nesrine. "La Cour internationale de justice et le droit international de la mer : l'accès aux ressources marines biologiques, la gestion et la conservation des ressources." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32043.
Повний текст джерелаBonis, Anne. "L'implantation des installations énergétiques à l'épreuve du droit : l'exemple des énergies marines renouvelables en mer." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS003S.
Повний текст джерелаThe first renewable marine energy projects were first presented during the so called Eole program in 1996, and then during a call for bids on offshore wind-power in 2004. Despite these initiatives and a second call for bids in 2011, only a few prototypes are being tested at the beginning of 2013. This study aims to determine if the French legislation is adapted to this emerging new activity of renewable marine energy installation implementation. The results of three-year research show that several advances have contributed to defining a legal framework favorable to the implementation of renewable marine energy production installation; yet, their legal regime has not been finalized. Nevertheless, a comparison with maritime and coastal legislations reveals solutions are worth considering and possible. As a result, an intervention from legislative or parliamentary authorities seems necessary to simplify the implementation of projects and to limit the risks of legal disputes
Bour, William. "Biologie, écologie, exploitation et gestion rationnelle des trocas (Trochus niloticus L. ) de Nouvelle Calédonie." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20022.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Rhun Philippe. "Le chalutage pélagique dans les eaux territoriales bretonnes et vendéennes." Brest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BRES1005.
Повний текст джерелаNdoye, Ngoné. "Les accords de pêche : manifestation de la volonté des "Etats" d'une gestion équilibrée des ressources halieutiques ? : l'exemple des accords de pêche conclus entre la Communauté européenne et le Sénégal." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT3006.
Повний текст джерелаProkop, Ingrid. "La gestion des ressources marines en perliculture dans la zone pacifique : au Japon, en Australie et en Polynésie française, les leçons de l'expérience japonaise." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA070049.
Повний текст джерелаEven though Japan is the first country to have produced cultured pearls with corporate names like Mikimoto and Tasaki becoming synonymous with the pearl industry itself, little academic work bas been done on the subject with even fewer Works being available in occidental languages. The traditional image of Japanese women divers gathering pearls from the seabed is dismantled in the face of a Japanese industry based on the latest techniques in biotechnology and generating tens of billions of yen per year. Japan's position at the center of the world pearl business bas faded due essentially to the structure of the Japanese pearl industry itself. A structure, reflecting Japan's monopoly of production and distribution, focused almost uniquely on production with an over emphasis on the akoya pearl is being forced to restructure to one recognising competitive production from abroad, a diversification of pearl products and vigorous attention to marketing and distribution in the global economy. The decline in akoya pearl production resulting from a high mortality rate of the pearl oyster reminds us that this industry is dependant upon the maintenance of a marine environment at its optimal natural condition. Production stability is inextricably connected to both the regulation of access to the sea and to the competing alternative usages of the sea which in some cases have brought about degradation of the marine environment. There is a need to readapt the whole pearl industry to a new paradigm: pearl culture is a unique process irrevocably demanding total respect for natural boundaries in the marine environment so as to produce what the market is asking for : quality pearls
Poli, Ange-Michel. "Gestion, gouvernance et évaluation au sein des aires marines protégées : application multicritère de surclassement à la réserve naturelle des Bouches de Bonifacio." Corte, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CORT0013.
Повний текст джерелаMarine protected areas (MPA) are relevant research objects to study territorial dynamics and sustainable development. These spaces can also be application laboratories for implementation of evaluation multicriteria methodologies, to appraise, in the time, management efficiency and environmental governance. So, we present theory and concepts of management, governance, sustainable development, evaluative approaches such economic analyses of projects, direct or indirect monetary techniques, outranking. Then, the marine natural Park of lroise's sea and natural reserve of Bonifacio will be taken as case studies, through their patrimonial value, socio-economic activities, public policies of management, their impacts on natural environment, environmental risks, modes of governance and other evaluation exercises. Finally, we propose a critical analysis of marine management's evaluation in Port-Cros, and present a singular ex-post evaluation of annual fishing situations in natural reserve of Bonifacio adopted by its scientific council and aiding to evaluate the first management planning. We realized an appropriate outranking modelling, providing a more realistic vision of effectiveness than indicators without thresholds (indifference, preference and veto), and lighting monitoring
Alban, Frédérique. "Contribution à l'analyse économique des aires marines protégées : Applications à la rade de Brest et à la mer d'Iroise." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES6003.
Повний текст джерелаThe expression "marine protected area" (MPA) can encompass many names, some of which are sometimes more familiar : marine reserve, fishing box, park. . . Despite the diversity of the cases, MPA usually pursue three main targets : ecosystem, preservation, fisheries management, and development of recreational activities (so-called "ecotourism"). While these three types of motivations may often conflict, they can also combine with each other. However, simultaneously implementing the various objectives implies to take into account the complexity of the effects induced by the MPA creation, and the possibility of conflicts of interests between the different stakeholders. Beside the ecosystem dynamics, it is necessary to study the dynamics of the activities as well as the institutionnal context. The aim of this thesis is to produce an economic analysis of the MPA as a mamanagement tool in the coastal zone, from the point of view of sustainable exploitation of the tempered ecosystems. After having carried out a "state of the art" on MPAs, we enlarge the usual analytical framework of bioeconomic modeling by integrating other activities that fishing. We add to this theoretical analysis an empirical approach based on two case studies : the scallop fishery in the bay of Brest and the project to create a national park in the Iroise sea, which would be the first national marine park in France. These two case studies illustrate two types of MPA resting on different logics : one strictly focused on fishing, the other with multi-use purpose
Leenhardt, Pierre. "L'approche socio-écologique appliquée à la gestion côtière : concepts et application." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066591/document.
Повний текст джерелаCoastal areas around the world are under intense pressures from climate change, habitat destruction, and over-exploitation of marine resources. These different pressures can induce rapid changes in the state of ecosystems characterized by strong changes in biodiversity, with whole ecosystems ceasing to function in their current form. As a result, the sustainability of goods and services produced by coastal areas is no longer assured. This results in economic and social disruptions for populations whose livelihood depends directly or indirectly on coastal biodiversity. In order to understand these linked social and environmental interactions, the socio-ecological approach is increasingly used to illustrate the role of humans in the dynamics of coastal marine ecosystems and the benefits it derives from them. However, the majority of current research remains theoretical and few case studies applied to the management of coastal areas test this concept in a transdisciplinary approach. The main objective of this thesis is to fill this gap by exploring the concepts of the socio-ecological approach applied to coastal management. Thus, in the first chapter of this thesis, we summarize the challenges insights and perspectives of the socio-ecological approach applied to coastal management. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 focus on the analysis of the coral reef resource system and explore the social-ecological trade-offs revealed by a set of multiple driver’s scenarios in order to explore the potential evolution of the main ecosystem services of Moorea island lagoon in French Polynesia
Dubost, Isabelle. "De soi aux autres. . . Un parcours périlleux : la construction d'un territoire par les pêcheurs martiniquais." Toulouse 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU20031.
Повний текст джерелаThe identity of fishermen from martinique is maritime, territory and creole. The social context, inherited from slavery, colonization and from the status of overseas region of france, is built on a rigid social-racial hierarchy, at the bottom of wich are the fishermen. Their world relies on two values. The first one is personnal freedom and success. The second value promotes the idea of a necessary equality amongst individuals. The contradiction between these two moral values generates a strong individualism, resulting from a logic based on social advancement. The ritual combining magic and religion as well sorcery are the expression of the social interactions, a source of conflits and solidarity as well. The coastal communities are actually submitted to a very strong social control. The territory is very well socially structured, with a grouped settlement wich submits each person to the control of people. This social control is counterbalanced by a scattered pattern of work relationships, with limited exchanges. Facing this collective contraint, the individual rejects every thing linked to a status restricting his autonomy, and leans toward pratices wich favor social advancement, disregarding others. The fishing rituals facilate this social advancement, becoming better fisherman than others and protecting himself from their envy. Otherness is dangerous and generates suspicion and jalousy. Therefore, the privatization maintains a social concensus in order to protect oneself from others. The "social imaginary" of the fishermen is built on pratices and institutions connected to a "system of interpretation" which refers to evil and fate
Hajj, Ahmad El. "L'aquifère carbonate karstique de Chekka (Liban) et ses exutoires sous-marins : caractéristiques hydrogéologiques et fonctionnement." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20210.
Повний текст джерелаStudied for a long time, Chekka submarine springs in Lebanon are presented as being among the most important known undersea resources. Never questioned, the first estimates proposed an average flow of 6 m3/s, among them at least 2. 5 m3/s for the main spring during low flow. New technologies developed in France to study submarine springs; their functioning and their aquifer were applied to these springs within the framework of a European project "MEDITATE". The main perennial spring was instrumented for monitoring its flow, salinity, temperature and pressure. First data indicate a minimum flow of approximately 60 l/s of brackish water during low flow. Its functioning is typically karstic, with wide variations of the flow, salinity and temperature of water. During low flow, high salinity is the consequence of sea water intrusion in karst conduits. Many water sites in the area, among them littoral and submarine springs were monitored for theit geochemical characteristics. The hydrogeological basin was delimited: the rivers Asfour and Jaouz undergo losses in their crossing of upper Cretaceous limestone, reaching, according to the season, several m3/s on the whole. Terms of the hydrological balance of spring recharge basin gave an average flow of fresh water 2. 15 m3/s on the whole, in agreement with direct flow measurements during low flow. These first conclusions question the possibility of direct exploitation of these submarine springs. A permanent monitoring of the main submarine spring is required in a monitoring network of the whole aquifer to provide a sustainable exploitation of that important resource
Scianna, Claudia. "Les aires marines protégées méditerranéennes et la science de l'organisation : une nouvelle approche pour évaluer l'efficacité et les performances de la gestion." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4028.
Повний текст джерелаMarine Protected Areas (MPAs) are recognized as tools for conservation and resource management purposes. MPA management effectiveness, i.e. the degree of achievement of MPA goals, is highly variable. Some MPA features (e.g. age) partially explain such variability, but part of it still remains unexplained. Other factors affecting MPA management effectiveness could be detected by applying the Organization Science (OS, discipline that studies the organizations) to MPAs. The objectives of this manuscript are to 1) assess the management effectiveness of Mediterranean MPAs, 2) explore the application of OS in MPA context, 3) use the OS framework for the assessment of MPA organizational features, management performance (i.e. the level of effort exerted to achieve MPA goals) and effectiveness. Ecological and organizational data on Mediterranean MPAs were collected through questionnaires, and from peer-reviewed and grey literature. Results show that Mediterranean MPAs are effective, but the overall variability of our outcomes was only partially explained. No previous studies applied the OS framework to MPAs. Our attempt to incorporate the OS framework in the MPA context is, therefore, novel. Results show a significant heterogeneity of Mediterranean MPAs from an organizational point of view. The studied MPAs displayed a generally low management performance, with relationships between some organizational variables and the MPA management effectiveness. The present research is an important step forward to improve MPA management effectiveness, which has multiple ecological, social and political implications
Garineaud, Clément. "Récolter la mer : des savoirs et des pratiques des collecteurs d'algues à la gestion durable des ressources côtières dans le Finistère (Bretagne)." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0004/document.
Повний текст джерелаAfter several cycles over the course of past centuries, seaweed harvesting in Finistere is once again experiencing a revival and emerging as a promising sector. Beyond socio-economic transformations, it is also faced with current issues of biodiversity conservation and the sharing of maritime space. How can human activity and preservation of the environment be reconciled? The mobilized ethnoecological approach looks at resource management by local communities through their engagement - practices, traditional ecological knowledge, and representations. The aim of this thesis is thus twofold: understanding the dynamics of seaweed harvesters' engagement, and understanding how they mobilize and cope with current issues. Through ethnographic survey and ethnoecological methods, the scientific, social, and administrative frameworks were investigated diachronically to understand the context and the issue. The identity of the collectors were studied through both 'administrative statuses' as well as five profiles that emerged from the data. This diversity in forms of engagement is reflected in the sensory perceptions mobilized during harvesting, in the vernacular classifications of seaweed, and in how space is apprehended. The analysis of these three dimensions reveals a rich body of 'intimate', 'embodied', and 'situated' knowledge that is inextricable from practices relating to seaweed, aquatic environments, and ecosystem dynamics. Finally, various elements across knowledge and representations shed light on conflicts and illustrate the influence of science and industry on collectors. The climate event that took place during the winter of 2013–2014, for example, left an impact on seaweed resources and forced collectors to adapt. It revealed the interplay between actors of the various sectors and the composite (or even hybrid) nature of their engagement, a first step towards co-management
Bayeba, Marina Céline. "Gestion intégrée des zones côtières en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas de la Côte d'Ivoire." Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0551.
Повний текст джерелаThe coastline is the subject of a very important economic, social and environmental issue. Its abusive exploitation makes it vulnerable, and exposes it to hazards reducing the hability of coastal ecosystems to preserve and maintain themselves. For the management of its coastline, Côte d'Ivoire has ratified almost all the Conventions and International agreements advocating the integrated management of this area. This objective is not easy to achieve because of this initial management sectorized but also because the fragmentation of skills and the lack of connection between the various issues related to conservation and protection of ecosystems benefits, cultural and economics of coastal areas. The search for coordination and coherence at the institutional, politicaln economic and legal levels is essential. Actions have been led, the adoption in 2014 of the law on the coast and the adoption of the new maritime code. These actions to be perfected must allow everyone to participate and facilitate access to justice
Hernandez, Perez Sara. "Que faut-il choisir entre une gestion centralisée et un système d’autogestion base sur des mécanismes de marché pour réduire le trafic illégal des espèces faunistiques sauvages : analyse comparative économique et institutionnelle appliquée aux tortues marines en Colombie." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100206/document.
Повний текст джерелаFor over 30 years, Colombia built its national policy to protect wildlife species against the illegal traffic. The national institutional framework was strengthened by the ratification of the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of flora and fauna threatened with extinction) in 1981. However, this institutional framework is not sufficient to curb the illegal trade of marine turtles species. Despite some success to protect and recover some species, what really matters is the effectiveness of the national policy to conserve wildlife species. Hence my proposal to design and implement a cap and trade system based on transferable quotas decreasing in time, reinforced by contractual arrangements. This self-organized system aims at having zero catches level and enhance conformity and cooperation within the environmental regulation. This thesis aims to compare the efficacy of these two modes of governance to reduce the illegal trade of sea turtles based on the following criteria: the environmental performance, economic efficiency and social equity. I pursuit by estimating the corresponding transaction costs to show that the variation in the structure of transaction costs and the distribution of these costs among stakeholders affect the final performance of the institutional framework. Cost-benefit analysis was performed to justify institutional change, in addition to the analysis of transaction costs. This study is located in the north of Colombia, an area of 30 km, indigenous Wayuu territory, being more concerned with the illegal green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)
Bourjea, Jérôme. "Structure et connectivité de la mégafaune marine à l'échelle d’une région océanique : enjeux pour la gestion durable des tortues vertes dans l'océan Indien occidental." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0015/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is a comprehensive work aiming to improve scientific knowledge on the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in order to provide key scientific evidences needed for the implementation of coherent and effective management measures to protect at the Western Indian Ocean scale this threatened species. In a first step, this work aimed to established baseline data on the abundance of green turtles nesting females and long term trends of some key nesting populations of the region by applying different modelling methods. In a second step, this work determined the regional genetic structure of this species and the relationships that exists between the different populations. Finally, the conservation of marine turtles being closely dependant to external pressures, this work tried to characterize theanthropogenic pressures they face, more specifically those related to fishing activities. All these results allowed unraveling some key gaps on the biology and ecology of the green turtle in the region and led to a global vision of the conservation status of this species in the Western Indian Ocean. The compilation of the results enabled the identification of regional priority areas for protection, but also some more specific threatened sites such as Europa. Finally, this synthesis shedslight on research priorities and scientific approaches to be promote in the future to unlock other keyscientific issues and refine conservation priorities, not only of marine turtles, but also of marine megafauna as a whole
Maufroy, Alexandra. "Drifting Fish Aggregating Devices of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans : modalities of use, fishing efficiency and potential management." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT150/document.
Повний текст джерелаSince the mid 1990s, the use of drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (dFADs) by purse seiners, artificial objects specifically designed to aggregate fish, has become an important mean of catching tropical tunas. In recent years, the massive deployments of dFADs, as well as the massive use of tracking devices on dFADs and natural floating objects, such as GPS buoys, have raised serious concerns for tropical tuna stocks, bycatch species and pelagic ecosystem functioning. Despite these concerns, relatively little is known about the modalities of GPS buoy tracked objects use, making it difficult to assess and manage of the impacts of this fishing practice. To fill these knowledge gaps, we have analyzed GPS buoy tracks provided by the three French fishing companies operating in the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans, representing a large proportion of the floating objects monitored by the French fleet. These data were combined with multiple sources of information: logbook data, Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) tracks of French purse seiners, information on support vessels and Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of purse seine skippers to describe GPS buoy deployment strategies, estimate the total number of GPS buoy equipped dFADs used in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, measure the contribution of strategies with FOBs and support vessels to the fishing efficiency of tropical tuna purse seiners, identify potential damages caused by lost dFADs and finally to propose management options for tropical tuna purse seine FOB fisheries. Results indicate clear seasonal patterns of GPS buoy deployment in the two oceans, a rapid expansion in the use of dFADs over the last 7 years with an increase of 4.2 times in the Indian Ocean and 7.0 times in the Atlantic Ocean, possible damages to fragile coastal ecosystems with 10% of GPS buoy tracks ending with a beaching event and an increased efficiency of tropical tuna purse seine fleets from 3.9% to 18.8% in the Atlantic Ocean over 2003-2014 and from 10.7% to 26.3% in the Indian Ocean. Interviews with purse seine skippers underlined the need for a more efficient management of the fishery, including the implementation of catch quotas, a limitation of the capacity of purse seine fleets and a regulation of the use of support vessels. These results represent a first step towards better assessment and management of purse seine FOB fisheries
Vernizeau, Diane. "Vers des pêcheries mondiales durables : contribution de l'Union européenne au concept de pêche responsable." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00990583.
Повний текст джерелаLeroy, Antonia. "Les transformations du droit des pêches face à l'émergence d'un problème juridique : la pêche illicite, non rapportée, non réglementée : Aspects de droit international, européen et national." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0043.
Повний текст джерелаFisheries Law is taking its foundation within the Law of the sea. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea addresses fisheries issues through the maritime spaces it establishes. The fight against "illegal, unreported and unregulated" IUU fishing has crept into the Fisheries Law in transformation, which we are considering here, and in particular the latter's ability to eradicate these IUU activities. IUU fishing refers to different forms of fishing activities or methods, or fishing conditions, that need to be clarified. The causes of IUU fishing and the treatment to be applied to it are of full interest to public Law, particularly when it is looking for loopholes. The content and scope of the principles of international Law to combat IUU fishing have not been fully effective since this type of fishing persists. The main responsibility for combating IUU fishing lies with States, which are responsible at a minimum for avoiding IUU fishing in their territorial sea and areas under their jurisdiction (coastal State) and on the high seas by vessels flying their flag (flag State). The involvement of regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) or other States or the focus on certain State roles such as the "port State" and the "market State", which facilitate or counter trade in fishery products from IUU activities. This has nevertheless led to the emergence of more restrictive international or national legal measures. In this movement, the European common fisheries policy and its law, both internally and externally, have played a decisive role
García, Cáceres Danilo Vicente. "La conservation des milieux marins en droit international et droit de l'union européenne." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010263.
Повний текст джерелаIn an era when every element in our society can be monetized, this research examining the conservation of marine environment in European union and International Law will lead a holistic incursion in environmental law which will include a legal and a socio-eco-systemic approach to the conservation and the sustainable management of marine areas.This study provides a legal analysis of key issues: maritime boundary delimitations, marine resources and management of protected marine areas. It will underline the need for a new type of ocean governance involving an increased implication of socio-political stakeholders. Participation, access to information and environmental justice appear, now more than ever, as the main tools to ensure marine areas conservation and, ultimately, to safeguard human rights.The analysis of international efforts to fight the pollution of marine areas, through recourse to international and European union law is led against its various causes (operational, accidental or telluric pollutions) as well as their consequences. An analysis of available tools to better guarantee maritime security and safety - including through a study of maritime piracy - will allow for a comprehensive and prospective view of some of the international and European union legislations regarding illicit maritime acts and harmful acts against marine environment
Bourdaud, Pierre. "Impact of a landing obligation on coupled dynamics ecosystem-fishers : individual-based modelling approach applied to Eastern English Channel." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0474/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis was to anticipate the effects if the EU Landing Obligation (LO) implemented since the beginning of 2015 in the Eastern English Channel (EEC). To achieve these objectives, it was planned to : i) better understand seasonal spatial distribution of commercial species using on-board commercial vessels observation data, ii) compare them with the final scale fishing effort distribution of EEC bottom otter trawlers (OTB), and iii) develop an individual-based model of fleet-dynamics, DSVM, to be integrated within the ecosystem model OSMOSE to simulate a LO. The usefulness of on-board observation data was proved for a main part of a species sample, using validation from the literature and a geostatistical indicator. Then the comparison of fine scale fishing effort provided an improvement of the quantification of effective fishing effort and emphasized the importance of cuttlefish and red mullet for the global distribution of EEC OTB. In addition, the targeting intensity of OTB was quantified in October using a newly-developed indicator, and demonstrated the attractiveness of the same species, but also the constraint of low cod quota for fishers. Results of the OSMOSE-DSVM coupling show that the LO would have short-term negative effects on fishers' revenue, induced by a large reallocation of their fishing effort to avoid quota over-shooting, but would be profitable in the medium-term. However, the LO would induce an increase of the predatory pressure operated by cod and withing on the other species, which would not improve the overall ecosystem health