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Garoupa, Nuno, Giuseppe Dari-Mattiacci, and Fernando Gómez-Pomar. "State Liability." European Review of Private Law 18, Issue 4 (August 1, 2010): 773–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2010061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: Should states be liable towards individuals for failure to provide justice, good roads, or timely administrative decisions? In this article, we show that state liability can serve three different purposes, none of which implies that the state should be liable in tort, unless other specific conditions are met. One purpose is to provide incentives for state agencies and private individuals to act efficiently. Here, the effectiveness of liability depends on the channelling of incentives down the chain of command to the acting state employee. The second purpose of state liability is to remove incentives for private parties, when these incentives are distorted, as when compensating for wrongful conviction. The third aim of state liability is to allow a higher level of the administration to monitor the behaviour of a lower level. In this case, the judicial system and private parties are means towards the end of generating information about wrongful behaviour by public bodies and agencies. Within this framework, we discuss substantive and procedural aspects of state liability in torts. We provide an economic argument for court specialization in administrative law and explain why the different solutions around the world could be appropriate under local determinants. Résumé: Les Etats devraient-ils être tenus responsables envers les individus pour leurs manquements à assurer une bonne justice, des voiries en bon état, ou à rendre des décisions administratives dans des délais raisonnables? Dans cet article il est démontré que la responsabilité de l’Etat peut servir trois objectifs différents, aucun d’entre eux n’impliquant la responsabilité civile de l’Etat, excepté dans les cas où certaines conditions spécifiques sont réunies. L’un des objectifs est d’inciter les institutions de l’Etat et les individus à agir efficacement. Ici, une responsabilité effective dépend de la canalisation des motivations le long de la chaîne de prise de décisions jusqu’au fonctionnaire chargé d’agir. Le deuxième objectif de la responsabilité de l’Etat est d’éliminer toute incitation pour les personnes privées, lorsque leurs motivations sont perverties, comme dans le cas de compensation pour erreur judiciaire. Le troisième objectif de la responsabilité de l’Etat est de permettre à l’échelon supérieur de l’administration de superviser la conduite des échelons inférieurs. Dans ce cas, le système judiciaire et les parties personnes privées constituent des outils d’information sur le comportement fautif des institutions et services publics. Dans ce contexte, il est discuté les aspects matériels et procéduraux de la responsabilité civile de l’Etat. Cet article fournit un argument économique en faveur de cours et tribunaux spécialisés en droit administratif et envisage la possibilité d’adapter les différentes solutions appliquées dans le monde à des facteurs locaux.
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Tanovich, David M. "Learning to Act Like a Lawyer: A Model Code of Professional Responsibility for Law Students." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 27, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v27i1.4564.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Law students are the future of the legal profession. How well prepared are they when they leave law school to assume the professional and ethical obligations that they owe themselves, the profession and the public? This question has led to a growing interest in Canada in the teaching of legal ethics. It is also led to a greater emphasis on the development of clinical and experiential learning as exemplified in the scholarship and teaching of Professor Rose Voyvodic. Less attention, however, has been placed on identifying the general ethical responsibilities of law students when not working in a clinic or other legal context. This can be seen in the presence of very few Canadian articles exploring the issue, and more significantly, in the paucity of law school discipline policies or codes of conduct that set out the professional obligations owed by law students. This article develops an idea that Professor Voyvodic and I talked about on a number of occasions. It argues that all law schools should have a code of conduct which is separate and distinct from their general University code and which resembles, with appropriate modifications, the relevant set of rules of professional responsibility law students will be bound by when called to the Bar. A student code of conduct which educates law students about their professional obligations is an important step in deterring such conduct while in law school and preparing students for ethical practice. The idea of a law school code of professional responsibility raises a number of questions. Why is it necessary for law schools to have their own student code of conduct? The article provides a threefold response. First, law students are members of the legal profession and a code of conduct should reflect this. Second, it must be relevant and comprehensive in order to ensure that it can inspire students to be ethical lawyers. And, third, as a practical matter, the last few years have witnessed a number of incidents at law schools that raise serious issues about the professionalism of law students. They include, for example, the UofT marks scandal, the Windsor first year blog and the proliferation of blogs like www.lawstudents.ca and www.lawbuzz.ca with gratuitous, defamatory and offensive entries. It is not clear that all of this conduct would be caught by University codes of conduct which often limit their reach to on campus behaviour or University sanctioned events. What should a law school code of professional responsibility look like and what ethical responsibilities should it identify? For example, should there be a mandatory pro bono obligation on students or a duty to report misconduct. The last part of the article addresses this question by setting out a model code of professional responsibility for law students.Les étudiants et étudiantes en droit constituent l’avenir de la profession juridique. Comment bien préparés sont-ils lorsqu’ils quittent la faculté de droit pour assumer leurs obligations professionnelles et éthiques envers eux-mêmes, envers la profession et envers le public? Cette question a mené à un intérêt grandissant au Canada à l’enseignement de l’éthique juridique. Elle a aussi mené à plus d’emphase sur le développement de formation clinique et expérientielle tel que l’exemplifie le savoir et l’enseignement de la professeure Rose Voyvodic. Toutefois, moins d’attention a été consacrée à identifier les responsabilités éthiques générales d’étudiants et étudiantes en droit lorsqu’ils n’oeuvrent pas dans une clinique ou dans un autre contexte légal. Cela se voit dans les faits qu’il y a très peu d’articles canadiens qui portent sur la question, et, de plus grande importance, qu’il y a pénurie, au sein de facultés de droit, de politiques disciplinaires ou de codes déontologiques qui présentent les obligations professionnelles d’étudiants et étudiantes en droit. Cet article développe une idée que j’ai discuté avec la professeure Voyvodic à un nombre d’occasions. Il soutient que toutes les facultés de droit devraient avoir un code déontologique séparé et distinct du code général de leur université et qui ressemble, avec les modifications appropriées, à l’ensemble pertinent de règlements de responsabilité professionnelle que devront respecter les étudiants et étudiantes en droit lorsqu’ils seront reçus au barreau. Un code déontologique étudiant qui renseigne les étudiants et étudiantes au sujet de leurs obligations professionnelles est une étape importante pour dissuader une telle conduite pendant qu’ils sont à la faculté et pour les préparer en vue d’une pratique fondée sur l’éthique. Le concept d’un code de responsabilité professionnelle pour une faculté de droit soulève un nombre de questions. Pourquoi est-ce nécessaire que les facultés de droit aient leur propre code déontologique? L’article répond en trois temps. D’abord, les étudiants et étudiantes en droit font partie de la profession juridique et un code déontologique devrait refléter cela. Deuxièmement, il doit être pertinent et compréhensif afin d’assurer qu’il puisse inspirer les étudiants et étudiantes à être des avocats qui suivent les normes d’éthique. Et troisièmement, d’ordre pratique, au cours des quelques dernières années, on a été témoins d’un nombre d’incidents à des facultés de droit qui soulèvent des questions importantes en rapport avec le professionnalisme d’étudiants et d’étudiantes en droit. Ils incluent, par exemple, le scandale au sujet de notes à l’université de Toronto, les blogues de la première année à Windsor et la prolifération de blogues tels que www.lawstudents.ca et www. lawbuzz.ca contenant des commentaires injustifiés, diffamatoires et offensifs. Il n’est pas clair si tous ces comportements seraient captés par des codes déontologiques universitaires dont la portée se limite souvent au comportement sur campus ou aux événements sanctionnés par l’université. Quel aspect devrait présenter un code de responsabilité professionnelle pour une faculté de droit et quelles responsabilités éthiques devrait-il identifier? Par exemple, devrait-il y avoir une obligation pro bono impérative pour les étudiants et étudiantes ou le devoir de rapporter une mauvaise conduite. La dernière partie de l’article porte sur cette question en présentant un modèle de code de responsabilité professionnelle pour les étudiants et étudiantes en droit.
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Vicente, Lécia. "Un-consented Transfers of Shares: A Comparative Perspective." European Company Law 9, Issue 6 (January 21, 2012): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2012050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Both Portuguese Commercial Companies Code and the Italian Civil Code provide default rules for the transfer of shares in the Portuguese sociedade por quotas and the Italian società a responsabilità limitata, respectively. The Portuguese rule Article 228(2) establishes as a restriction on transfers the requirement of consent of the company to those transfers, whilst the Italian rule Article 2469 makes shares freely transferable. An analysis of articles of association of both Italian and Portuguese companies suggests that shareholders often introduce restrictions on transfers of shares. However, a sample of disputes over un-consented transfers in Portuguese and Italian courts shows that shareholders frequently do not abide by these rules they themselves have created and that they frequently ignore the default rules they have not opted out from.
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Riznyk, O. R. "The social conditioning of criminal responsibility for illegal deprivation of liberty." Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, no. 59 (June 30, 2022): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.59.178-190.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Personal freedom is an inalienable property of a person embedded in his very essence, it is the embodiment of individuality and self-sufficiency of everyone, a normal condition for the development of an individual and society as a whole. We suggest that socially dangerous acts, which are provided by art. 146, 1461, 147, 149, 151, 349, 3491, 371, 444 of Criminal Code of Ukraine.Every time, researching the issue of the existence of criminal responsability and the forms of its implementation, scientists do not bypass the question of the social conditioning of these legal phenomena. In modern conditions of globalization, all civilized countries are trying to build their legislation, including criminal legislation, and, accordingly, to develop a system of countermeasures against socially dangerous acts, based on international normative acts. The international legal need to establish criminal law prohibitions in Ukrainian legislation depends on the international obligations that Ukraine has assumed before the international community. In accordance with such obligations, national legislation must be brought into line with the requirements and recommendations established in international legal documents to which Ukraine is a party. All these conventions establish the right of a person to personal freedom. In addition, some of them contain provisions on the need to establish criminal responsability and punishment for crimes related to illegal deprivation of liberty.Characterizing the criminally illegal acts connected with illegal deprivation of liberty to date, and analyzing in detail their crime-forming features, one should talk about their social danger. And the nature and degree of public danger of such criminally illegal acts is determined by the value of the entire system of criminal law protection objects, which are negatively affected.
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Andreu-Pinillos, Alberto, José-Luis Fernández-Fernández, and Joaquín Fernández-Mateo. "Corporate governance in sustainability indexes: a Spanish case study." Revista de Comunicación 19, no. 2 (September 11, 2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26441/rc19.2-2020-a1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, corporate governance and corporate social responsibility have come closer in academic research, and especially on sustainability indexes. In fact, the most significant indexes handle the matter of corporate governance along with other environmental and social criteria. The purpose of this study is to find out if all the variables included in the corporate governance dimension on the above mentioned indicators are equally relevant and material for both corporate social responsability and corporate governance. To carry out the study, a sample of academics and professionals from Spanish universities and businesses sector was taken. We defend the plausible hypothesis that not all items included within corporate governance dimension on sustainability indexes are homogeneous and interchangeable and, therefore, equally relevant. As a result, the measurements provided by these indexes may not be truly representative.
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Marotta, Giuseppe, and Concetta Nazzaro. "Responsabilitŕ sociale e creazione di valore nell'impresa agroalimentare: nuove frontiere di ricerca." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 1 (May 2012): 13–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2012-001002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Agri-food enterprises are rethinking their traditional economic, productive and organizational schemes based on the new sustainability models. In the light of the new value creation patterns these enterprises are also reshaping their relationships with the other agri-food stakeholders by adopting socially responsible behaviour. In this widely changed but still evolving context, agri-food enterprises have therefore been demonstrating socially responsible attitudes towards the common good and social welfare leading to a new business ethical dimension, known as social responsibility. A new vision of agri-food enterprises is therefore established. In fact, they are reconsidered as a set of tangible and intangible value chains and their related governance structures, the composition and extent there of being determined by specific groups of variables which create an "optimal value portfolio". In the light of this analytical perspectives, the aim of this paper is to contribute to the theoretical agricultural economic debate and analyse social responsibility as a sustainability strategy and value creation means for agri-food enterprises and as a competitive factor within developed economies. Hence the theoretical-methodological approach of this paper has defined new interpretation models of sustainable agri-food enterprises and their related strategic behaviour which is ethically driven and adopted for value creation purposes in the light of the current social, economic, environmental and territorial issues. The theoretical and methodological results thus provide a further development in the analysis of value creation models in agri-food systems by opening new research avenues. Moreover, they also offer new insights for policy makers and practitioners as they contribute to the debate on the role of policies to support enterprises' socially responsible actions and the definition of new guidelines for agri-food system actors.
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De Barros Leal, Mayka Marques Paes. "AS TRAGÉDIAS SOCIOAMBIENTAIS NO BRASIL: A EMERGÊNCIA DA RESPONSABILIZAÇÃO DAS EMPRESAS MINERADORAS FRENTE À VIOLAÇÃO DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS." Revista Eletrônica Direito e Política 16, no. 1 (May 4, 2021): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/rdp.v16n1.p157-180.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
RESUMOO presente artigo analisa as violações aos direitos humanos provocados pelas mineradoras proprietárias das barragens de Mariana e Brumadinho e demonstra a necessidade de responsabilização das empresas inclusive no âmbito internacional. Para tanto se faz necessário, primeiramente, abordar qual foi a dimensão da tragédia em Mariana, esclarecendo quais foram as medidas recomendadas e tomadas que se mostrarem insuficientes para evitar que uma nova tragédia ocorresse em Brumadinho de dimensões ainda maiores quando olhamos a morbidade. Será demonstrado que em ambas as tragédias fora afastado por parte da empresa exploradora de minérios, no que tange a indenização, o principio da centralidade do sofrimento da vítima. Depois, será defendido a necessidade de superação do paradigma estatocêntrico, responsabilizando as empresas transnacionais e o Estado, solidariamente, para que haja uma efetiva proteção aos direitos humanos. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa bibliográfica, com utilização de artigos e livros publicados.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direitos Humanos; Empresas mineradoras; Responsabilidade Internacional; Mariana; Brumadinho.ABSTRACTThis article analyses the human rights violations caused by mining companies of Mariana´s and Brumadinho´s dam and shows the need of companies´ liability including internacional scope. At first, it is necessary to approach the dimension of the tragedy in Mariana, clarifying the recommended and taken actions that were inadequate to avoid that a new disaster happened in Brumadinho, a bigger disaster in terms of morbidity. It will be demonstrated that in both tragedies were removed the centrality principle of victims´suffering by the mining companies, in relation to the indemnity. Afterwards, it will be defended the need for overcoming the state-centred paradigma taking full responsability of transnational companies and the State, severally liable, to provide an efective protection to the human rights. The methodology used was bibliographic research, using published articles and books. KEY-WORDS: Human rights; mining companies; International responsability; Mariana; Brumadinho.
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Palmieri, Joelle. "Crise, Genre et TIC: Recette pour une Schizophrénie Prononcée - L’Exemple de L’Afrique du Sud." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 8, no. 2 (August 28, 2010): 285–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v8i2.141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A l’heure de la crise économique mondiale, des femmes assument encore plus chaque jour, différemment selon les régions, et en particulier en Afrique du Sud, la responsabilité du rôle de re-production et de production. Elles assurent les soins de la famille au quotidien, en matière de santé, éducation, nutrition, assainissement… Cette responsabilité, invisible, si elle était mise en lumière, notamment via les TIC, défierait un universalisme dominant, notamment en faisant émerger des savoirs ordinaires, non savants. Pourtant, cette option ne semble pas encore à l’ordre du jour, bien au contraire. Les organisations de femmes nouent avec la société portée et accélérée par la communication et l’information, une relation de subordination, par fatalisme ou ignorance. Aussi, développer des formes de citoyenneté directe, en adéquation avec une définition corrigée de la démocratie, engage à interroger l’hypothèse d’une triangulaire politique, économique et informationnelle, ancrée dans l’articulation des sphères privée et publique. With the global economic crisis, women still assume the brunt of the responsibility for re-production and production,differently in different regions, and in particular in South Africa. They daily provide care for the family, including health,education, nutrition, and sanitation. This invisible responsibility, if it were brought to light, thanks, in particular, to ICT, wouldchallenge a dominant universalism, by highlighting common, every day and not scientific, knowledge. However, this optionis not yet on the horizon; quite the contrary: women's organizations, whether out of fatalism or ignorance, establish relations of subordination with the society supported by and accelerated through communication and information. Developing forms of direct citizenship, in line with a revised definition of democracy, questions the hypothesis of a political, economic andinformational triangular, which is rooted in the intersection of private and public spheres.
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Palmieri, Joelle. "Crise, Genre et TIC: Recette pour une Schizophrénie Prononcée - L’Exemple de L’Afrique du Sud." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 8, no. 2 (August 28, 2010): 285–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/vol8iss2pp285-309.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A l’heure de la crise économique mondiale, des femmes assument encore plus chaque jour, différemment selon les régions, et en particulier en Afrique du Sud, la responsabilité du rôle de re-production et de production. Elles assurent les soins de la famille au quotidien, en matière de santé, éducation, nutrition, assainissement… Cette responsabilité, invisible, si elle était mise en lumière, notamment via les TIC, défierait un universalisme dominant, notamment en faisant émerger des savoirs ordinaires, non savants. Pourtant, cette option ne semble pas encore à l’ordre du jour, bien au contraire. Les organisations de femmes nouent avec la société portée et accélérée par la communication et l’information, une relation de subordination, par fatalisme ou ignorance. Aussi, développer des formes de citoyenneté directe, en adéquation avec une définition corrigée de la démocratie, engage à interroger l’hypothèse d’une triangulaire politique, économique et informationnelle, ancrée dans l’articulation des sphères privée et publique. With the global economic crisis, women still assume the brunt of the responsibility for re-production and production,differently in different regions, and in particular in South Africa. They daily provide care for the family, including health,education, nutrition, and sanitation. This invisible responsibility, if it were brought to light, thanks, in particular, to ICT, wouldchallenge a dominant universalism, by highlighting common, every day and not scientific, knowledge. However, this optionis not yet on the horizon; quite the contrary: women's organizations, whether out of fatalism or ignorance, establish relations of subordination with the society supported by and accelerated through communication and information. Developing forms of direct citizenship, in line with a revised definition of democracy, questions the hypothesis of a political, economic andinformational triangular, which is rooted in the intersection of private and public spheres.
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Robertazzi, Mariella. "Giurisprudenza e responsabilità morale: Il "Buon Giudice" Magnaud = Jurisprudence and moral responsibility: "The Good Judge" Magnaud." UNIVERSITAS. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política, no. 28 (July 11, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/universitas.2018.4312.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
RIASSUNTO: Paul Magnaud, magistrato e politico francese operante tra la fine del XIX e gli inizi del XX secolo e divenuto noto con l'appellativo di "bon juge", ci offre l'opportunità di riflettere su un nodo ineliminabile della teoria e della prassi giuridica: il rapporto tra legge ed equitá, tra certezza del diritto ed esigenze di giustizia. Nel saggio vengono ricostruiti i casi principali di cui egli si occupò quando era presidente del Tribunale di Chateâu-Thierry al fine di riportare alla luce un episodio della storia del diritto che può dire ancora molto al dibattito giuridico e politico contemporaneo.ABSTRACT: Paul Magnaud, who was a French politician and magistrate, mainly active between the end of 19thand the beginning of 20th century and known as the “bon juge” provides the opportunity to reflect on an unavoidable issue concerning both legal theory and practice. The specific object of that focuses on the correlation between law and fairness, as well as, legal certainty and need of justice. This essay will retrace the most important legal cases he dealt with, when he was the president of the court of Chateâu-Thierry, in order to shed light on a specific case, pertaining to the annals of the history of law, which can enhance the current judicial and political debate.PAROLE CHIAVE: legge, equità, certezza del diritto, giustizia.KEYWORDS: law, fairness, legal certainty, justice.
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Brunnée, Jutta. "The Responsability of States for Environmental Harm in a Multinational Context — Problems and Trends." Les Cahiers de droit 34, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 827–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043237ar.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper begins with a discussion of parallels between problems of environmental liability law at the national and international levels. At both levels, rules built upon concerns and priorities of another era had to be applied to the complex environmental problems of our times. Both systems have proven to be inadequate in addressing modern environmental concerns and have evolved to better meet the challenge. The second part of the paper will highlight the shortcomings of the international system and the law of state responsibility. They are rooted in the system's focus on the interests of sovereign states and include the vagueness of the relevant rules, the disagreement as to the standard of liability (fault or strict liability), the perception of many polluting activities as « lawful », the system's reactive character, the system's failure to effectively deal with ecological costs rather than injury to state interests. In its third part, the paper will survey developments and trends that may provide solutions to the aforementioned problems. Possible solutions include the emergence of rules that protect the common interests of the international community rather than the sovereign interests of states, the development of special liability regimes for more narrowly defined environmental concerns (generally : ultrahazardous activities), efforts of the International Law Commission to develop a risk liability regime, the proliferation of regimes designed to prevent or manage environmental problems.
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Verardi, Carlo Maria. "L’introduction de la Directive Communautaire du 25 juillet 1985 sur la responsabilité du fait des produits defectueux en droit italien." European Review of Private Law 2, Issue 2 (June 1, 1994): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl1994025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The Italian Civil Code does not include any provisions dealing specifically with liability for detective products. Under Article 2043 of the Civil Code, anyone whose causes unlawful through wrongful or culpable conduct is obliged to pay compensation. The ‘Saiwa’ case (1964) marked an important change in the case law, when the Corte de Cassazione revised its position by introducing a presumption that the manufacturer was at fault. Two months before the expiry of the time period for implementation laid down in Article 19 of Directive 374/85, Italy adopted Presidential Decree No. 224 of May 25 1988, governing products liability. The decree correctly implements the content of the Directive, indeed it often uses the actual text of its provisions. Italy decided not to make use of the derogations provided for in the Directive. Consequently, Decree 224/88 does not set a limit on the liability of the manufacturer. Article 2 of the Decree sets out the categories of products which are not affected by the provisions: products of the soil, of stock-farming and of fisheries which have not been undergone initial processing. In addition, the rules provide a perfect definition of the idea of transformation. The development risks defence is included in the Decree. Incomprehensibly, Article 6, point E of the Decree uses, in place of the expression used in the Directive, the phrase ‘not permitted to consider the Directive defective’, which recalls the defence as it was formulated in the third and fourth drafts of the Directive. Almost five years after its entry into force, the Decree was first applied by a court. In July 1993, the Tribunal of Monza held that a manufacturer was obliged to make compensation for personal injury caused by a defective mountain bike. The judge affirmed that the consumer who suffered injury could legitimately expect the mountain bike to be particularly well constructed because it was advertised as a method of transport intended for use on mountains.
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Papa, Anna. "La complessa realtŕ della Rete tra "creativitŕ" dei fornitori di servizi Internet ed esigenze regolatorie pubbliche: la sottile linea di demarcazione tra provider di servizi "content" e di "hosting attivo"." ECONOMIA E DIRITTO DEL TERZIARIO, no. 2 (November 2012): 221–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ed2012-002004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La Rete Internet si presenta come una realtŕ complessa nell'ambito della quale alla funzione di trasmissione di dati si associano, acquisendo sempre maggiore rilevanza, funzioni legate all'utilizzo diffuso degli strumenti propri della societŕ dell'informazione e della comunicazione. In costante crescita sono anche i soggetti che offrono servizi legati alle funzioni ora citate, in particolare fornitori di connettivitŕ e gestori di applicazioni in grado di consentire la comunicazione e la diffusione in Internet di notizie, opinioni e contenuti. A fronte di una cosě complessa realtŕ, la legislazione nazionale, in linea con la normativa europea, in materia si presenta ancora poco sensibile alle differenziazioni dei ruoli ricoperti dai soggetti operanti in Rete, come fornitori di servizi e come utenti. Essa attribuisce centralitŕ, soprattutto sul piano della responsabilitŕ, all'Internet provider, considerato come il soggetto centrale della fruizione dei servizi Internet, pur nella tripartizione ora prevista dalla normativa nazionale (in ossequio a quella comunitaria) che distingue tra access, caching e hosting. In realtŕ, pur certi dell'importanza dei Service per il funzionamento (e il controllo) della Rete, appare ormai evidente che i fornitori di servizi Internet si presentano come un universo ben piů articolato e dinamico, con prestazioni che vanno a collocarsi nello spazio creato dalla Rete e non semplicemente nella funzione di trasmissione o conservazione dei dati immessi o prodotti. Una prima importante conseguenza č la difficoltŕ di distinguere tra "hosting" e "content" provider. Sono soprattutto questi ad essersi molto evoluti negli ultimi anni. Nel saggio ne vengono forniti tre esempi: siti istituzionali, gestori di piattaforma e curatori di luoghi di discussione. In assenza di una regolamentazione normativa, a livello europeo e nazionale, la giurisprudenza sta cercando di individuare un punto di bilanciamento tra i diversi interessi coinvolti che tenga conto delle caratteristiche e del carattere innovativo della Rete rispetto ad esperienze e contesti preesistenti. Appare tuttavia evidente che l'azione giurisprudenziale da sola non č in grado di stabilizzare e di dare affidabilitŕ ad un comparto che necessita invece di regole, frutto di una riflessione condivisa, idonee a garantire una operativitŕ "regolata", rispettosa dei diritti individuali, della concorrenza ma nel contempo capace di assecondare la profonda innovazione dell'informazione e della comunicazione che la Rete sta realizzando
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Lúcia Raposo, Vera. "I (Won’t) See You in Court Alternative Dispute Resolution for Medical Liability Conflicts: Examples from Europe." European Review of Private Law 28, Issue 6 (December 1, 2020): 1273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2020076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In many jurisdictions, courts and the related tort liability rules have failed to adequately address conflicts arising from healthcare delivery that has caused harm. The litigation model – the classic model used to deal with medical liability – must be, if not replaced, at least supplemented by another model, and alternative dispute resolution is best suited to this task. Because conflicts are resolved in a less adversarial environment than a courtroom and led by people with knowledge of both medicine and law, alternative dispute resolution promotes a congenial procedure, is faster and cheaper than traditional litigation and can provide more satisfactory outcomes for all parties. This paper reviews some of the failures of litigation as a means of resolving disputes related to medical liability and considers how alternative dispute resolution methods can address these failures, providing some examples from civil law jurisdictions in Europe. alternative dispute resolution, doctor-patient relationship, litigation, medical liability Motsclés: résolution alternative des conflits, relation médecin-patient, contentieux, responsabilité médicale Schlüsselwörter: alternative Streitbeilegung, Arzt-Patient-Beziehung, Gerichtsverfahren, Arzthaftung
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Posada-Álvarez, Alexandra. "Apuntes sobre la violencia en los programas de televisión." Comunicar 9, no. 17 (October 1, 2001): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c17-2001-27.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The reflection on the possible effects that television violence may have on children watching it is a commonplace in scientific literacy about media education. The author of this paper analyzes some television programmes and comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to provide a critical vision about what television is and means in our societies avoiding prejudices or fears but with responsability and formation. La reflexión sobre las posibles consecuencias que puede tener la violencia de los programas que se transmiten en televisión en horarios en que los niños se encuentran, viéndola es ya un tópico recurrente en la literatura científica de Educación en Medios. La autora de este estudio rescata este tema analizando la programación televisiva más interesante para los educandos, para concluir en la necesidad de promover una visión critica sobre lo que la televisión es y significa en nuestras sociedades, sin tópicos ni miedos alarmistas pero con responsabilidad ante sus efectos, asumiendo de antemano que no es solamente la televisión quien tiene las respuestas.
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Giliker, Paula. "Pre-contractual Good Faith and the Common European Sales Law: A Compromise Too Far?" European Review of Private Law 21, Issue 1 (January 1, 2013): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2013003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: This article examines the treatment of pre-contractual liability in the 2011 proposal of the European Commission for a Regulation on a Common European Sales Law (CESL). Pre-contractual liability, notably the imposition of a duty to negotiate in good faith, is an area of law in which considerable divergence currently exists between common and civil law legal systems. It thus presents a real challenge for those seeking to find a harmonized European contract law. This article will therefore focus on this aspect of the Commission's proposal and consider, in particular, the impact of its decision, in direct contrast to the Draft Common Frame of Reference and early drafts of the Expert Group Feasibility Study, to omit a general duty to negotiate in good faith and focus on more limited and precise duties of pre-contractual disclosure. To what extent is such a move consistent with the aims of the CESL to provide a second law of contract in each Member State that will be attractive to both business and consumer alike and ensure consumers a high level of protection? Résumé: Cet article examine le traitement de la responsabilité précontractuelle dans la proposition de 2011 de la Commission européenne de règlement instaurant un Droit Commun Européen de la Vente (le 'CESL'). La responsabilité précontractuelle, notamment l'imposition d'un devoir de négocier de bonne foi, est un domaine du droit où apparaissent actuellement des divergences considérables entre le système de la common law et celui du droit civil. Cette situation constitue donc un énorme défi pour ceux qui tentent d'harmonizer le Droit Européen des Contrats. Par conséquent, le présent article se concentre sur cet aspect de la proposition de la Commission et considère en particulier l'impact de sa décision, en contraste direct avec le Projet de Cadre Commun de Référence et les premiers projets de l'Etude de Faisabilité du Groupe d'Experts, d'omettre un devoir général de négocier de bonne foi et de se concentrer sur des obligations plus limitées et plus précises d'informations précontractuelles. Jusqu'à quel point une telle démarche est-elle compatible avec les objectifs du CESL visant à fournir une seconde réglementation légale des contrats dans chaque Etat membre qui intéressera aussi bien les professionnels que les consommateurs, et assurera aux consommateurs un niveau élevé de protection?
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La Marca, Alessandra, and Leonarda Longo. "The project No one is left behind: teaching educational research." Form@re - Open Journal per la formazione in rete 22, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/form-12700.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
School closures due to COVID-19 have brought significant disruptions to education. Service-learning interventions have offered significant opportunities to reduce and reverse the long-term negative effects and to empower the recovery process of pupils in difficulty. The study was carried out with 869 students enrolled in the Primary Education Sciences master’s degree course at the University of Palermo. The participants have been involved in the planning and implementation of targeted educational courses designed for the “fragile” pupils from 33 different schools in Palermo. The primary level pupils were provided with a total of 60,000 hours of recovery and learning enhancement activities in remote mode. Challenging teaching activities fostered cognitive and learning development of the pupils and responsibility in teaching educational research.
Il progetto Nessuno resta indietro: formazione alla ricerca didattica.
La chiusura delle scuole che ha provocato un incremento significativo della povertà educativa ha sollecitato l’opportunità di progettare interventi integrati di service learning per favorire il recupero e il potenziamento dei minori in difficoltà. 869 studenti del Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Scienze della Formazione Primaria dell’Università degli Studi di Palermo, sono stati coinvolti nella progettazione e nella realizzazione di percorsi didattici mirati, rivolti agli alunni “fragili” di 33 scuole palermitane. Complessivamente sono state erogate 60,000 ore in DAD di attività di recupero e di potenziamento dell’apprendimento di alunni della scuola primaria di Palermo. Le attività didattiche sfidanti hanno favorito la stimolazione cognitiva e lo sviluppo della motivazione per l’apprendimento degli alunni e la responsabilità nella formazione alla ricerca didattica.
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Keirse, Anne. "Why the Proposed Optional Common European Sales Law Has Not, But Should Have, Abandoned the Principle of All or Nothing: A Guide to How to Sanction the Duty to Mitigate the Loss." European Review of Private Law 19, Issue 6 (December 1, 2011): 951–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2011066.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: It is widespread accepted that a creditor, who after a breach of contract wishes to safeguard his entitlement to full compensation for loss incurred, has a responsibility to take reasonable steps to mitigate this loss. There are, however, different views with regard to the scope of this duty to mitigate. Here it is advocated that the legal consequences of a failure to avert or minimize a loss must be similar to those of any joint occurrence of a fault of the wrongdoer with neglect of the aggrieved party. This implies that the liability of the wrongdoer should be reduced by apportioning the loss, which both parties could and should have avoided, between them both. Most modern legal systems do in fact acknowledge the assimilation of the doctrines of contributory negligence and failure to mitigate the loss and thus recognize the prospect of an apportionment of the damage. Not so, however, the European Commission's Expert Group. They exempt the debtor from liability insofar as the creditor contributed to his own loss. This contribution presents some critical reflections on how the duty to mitigate the loss is sanctioned in the newly proposed instrument on European contract law. The author illustrates that the provision in question - Article 163 of the proposal - does not provide for an adequate representation of the latest developments in the various European legal systems on this matter. Résumé: Il est largement admis qu'un créancier qui, à la suite d'une rupture de contrat, souhaite sauvegarder son droit à entière réparation du dommage subi, doit effectuer des démarches raisonnables pour atténuer son dommage. Il existe toutefois différentes opinions quant à la portée du devoir d'atténuer le dommage. La thèse ici défendue est la suivante : les conséquences juridiques du défaut d'empêcher ou de diminuer un dommage doivent être similaires à celles de tout événement conjugant une faute de l'auteur du dommage et une négligence de la partie lésée. Ceci implique que la responsabilité de l'auteur du dommage devrait être réduite en répartissant la perte que les deux parties auraient pu ou auraient dû éviter, entre elles deux. La plupart des systèmes juridiques modernes reconnaissent en réalité l'assimilation des doctrines de la faute de la victim ('négligence contributive') et du défaut de modération du dommage, et admettent donc l'idée de la répartition du dommage. Ce n'est cependant pas le cas du Groupe d'Experts de la Commission Européenne. Ils exonèrent le débiteur de sa responsabilité pour autant que le créancier a contribué à son propre dommage. La présente analyse présente quelques réflexions critiques sur la question de savoir comment l'obligation de modérer le dommage est sanctionnée dans l'instrument nouvellement proposé en droit européen des contrats. L'auteur explique que la disposition en question - Article 163 de la proposition - ne réflète pas de manière adéquate les récents développements des divers systèmes juridiques Européens en cette matière.
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Townend, David, Almaz Teffera, and Gerrit E. van Maanen. "The Dutch ‘Cellar Hatch’ Judgment as a Landmark Case for Tort Law in Europe: A Brief Comparison with English, French and German Law with a Law and Economics Flavour." European Review of Private Law 16, Issue 5 (October 1, 2008): 871–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2008064.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: The 1965 Dutch Supreme Court case known from its facts as the ‘Kelderluik’ or ‘Cellar Hatch’case is both a legendary and landmark case in Dutch law. The opened cellar hatch is archetypical of liability for all situations of increased danger. The scenario’s facts have a simplicity which also presents it as perfect for a comparison of responses between legal systems. Over sixty years ago, the American Judge Learned Hand formulated a number of rules of thumb to determine the standard of care that would be required of a ship owner concerning his/her duty to ensure that a ship did not break loose from its mooring ropes: ‘to provide against resulting injuries is a function of three variables: (1) the probability that she will break away; (2) the gravity of the resulting injury, if she does; (3) the burden of adequate precautions’. These rules of thumb are embraced by law and economics scholars as illustrative of the surplus value theory of law and economics. We are sceptical about the practical value of this approach. However, these rules of thumb by Learned Hand are strikingly similar to the Dutch response in the 1965 Cellar Hatch case. In this paper, we undertake a brief comparison with English, French and German law in order to fi nd out if those legal systems give a comparable response to the same situation. Résumé: Le cas du tribunal supérieur des Pays–Bas de 1965, aussi connu sous le nom de « trou dans la cave » ( Kelderluik), est légendaire et fondamental en droit néerlandais. Le trou ouvert dans la cave est incontestablement un archétype de la responsabilité civile dans les situations du danger aggravé. Les faits de l’espèce sont très simples, et sont dès lors un cas idéal pour comparer les différents les systèmes juridiques. Il y a 60 années, le juge américain Learned Hand a formulé une série des règles grossières pour déterminer le standard de diligence attendu d’un propriétaire de bateau pour assurer que le bateau ne se désamarre pas: Pour éviter que des blessures soient causées trois variables doivent être considérées: (1) la probabilité que le bateau se désamarre : (2) la gravité de la blessure résultant du désamarrage: (3) le fardeau de prendre des mesures adéquates. Les règles grossières, sont considérées par les juristes et les économistes, comme une illustration de la plus–value de leur apport. Nous sommes un peu sceptiques concernant l’intérêt pratique de ces règles. Toutefois ces règles grossières de Learned Hand sont très similaires à la jurisprudence hollandaise dans leur cas due « trou dans la cave » de 1965. Dans cet article, nous allons comparer les systèmes juridiques de l’Angleterre, de la France et de l’Allemagne afi n d’en évaluer les similitudes. Mot–clés: La responsabilité délictuelle, danger aggravé, formule de Learned Hand Zusammenfassung: Der als Kellerluken–Fall (Kelderluik–Fall) des niederländischen Obersten Gerichtshofes bekannte Fall von 1965 ist nicht nur ein legendärer, sondern auch ein grundlegender Fall im niederländischen Rechtssystem. Seither gilt die geöffnete Kellerluke in jeder Situation erhöhter Gefahr als
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Troncarelli, Barbara. "“Primato dell’essere umano” e principio di autonomia nella Convenzione di Oviedo / “Primacy of the human being” and autonomy principle in the Oviedo Convention." Medicina e Morale 66, no. 6 (January 25, 2018): 717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2017.516.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A prescindere dalle difficoltà incontrate nella costruzione di un quadro normativo comune sui diritti umani nel campo della biomedicina in Europa, la Convenzione di Oviedo ha raggiunto notevoli risultati a livello bioetico. In particolare, il «primato dell’essere umano» dell’art. 2 è un concetto fondamentale e complesso, con importanti implicazioni nella riflessione bioetica odierna. Da questa riflessione è possibile desumere la distinzione concettuale tra “diritto del corpo” e “diritto sul corpo”, riguardo alla quale la Convenzione appare più orientata verso il principio di beneficialità nel salvaguardare il “diritto del corpo”, piuttosto che verso un’affermazione incondizionata del principio di autonomia individuale e di un correlativo “diritto sul corpo”. Una conferma dell’equilibrio perseguìto dalla Convenzione su libertà e responsabilità, nonché tra autonomia e beneficialità, è offerta dall’art. 9, in cui si afferma che occorre prendere in considerazione, ma non necessariamente rispettare, i desideri espressi in precedenza dal paziente. ---------- Regardless of the difficulties encountered in building a common regulatory framework for the protection of human rights in the biomedical field in Europe, the Oviedo Convention has achieved remarkable results at the bioethics level. In particular, the «primacy of the human being» in article 2 is a fundamental and complex concept, with important implications in today’s bioethical reflection. From this reflection it’s possible to draw the conceptual distinction between “right of the body” and “right on the body”, about which the Convention appears more oriented towards the beneficence principle in safeguarding the “right of the body”, than towards an unconditional affirmation of individual autonomy principle and of a correlative “right on the body”. Article 9 provides a confirmation of the equilibrium pursued by the Convention on freedom and responsibility, as well as between autonomy and beneficence, stating that the wishes previously expressed by the patient shall be taken into account, but do not necessarily have to be respected.
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Van Gulijk, Stéphanie. "Contractual Networks in Construction Services: A Dutch Building Block?" European Review of Private Law 25, Issue 5 (October 1, 2017): 859–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2017056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: Cooperation in construction services in many ways bears resemblance to the theory of contractual networks. From a bottom-up perspective, contractual networks are well incorporated in Dutch construction practice. In fact, the Dutch construction sector shows several frequently used contract models for construction services that largely match Cafaggi’s ideas on embedding networks in contract law. However, these networks in construction practice are not flawless. Defective coordination, information and communication lead to many problems, such as constructive safety accidents and liability issues. A striking example of the lack of coordination was the collapse of a roof in construction of a Dutch football stadium in 2011. Other difficulties Dutch construction practice has to deal with are the vast use of standard contract terms (with lots of incompatible clauses) and the fact that construction projects are primarily project-based and not sustainable. This article has a twofold purpose. Firstly, it investigates the practice of contractual networks in the Dutch construction industry. What kind of construction networks exist and by what means do they function – bottom-up – in practice? Secondly, looking at this practice of contractual networks in the Dutch construction industry, what problems does it face and how could contractual network theory improve its functioning? Network specific elements such as centrality, density and internal liability, could further improve the exchange of information and transparency in construction processes. For instance, applying the network tool density may provide insights on connection and cohesion of building participants, leading to a more effective design of information exchange between network partners. Résumé: La coopération dans les services de construction ressemble de bien des façons à la théorie des réseaux contractuels. D’un point de vue ascendant, les réseaux contractuels sont bien intégrés dans les pratiques de construction néerlandaises. En fait, le secteur néerlandais de la construction affiche des modèles de contrat fréquemment utilisés pour des services de construction qui ressemblent en grande partie aux idées de Cafaggi sur l'intégration des réseaux dans le droit contractuel. Cependant, ces réseaux dans la construction ne sont pas sans défauts. Une coordination, des informations et des communications insuffisantes peuvent entraîner de nombreux problèmes, comme des accidents de chantier et des questions de responsabilité. L’effondrement d’un toit en construction d'un stade de football néerlandais en 2011 est un exemple frappant du manque de coordination. La vaste utilisation de conditions contractuelles standards (avec de nombreuses clauses incompatibles) est une autre difficulté que la construction néerlandaise a dû affronter, ainsi que le fait que les projets de construction sont principalement axés sur les projet en eux-mêmes et ne sont pas durables. Cet article a un objectif double. D’abord, il examine la pratique des réseaux contractuels dans l’industrie néerlandaise de la construction. Quels sont les réseaux de construction existants et par quels moyens fonctionnent-ils – d’un point de vue ascendant – dans la pratique ? Deuxièmement, en regardant cette pratique de réseaux contractuels dans l’industrie néerlandaise de la construction, quels sont les problèmes auxquels elle fait face, et comment la théorie d’un réseau contractuel pourrait-elle améliorer son fonctionnement ? Des éléments spécifiques aux réseaux, comme la centralité, la densité et la responsabilité interne, pourraient améliorer l’échange d’inf
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de Balanda, Flavien Bertran, and Matthieu Béra. "De L'éclaircissement sur le sacrifice de Joseph de Maistre à la ‘révélation’ de Durkheim." Durkheimian Studies 26, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ds.2022.260105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This article examines how the counter-revolutionary writer Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821) theorizes the notion of sacrifice. For de Maistre sacrifice understood as punishment is foundational to all societies. Durkheim used many of this author's works without citing them. At the time Durkheim was teaching his criminal sociology course on punishment and responsibility as well as preparing his course on religion dealing with ‘revelation’. It is possible to explain his interests by the fact that de Maistre appears in Durkheim's core readings for theoretical ‘juncture’ that featured authors concerned with the articulation between questions of penal law and of religious phenomena. This provides additional evidence that for Durkheim religion is at the origin of the definition of the crime and of the establishment of the punishment. Résumé Cet article examine comment l'essayiste contre-révolutionnaire Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821) théorise la notion de sacrifice: pour lui, le sacrifice est compris comme une peine et il est à l'origine de toutes les sociétés. Or Durkheim fit usage de plusieurs de ses livres sans jamais les citer. Alors qu'il dispensait son cours de sociologie criminelle sur la peine et la responsabilité, et préparait sans doute aussi le cours sur la religion, dit ‘de la révélation’, il emprunta l'essai sur le sacrifice de de Maistre. On peut expliquer cet intérêt par le fait que De Maistre fait partie des lectures spéciales de ‘charnière’ théorique, qui renvoient à des auteurs se situant à l'articulation des questions de droit pénal et des phénomènes religieux repérés par Durkheim. On peut aussi, en conséquence, y voir une preuve de plus que, pour Durkheim, la religion est à l'origine de la définition du crime et de l'établissement de la peine.
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Rösler, Hannes. "Protection of the Weaker Party in European Contract Law: Standardized and Individual Inferiority in Multi-level Private Law." European Review of Private Law 18, Issue 4 (August 1, 2010): 729–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2010059.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: It is a permanent challenge to realize the freedom of contract objective effectively, rather than merely guaranteeing it formally. Indeed, nineteenth century private law already provided certain mechanisms to guarantee the protection of this ‘material’ freedom of contract. Meanwhile, a consensus has been reached on the need for a private law system that also provides real opportunities for self-determination. An example of this can be found in EU consumer law. Admittedly, this law is, for reasons of legal certainty, constrained both in personal and situational terms, and by certain formal requirements. However, the new rules against discrimination are dominated by approaches that focus strongly on the protection of the individual. They are supplemented by national provisions that in particular form a counterweight to certain individual weaknesses. The autonomy of national law in this field can be explained by the different traditions that underlie the ‘social’ contract law in the Member States. The differences are especially apparent in relation to public policy, the bona fide principle and the breach of an obligation before or at the time of contracting (culpa in contrahendo). They represent yet another argument against an undifferentiated leap from partial to full harmonization of contract law. Résumé: Appliquer effectivement le principe de la liberté contractuelle et non simplement lui accorder une garantie formelle constitue un défi permanent. En effet, le droit privé du 19e siècle incluait déjà des éléments garantissant la protection de cette liberté ‘matérielle’ des contrats. Depuis lors, un consensus a été atteint sur la nécessité, dans un système de droit privé, d’accorder également de réelles possibilités d’auto-détermination. On peut en trouver un exemple en matière de droit européen de la consommation. Il est admis que ce droit est restreint – pour des raisons de sécurité juridique – par la spécificité de la personne et de la situation données et qu’il est lié à des exigences formelles préalables. Cependant, les nouvelles règles anti-discriminatoires sont dominées par des approches qui visent clairement la protection de l’individu. Ces règles sont complétées par des dispositions nationales qui, en particulier, compensent les situations de faiblesse des individus. L’autonomie de la loi nationale peut s’expliquer par les différentes traditions concernant le droit ‘social’ des contrats dans les Etats membres. Des différences apparaissent spécialement en ce qui concerne l’intérêt général, la bonne foi ou la responsabilité précontractuelle (culpa in contrahendo). Elles constituent un autre argument s’opposant à l’évolution, indifférenciée, d’une harmonisation partielle vers une harmonisation complète du droit des contrats.
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Shockley, Kenneth. "Divergent principles, development rights, and individualism in the Greenhouse Development Rights framework." Regions and Cohesion 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2012.020101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The likelihood that the poor will suffer disproportionately from the effects of climate change makes it necessary that any just scheme for addressing the costs and burdens of climate change integrate those disproportionate effects. The Greenhouse Development Rights (GDRs) framework a empts to do just this. The GDRs framework is a burden-sharing approach to climate change that assigns national obligations on the basis of historical emissions and current capacity to provide assistance. It does so by including only those emissions that correspond to income exceeding a development threshold. According to the GDRs framework, this development threshold considers the right to develop to be held by individuals rather than the nations in which those individuals find themselves. The article provides a critique of this framework, focusing on three concerns: First, in generating national obligations the GDRs framework collapses significantly different moral considerations into a single index, presenting both theoretical and practical problems. Second, the framework relies on a contentious and underdeveloped conception of the right to develop. Third, the framework's exclusive focus on individual concerns systematically overlooks irreducibly social concerns. The article concludes by pointing to an alternative approach to balancing development against the burdens of climate change. Spanish La alta probabilidad de que los pobres sufran de manera desproporcionada los efectos del cambio climático requiere que cualquier sistema que se supone de hacer frente a los costos y las responsabilidades del cambio climático incorpore precisamente estos efectos desproporcionados. Esto es precisamente lo que el modelo de Derechos al Desarrollo con Emisiones Responsables de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GDR por sus siglas en inglés) está tratando de hacer. El modelo promueve un enfoque para compartir la carga relacionada con los efectos del cambio climático asignando obligaciones nacionales sobre la base de las emisiones históricas y la capacidad actual de prestar asistencia. Lo hace mediante la inclusión de sólo aquellas emisiones que corresponden a un ingreso superior a un 'umbral de desarrollo' de finido. De acuerdo con el modelo GDR, este umbral implica el derecho al desarrollo que tienen las personas individuales, no los países en que viven. En este artículo presento una evaluación crítica del modelo propuesto con base en tres puntos principales. Primero, cuando el GDR genera obligaciones nacionales, colapsa significativamente diferentes consideraciones morales en un solo índice, presentando problemas teóricos y metodológicos. Segundo, el modelo se basa en una polémica y poco desarrollada concepción del derecho al desarrollo. Tercero, el enfoque exclusivo en las cuestiones individuales ignora sistemáticamente las irreductibles preocupaciones sociales. Concluyo esbozando un enfoque alternativo para equilibrar el desarrollo contra de las cargas del cambio climático. French La très forte probabilité que les pauvres souffrent de façon disproportionnée des effets du changement climatique exige qu'un système qui aborde les coûts et les responsabilités du changement climatique intègre justement ces effets disproportionnés. C'est précisément ce que le système des Droits au Développement dans un Monde sous Contrainte Carbone (DDMCC - anglais GDR, Greenhouse Development Rights) essaie de faire. Ce modèle propose la répartition entre les pays des responsabilités/contraintes associés aux effets du changement climatique en assignant des obligations nationales sur la base de leurs émissions cumulées et de leur capacité actuelle à apporter une aide. Ce e approche inclut uniquement les émissions de gaz correspondant aux revenus dépassant un certain seuil de développement. D'après le modèle DDMCC, le seuil de développement considère un droit au développement qui revient aux personnes individuellement, et non aux pays dans lesquels elles vivent. Dans cet article, je dresse un bilan critique du modèle proposé sur la base de trois points principaux. Premièrement, le modèle DDMCC confond différentes considérations morales en un seul index quand il génère des obligations nationales, ce qui pose des problèmes à la fois théoriques et pratiques. Deuxièmement, il se base sur une conception du droit au développement suje e à polémique et trop peu développée. Troisièmement, l'accent mis exclusivement sur les préoccupations individuelles néglige systématiquement les préoccupations sociales pourtant incontournables. Je conclus en esquissant une approche alternative perme ant d'équilibrer les exigences du développement et les contraintes du changement climatique.
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MacDonald, Fiona. "Indigenous Peoples and Neoliberal “Privatization” in Canada: Opportunities, Cautions and Constraints." Canadian Journal of Political Science 44, no. 2 (June 2011): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000842391100014x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract.This article addresses the impact of the current neoliberal political context for Indigenous governance in Canada. While some observers have argued correctly that the neoliberal context provides new opportunities or points of entry in the political opportunity structure for “self-government” initiatives (Helvin, 2006; Scott, 2006; Slowey, 2008), I examine to what extent recent decentralizing initiatives, generally viewed as “concessions” made by the state to meet the demands of Indigenous peoples, must be evaluated as part of a broader governmental strategy of neoliberalism. This strategy is not simply about meeting the demands of Indigenous peoples but also about meeting the requirements of the contemporary governmental shift towards “privatization” within liberal democratic states. As such, I argue that certain manifestations of Indigenous self-government are vulnerable to criticisms launched against practices of privatization, practices which include a variety of policies designed to promote a shifting of contentious issues out of the public sphere and thereby limiting public debate and collective—that is, state—responsibility.Résumé.Le présent article analyse d'un oeil critique l'impact du contexte politique néolibéral actuel sur la gouvernance autochtone au Canada. Certains auteurs ont avancé avec raison que le contexte néolibéral donnait aux peuples autochtones de nouveaux points d'entrée pour leurs initiatives d'autogouvernance (Helvin, 2006; Scott, 2006; Slowey, 2008). Toutefois, j'examine ici dans quelle mesure les tentatives récentes de décentralisation, souvent comprises comme des «concessions» faites par l'État pour répondre aux revendications des peuples autochtones, doivent être évaluées dans le cadre plus vaste d'une stratégie de néolibéralisme du gouvernement. Cette stratégie ne vise pas uniquement à répondre aux besoins des peuples autochtones, mais aussi à permettre au gouvernement de s'orienter vers la «privatisation» qui distingue l'État libéral démocratique contemporain. À ce titre, je soutiens que certaines manifestations d'autogouvernance des Autochtones peuvent se prêter aux mêmes critiques que les pratiques de privatisation, qui comprennent diverses politiques visant à retirer de la place publique certains sujets controversés afin de limiter le débat public et la responsabilité collective, c'est-à-dire celle de l'État.
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Mak, Vanessa. "Full Harmonization in European Private Law: A Two-Track Concept." European Review of Private Law 20, Issue 1 (February 1, 2012): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2012012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: This article seeks to elaborate a new understanding of full harmonization in European private law as a two-track concept. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) applies it in two different ways, namely in a 'result-oriented' or in a 'basis of liability' manner. Connecting them to private law theory, these distinctly different approaches bring to mind a famous dichotomy between common law and civil law systems on the way in which they perceive the relation between rights, wrongs, and remedies. The article proposes that a new understanding of the CJEU's legal reasoning in light of private law theory can provide new insights for lawmaking in European private law. Résumé: Le présent article tente d'élaborer une nouvelle approche d'une pleine harmonisation en droit privé européen, sous forme d'un concept à deux orientations. La Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne (CJUE) l'applique de deux manières différentes, à savoir d'une manière 'visant au résultat' ou d'une manière recherchant 'la base de la responsabilité'. En les rattachant à la théorie du droit privé, ces approaches distinctement différentes rappellent la fameuse dichotomie entre les systèmes du common law et du droit civil dans leur perception de la relation entre droits, fautes et réparations. Cet article propose qu'une nouvelle compréhension du raisonnement juridique de la CJUE, à la lumière d'une théorie de droit privé, puisse fournir de nouvelles perspectives pour une élaboration du droit en droit privé européen. Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht, ein neues Verständnis von Vollharmonisierung im Europäischen Privatrecht als zweigleisiges Konzept zu entwickeln. Der Europäische Gerichtshof (EuGH) wendet das Europäische Privatrecht in zwei unterschiedlichen Weisen an, einer 'result-oriented' und in einem 'basis of liability manner'. Verbindet man diese mit der Theorie des Privatrechts, erinnern die sich deutlich unterscheidenden Ansätze in der Art und Weise, wie sie die Beziehung zwischen Recht, Rechtsverletzung und Rechtsbehelfen auffassen, an die berühmte Dichotomie von common law und civil law Rechtssystemen. Der Beitrag eruiert, dass ein neues Verständnis der rechtlichen Argumentationsführung des EuGH im Lichte der Privatrechtstheorie neue Erkenntnisse für die Rechtsgestaltung im Europäischen Privatrecht bieten kann.
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Nardi, Andrea. "PROGETTARE UN LIBRO DI TESTO DIGITALE TRA CRITICITÀ E OPPORTUNITÀ." Media Education 9, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): 252–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/me-8813.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Italia la vigente cornice legislativa prevede nelle scuole la transizione al libro di testo elettronico e individua nei docenti i principali soggetti coinvolti nell’autoproduzione e valutazione di questi materiali didattici digitali. Nel presente studio vengono descritti il design, lo sviluppo e la valutazione di un prototipo di libro di testo digitale, multimediale e interattivo, nel tentativo di indagare le principali criticità poste dalla sua realizzazione, i possibili elementi di innovazione rispetto al tradizionale libro di testo, e fornire delle linee-guida ai docenti sempre più responsabili della scrittura e validazione di queste nuove tipologie di testi. Per valutare l’usabilità cognitivo-didattica del prototipo è stato somministrato un questionario a un panel di esperti. Nella prima parte dell’articolo vengono descritti i risultati della rassegna della letteratura svolta al fine di rintracciare buone regole e principi di design; la seconda parte descrive lo sviluppo del prototipo e la procedura di raccolta e analisi dei dati. I risultati ottenuti vengono successivamente discussi ed infine si cerca di trarre qualche conclusione da quanto emerso.
In Italy the current legislative framework foresees the transition to the electronic textbook in schools and identifies teachers as the main subjects involved in the self-production and evaluation of these digital teaching materials. This paper describes the design, development and evaluation of a digital, multimedia and interactive textbook prototype, in an attempt to investigate the main critical issues raised by its implementation and the possible elements of innovation compared to the traditional textbook. In addition, it provides guidelines for teachers who are increasingly responsible for the writing and validation of these new types of texts. To assess the cognitive-didactic usability of the prototype, a questionnaire was given to a panel of experts. The first part of the paper describes the outcomes of the literature review carried out in order to draw effective design principles; the second part illustrates the prototype development and the procedure adopted to collect and analyze data. The results are then discussed and finally some conclusions are drawn.
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Salomons, Arthur. "Fifteen Questions on the Rules Regarding the Acquisition of Movables in Book VIII Draft Common Frame of Reference." European Review of Private Law 17, Issue 4 (August 1, 2009): 711–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2009046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT: This contribution focuses on Book VIII Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) regarding acquisition and loss of ownership of movable property and consists of fifteen questions encountered when studying the rules of this book. The aim is to provide an ‘internal’ assessment of the provisions by establishing their completeness, consistency with other provisions, fairness, and practicability, without trying to determine to what extent they fit into the current European legal systems. The topics addressed in these questions are exclusivity of ownership and rights of others (Article 1:202), retention of ownership (Articles 1:204 and 2:307), ownership and the limited right to use (Articles 1:202 and 1:204), the ‘right or authority’ to transfer ownership (Chapters 2 and 3), the agreement as to the time ownership is to pass (Article 2:101 (1)(e)), ratification of an invalid transfer (Article 2:102), the legal nature of delivery (Article 2:104 (1)), the possibility to transfer ownership of stolen goods, transfer of goods by means of a document (Article 2:105 (4)), transfer subject to a resolutive or suspensive condition (Article 2:203), the burden of proof on the transferee in case of good faith acquisition (Article 3:101), acquisitive prescription of cultural objects (Article 4:102), acquisitive prescription and acknowledgement of the owner’s rights by a possession-agent (Article 4:205), acquisition of ownership by the producer in the case of production for the benefit of the owner of the materials (Article 5:201). RÉSUMÉ : Grâce à l’inclusion des règles du droit des biens et de la responsabilité civile, le Projet de Cadre Commun de Référence (PCCR) comprend les parties essentielles du droit patrimonial, le coeur de tout Code civil. Cette contribution se focalise sur le Livre VIII du PCCR concernant l’acquisition et la perte de propriété de biens meubles, et aborde quinze questions rencontrées durant une évaluation ‘interne’ de ce livre (exhaustivité, consistance, justice, praticabilité). ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Dank der Aufnahme der Regeln des Sachen- und Haftungsrechts, umfasst der Gemeinsame Referenzrahmen (GER) das meist essentielle Teil des Zivilrechts, der Kern jedes bürgerlichen Gesetzbuchs. Dieser Beitrag konzentriert sich auf Buch VIII den GER hinsichtlich der Erwerb und Verlust von Mobiliarsachen, und besteht aus fünfzehn Fragen hervorgegangen aus eine ,,interne“ Evaluierung diesen Regeln (Vollständigkeit, Konsistenz, Billigkeit, Handlichkeit).
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Borrows, John. "OUTSIDER EDUCATION: INDIGENOUS LAW AND LAND-BASED LEARNING." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 33, no. 1 (January 29, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v33i1.4807.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article examines pedagogical developments in Canadian law schools related to outdoor education. In the process, it shows how recommendations from the Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission can be applied, which called for law schools to create Indigenous-focused courses related to skills-based training in intercultural competency, conflict resolution, human rights and anti-racism. Land-based education on reserves can give law students meaningful context for exploring these Calls to Action. At the same time this article illustrates that taking students outside law school walls is not solely an Indigenous development. Thus, it first provides a few examples about how outdoors legal education is occurring in non-Indigenous settings. Next, the article examines unique Indigenous legal methodologies for learning law on and from the land. Finally, the author discusses his own experience in teaching Anishinaabe law on his reserve to demonstrate how students can develop deeper understandings of their professional responsibilities. Dans cet article, l’auteur aborde les développements pédagogiques liés à l’enseignement de plein air dans les écoles de droit du Canada. Ainsi, il montre comment il est possible de donner suite aux recommandations de la Commission de vérité et de réconciliation relative aux pensionnats indiens, notamment en ce qui concerne la création par les écoles de droit de cours axés sur les compétences au regard de l’aptitude interculturelle, du règlement des différends, des droits de la personne et de la lutte contre le racisme. L’éducation axée sur le territoire qui est offerte sur les réserves peut donner aux étudiants en droit un contexte significatif qui les aidera à explorer ces appels à l’action. Au même moment, cet article montre que l’apprentissage du droit à l’extérieur des murs de l’école de droit n’est pas observé uniquement chez les Autochtones. Ainsi, l’auteur donne d’abord quelques exemples de la façon dont l’enseignement du droit à l’extérieur se fait dans des environnements non autochtones. Il décrit ensuite des méthodologies autochtones uniques utilisées pour l’apprentissage du droit axé et fondé sur le territoire. Enfin, l’auteur décrit l’expérience qu’il a lui-même vécue lorsqu’il a enseigné la loi anishinaabe sur sa réserve afin de démontrer comment les étudiants peuvent parvenir à mieux comprendre leurs responsabilités professionnelles.
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Ella, Tano, Gouthon Gilchrist Fabrice, Gbaguidi Arnauld, and Araye Wilma Falone. "Les Facteurs Socioculturels et Socioeconomiques de la Mendicite des Mineurs Talibes de la Commune de Parakou (Benin)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 35 (November 30, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n35p64.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les enfants talibés sont des enfants inscrits dans une école coranique et confiés à un maître par leur parent en vue d”apprendre le coran et les valeurs sociales. Durant cet apprentissage, ces enfants sont conviés à mendier pour des raisons diverses. Cependant, le phénomène de la mendicité de ces enfants devient de plus en plus remarquable suscitant des recherches. Cet article qui traite du phénomène de la mendicité des enfants mineurs, s”appuie sur les données recueillies à l”aide du guide d”entretien auprès des maîtres coraniques, des enfants talibés, d”un Centre de Promotion Sociale (CPS) et deux anciens talibés de la commune de Parakou. Les résultats ont révélé que confrontés à la pauvreté, certains parents n”arrivent plus à subvenir aux besoins de leur progéniture. La croyance religieuse des parents permet de confier les enfants à l”école coranique à des fins d”apprentissages du Coran. Le respect et les vertus associés à l”image du maître coranique lui valent la confiance absolue des parents d”enfants. Cependant, l”étude a aussi révélé que ces enfants sous la responsabilité du maitre coranique mendient pour satisfaire ses exigences et pour manger à leur faim. Cette pratique vise davantage à exploiter les enfants plutôt qu”à les éduquer. Un système de reconversion de ces enfants avec l”implication de tous les acteurs permettrait de réduire considérablement ce phénomène.
Talibé children are enrolled in a coranic school and entrusted to a teacher by their parent in order to learn the coran and social values. During this apprenticeship, these children are invited to beg for various reasons. The phenomenon of begging by these children is becoming more and more remarkable and has prompted the need for research. This paper, which deals with the phenomenon of begging by minor children, is based on data collected through interview guide with coranic teachers, talibé children, a Social Advancement Center (SAC), and two former talibés of the commune of Parakou. The results revealed that due to poverty, some parents are no longer able to provide for the needs of their offspring to entrust the children to coranic school for the purpose of learning the coran. The respect and virtues associated with the image of the coranic master earned him the absolute trust of parents and their children. The study also revealed that these children, under the responsibility of the coranic master, beg to meet his requirements and to eat to their fill. This practice is more aimed at exploiting children than educating them. A retraining system for these children with the involvement of all stakeholders would considerably reduce this phenomenon.
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Bonham, Oliver, David Abbott, and Andrew Waltho. "An International Review of Disciplinary Measures in Geoscience—Both Procedures and Actions." Geoscience Canada 44, no. 4 (December 19, 2017): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2017.44.126.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As professional communities around the world, geoscientists have in place disciplinary measures and, over time, instances have occurred which have required disciplinary actions to be taken against individuals. Geoscientists have specialized knowledge and provide expertise on which others rely for important decision- making. Geoscientists are best positioned to judge the scientific/technical and ethical merits of the work of other geoscientists. They are considered professionals and for that reason, society has placed the onus on the profession to govern itself. Consequently, it is important that appropriate disciplinary procedures are in place, that they are ever improving, and that the profession can and does act decisively when necessary. This two-part review paper examines systems and measures to uphold the ethical conduct of geoscientists (Part 1), and studies actions taken against geoscientists in the last three decades (Part 2). It uses available information collected from the member organizations of the International Union of Geological Sciences’ Task Group on Global Geoscience Professionalism as well as public sources. Models used for the governance and self-regulation of geoscience practice vary globally across the same spectrum that is typical in other professions, with the choice of model varying to suit local legal contexts and societal needs and norms. Broadly, similar processes for complaints, investigation, and disciplinary decision-making (and appeals of decisions) are used. The types of charges that can be made for offences or allegations are similar. The ranges of applicable penalties vary depending on the extent of statutory power in place, but beyond this constraint, there are many parallels. Ninety-two documented cases are identified where action has been taken against geoscientists globally since 1989. Of these, 40 relate to either non-payment of dues or fees (usually discontinuation of a membership or license) or to non-compliance with Continuing Professional Development requirements. The remaining 52 are actions for more serious offenses, resulting in penalties that are more substantial. These offences cluster into six categories: 1) falsifying data; 2) fraudulent billing and/or falsifying time sheets; 3) inappropriate behaviour towards others; 4) problematic geoscience work and/or technical deficiencies; 5) misrepresentation of findings, or the giving of unsupported opinions; and 6) mixed other offences. The most frequently used penalty in these cases is the reprimand. Next most frequent is revocation. Revocations include resignations with prejudice, where the geoscientist chose to resign their membership rather than allow the matter to proceed to discipline. Suspensions, requirements for remedial education and/or fines are also frequent penalties. Combinations of different penalties are common. It is evident that rigorous procedures are in place in a number of countries and that they are being used to address the unprofessional behaviour of geoscientists. Transparency and the sharing of information about disciplinary actions between geoscience professional organizations (of all types) is important and should be encouraged. A global repository of geoscience disciplinary actions should be established and kept as up to date as possible.RÉSUMÉÀ l’instar des autres organismes professionnels à travers le monde, les géoscientifiques possèdent leur protocole de mesures disciplinaires. Il est arrivé à quelques reprises que ces mesures aient été mises en application et que des sanctions disciplinaires aient été intentées contre certains individus. Un géoscientifique possède une connaissance spécialisée et livre une expertise qui, en retour, peut servir de référence dans la prise d’importantes décisions. Il n’existe aucun autre professionnel qu’un géoscientifique pour évaluer les mérites d’ordres moral, scientifique et technique d’un de ses pairs. Et c’est en se basant sur le professionnalisme de la géoscience que la société a imputé la responsabilité d’auto-gouvernance à la profession. Par conséquent, il est important que des mesures disciplinaires soient, non seulement mises en place, mais qu’elles soient également régulièrement revisitées. Et il est tout aussi important que la profession puisse agir et prendre ses responsabilités lorsqu’il est jugé nécessaire. Cette étude qui comporte deux volets traite, en premier lieu, des systèmes et des mesures mis en place pour entériner le code de conduite des géoscientifiques et en deuxième lieu, elle examine les actions intentées à l’encontre des géoscientifiques durant les 30 dernières années. Notre ouvrage est basé sur des données et des renseignements recueillis d’associations membres du Groupe de travail de l’Union Internationale des sciences géologiques sur le Professionnalisme géoscientifique mondial ainsi que de sources publiques. Comme on peut s’y attendre, les modèles qui sont utilisés pour la gouvernance et l’autoréglementation de l’exercice de la géoscience à travers le monde diffèrent de pays en pays, dépendant des contextes légaux des différentes régions, de leurs besoins particuliers et des coutumes sociales. En gros, les mêmes processus sont utilisés pour les plaintes, les enquêtes et les prises de décisions de sanctions (et les appels des jugements rendus). Les différents types de sanctions qui sont rendues pour les infractions ou allégations sont les mêmes. La nature des mesures punitives applicables demeure tributaire des pouvoirs statutaires en vigueur, mais à part cette contrainte, on a pu dresser entre elles plusieurs parallèles. Nous avons identifié quatre-vingt-douze cas, documentés, où des actions ont été intentées contre des géoscientifiques à l’échelle mondiale depuis 1989. De ces 92 cas, 40 concernent, soit le défaut de paiement de cotisations ou frais d’adhésion (en général, il s’agit d’une suspension d’adhésion ou de droit d’exercice), soit le manque de conformité aux exigences des programmes de Développement professionnel continu. Les 52 cas qui restent ont trait à des offenses plus sérieuses qui ont donné suite à des sanctions plus graves. Les infractions ont été divisées en six catégories: 1) falsification de données; 2) facturation frauduleuse et/ou falsification des relevés de temps; 3) comportement inapproprié vis-à-vis d’autres personnes; 4) situations de travail géoscientifique problématiques et/ou irrégularités d’ordre technique; 5) fausse déclaration de résultats ou énoncé d’opinions sans preuves; et 6) autres diverses infractions. La mesure punitive la plus répandue pour ce genre d’offenses est la réprimande. Puis, la deuxième plus répandue est la révocation. La révocation peut inclure une démission volontaire sans appel, c’est-à-dire que le géoscientifique choisit de renoncer à son adhésion à la profession plutôt que de voir son cas jugé. D’autres sanctions qui reviennent souvent comportent des suspensions, des amendes et des ordres d’éducation complémentaire. On retrouve également fréquemment des combinaisons de sanctions différentes. Il est évidentqu’il existe des procédures rigoureuses dans de nombreux pays et que ces procédures sont donc mises en œuvre pour gérer les inconduites professionnelles des géoscientifiques. La transparence et le partage de l’information concernant les mesures disciplinaires entre tous les différents organismes professionnels géoscientifiques sont extrêmement importants et doivent être encouragés. Un répertoire mondial des mesures disciplinaires en géoscience doit être mis sur pied et doit être constamment mis à jour aussi souvent que possible.
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Rodríguez-García, María del Carmen, and Octaviano García-Robelo. "Las Tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en la práctica docente con alumnos universitarios de nuevo ingreso durante COVID-19." Revista Transdiciplinaria de Estudios Sociales y Tecnológicos 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.58594/rtest.v3i1.61.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
En el artículo se indaga el uso de recursos tecnológicos en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, donde se asume que la pandemia del COVID-19 obligó la adaptación de una educación a distancia. El trabajo de los docentes se responsabilizó de llevar el escenario educativo a los hogares de los estudiantes, continuando con la formación profesional del alumnado y atendiendo el ingreso de nuevas generaciones. A través de una metodología cualitativa, basado en entrevistas a docentes que impartieron clases en el primer semestre de la Licenciatura en Ciencias de la Educación de la UAEH, durante el periodo de Julio- diciembre 2020, se analizaron las respuestas de las entrevistas aplicadas a los docentes participantes, donde destacan la importancia del uso de TIC en las diferentes asignaturas, así como las experiencias que los docentes han tenido en la educación virtual, compartiendo ventajas y obstáculos que se presenta en la práctica de los docentes, así mismo, se identifica que la labor de los docentes ha incrementado, al tener que preparase de manera previa, investigando y adentrándose en el mundo tecnológico que exige la educación actual, sin embargo, se han presentado diversas situaciones que obstaculizan el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, afectando a docentes y alumnos, dado que es usual que durante las clases y su preparación, se desarrollen problemáticas que son difíciles atender por diferentes causas, como lo son las limitaciones tecnológicas. Esta investigación sugiere indagaciones posteriores que pueden aportar nuevos importantes e interesantes resultados respecto a la temática abordada.
Palabras clave:
TIC, práctica docente, recursos y herramientas tecnológicas.
ABSTRACT
The article investigates the use of technological resources in the teaching-learning process, where it is assumed that the COVID-19 pandemic forced the adaptation of distance education. The work of the teachers was responsible for bringing the educational scenario to the homes of the students, continuing with the professional training of the students and attending to the entry of new generations. Through a qualitative methodology, based on interviews with teachers who taught classes in the first semester of the UAEH Bachelor of Education Sciences, during the period of July-December 2020, the responses of the interviews applied to the students were analyzed. participating teachers, where they highlight the importance of the use of ICT in the different subjects, as well as the experiences that teachers have had in virtual education, sharing advantages and obstacles that arise in the practice of teachers, likewise, it is identified that The work of teachers has increased, having to prepare in advance, researching and delving into the technological world that current education demands, however, various situations have arisen that hinder the teaching-learning process, affecting teachers and students, since it is usual that during the classes and their preparation, problems are developed that are difficult to attend to by different causes, such as technological limitations. This research suggests further investigations that can provide new important and interesting results regarding the topic addressed.
Keywords:
ICT, teaching practice, technological resources and tools.
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Tatum, Jeremy. "(2012) 30 Windsor Y B Access Just 225 RE-EVALUATING INDEPENDENCE: THE EMERGING PROBLEM OF CROWN-POLICE ALIGNMENT." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 30, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v30i2.4376.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Attorney Generals and Crown prosecutors are endowed with a constitutionally protected role and the quasi-judicial responsibility of handling criminal prosecutions on behalf of the Crown. This includes deciding whether to bring the prosecution of a charge laid by the police, to enter a stay of proceedings, to accept a guilty plea to lesser charge, and to withdraw criminal proceedings in accordance with what the public interest dictates.While the vast majority of prosecutors are careful to separate their function from that of the police, occasionally police advocacy and the high level of police commitment can lead to accepting police information without appropriate confirmation and turning to the police for guidance in the exercise of prosecutorial functions. This article argues that recent examples of significant partisan advocacy by prosecutors warrant re-considering the limits of Crown independence from the police and re-evaluating the current effectiveness of institutional accountability in Ontario.Part II will highlight the separate roles of the police and prosecutors, as well as provide some background to the issue of Crown-police alignment. Part III will examine a number of recent cases where individual prosecutors, and occasionally offices, appear to be acting in the interests of the police, rather than the public interest, in discharging their prosecutorial functions. Finally, because the problem of Crown-police alignment is provincial as well as localized in nature, part IV will attempt to demonstrate the crucial role that Law Societies and other public offices have in monitoring prosecutorial conduct and ensuring that Attorney Generals are in fact seeing that the administration of public affairs is in accordance with the law.Les procureurs généraux et les procureurs de la Couronne sont investis d’un rôle protégé par la Constitution et de la responsabilité quasi-judiciaire de s’occuper des poursuites criminelles au nom de l’État, ce qui comprend les fonctions suivantes : décider d’entreprendre une poursuite une fois qu’une accusation a été portée par la police; suspendre une instance; accepter un plaidoyer de culpabilité à une accusation réduite; mettre fin à une poursuite criminelle en raison des conséquences sur l’intérêt public.Même si la vaste majorité des procureurs prennent soin de ne pas confondre leur rôle avec celui de la police, il peut arriver, à l’occasion, que l’opinion policière et le haut niveau d’engagement de la police amènent des procureurs à accepter des renseignements policiers sans confirmation suffisante et à demander conseil à la police dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions. Le présent article soutient que des épisodes récents de représentations partisanes significatives par des poursuivants justifient le réexamen des limites de l’indépendance de la Couronne par rapport à la police et la réévaluation de l’efficacité actuelle de la responsabilisation des institutions en Ontario.La partie II fera ressortir les rôles distincts de la police et des procureurs de la poursuite et fournira quelques renseignements généraux sur la question de l’alignement des fonctions de la Couronne et de la police. La partie III examinera un nombre d’affaires récentes où des bureaux et des procureurs qui exercaient leurs fonctions de poursuivants, semblent avoir agi dans l’intérêt de la police plutôt que dans l’intérêt public. Finalement, parce que le problème de l’alignement des fonctions de la Couronne et la de police est, par nature, provincial et localisé, l’auteur tentera de démontrer, dans la partie IV, le rôle crucial que les barreaux et d’autres administrations publiques jouent lorsqu’il s’agit de surveiller le déroulement des poursuites et de veiller à ce que les procureurs généraux voient effectivement à ce que les affaires publiques soient administrées en conformité avec le droit.
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Botta, A. "Beyond the Covid-19 emergency. The evolution of our National Health Service." Journal of AMD 24, no. 1 (April 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36171/jamd21.24.1.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The emergency created by the spread of COVID-19 has lead to a wide spread awareness of the central role of the health policies. Certainly it seems to be essential that the scientifically based monitoring of the health sector should persist and carried through the participation of Medical-Scientific Associations which are the real bearers of the experience lived daily, especially considering the forthcoming arrival of a conspicuous amount of European financial funds: the Italian health system, and the whole country, certainly cannot afford to miss the opportunity for a radical modernization of their infrastructures, according to the current Parliament debate. The Recovery Fund will be a great opportunity and responsability to reform our public machinery, planning how renovating our NHS. Looking at the next 10 years, taken for granted the Mission of our NHS is the Vision will need to adapt to future social needs. Healthcare must not be a sector which consumes a substantial proportion public expenditures but an investment for growth. Effective planning requires to be preceded by a strategic vision, in order to define the objectives to be pursued and therefore the key performance indicators to measure effectiveness. Bridging the health inequalities that still persist in the country: this must be the priority in the use of resources and make the universalism of the NHS effective for all Italians, in the same way throughout the country. The role of the “territory” is fundamental. A profound reflection is needed on the relationship between hospital and territory: it no longer makes sense to think of the two categories in alternative terms. The main obstacle to strengthening the “territory” is the lack of shared organizational models. The evolution and refinement of technological knowledge with the increasing spread of telematic “networks” and computer hardware, together with demographic and morbidity changes, require a rethinking of the methods of providing care. In some conditions - for example in chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus - technological aid could be the solution to allow the adequacy and appropriateness of treatments in conditions of maximum safety. This is the time to define specific treatment paths that are the new references for the definition of tariffs by reviewing the tariff nomenclator (LEA Review), and to overcome the rigid logic of prescription and reimbursement of individual services (Essential Path Levels, LEP). This model would respond more precisely to the needs of a “patient-centered medicine”, recognized by both the National Diabetes Plan and the Chronicity Plan as the most effective care models for managing chronicity, capable of safeguarding and protecting the patient in the long term, preventing acute situations and ensuring real responsibility for the healthcare professionals concerned. The development of a new organic model of taking charge of the patient with Diabetes, also thanks to the introduction of telemedicine and tele-assistance, provides an all-in-clusive rate of the enteire path/process, including different services in different specific conditions – for example diabetic foot, diabetes in pregnancy, the implantation of insulin pumps –. We must un- doubtedly invest not to maintain the status quo, we cannot afford only about recovering the losses due to the pandemic COVID-19 crisis, we must move on from the past and create the conditions for a transition towards a health service model for the future. To do this, it is necessary to have a structured vision, which can only be built with a choral contribution of ideas: effective and efficient programming is that which starts from a vision of the system and from a long-term stabilization of the state financing. KEY WORDS COVID-19; national health service; flexibility; resilience; recovery fund.
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Hymers, Lesley Anne, Bill Steer, and Janice Williams. "The Teachers’ Mining Tour in Ontario - A Professional Development Program for Educators." Geoscience Canada 42, no. 4 (December 7, 2015): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2015.42.083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Teachers’ Mining Tour is a professional development program for educators hosted at the Canadian Ecology Centre (CEC) located near Mattawa, Ontario. Each year in late summer for three years (2010–2012) approximately thirty Ontario teachers participated in a five day program that included presentations by mineral industry professionals, site visits to mines and mine manufacturing operations, and educational resource workshops. In 2013, to meet demand, the Tour program was expanded to include two tours, annually. The goal of the Tour is to provide teachers with the information and resources that they need to become more proficient Earth Science teachers and to educate their students about the mining industry and, through this increased knowledge and experience, to encourage their students to pursue post-secondary education and careers in Earth Sciences and mining-related disciplines. Additional objectives are to create and cultivate a network of teachers using mining as a theme in their classrooms, and to promote informed opinions amongst participants with regard to the economic, social and environmental aspects of mining. The Tour content focuses on modern mining techniques and technology, environmental responsibility, workplace safety, and mining careers. Tours consistently receive favourable reviews from teachers, industry participants and representatives from sponsor organizations. In addition to the feedback sought through evaluation forms at the conclusion of each Tour program, additional feedback is sought from participants in the following spring of each academic year. A formal survey is circulated, providing teachers with the opportunity to report back about how their Tour experience is influencing their teaching. Respondents report that they are satisfied with the information and resources that they received during the Tour, that the program is directly applicable to the subjects that they are teaching, and that their perceptions about mining changed because of their experience. RÉSUMÉLe Teachers’ Mining Tour est un programme de formation pour enseignants qui se tient au Centre écologique du Canada (CEC) situé à Mattawa, Ontario. Chaque année à la fin de l'été depuis trois ans (2010–2012) une trentaine d’enseignants d'Ontario ont participé à ce programme de cinq jours de présentations par des professionnels de l'industrie minérale, de visites de sites miniers et d’usines de transformation, et d’ateliers sur les moyens éducatifs. En 2013, pour répondre à la demande, le programme du Tour a été porté à deux sessions par année. L’objectif de ce Tour est de fournir aux enseignants les informations et les moyens éducatifs requis pour devenir des enseignants en sciences de la Terre mieux qualifiés pour instruire leurs élèves sur la réalité de l'industrie minière et, par là, d’encourager leurs élèves à poursuivre une formation postsecondaire et opter pour des carrières en sciences de Terre ou dans les disciplines de l’industrie minière. Ce programme vise aussi d’autres objectifs dont ceux de créer et promouvoir un réseau d'enseignants qui utilisent le thème minier dans leur enseignement, et faire en sorte que les participants en ressortent avec des opinions mieux éclairés sur les aspects économiques, sociaux et environnementaux de l'exploitation minière. Le contenu du Tour porte surtout sur les processus et la technologie de l’exploitation minière moderne, l’éco-responsabilité, la sécurité du milieu de travail et les opportunités de carrière dans l’industrie minière. Ce programme d’activités est systématiquement louangé par les enseignants, les participants d'industrie et les représentants des organismes de parrainage. Le niveau de satisfaction est établi par l’administration de formulaires d’évaluation à la fin de chaque session du programme d’activités, et par les réactions colligées auprès des participants au printemps suivant l’année scolaire. Un sondage formel est soumis aux enseignants dans le but d’évaluer l’impact des activités du Tour sur leur enseignement. Les répondants se disent satisfaits des informations reçues et des moyens éducatifs enseignés pendant le Tour, confirment que le programme d’activités est directement applicable aux sujets qu'ils enseignent, et que leurs perceptions de l'exploitation minière en ont été changées.
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Delponte, Ilaria, and Paolo Rosasco. "Sustainable mobility and economic sustainability: the case of the new trolleybus line in Genoa." Valori e Valutazioni 29 (January 2022): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.48264/vvsiev-20212906.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With over 3.5 billion people currently residing in major cities around the world, the issue of urban mobility is a current issue and is particularly important in European countries where over 75% of the population is concentrated in urban areas. Even today, many of the daily journeys depend on cars and other private motorized vehicles, with a strong impact in terms of air pollution, noise and climate change as in the European Union transport is responsible for a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing private transport and making urban transport systems greener and more efficient therefore has important benefits: for the health, climate and prosperity of cities. New models of transport and urban accessibility, increasingly oriented towards environmental sustainability, must therefore be adopted; the choice of the transport solution must be made in relation to not only technical but also economic, social and environmental feasibility. Taking a cue from the Call issued in 2018 by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport for the selection of urban mobility proposals that can access the economic resources intended for the enhancement and implementation of rapid mass transport systems provided for by Law no. 232/2016, this contribution deals with the evaluation of three transport proposals hypothesized for the connection between the city center of Genoa (Brignole station) and the district of Prato, along the Bisagno Valley, developed according to the indications contained in the Urban Mobility Plan of the Municipality. In particular, a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is developed according to the indications given in the Notice and in the Guidelines of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport for the evaluation of investments in public works. The objective is to verify the applicability of the CBA tool for assessing the economic and financial sustainability of the solutions analyzed - also in relation to the indications given in the legislation, the transport scenarios configured and the reliability of the results obtained, for the the choice of the transport solution to be adopted. Con oltre 3,5 miliardi di persone che risiedono attualmente nelle grandi città del mondo, il tema della mobilità urbana è una questione attuale ed è particolarmente importante nei paesi europei dove nelle aree urbane si concentra oltre il 75% della popolazione. Ancora oggi, molti degli spostamenti quotidiani dipendono dalle auto e da altri veicoli motorizzati privati, con un forte impatto in termini di inquinamento atmosferico, sonoro e sul cambiamento climatico visto che nell’Unione europea i trasporti sono responsabili di un quarto delle emissioni di gas serra. Ridurre il trasporto privato e rendere i sistemi di trasporto urbani più ecologici e più efficienti presenta quindi dei vantaggi importanti: per la salute, il clima e la prosperità delle città. Nuovi modelli di trasporto e di accessibilità urbana, sempre più orientati verso la sostenibilità ambientale, devono quindi essere adottati; la scelta della soluzione trasportistica deve essere fatta in relazione alla fattibilità non solo tecnica ma anche economica, sociale ed ambientale. Prendendo spunto dal Bando emesso nel 2018 dal Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti per la selezione delle proposte di mobilità urbana che possono accedere alle risorse economiche destinate al potenziamento e alla realizzazione di sistemi di trasporto rapido di massa previste dalla Legge n. 232/2016, il presente contributo tratta della valutazione di tre proposte trasportistiche ipotizzate per il collegamento tra il centro della città di Genova (Stazione Brignole) e il quartiere di Prato, lungo la Val Bisagno, sviluppate secondo le indicazioni contenute nel Piano Urbano di Mobilità del Comune. In particolare è sviluppata l’Analisi Costi-Benefici (ACB) secondo le indicazioni riportate nel Bando e nelle Linee Guida del Ministero delle Infrastrutture e Trasporti per la valutazione degli investimenti in opere pubbliche. L’obiettivo è quello di verificare l’applicabilità dello strumento dell’ACB per la valutazione della sostenibilità economica e finanziaria delle soluzioni analizzate anche in relazione alle indicazioni riportate nella normativa, agli scenari trasportistici configurati e all’attendibilità dei risultati ottenuti, ai fini della scelta della soluzione trasportistica da adottare.
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Carroll, Gunnar. "Clearing the smoke: evaluating the United States policy toward white phosphorus munitions in urban contexts." Military Law and the Law of War Review 59, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/mllwr.2021.01.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As the world becomes more urbanized and wars are fought in more condensed areas it is important to continue to evaluate the propriety of certain methods of warfare in these new and varied contexts. This article offers that when debates arise over the propriety of using certain weapons systems, an outright or systematic ban of that weapon system should rarely be the outcome. Rather, it is far more appropriate to provide armies with as many tools as possible to bring an armed conflict to a quick and decisive end and to hold those commanders and warfighters accountable to using those tools in accordance with international law, treaties, and norms. To do otherwise would unnecessarily handcuff and endanger those that are doing the fighting. This article presents this argument through the lens of the United States’ policy toward using white phosphorus munitions in urban contexts. The United States, among other militaries, has continued to employ white phosphorus munitions in the face of increased international scrutiny. This article evaluates that policy and concludes that it is both legal and appropriate provided that targeting decisions are made in accordance with traditional law of armed conflict principles and with an eye toward humanitarian imperatives. This conclusion is supported by a survey of relevant international treaties, various states’ practice, and is illustrated by hypothetical anecdotes provided by the author. Dans un monde de plus en plus urbanisé, où des guerres se déroulent dans des régions plus densément peuplées, il est important de continuer à évaluer l’opportunité de certaines méthodes de guerre dans ces contextes nouveaux et variés. Cet article avance que, lorsque l’opportunité d’utiliser certains systèmes d’arme fait débat, cela ne devrait que rarement résulter dans une interdiction totale ou systématique du système d’arme en question. Au contraire, il est bien plus opportun de munir les armées d’autant d’instruments que possible pour mettre un terme aux conflits armés de manière rapide et décisive, et de tenir les commandants et les combattants responsables de l’utilisation de ces instruments, conformément au droit international, aux traités et aux normes. Agir autrement représenterait une entrave et une mise en danger inutiles des combattants sur le terrain. Cet article présente cette argumentation au travers de la politique des États-Unis en matière d’utilisation de munitions au phosphore blanc en milieu urbain. L’armée des États-Unis, parmi d’autres, a continué à utiliser des munitions au phosphore blanc malgré une surveillance internationale accrue. L’article évalue cette politique et conclut qu’elle est à la fois légale et appropriée, à condition que les décisions en matière de ciblage soient prises conformément aux principes consacrés du droit des conflits armés et en gardant à l’esprit les impératifs humanitaires. Cette conclusion est étayée par une étude des traités internationaux pertinents et des pratiques de différents États, et est illustrée par des anecdotes hypothétiques fournies par l’auteur. Aangezien de wereld steeds meer verstedelijkt en oorlogen in compactere gebieden worden uitgevochten, is het belangrijk om te blijven evalueren of bepaalde methoden van oorlogvoering gepast zijn in deze nieuwe en diverse contexten. Dit artikel stelt dat, wanneer er discussie is over de gepastheid van het gebruik van bepaalde wapensystemen, dit zelden zou moeten leiden tot een regelrecht of systematisch verbod van dat wapensysteem. Integendeel, het is veel beter om legers van zoveel mogelijk middelen te voorzien om een gewapend conflict snel en beslissend te beëindigen en om commandanten en oorlogvoerende partijen verantwoordelijk te houden voor het gebruik van deze middelen overeenkomstig het internationaal recht en de internationale verdragen en normen. Anders zou dat degenen die de strijd voeren, onnodig beknotten en in gevaar brengen. Dit artikel bekijkt dit argument door de lens van het beleid van de Verenigde Staten betreffende het gebruik van witte fosformunitie in stedelijke omgevingen. De Verenigde Staten zijn, net zoals andere legers, doorgegaan met het gebruik van witte fosformunitie ondanks toegenomen internationaal toezicht. In dit artikel wordt dat beleid geëvalueerd en wordt geconcludeerd dat het zowel wettig als gepast is op voorwaarde dat de beslissingen over de doelbestrijding worden genomen in overeenstemming met de traditionele beginselen van het recht van de gewapende conflicten en met het oog op humanitaire vereisten. Deze conclusie wordt ondersteund door een overzicht van de relevante internationale verdragen en de praktijk van diverse staten, en wordt geïllustreerd aan de hand van hypothetische anekdotes van de auteur. A medida que el mundo se vuelve más urbanizado y las guerras se libran en áreas más concentradas, es importante continuar evaluando la idoneidad de ciertos métodos de guerra en estos nuevos y variados contextos. Este artículo sugiere que cuando surgen debates sobre la conveniencia de usar ciertos sistemas de armas, el resultado raramente debería ser una prohibición total o sistemática de ese sistema de armas. Más bien, es mucho más apropiado proporcionar a los ejércitos tantas herramientas como sea posible para llevar un conflicto armado a un final rápido y decisivo y hacer que esos comandantes y combatientes sean responsables del uso de esas herramientas de conformidad con el derecho, los tratados y las normas internacionales. Hacer lo contrario limitaría innecesariamente y pondría en peligro a quienes están combatiendo. Este artículo presenta este argumento a través de la lente de la política de los Estados Unidos hacia el uso de municiones de fósforo blanco en contextos urbanos. Estados Unidos, entre otros ejércitos, ha seguido empleando municiones de fósforo blanco ante el creciente escrutinio internacional. Este artículo evalúa esa política y concluye que es legal y apropiada siempre que las decisiones de selección de objetivos se tomen de acuerdo con los principios del Derecho tradicional de los conflictos armados y teniendo en cuenta los imperativos humanitarios. Esta conclusión está respaldada por un estudio de los tratados internacionales relevantes, la práctica de varios Estados y está ilustrada por anécdotas hipotéticas proporcionadas por el autor. Man mano che il mondo diventa più urbanizzato e le guerre si combattono in aree più concentrate, è importante continuare a valutare la correttezza di alcuni metodi di guerra in questi nuovi e cambiati contesti. Questo articolo afferma che quando sorgono dibattiti sull’opportunità di usare determinati armamenti, raramente il risultato dovrebbe essere un divieto totale o sistematico di quel sistema d’arma. Piuttosto, è molto più appropriato fornire agli eserciti quanti più strumenti possibili per porre fine in modo rapido e decisivo a un conflitto armato e ritenere quei comandanti e combattenti responsabili dell'uso di quegli strumenti in conformità con il diritto internazionale, i trattati e le norme. Fare altrimenti significherebbe immobilizzare inutilmente e mettere in pericolo coloro che stanno combattendo. Questo articolo presenta l’argomento attraverso l’ottica della politica degli Stati Uniti nei confronti dell'uso delle munizioni al fosforo bianco in contesti urbani. Gli Stati Uniti, tra gli altri eserciti, hanno continuato a impiegare munizioni al fosforo bianco a fronte di un maggior controllo internazionale. Questo articolo valuta tale politica e conclude che è sia legale che appropriata, a condizione che le decisioni a tal fine siano prese in conformità con i principi tradizionali del diritto dei conflitti armati e con attenzione agli imperativi umanitari. Questa conclusione è sostenuta da una revisione dei trattati internazionali pertinenti, dalla pratica di vari Stati, ed è corredata da ipotetici aneddoti forniti dall'autore. Da die Welt immer stärker urbanisiert wird und Kriege in immer stärker verdichteten Zonen geführt werden, ist es wichtig, die Geeignetheit bestimmter Methoden der Kriegsführung in diesen neuen und unterschiedlichen Kontexten weiterhin zu bewerten. Dieser Artikel behauptet, dass sich, wenn sich eine Debatte über die Geeignetheit der Verwendung bestimmter Waffensysteme anspinnt, daraus selten ein absolutes oder systematisches Verbot des betreffenden Waffensystems ergeben soll. Vielmehr ist es angebracht, Armeen mit möglichst vielen Mitteln auszustatten, damit ein bewaffneter Konflikt zu einem raschen und entscheidenden Ausgang gebracht wird, sowie Befehlshaber und Kombattanten hinsichtlich der Verwendung dieser Mittel in Übereinstimmung mit dem Völkerrecht, Verträgen und Normen zur Rechenschaft zu ziehen. Eine andere Vorgehensweise würde denjenigen, die kämpfen, unnötig Zügel anlegen und sie gefährden. Dieser Artikel betrachtet dieses Argument durch die Linse der Politik der Vereinigten Staaten in Bezug auf die Verwendung weißer Phosphormunition in einer städtischen Umgebung. Die Streitkräfte der Vereinigten Staaten haben, wie auch andere Streitkräfte, angesichts zunehmender internationaler Kritik, weiterhin weiße Phosphormunition verwendet. Der Artikel bewertet diese Politik und schlussfolgert, dass diese sowohl rechtmäßig als geeignet ist, vorausgesetzt, dass die Zielentscheidungen in Übereinstimmung mit den herkömmlichen Grundsätzen des Rechts der bewaffneten Konflikte und unter Berücksichtigung humanitärer Gebote getroffen werden. Diese Schlussfolgerung wird mit einem Überblick über relevante internationale Abkommen und die Praxis verschiedener Staaten untermauert und wird mit hypothetischen Anekdoten vom Autor illustriert.
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Albertini, Lorenzo. "Sulla responsabilità civile degli internet service provider per i materiali caricati dagli utenti (con qualche considerazione generale sul loro ruolo di gatekeepers della comunicazione) (The Civil Liability of Internet Service Providers - With Some General Considerations about Their Role as Communication Gatekeepers)." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3706671.
Повний текст джерела
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Portale, Giuseppe B. "IL DIRITTO SOCIETARIO TRA DIRITTO COMPARATO E DIRITTO STRANIERO." Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Rendiconti di Lettere, December 30, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/let.2013.212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article tackles the issues related to the use of comparative law a source of substantive law in a specific legal system, with specific regard to corporate law. Expanding on previous studies on the general role of comparative law in the framework of sources of law (§ 1), the study argues that the comparative argument may be used to regulate purely domestic cases and as well as a play a crucial role in interpreting internal laws (§§ 1.1, 1.2) and analyzes the theoretical foundations of such process (§ 1.3) as well as the problems caused by the application of foreign law by a domestic judge (§ 2). Subsequently, two examples of such usage of the comparative legal argument are provided, drawn from the Italian corporate law experience (§ 3): on the one hand, the introduction of a specific regulation of a simplified private company (società a responsabilità limitata semplificata), representing a circulation of German (Unternehmergesellschaft- UG) and Belgian (société privée a responsabilité limitée starter) models (§ 3.1); on the other hand, the use of comparative law by in the interpretation of the organization structure in the Italian dualistic system (§ 3.2).
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Cembrani, Fabio. "Il “Giano bifronte” della responsabilità." Medicina e Morale 61, no. 3 (June 30, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2012.134.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’Autore esamina, in questo studio, la questione della responsabilità professionale del medico. Di questo concetto sono analizzati i diversi significati ripercorrendone la sua parabola filosofica. Attraverso ciò l’Autore riflette sul significato più autentico della responsabilità evidenziandone la non simmetricità con la colpa giuridica; segnala, a questo riguardo, che confondere la responsabilità con la colpa è fonte di comportamenti professionali non sempre coerenti con i valori etici che alimentano la relazione di cura. L’Autore esamina, poi, il significato dato alla parola responsabilità dal Codice di deontologia medica italiano evidenziandone le molte sfumature poco utili, purtroppo, a connotarla nel suo significato più autentico; auspica, perciò, che la nuova versione del codice deontologico del medico sappia dare alla responsabilità quella dimensione pedagogica che le è propria. ---------- In this study, the Author examines the issue of the physician’s professional responsibility. The different meanings of this concept are analyzed, thinking over the philosophical parable of it. By this the author reflects on the true meaning of responsibility, highlighting the non-symmetry with the legal guilt; he points on this regard that confusing responsibility with guilt is a source of professional behavior not always consistent with the ethical values on which the care relationship is grounded. Then, the author examines the meaning given to the word responsibility from the Italian Code of Medical Ethics highlighting the many hits, that are unfortunately useless to connote it within its true meaning; therefore, he hopes that the new version of the deontological code will be able to provide the pedagogical dimension that is proper.
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Mello, Ana Lúcia Schaefer Ferreira de, and Alacoque Lorenzini Erdmann. "REFLETINDO SOBRE O CUIDADO ODONTOLÓGICO E A RESPONSABILIDADE PARA COM A VIDA E O VIVER MAIS SAUDÁVEL DAS PESSOAS IDOSAS." Cogitare Enfermagem 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v8i1.44965.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents a reflection about some questions that are involved with oral health care provided to elderly people according to the ethic of responsability of Hans Jonas. Considering the oral health conditions of elderly people, the article discuss the dimensions of care and reflects if the knowledge and practices of oral health care are compromised with an ethics of responsibility of life and with a better and healthy living.
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Zajko, Mike. "Telecom Responsibilization: Internet Governance, Surveillance, and New Roles for Intermediaries." Canadian Journal of Communication 41, no. 1 (February 16, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2016v41n1a2894.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article foregrounds internet intermediaries as a class of actors central to many governance and surveillance strategies, and provides an overview of their emerging roles and responsibilities. While the growth of the internet has created challenges for state actors, state priorities have been unfolded onto the private institutions that provide many of the internet’s services. This article elaborates responsibilization strategies implicating internet intermediaries, and the goals that these actors can be aligned toward. These include enrolling telecom service providers in law enforcement and national security-oriented surveillance programs, as well as strategies to responsibilize service providers as copyright enforcers. But state interests are also responsive to pressures from civil society, so that “internet values” are increasingly channelled through the formal political processes shaping internet governance.Cet article met l’accent sur les intermédiaires d’internet en tant que classe d’acteurs qui est centrale pour de nombreuses stratégies de gouvernance et de surveillance, puis il passe en revue leurs rôles et responsabilités naissants. L’expansion d’internet posant des défis pour les acteurs d’État, ces derniers ont confié des priorités d’État aux organismes privés mêmes qui fournissent plusieurs des services d’internet. Cet article élabore ainsi des stratégies de responsabilisation impliquant les intermédiaires d’internet, et les buts qu’on peut fixer pour ceux-ci. Ces buts comprennent l’inscription de fournisseurs de services de télécommunication à des programmes d’application de la loi et de surveillance pour assurer la sécurité nationale, ainsi que des stratégies pour responsabiliser les fournisseurs de services en tant que protecteurs de droit d’auteur. Mais, l’État répondant aussi aux pressions de la société civile, les « valeurs d’internet » passent de plus en plus par les processus politiques formels qui sous-tendent la gouvernance d’internet.
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Biaggini, Elena. "Strafrechtlicher Schutz des E-Mail-Verkehrs post mortem?" sui generis, November 8, 2021, 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21257/sg.196.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Der Umgang mit dem digitalen Nachlass ist eine Frage von zunehmender juristischer Bedeutung. Hat der Erblasser keine Vorkehrungen getroffen, so stellt sich aus strafrechtlicher Sicht etwa die Frage, ob sich E-Mail-Provider bei der Herausgabe von Zugangsdaten zu den E-Mail-Accounts des Erblassers strafbar machen. Eine Analyse einschlägiger Strafbestimmungen zeigt, dass eine allfällige Strafbarkeit der Provider grundlegend von der Erbenstellung determiniert wird und eine Strafbarkeit bei der Herausgabe von Zugangsdaten an Erben ausser Betracht fällt. -- L'administration de la succession numérique est une question juridique qui revêt une importance croissante. L'une des interrogations qui se pose est de savoir si les fournisseurs de comptes de messagerie E-mail sont passibles de poursuites pénales lorsqu'ils remettent les données d'accès des comptes du défunt, alors que ce dernier n'avait pris aucune disposition à ce sujet. Une analyse des dispositions pénales pertinentes montre que l'éventuelle responsabilité des fournisseurs est fondamentalement déterminée par le statut des héritiers et qu'elle est exclue lorsque les données d'accès sont remises à ces derniers.
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Albertini, Lorenzo. "La modifica al diritto d’autore europeo per tener conto del contesto digitale: note sugli artt. 11 (diritto degli editori) e 13 (responsabilità dei provider) della bozza di direttiva UE del febbraio 2019, uscita dalla fase c.d. trilogue [NB: ora diventati art. 15 e art. 17 dopo l'adozione definitiva] (The New Ue Copyright 2019 Directive: Considerations on Art. 11 (Protection of Press Publications Concerning Online Uses) and Art. 13 (Use of Protected Content by Online Content-sharing Service Providers) as Come out from the S.C. Trilogue Phase (Art. 15 and Art. 17 in the Final Text, after Formal Adoption: Dir. Ue 790, of 17 April 2019))." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3355478.
Повний текст джерела
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Giudici, Paolo, Peter Agstner, and Antonio Capizzi. "The Corporate Design of Investments in Startups: A European Experience." European Business Organization Law Review, December 19, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40804-022-00265-z.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis is the first European study to conduct an extensive empirical research of startup charters. Our aim is to test whether the significant reforms of the law on the Italian società a responsabilità limitata (the GmbH-type limited liability company) were successful in making Italian corporate law more amicable towards startups and venture capital contracting techniques. We explain why, in the Italian context, charters provide significant information on financing deals, and we analyse more than 5000 charters of Italian startups. We find almost 200 charters that reflect the features predicted by the financial contracting theory, albeit with some significant variations in comparison to the US experience. The main one is that convertible preferred shares are not used. We report the large use of (non-convertible) participating preferred shares but also the increasing adoption of preferred shares that are functionally equivalent to US convertible non-participating preferred shares. The absence of convertibility mechanisms also explains the different structure of antidilution clauses in the Italian market. Hybrids are used to provide SAFE- and KISS-like contractual solutions. Co-sale clauses (tag-along and drag-along) are widespread and also highly standardized. US-like vesting schemes are equally observed. Some of the peculiarities we report depend on Italian law idiosyncrasies that are mainly the product of doctrinal constructions. However, corporate practice is pushing the envelope in its efforts to adapt Italian charters to startuppers’ and investors’ needs. From this standpoint, the Italian reforms look, though not completely, successful. Startup law appears to be transforming the European corporate law tradition.
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Vander Kloet, Marie. "Accessibility in Teaching Assistant Training: A Critical Review of Programming from Ontario’s Teaching and Learning Centres." Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 6, no. 2 (June 11, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2015.2.9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is increasingly understood that university education must be accessible to persons with disabilities. The responsibility to make the university accessible is arguably shared by all of us and yet, the extent to which it has become fully accessible is certainly suspect. By undertaking qualitative, discursive analysis of websites, online texts and other materials provided by Ontario’s teaching and learning centres, this paper seeks to do two things. First, it provides a critical overview of the types of training currently available at Ontario universities for teaching assistants on accessibility and teaching. This review will outline initiatives directed towards compliance with Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA) requirements, those focused on education and advocacy (as well as areas of overlap) and broader equity training which encompasses accessibility. Second, this paper, considering the content of the reviewed material and informed by critical disability studies, offers up an articulation of future directions for research, writing, advocacy, and training on teaching assistant development on accessible teaching. Il est de plus en plus accepté que l’éducation universitaire doit être accessible aux personnes handicapées. Certes, la responsabilité de rendre l’université accessible est partagée par tous et pourtant, la mesure dans laquelle celle-ci est devenue totalement accessible est sans nul doute suspecte. Après avoir entrepris des analyses qualitatives et discursives de sites web, de textes en ligne et d’autres documents fournis par des centres d’enseignement et d’apprentissage de l’Ontario, on cherche dans cet article à accomplir deux choses. Tout d’abord, l’article présente un aperçu critique des types de formation disponibles à l’heure actuelle dans les universités de l’Ontario à l’intention des enseignants auxiliaires sur l’accessibilité et l’enseignement. Cet examen va décrire les initiatives mises en place en vue de répondre aux exigences de la Loi sur l’accessibilité pour les Ontariens handicapés, ainsi que celles qui se concentrent sur l’éducation et la promotion des intérêts (et sur des domaines qui se chevauchent) et celles qui se rapportent à une formation plus vaste sur l’équité qui englobe l’accessibilité. Ensuite, prenant en considération le contenu des documents examinés et des études critiques sur la situation des personnes handicapées, l’article offre des propositions de directions futures pour la recherche, la rédaction, la promotion des intérêts et la formation en vue du développement professionnel des enseignants auxiliaires en matière d’enseignement accessible.
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Rideout, Vanda N. "Digital Taylorization of Social Service Work." Canadian Journal of Communication 33, no. 4 (October 25, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2008v33n4a2092.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: As the Canadian government shifted to a neo-liberal policy regime, social service delivery was “contracted out” to community organizations such as the Riverview Centre. The outsourcing objectives were to keep delivery costs low and to build in efficiencies by relying on new technological systems. This paper shows the problems arising from the Riverview Centre’s inadequate technology system when interfacing with advanced government networks to report on employment services provided to clients. These advanced networks centralized control of social-service labour through digital Taylorization practices. Electronic reporting tasks have been standardized and routinized such that labour processes are shaped by the digital technology systems. The delivery of employment services conceals the dual aspect of the commodification of the social workers’ labour through contract employment and technological means.Résumé : En adoptant une politique néolibérale, le gouvernement canadien a transmis à des organismes communautaires tels que le centre Riverview la responsabilité de livrer les services sociaux. L’objectif de leur octroyer ces services était de faire baisser les dépenses et augmenter l’efficacité en encourageant l’adoption de nouveaux systèmes technologiques. Cet article montre les problèmes engendrés par le système technologique inadéquat du centre Riverview quand il se reliait à des réseaux gouvernementaux avancés afin d’informer le gouvernement sur les services d’emplois fournis aux clients. Ces réseaux avancés ont permis le contrôle centralisé des techniciens en assistance sociale en recourant à des pratiques de taylorisme numériques. Leurs comptes-rendus électroniques ont été standardisés et simplifiés de manière à ce que les tâches à accomplir aient été établies principalement par les systèmes technologiques numériques. En conséquence, les techniciens en assistance sociale, en fournissant des services d’emploi, ont subi la marchandisation de leurs tâches de deux manières, parce que plusieurs d’entre eux étaient des contractuels et parce que les technologies contrôlaient ce qu’ils faisaient.
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McGinn, Michelle K. "Teaching and Researching Ethically: Guidance for Instructor-Researchers, Educational Developers, and Research Ethics Personnel." Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 9, no. 1 (April 16, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2018.1.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite now long-standing recognition of the value and importance of the scholarship of teaching and learning, questions continue to be raised about how to satisfy the hybrid responsibilities of teaching and research. The key message of this paper is that instructor-researchers, educational developers, and research ethics personnel should consider two key guidance documents in tandem: the Society for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education’s statement on Ethical Principles in University Teaching (Murray, Gillese, Lennon, Mercer, & Robinson, 1996) and the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, & Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, 2014). Together these documents provide much needed guidance for teaching and researching ethically. Bien que la valeur et l’importance de l’avancement des connaissances en enseignement et en apprentissage soient reconnues depuis longtemps, on continue à se poser des questions pour savoir comment satisfaire les doubles responsabilités d’enseignement et de recherche. Le message principal de cet article est que les instructeurs-chercheurs, les conseillers pédagogiques et le personnel d’éthique de la recherche devraient prendre en considération deux documents principaux d’orientation en tandem : la déclaration de la Société pour l’avancement de la pédagogie dans l’enseignement supérieur sur les « Principes éthiques dans l’enseignement universitaire » (Ethical Principles in University Teaching - Murray, Gillese, Lennon, Mercer, & Robinson, 1996) et « Énoncé de politique des trois Conseils : Éthique de la recherche avec des êtres humains » (Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada, Conseil de recherches en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada, & Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada, 2014). Ensemble, ces documents fournissent une orientation utile pour enseigner et mener des recherches de manière éthique.
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Zerkee, Jennifer. "Approaches to Copyright Education for Faculty in Canada." Partnership: The Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research 11, no. 2 (February 21, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/partnership.v11i2.3794.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study surveyed copyright administrators at Canadian universities about their methods of providing copyright training to faculty and non-faculty instructors, the frequency and topics of education provided, and the modes of communication used to reach instructors. Copyright administrators were also asked to rate the perceived effectiveness of their educational opportunities. Respondents feel that in-person education is most effective for providing copyright training to instructors, though a significant number of respondents do not believe that all instructors at their institutions are made adequately aware of copyright educational opportunities. Lack of time and staffing resources affect many copyright administrators. These challenges are leading many to develop more systematic approaches to reaching instructors. Communication and education are being provided directly to individual departments and by working with administrators and others at the department level. Considering the siloed nature of many copyright offices and positions, this study aims to share the approaches being taken by copyright administrators to educate instructors about their rights and responsibilities with regard to copyright and teaching.
Introduction: Cette étude a sondé des agents du droit d’auteur des universités canadiennes sur les méthodes utilisées pour offrir des formations à des professeurs et autres employés, la fréquence et les sujets abordés lors de ces formations ainsi que les moyens utilisés pour communiquer avec cette clientèle. Les agents du droit d’auteur ont également évalué l’efficacité perçue de leurs formations. Les répondants croient que la formation en personne est la façon la plus efficace de former les professeurs même si un nombre significatif de répondants croient que les professeurs à leur établissement ne soient pas suffisamment informés des possibilités d’enseignement portant sur le droit d’auteur. Le manque de temps et de ressources humaines a un impact sur les agents du droit d’auteur. Cette réalité fait en sorte que plusieurs développent des moyens plus systématiques pour rejoindre les professeurs. La communication et la formation sont offertes directement dans les départements et en travaillant avec les administrateurs et autres membres du personnel au niveau départemental. En tenant compte de la nature cloisonnée des bureaux et des postes en droit d’auteur, cette étude vise à souligner les approches prises par les agents du droit d’auteur pour former les professeurs de leurs droits et responsabilités quant au droit d’auteur et à l’enseignement.
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Ma, Alan. "The Application of Machine Learning to Education." Journal of Student Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (August 19, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.13034/jsst.v10i1.181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The field of education is constantly seeking more innovative and effective methods of teaching foundational knowledge to students. Organizations in both secondary and post-secondary education groups offer Physics Education Groups that try to better teach fundamental physics concepts to students in both university and high school. There are also government agencies such as the Educational Quality and Accountability Office (EQAO) in Ontario, which provides standardized tests to students. Although these standardized tests do not test the full capabilities and thought processes of students, they still provide insights into how students learn. Data from standardized EQAO tests can be analyzed to obtain crucial information about how to improve education standards by showing where resources can be allocated more effectively. One of the most powerful tools that can be used to analyze data is machine learning, which can find patterns and correlations in data that the human eye cannot see. This experiment used the linear regression algorithm to find correlations in data obtained from grade 9 EQAO mathematics tests from 50 schools in Ontario. The algorithm analyzed how students with varying scores answered a multiple-choice questionnaire at the end of the exam, which included statements such as “I am able to answer difficult mathematics questions.” Based on the variables output from the machine learning algorithm, the importance of each statement was then ranked; this ranking can then lead to insights into how students learn, and how to better utilize resources. This experiment has shown that an elementary application of machine learning can lead to valuable insights into student learning and that more should be done to better analyze the abundant data in the education field. Le domaine de l’éducation recherche continuellement des méthodes innovatrices et efficaces pour l’enseignement de connaissances fondamentales aux étudiants. Les organisations de niveau secondaire et post-secondaire offrent des groupes d’éducation en physique qui essaient d’améliorer l’enseignement des concepts fondamentaux en physique aux étudiants à l’université ainsi qu’au secondaire. Il y a également des agences gouvernementales telles que l’Office de la qualité et de la responsabilité en éducation (OQRE) en Ontario, qui offre des tests standardisés aux étudiants. Bien que ces tests standardisés n’évaluent pas la pleine capacité et le processus de réflexion des élèves, ils offrent tout de même un aperçu des méthodes d’apprentissage. Les données des tests standardisés de l’OQRE peuvent être analysés afin d’obtenir des renseignements essentiels quant à la façon d’améliorer les normes d’éducation en démontrant où les ressources peuvent être attribuées plus efficacement. Un des outils les plus puissants qui peut être utilisé pour analyser les données est le l’apprentissage automatique, ce qui peut trouver des tendances et des corrélations à travers les données que l’œil humain ne peut percevoir. Cette expérience a utilisé l’algorithme à régression linéaire afin de trouver des corrélations dans les données obtenues des tests de mathématique de l’OQRE pour la mième année dans 50 écoles en Ontario. L’algorithme a analysé comment les étudiants possédant un résultat différent ont répondu à un questionnaire de questions à choix multiples à la fin de l’examen incluant des énoncés tels que « Je suis en mesure de répondre à des questions mathématiques dif ciles. » Selon les variables produits par l’algorithme d’apprentissage automatique, l’importance de chaque énoncé fut classée; ce classement peut ainsi mener à une compréhension envers l’apprentissage de l’étudiant, et comment maximiser les ressources. Cette expérience a démontré qu’une application élémentaire de l’apprentissage automatique peut mener à de précieux renseignements sur l’apprentissage des étudiants et que plus d’efforts doivent être accomplis afin de faciliter l’analyse des nombreuses données retrouvées dans le domaine de l’éducation.