Статті в журналах: "Respiratory organs Diseases Immunological aspects"

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Petrov, V. I., A. V. Ponomareva, I. V. Ivakhnenko, O. V. Razvalyaeva, B. A. Meshrqi, and V. I. Statsenko. "ETIOPATHOGENETIC ASPECTS OF LIVER INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19." Journal of Volgograd State Medical University 76, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/1994-9480-2020-4(76)-9-15.

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Infection caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 initially associated with respiratory damage and the development of respiratory symptoms. However, it was subsequently shown that COVID-19 can be considered as a systemic inflammatory process with multiple organ damage. One of the most frequent extra pulmonary manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection is liver damage. Several factors of influence on the liver in COVID-19 are currently being considered: viral immunological damage, hypoxia, systemic inflammatory process, drug toxicity and progression of existing liver diseases. This review is devoted to the analysis of available data on the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of liver damage in a new coronavirus infection.

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Trukhan, D. I. "Disorders of intestinal microbiocenosis: expanding the application of probiotics." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 7 (May 14, 2022): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-7-132-143.

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The problem of interaction between a person and the intestinal microbiome is surrounded by many secrets and mysteries. The bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract has a local and systemic effect not only on the digestive system, but also on the entire body as a whole. Numerous studies have proved the pathogenetic relationship of the state of the intestinal biocenosis not only with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, but also with pathological processes from other organs and systems of the body. In terms of its role in maintaining homeostasis, the intestinal microflora is not inferior to any other vital organ. In the presented review, the current aspects of the terminology and clinic of disorders of intestinal microbiocenosis are considered. Probiotics occupy an important place in the complex therapy of intestinal microbiocenosis disorders and the corresponding clinical manifestations. The review considers the main mechanisms of probiotic / host interaction, non-immunological and immunological effects of probiotics and the requirements for them, the main directions of use of representatives of the normal microflora Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. The data of meta-analyzes and systematic reviews, testifying to the expansion of indications for the appointment of probiotics, are considered the possibilities of probiotics in the complex therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection, syndrome of increased epithelial intestinal permeability, and the prevention of respiratory infections.The review concludes with the results of a search in the PubMed database on the possibility of using probiotics in the prevention and treatment of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. The availability of modern, effective and safe probiotics in the arsenal of a practical doctor (primarily a general practitioner and general practitioner), and their use, contributes to the optimization of drug therapy not only in gastroenterological patients, but also in patients with other somatic pathologies, including those with new coronavirus infection COVID-19.

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Alagawany, Mahmoud, Shaaban S. Elnesr, Mayada R. Farag, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Asmaa F. Khafaga, Ayman E. Taha, Ruchi Tiwari, et al. "Use of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Herb as a Feed Additive in Poultry: Current Knowledge and Prospects." Animals 9, no. 8 (August 7, 2019): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080536.

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Supplementation of livestock and poultry diets with herbal plants containing bioactive components have shown promising reports as natural feed supplements. These additives are able to promote growth performance and improve feed efficiency, nutrient digestion, antioxidant status, immunological indices, and poultry health. Several studies have used complex herbal formulas with the partial inclusion of licorice. However, the individual use of licorice has been rarely reported. The major problem of the poultry industry is the epidemiological diseases, mainly confined to the respiratory, digestive, and immune systems. Licorice has certain bioactive components such as flavonoids and glycyrrhizin. The roots of this herb contain 1 to 9% glycyrrhizin, which has many pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, antiviral, anti-infective and anti-inflammatory properties. Licorice extracts (LE) have a positive effect on the treatment of high-prevalence diseases such as the immune system, liver, and lung diseases. Studies showed that adding LE to drinking water (0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 g/L) reduced serum total cholesterol (p < 0.05) of broiler chickens. Moreover, LE supplementation in poultry diets plays a significant role in their productive performance by enhancing organ development and stimulating digestion and appetite. Along with its growth-promoting effects, licorice has detoxifying, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and other health benefits in poultry. This review describes the beneficial applications and recent aspects of the Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) herb, including its chemical composition and role in safeguarding poultry health.

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Malik, Aniko E., Thomas B. Issekutz, and Beata Derfalvi. "The Role of Type III Interferons in Human Disease." Clinical and Investigative Medicine 44, no. 2 (June 14, 2021): E5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v44i2.36622.

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Purpose: This literature review summarizes the main immunological characteristics of type III interferons (IFN) and highlights the clinically relevant aspects and future therapeutic perspectives for these inflammatory molecules. Source: Relevant articles in PubMed MEDLINE from the first publication (2003) until 2020. N=101 articles were included in this review. Principal findings: Type III IFNs represent a relatively newly described inflammatory cytokine family. Although they induce substantially similar signalling to the well-known type I IFNs, significant functional differences make these molecules remarkable. Type III IFNs have extensive biological effects, contributing to the pathogenesis of several diseases and also offering new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches: 1) their potent anti-viral properties make them promising therapeutics against viral hepatitis and even against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is causing the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; 2) imbalances in the IFN-λs contribute to several forms of chronic inflammation (e.g., systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases) and potentially predict disease progression and therapeutic response to biologic therapies; and 3) the antitumor properties of the type III IFNs open up new therapeutic perspectives against malignant diseases. Conclusion: Over the last 18 years, researchers have gathered extensive information about the presence and role of these versatile inflammatory cytokines in human diseases, but further research is needed to clarify the mechanistic background of those observations. Better understanding of their biological activities will permit us to use type III IFNs more efficiently in new diagnostic approaches and individualized therapies, consequently improving patient care.

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Popko, S. S., and V. M. Yevtushenko. "Dynamics of quantitative changes of diffuse lymphoid tissue cells of bronchi and lungs of guinea pigs sensitized with ovalbumin." Morphologia 15, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26641/1997-9665.2021.2.53-58.

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Background. There is a progressive increase of respiratory allergic diseases nowadays in the world, made it necessary to study the participation of the components of the immune system in these processes. From the point of view of modern aspects about the organs of the immune system, interesting are the patterns of morphogenesis and function of bronchus associated lymphoid tissue, occupied a special place in the immunological protection of the body due to the large area of contact with various antigens. Morphogenesis and reactive changes in the local immunity in respiratory system in conditions of allergic inflammation remain urgent issue of modern morphology. Objective. To study the changes in diffuse lymphoid tissue of bronchi and lungs of guinea pigs sensitized with ovalbumin. Methods. We have studied the lung of 48 guinea pigs, using histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric, statistical methods, under conditions of experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation, assessed the average number of lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells in the diffuse lymphoid tissue. Results. The average number of lymphocytes in diffuse lymphoid tissue of bronchi and lungs increased from the 23rd day of observation and remained at a high level until the end of the experiment, the maximum was during the early period of the development of allergic inflammation, the increasing coefficient was 4.7. The average number of plasma cells also acquired maximum elevation in the early period of allergic process, the increasing coefficient was 2.0. The most significant average number of macrophages was on the 23rd day of observation with same increasing coefficient. Among all types of immunocompetent cells of diffuse lymphoid tissue in bronchi and lungs, T-lymphocytes prevailed during the experiment elevated almost by 5 times. Conclusions. In the early period of development of experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation, the specific resistance of the respiratory system manifests itself in the form of activation of local links of cellular and humoral adaptive immunity, as evidenced by the dynamics of changes in the average number of lymphocytes (the maximum increasing coefficient 4.7 in the 1st experimental group), macrophages and plasma cells (maximum increasing coefficient 2.0 in the 1st experimental group) of diffuse lymphoid tissue of bronchi and lungs of guinea pigs.

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Sazhin, A. V., V. A. Petukhov, T. V. Nechay, G. B. Ivakhov, E. A. Stradymov, A. I. Akperov, and A. A. Rubtsov. "MICROBIOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OFPATHOGENESISOFACUTE APPENDICITIS." Novosti Khirurgii 29, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18484/2305-0047.2021.2.221.

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Obstruction of the lumen of the appendix is still considered to be the main cause of acute appendicitis (including feces), followed by the increased intraluminal pressure, the development of ischemia and mucosal hypoxia of the appendix, ulceration, violation of the mucous barrier and the development of necrosis. A sufficient number of scientific facts have been accumulated completely refuting this postulate. Current fundamental achievements in molecular biology, biochemistry, etc. did not become the basis for a clinical revision of the ancient well-established theories and concepts of the etiopathogenesis of many diseases in almost all medical specialties. Surgery isn’t an exception in this context. The review considers the etiopathogenesis of acute inflammation of the appendix from the current point of view of the hypothesis of epithelial-endothelial dysfunction and epithelial-endothelial distress syndrome, since it most fully characterizes the integration of the etiopathogenesis of almost all common diseases of organs with mucous membranes and the recent fundamental research their structures and functions. It is based on general and local factors of violation of the lymphoid apparatus and the integumentary epithelium barrier functions. Thus, this work presents a new concept of the etiopathogenesis of acute appendicitis, which in turn will allow the surgery of acute appendicitis to reach new levels of understanding.

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Revyakina, V. A., and N. G. Mashukova. "Allergic diseases of the upper respiratory airways in children." Russian Journal of Allergy 9, no. 3 (December 15, 2012): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja716.

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Krapić, Mia, Inga Kavazović, and Felix M. Wensveen. "Immunological Mechanisms of Sickness Behavior in Viral Infection." Viruses 13, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112245.

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Sickness behavior is the common denominator for a plethora of changes in normal behavioral routines and systemic metabolism during an infection. Typical symptoms include temperature, muscle weakness, and loss of appetite. Whereas we experience these changes as a pathology, in fact they are a carefully orchestrated response mediated by the immune system. Its purpose is to optimize immune cell functionality against pathogens whilst minimizing viral replication in infected cells. Sickness behavior is controlled at several levels, most notably by the central nervous system, but also by other organs that mediate systemic homeostasis, such as the liver and adipose tissue. Nevertheless, the changes mediated by these organs are ultimately initiated by immune cells, usually through local or systemic secretion of cytokines. The nature of infection determines which cytokine profile is induced by immune cells and therefore which sickness behavior ensues. In context of infection, sickness behavior is typically beneficial. However, inappropriate activation of the immune system may induce adverse aspects of sickness behavior. For example, tissue stress caused by obesity may result in chronic activation of the immune system, leading to lasting changes in systemic metabolism. Concurrently, metabolic disease prevents induction of appropriate sickness behavior following viral infection, thus impairing the normal immune response. In this article, we will revisit recent literature that elucidates both the benefits and the negative aspects of sickness behavior in context of viral infection.

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Dahdah, Albert, Robert M. Jaggers, Gopalkrishna Sreejit, Jillian Johnson, Babunageswararao Kanuri, Andrew J. Murphy, and Prabhakara R. Nagareddy. "Immunological Insights into Cigarette Smoking-Induced Cardiovascular Disease Risk." Cells 11, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 3190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11203190.

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Smoking is one of the most prominent addictions of the modern world, and one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide. Although the number of tobacco smokers is believed to be at a historic low, electronic cigarette use has been on a dramatic rise over the past decades. Used as a replacement for cigarette smoking, electronic cigarettes were thought to reduce the negative effects of burning tobacco. Nonetheless, the delivery of nicotine by electronic cigarettes, the most prominent component of cigarette smoke (CS) is still delivering the same negative outcomes, albeit to a lesser extent than CS. Smoking has been shown to affect both the structural and functional aspects of major organs, including the lungs and vasculature. Although the deleterious effects of smoking on these organs individually is well-known, it is likely that the adverse effects of smoking on these organs will have long-lasting effects on the cardiovascular system. In addition, smoking has been shown to play an independent role in the homeostasis of the immune system, leading to major sequela. Both the adaptive and the innate immune system have been explored regarding CS and have been demonstrated to be altered in a way that promotes inflammatory signals, leading to an increase in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Although the mechanism of action of CS has not been fully understood, disease pathways have been explored in both branches of the immune system. The pathophysiologically altered immune system during smoking and its correlation with cardiovascular diseases is not fully understood. Here we highlight some of the important pathological mechanisms that involve cigarette smoking and its many components on cardiovascular disease and the immune systems in order to have a better understanding of the mechanisms at play.

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Kalkanov, I., and Iv Dinev. "PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RELEVANT GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES IN NEWBORN AND GROWING CALVES." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, no. 4 (2019): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.04.019.

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The emphasis of this literature overview is placed on the etiology, epidemiology, specific gross and microscopic pathological changes of the commonest gastrointestinal diseases in newborn and growing calves in dairy and beef farms. Neonatal diarrhea in calves is a multifactorial disease accompanied with high morbidity and mortality rates. It incurs considerable economic losses for cattle industry worldwide. The gastroenteritis in calves is most commonly of infectious or parasitic etiology and the most frequently involved enteropathogens are Cryptosporidium parvum, bovine rotaviruses (GRA BRV), bovine coronaviruses (BCoV), mucosal disease virus - bovine viral diarrhoea (BVDV) and Escherichia coli K99 (F5). Affected calves are from 24th hours to 30 days of age, and the appearance of the disease is largely dependent on the immunological status of newborn calves, the amount of ingested colostrum, whether dams are vaccinated or not during the dry period, and the conditions of housing of newborns. The specific gross and microscopic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and of some parenchymal organs are essential for the diagnostics and differential diagnostics of reviewed diseases.

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Andalib, Ali Reza, and Maedeh Radandish. "Immunological and Clinical Aspects of Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2." Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences 24, no. 6 (February 1, 2020): 592–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jqums.24.6.10.

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The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 from the family Coronaviridae, was first reported in December 2019 in China. The disease have mild or severe symptoms such as fever, chills, cough, shortness of breath, body aches, and gastrointestinal symptoms, followed by severe inflammation, cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and dysfunction of other organs. In this narrative review study, the search was conducted on related studies published during January- October 2020 in Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases using the keywords Covid-19, Immunology, and Immunopathogenesis. Among abundant and mostly repetitive information, the immunological aspects were selected. The SARS-CoV-2 can enter the cell by binding to the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and Trans-Membrane Protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) on the surface of lung epithelial cells. The main pathogenic mechanism of infection with SARS-CoV-2 is the stimulation of inflammatory response followed by damage to the alveoli of lung tissue. In uncontrolled immune responses, the infiltration of macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and inflammatory T cells into the alveoli increases which leads to tissue damage in the lungs and other organs by overproduction of inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), Interleukin 6 (IL-8), Interferon gamma (IFNγ), etc. The Natural Killer (NK) and T cell dysfunction, lymphopenia, and infection of immune cells such as monocytes with ADE mechanism are factors causing the body’s failure in resistance to SARS-CoV-2 virus. Diagnosis of COVID-19 is based on the clinical symptoms and the results of molecular tests (e.g. Polymerase Chain Reaction test), or computerized tomography scan followed by serological tests and measuring biochemical factors in the blood (e.g. lymphocyte count, C-reactive protein, dimerized plasmin fragment D, etc.). Due to the association of the severity of COVID-19 with the uncontrolled immune response of the host, targeting any of the immunopathological pathways to inhibit inflammatory responses can be considered as potential therapeutic goals. The use of immune system regulators such as chloroquine, corticosteroids, inflammatory cytokine blockers such as anti-IL-6, anti-IL-1, and cell therapy at the right time have an enhanced effect on the recovery of the disease or inhibit the disease progression.

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León, Fabiola Justina Fumero, Lucas Lima Silva, Alanna Calheiros Santos, Vanessa Duarte da Costa, Juliana Custódio Miguel, Julia Trece Marques, Giselle Prado Nascimento, et al. "Immunological and virological aspects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and hepatitis C virus." Journal of Medical Virology 94, no. 5 (February 4, 2022): 2296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27614.

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Salmasi, J. M., A. N. Kazimirskii, I. V. Kukes, G. V. Poryadin, and D. I. Pozdnyakov. "Interferoncontaining drugs: clinical, pharmacological, and immunological points of their use for respiratory diseases treatment." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 11 (August 12, 2021): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-11-210-220.

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Nowadays pharmacological group classified by the ATX L03AX code as immunostimulants is demand among doctors of various specialties. The main area of application of such drugs is infectious respiratory viral processes, which are associated not only with the pathogenetic action of viruses, but also with a high risk of bacterial complications. Thus, the practitioner is faced with the task of preventing such complications and choosing an immunomodulatory drug with the most pronounced pharmacodynamic properties in this regard. In Russia, there are many drugs belonging to the group of immunomodulators with different mechanisms of action and end pharmacological and immunological points of application. The emphasis of the mechanisms of action of such drugs is made on the effect on the systems of both innate and adaptive immunity. At the same time, the severity of the effect on both one and the other immune system in drugs that is strong enough may differ, which requires special attention from the doctor when choosing a drug in a particular situation. A special place in the group of immunomodulatory drugs used for infectious respiratory diseases is occupied by interferoncontaining drugs that contain interferon alfa-2b (IFN-a2b). In addition, there are combination of IFN-a2b with an immunoglobulin complex, which increases the effectiveness of this drug in the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases. The article describes the theoretical and practical aspects of administration this combined drug in pediatric practice and presents own experimental studies.

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Silva, Camila Radelley Azevedo Costa da, Lisiane Vital de Oliveira, Lorenna Peixoto Lopes, Wancler Albert Gomes dos Santos, and Isabela Karine Rodrigues Agra. "Immunological aspects of coronavirus disease during pregnancy: an integrative review." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 66, no. 5 (May 2020): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.5.696.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To review the immunological aspects of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in pregnancy, based on the scientific evidence currently available. METHODS An integrative review was performed by two independent researchers, based on the literature available in the MEDLINE (via PubMed) and LILACS databases, using the descriptors “pregnancy” and “COVID-19”. This search included articles published up until 14th April 2020 published in English, Spanish or Portuguese. After reading the articles available in their entirety, those related specifically to the immunological aspects of the disease in pregnancy were selected. We initially found a total of 62 articles; 52 were accessed in full-text, and 5 were finally selected. RESULTS Pregnant women are more affected by respiratory diseases possibly because of physiological, immune, and anatomical changes. Some studies highlight the important shift to a T-helper lymphocyte type 2 (Th2) immune response in pregnancy, as a potential contributor to the severity in cases of COVID-19. Additionally, the cytokine storm present in severe cases leads to an increased inflammatory state, which may deteriorate the clinical prognosis in this population. Therefore, pregnant women may represent a vulnerable group to COVID-19 infection, primarily due to the immune imbalance in the maternal-fetal interface. CONCLUSION Maternal immune response probably plays an important role in the pathophysiology of this infection, although some details remain unsolved. Although further studies are needed to deeply investigate the immunological aspects of the disease in pregnancy, our findings may provide insights into the possible immune mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 in pregnancy.

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Vadakedath, Sabitha, Venkataramana Kandi, Ranjan K. Mohapatra, Venkata B. K. Pinnelli, Richa R. Yegurla, Praveen R. Shahapur, Vikram Godishala, et al. "Immunological aspects and gender bias during respiratory viral infections including novel Coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19): A scoping review." Journal of Medical Virology 93, no. 9 (May 19, 2021): 5295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27081.

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Collazo, Carmen M., Anda I. Meierovics, Roberto De Pascalis, Terry H. Wu, C. Rick Lyons, and Karen L. Elkins. "T Cells from Lungs and Livers of Francisella tularensis-Immune Mice Control the Growth of Intracellular Bacteria." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 5 (February 23, 2009): 2010–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01322-08.

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ABSTRACT Parenteral and respiratory vaccinations with the intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis have been studied using the live vaccine strain (LVS) in a mouse model, and spleen cells from immune mice are often used for immunological studies. However, mechanisms of host immunological responses may be different in nonlymphoid organs that are important sites of infection, such as lung and liver. Using parenteral (intradermal) or respiratory (cloud aerosol) vaccination, here we examine the functions of resulting LVS-immune liver or lung cells, respectively. Surprisingly, LVS was considerably more virulent when administered by cloud aerosol than by intranasal instillation, suggesting method-dependent differences in initial localization and/or dissemination patterns. Only low doses were sublethal, and resolution of sublethal cloud aerosol infection was dependent on gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Nonetheless, survival of cloud aerosol or parenteral infection resulted in the development of a protective immune response against lethal LVS intraperitoneal or aerosol challenge, reflecting development of systemic secondary immunity in both cases. Such immunity was further detected by directly examining the functions of LVS-immune lung or liver lymphocytes in vitro. Lung lymphocytes primed by respiratory infection, as well as liver lymphocytes primed by parenteral infection, clearly controlled in vitro intracellular bacterial growth primarily via mechanisms that were not dependent on IFN-γ activity. Thus, our results indicate functional similarities between immune T cells residing in spleens, livers, and lungs of LVS-immune mice.

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Galimov, O. V., V. U. Sataev, E. S. Galimova, S. V. Fedorov, and V. O. Khanov. "The influence of the gastrointestinal tract deseases on the process of chronic lung pathology." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 6 (November 21, 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-202-6-14-18.

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Aim was to study the prevalence of gastrointestinal tract pathology and the state of intestinal biocenosis among bronchial asthma patients. Materials and methods: 93 patients with asthma in the exacerbation stage who had diseases of the gastrointestinal tract were examined. Instrumental, immunological, bacterial studies of the respiratory and digestive organs were carried out. The results of our study indicate a relationship between the development of bronchial asthma and gastrointestinal pathology due to negative environmental effects, stress, glucocorticosteroid therapy, changes in general and local protective reactions against a background of a chronic disease involving organ barriers with an autoimmune pathogenesis mechanism in the pathological process.

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Suzuki, Katsuhiko. "Chronic Inflammation as an Immunological Abnormality and Effectiveness of Exercise." Biomolecules 9, no. 6 (June 7, 2019): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9060223.

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Reduced levels of physical activity in people’s daily lives cause the development of metabolic syndromes or age-related disorders. Chronic inflammation is now understood to be an underlying pathological condition in which inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages infiltrate into fat and other tissues and accumulate when people become obese due to overeating and/or physical inactivity. Pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines that are secreted in excess from inflammatory cells will not only lead to the development of arteriosclerosis when they chronically affect blood vessels but also bring tissue degeneration and/or dysfunction to various organs. Chronic inflammation is also involved in sarcopenia that brings hypofunction in the elderly, dementia, osteoporosis, or cancer and negatively affects many chronic diseases and people’s healthy life expectancy. In this paper, outlines of such studies are introduced in terms of homeostatic inflammation, which occurs chronically due to the innate immune system and its abnormalities, while focusing on the efficacy of exercise from aspects of immunology and oxidative stress. The preventative effects of functional food ingredients in combination with exercise are also introduced and described. The challenges and future directions in understanding the role of exercise in the control of chronic inflammation are discussed.

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KAMASHEVA, GULNARA R., ALBINA V. SINEGLAZOVA, and EVGENII V. ARKHIPOV. "MORPHOFUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF AGING THAT DETERMINE THE COURSE OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN OLD AND SENILE AGE." Bulletin of Contemporary Clinical Medicine 15, no. 2 (April 2022): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.20969/vskm.2022.15(2).95-102.

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Aim. Based on an analysis of the medical literature, describe the key features of age-related organic and functional changes that potentially affect the course and therapy of respiratory diseases in elderly and senile people. Material and methods. A review of publications in the scientific and methodological literature on the problems of physiological and pathological aging, the epidemiology of somatic pathology and the peculiarities of its clinical manifestations and outcomes in the age aspect, including the relationship with the course of non-infectious and infectious respiratory diseases in elderly and senile people, is carried out. Results and discussion. The article provides relevant data on morbidity and mortality from respiratory pathology in old and senile age. A description is given of the mechanisms of aging of organs and systems, changes in the regulation of their functions, including changes in immunoreactivity from the standpoint of influence on the occurrence and course of respiratory diseases. Conclusion. When managing elderly and senile patients, it is necessary to take into account the age-related characteristics of the aging organism, the existing comorbid pathology and its therapy, take a differentiated approach to the assessment of the clinic, taking into account the direct signs of age-associated symptoms and manifestations of the «pharmacological cascade».

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Karmakar, Deepmala, Basudev Lahiri, Piyush Ranjan, Jyotirmoy Chatterjee, Pooja Lahiri, and Sanghamitra Sengupta. "Road Map to Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Clinico-Immunopathology and COVID-19 Disease Severity." Pathogens 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010005.

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SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The rapid spread of the virus worldwide prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020. COVID-19 discontinuing’s a global health crisis. Approximately 80% of the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 display undetectable to mild inflammation confined in the upper respiratory tract. In remaining patients, the disease turns into a severe form affecting almost all major organs predominantly due to an imbalance of innate and adaptive arms of host immunity. The purpose of the present review is to narrate the virus’s invasion through the system and the host’s reaction. A thorough discussion on disease severity is also presented regarding the behavior of the host’s immune system, which gives rise to the cytokine storm particularly in elderly patients and those with comorbidities. A multifaceted yet concise description of molecular aspects of disease progression and its repercussion on biochemical and immunological features in infected patients is tabulated. The summary of pathological, clinical, immunological, and molecular accounts discussed in this review is of theranostic importance to clinicians for early diagnosis of COVID-19 and its management.

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Izmaylova, Oksana A., P. F. Kiku, M. V. Yarygina, V. G. Moreva, V. Yu Ananev, and A. B. Kosolapov. "Hygienic aspects of the occurrence of ecology-dependent diseases in children and adolescents of the Primorsky Krai." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 1075–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-11-1075-1079.

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With the use of the methodology of the system approach there were obtained results of the evaluation of the occurrence of ecology-dependent diseases in children and adolescents in bioclimatic zones of the Primorsky Krai. Analysis of the prevalence of the main classes of ecologically dependent diseases according to the appealability (diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of digestive organs, diseases of blood and blood-forming organs, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, diseases of the genitourinary system, neoplasms, congenital anomalies, infectious diseases) was performed with the use of official statistical report forms No. 12 (ICD-10) over the period of2000-2014. Informational Database of parameters of the environment was represented by the factor modules: 6 - sanitary, and 5-environmental ones). By means of the method of the regression analysis there was established the relationship between environmental factors and the prevalence of ecological-dependent diseases, there were calculated values of the factor loads influencing on the indices of the morbidity rate in children and adolescents. The analysis of morbidity according to classes showed that during the study period, in the total there was a gain in the indicator ecologically dependent morbidity rate in children by 33.3%, in adolescents - by 35.3%. In the children and adolescent population there are prevalent diseases of the respiratory system - 67.3% and 52.45%, respectively; further in children and adolescent groups diseases of the digestive system - 9.45% and 17.08% take place; then in the children cohort are infectious diseases, and in adolescents - diseases of the genitourinary system. The level of ecologically dependent morbidity rate is determined by the complex impact of environmental and hygienic factors, with a predominance of sanitary-hygienic component and related with it parameters of the environment of habitation, such as chemical pollution of urban areas (soil, air, water sources), nevertheless biotropic factors (temperature, humidity, fog, number of days with biologically active solar radiation) make a significant contribution. The revealed various degree of the response of children and adolescents through the prevalence rate level to the exposure of ecological and hygienic factors of environment should be taken into account in the development and carrying out medical-preventive measures.

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Glenn, Justin D., Matthew D. Smith, Pei Xue, Yee Chan-Li, Samuel Collins, Peter A. Calabresi, Maureen R. Horton, and Katharine A. Whartenby. "CNS-targeted autoimmunity leads to increased influenza mortality in mice." Journal of Experimental Medicine 214, no. 2 (January 5, 2017): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20160517.

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The discovery that central nervous system (CNS)–targeted autoreactive T cells required a process of licensing in the lung revealed an unexpected relationship between these organs. The clinical and immunological significance of this finding is bidirectional in that it showed not only a mechanism by which T cells become pathogenic before entering the CNS, but also the potential for this process to influence lung immunity as well. Epidemiological studies have shown that people with multiple sclerosis (MS) suffer from increased morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, independent of immunosuppressive therapies. Respiratory infections account for a large percentage of deaths of people with MS. In this study, to investigate the mechanisms responsible for this enhanced susceptibility, we established a comorbid model system in which mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were administered a sublethal dose of influenza. Whereas mice with either EAE alone or influenza alone survived, 70% of comorbid mice died as a result of uncontrolled viral replication. Immunological analyses revealed that the induction of EAE led to a surprising alteration of the lung milieu, converting an effective stimulatory influenza-reactive environment into a suppressive one. These results provide mechanistic information that may help to explain the unexpected immunological interactions.

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Daulet Azadbek Ugli Jumanov, Shakhlo Khamidullaevna Bakieva, Jamolbek Abdukakharovich Djuraev, Islambek Abdinasirovich Kudiyarov, and Navruz Noryigitovich Djabbarov. "Clinical and microbiological peculiarities of nose pathology and paranasal sinuses in patients with non-hospital pneumonia." International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijbpsa.2021.1.1.0017.

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This article presents the results of a comprehensive otorhinolaryngological and microbiological study of diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. These diseases are closely interconnected, since the upper and lower respiratory tract are a single whole, have structures and functions and mechanisms for the development of pathological conditions. The etiopathogenesis of bacterial inflammatory diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract is based on the violation of the integrity of epithelial cells under the influence of respiratory viruses. Under the influence of the general toxic effect of the virus, phagocytosis is inhibited, immunological protection is disrupted, as a result, favorable conditions are created for microbial colonization in the nasopharynx and the further spread of infections to the paranasal sinuses and lower respiratory tract. As a result of a clinical and microbiological study, it was revealed that in community-acquired pneumonia, inflammatory diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses such as acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic and vasomotor rhinitis, curvature of the nasal septum were often encountered. To determine the nature of the microbial landsURTe of the upper and lower respiratory tract, a comparative microbiological analysis was performed from the nose and sputum. Analyzes showed that there was no significant difference in pathogenic microflora between the upper and lower respiratory tract. The main pathogen in both diseases was Streptococcus pneumoniae. Correspondence of the pathogenic microflora of the nasal cavity and lower respiratory tract when rhinosinusitis is detected in patients with community-acquired pneumonia confirms the pathogenetic relationship of inflammatory processes in these organs, as well as the need for parallel diagnosis, treatment, prevention.

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Nesterova, I. V., M. N. Mitropanova, S. V. Kovaleva, G. A. Chudilova, A. N. Shuvalov та V. V. Malinovskaya. "своеDifferentiated immunotherapy in the integration program for the rehabilitation of immunocompromised children with congenital cleft lip and palate". Voprosy praktičeskoj pediatrii 15, № 6 (2020): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1817-7646-2020-6-7-17.

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One of the development directions of osteoimmunology is the search for new therapeutic approaches in the pathology of bone tissue, in the pathogenesis of which the interaction between the immune and bone systems plays an essential role. In children with congenital cleft lip and palate (CCLP), the physiological deficiency of the immune system (IS) and its anatomical disorders lead to intense tension in the immature mechanism for maintaining immune homeostasis, which is accompanied by clinical features of immunodeficiency in the form of recurrent viral, bacterial and fungal infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, ENT organs and oral cavity. Objective. To develop an integration program for the rehabilitation of children with CCLP, which includes not only traditional complex rehabilitation, but also measures aimed at restoration of the normal functioning of IS with the use of new approaches to conduct differentiated immunotherapy for each age period. Patients and methods. The study included 210 children of different ages: 150 children with CCLP and 60 conditionally healthy children without CCLP. Immunophenotyping of lymphocytes was conducted by flow cytometry; testing of phagocytic activity of neutrophilic granulocytes (NG), spontaneous and induced production of reactive oxygen species in the NBT test, determination of the level of serum IgA, IgM, IgG and sIgA in oral fluid. Results. Common for all age groups of children with CCLP, NG dysfunctions of different severity were found: defects of phagocytosis, an increase of spontaneous activity of NADPH oxidase and dysfunction of adequate response in the form of partial or complete blockade of NADPH oxidase activity during additional antigenic bacterial load in the system in vitro. Taking into account revealed defects in the functioning of IS and peculiarities of the clinical status of immunocompromised children of different ages with CCLP who suffer from a high frequency of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, ENT organs and oral cavity, we have developed programs of differentiated immunotropic therapy for children of different ages with CCLP. Considering revealed defects in the functioning of IS and peculiarities of the clinical status of immunocompromised children of different ages with CCLP who suffer from a high frequency of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, we have developed and used an integration program of immunorehabilitation with a positive clinical and immunological effect. Conclusion. The developed integration program for the rehabilitation of immunocompromised children with CCLP with a high frequency of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, ENT organs and oral cavity, organically including differentiated immunotherapy along with methods of surgical, orthodontic and social rehabilitation and speech therapy, optimizes the treatment of patients with this pathology. The principles of differentiated immunotherapy are based on the revealed clinical and immunological peculiarities of immunodeficiency, which have both common features and differences depending on age, infectious and inflammatory manifestations and the stage of surgical treatment of children with CCLP. Key words: congenital cleft lip and palate, immunocompromised children, immunotropic therapy, rehabilitation

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Hassan, Wassan Nori, Mazin A. A. Najm, Alaa Hussein Hasan, and Khulood H. Oudah. "Immunological aspects of Alpha 1 Antitrypsin in COVID-19 infection among the Populace and Pregnant Women." AL-Kindy College Medical Journal 17, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47723/kcmj.v17i1.242.

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Since the COVID-19 pandemic alarm was made by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV) 2, several institutions and agencies have pursued to clarify the viral virulence and infectivity. The fast propagation of this virus leads to an unprecedented rise in the number of cases worldwide. COVID-19 virus is exceptionally contagious that spreads through droplets, respiratory secretions, and direct contact. The enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus has a specific envelop region called (S) region encoding (S protein) that specifically binds to the host cell receptor. Viral infection requires receptors' participation on the host cell membrane's surface, a key- step for the viral invasion of susceptible cells. Recently, the Italian alpha 1 antitrypsin Registry results showed a close geographic distribution of positive cases like the one recorded for SARS -CoV-2 infection. AAT deficient patients presented with the highest infection rates. They were giving attention to alpha 1 antitrypsin AAT's role in COVID-19 infection. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is undoubtedly the most common genetic condition in adults. AATD is characterized by decreased serum levels or impaired AAT action, raising the risk of developing many diseases, particularly pulmonary emphysema cirrhosis of the liver. This review will discuss the main immunological properties that AAT has as a protective agent against the infection and possible therapeutic application.

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Alatorskikh, A. E., P. V. Fedorych, L. V. Grechanska, and S. B. Koval. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS: A LOOK AT THE PROBLEM. REVIEW OF LITERARY SOURCES." Dermatology and Venerology, no. 4 (2020): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33743/2308-1066-2020-4-8-11.

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One of the leading diseases of the genitourinary system in women of reproductive age is occupied by infectious diseases that are associated with changes in the normal biocenosis of the vagina. It is these changes with a shift in the composition of the vaginal microflora towards anaerobic and microaerophilic opportunistic pathogens that are the background on which inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system of women are able to develop almost without hindrance. The literature suggests that the diversity of the spectrum of microorganisms that are associated with bacterial vaginosis can complicate not only the local immune response, but also the immunological reactivity of the body as a whole. Scientific and practical interest in this problem is due to the pathogenetic link of vaginal dysbiosis with inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, as well as the possible possibility of complications or complications of chronic dermatoses due to immune system disorders in relevant patients with bacterial vaginosis. Literature data on the most significant modern aspects of bacterial vaginosis are given. It has been suggested that the microflora associated with bacterial vaginosis, mediated by the immune system, may be affected by the occurrence and / or course of chronic dermatoses.

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Shcherba, О. A., L. D. Lastovetskaya, V. O. Polovynka, and V. A. Shako. "Clinical aspects of associated candidosis-herpetic vulvovaginitis." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 7(143) (September 30, 2019): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2019.143.85.

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Inflammatory processes of the female genital organs account for 55-70% of cases in the structure of all gynecological diseases, of which 40-50% are vaginal infections. Despite a significant amount of scientific research and the latest antibacterial agents, the incidence of inflammatory diseases does not tend to decrease. Candidiasis and herpes are one of the most widespread infections of the person with the chronic nature of a current and a long persistence of the agent. It is important to consider psychological consequences of infection. The objective: of the study was to study the features of a clinical current and also psychoemotional state of women with a chronically candidiasis-herpetic vulvovaginitis. Materials and methods. A total of 138 women with the associated candida-herpetic infection of a vagina (the main group) and 20 gynecologic healthy women (control group). Everything surveyed carried out all-clinical, cytological, mycological and virological researches . The psychoemotional state is studied according to the method by L.I. Wasserman’s. Results. At all examined women clinical manifestations of the vulvovaginitis of the mixed etiology were observed. 92.4% of patients had long and heavy discharges’ from a vagina. Results of virological and mycological researches correlated with a frequency of a recurrence of a disease and weight of their clinical manifestations. The research of psychological state showed that most of women with a mixed-infection (76.6%) had an increased level of psycho-emotional pressure in comparison with women of control group. Conclusions. It was established that women at the age of 20-30 years (67.4%) are at risk of having a candidiasis-herpetic infection. In most patients, the elements of the lesion occupy several anatomical areas. In patients with candidiasis- herpetic infection of the vagina, immunological dysfunction has been established at the level of the humoral link. Particularities attention should be paid to the relationship of psycho-emotional state and state of somatic health. Key words: associated infection, vulvovaginitis, candidiasis, genital herpes, psycho-emotional state.

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Todorovic-Djilas, Ljiljana, Tijana Icin, Jovanka Novakovic-Paro, and Ivana Bajkin. "Autoimmune thyroid disease and other non-endocrine autoimmune diseases." Medical review 64, no. 3-4 (2011): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1104183t.

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Introduction, Autoimmune diseases are chronic conditions initiated by the loss of immunological tolerance to self-antigens. They constitute heterogeneous group of disorders, in which multiple alterations in the immune system result in a spectrum of syndromes that either target specific organs or affect the body systematically. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a possible shift of one autoimmune disease to another or the fact that more than one autoimmune disease may coexist in a single patient or in the same family. Numerous autoimmune diseases have been shown to coexist frequently with thyroid autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune thyroid disease and other organ specific non-endocrine autoimmune diseases. This part of the study reviews the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease coexisting with: pernicious anaemia, vitiligo, celiac disease, autoimmune liver disease, miastenia gravis, alopecia areata and sclerosis multiplex, and several recommendations for screening have been given. Autoimmune thyroid disease and other organ non-specific non-endocrine autoimmune diseases. Special attention is given to the correlation between autoimmune thyroid disease and rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, syndrome Sj?gren, systemic sclerosis and mixed connective tissue disease. Conclusions. Screening for autoimmune thyroid diseases should be recommended in everyday clinical practice, in patients with primary organ-specific or organ non-specific autoimmune disease. Other?wise, in patients with primary thyroid autoimmune disease, there is no good reason of seeking for all other autoimmune diseases, although these patients have a greater risk of developing other autoimmune disease. Economic aspects of medicine require further analyzing of these data, from cost/benefit point of view to justified either mandatory screening or medical practitioner judgment.

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Untersmayr, Eva, Elisabeth Förster-Waldl, Michael Bonelli, Kaan Boztug, Patrick M. Brunner, Thomas Eiwegger, Kathrin Eller, et al. "Immunologically relevant aspects of the new COVID-19 vaccines—an ÖGAI (Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology) and AeDA (German Society for Applied Allergology) position paper." Allergo Journal International 30, no. 5 (June 18, 2021): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40629-021-00178-2.

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Summary Background The vaccines against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) approved in the European Union represent a decisive step in the fight against the pandemic. The application of these available vaccines to patients with pre-existing immunological conditions leads to a multitude of questions regarding efficacy, side effects and the necessary patient information. Results This review article provides insight into mechanisms of action of the currently available severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines and summarises the current state of science as well as expert recommendations regarding tolerability of the vaccines. In addition, the potential to develop protective immune responses is determined. A special focus is given on patients under immunosuppression or in treatment with immunomodulatory drugs. Special groups of the population such as children, pregnant women and the elderly are also considered. Conclusion Despite the need for a patient-specific risk–benefit assessment, the consensus among experts is that patients with immunological diseases in particular benefit from the induced immune protection after COVID-19 vaccination and do not have an increased risk of side effects.

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Vlasova, Galina V., and Pavel V. Pavlov. "Age aspects of the course of chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma in children (clinical and immunological characteristics)." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 10, no. 5 (January 28, 2020): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped10513-18.

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Cholesteatoma of the middle ear is the disease, the course and prognosis of which can not be considered without taking into account the patients age. In pediatric otorhinolaryngology, such patients require special attention due to the aggressiveness of cholesteatoma in children. The rapid growth and a high number of recurrences after surgical treatment are features of the course of this disease in children. The causes of the aggressiveness of this disease in children have not been studied. Objective: to identify clinical and immunological features in children with middle ear cholesteatoma in different age groups that contribute to the aggressive course of the disease. A retrospective analysis of 143 medical case reports of children from 1 to 17 years old who received surgical treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma was carried out in the Department of othorhinolaryngology (St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University) from 2000 to 2018. Comparative analysis of clinical manifestation, anamnesis of ear disease, concomitant diseases, immunological reactivity (the content of lymphocytes, their subpopulations and interleukin-2 in peripheral blood) and results of surgical treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma in different age groups has been performed. Cholesteatoma is more aggressive in young children. Frequent infections of the upper respiratory tract, eustachian tube dysfunctions, immune disorders in children under 7 years of age lead to an unfavorable course and prognosis of middle ear cholesteatoma.

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Lenaerts, L., E. Verbeken, E. De Clercq, and L. Naesens. "Mouse Adenovirus Type 1 Infection in SCID Mice: an Experimental Model for Antiviral Therapy of Systemic Adenovirus Infections." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 11 (November 2005): 4689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.11.4689-4699.2005.

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ABSTRACT The importance of human adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients urges for new and adequate antiadenovirus compounds. Since human adenoviruses are species specific, animal models for systemic adenovirus infections rely on a nonhuman adenovirus. We established mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) infection of BALB/c SCID mice as a model for the evaluation of antiadenovirus therapy. In vitro studies with mouse embryonic fibroblasts pointed to the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate cidofovir and the N-7-substituted acyclic derivative 2-amino-7-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)purine (S-2242) as markedly active compounds against MAV-1. SCID mice, infected intranasally with MAV-1, developed a fatal disseminated infection after approximately 19 days, characterized by hemorrhagic enteritis. Several techniques were optimized to monitor viral, immunological, and pathological aspects of MAV-1 infection. Real-time PCR quantification of viral DNA revealed that after replication in the lungs, virus disseminated to several organs, including the brain, liver, spleen, intestine, heart, and kidneys (resulting in viruria). Immunohistochemical staining showed that MAV-1 was localized in the endothelial cells of the affected organs. Using reverse transcription-PCR, tissue levels of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha) were found to be markedly increased. The MAV-1/SCID model appears to be an appropriate model for in vivo evaluation of antiadenovirus agents. Treatment with cidofovir or S-2242 at a dose of 100 mg per kg of body weight resulted in a significant delay in MAV-1-related death, although these antivirals were unable to completely suppress virus replication despite continued drug treatment. These findings suggest that complete virus clearance during antiviral therapy for disseminated adenovirus infection may require an efficient adaptive immune response from the host.

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Soleymaninejadian, Ehsan, Paola Zelini, Irene Cassaniti, Fausto Baldanti, Mattia Dominoni, Andrea Gritti, and Barbara Gardella. "Immunological Aspects of Human Papilloma Virus-Related Cancers Always Says, “I Am like a Box of Complexity, You Never Know What You Are Gonna Get”." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050731.

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The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause different cancers in both men and women. The virus interferes with functions of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus in the anogenital area, breast, and head and neck cancer due to the local lesions. The tumors lead to death if not treated as a result of distant metastasis to internal organs and brain. Moreover, HPV attenuates the immune system during chronic infection and releases viral antigens into the tumor microenvironment. The tumors know how difficult is to win the battle with a strong united army of immune cells that are equipped with cytokines and enzymes. They confuse the immune cells with secreting viral antigens. The immune system is equipped with cytokines, a complement system, antibodies, and other secretory proteins to overcome the foreign invaders and viral antigens. However, the majority of the time, tumors win the battle without having all the equipment of the immune cells. Thus, in this review, we describe the recent progression in cellular and humoral immunity studies during the progression of HPV-related cancers. First of all, we describe the role of B, plasmoid cells, and B regulatory cells (Breg) in their functions in the tumor microenvironment. Then, different subtypes of T cells such as T CD8, CD4, T regulatory (Treg) cells were studied in recently published papers. Furthermore, NK cells and their role in tumor progression and prevention were studied. Finally, we indicate the breakthroughs in immunotherapy techniques for HPV-related cancers.

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Xanthinaki, AA, C. Donta, V. Gatou, and C. Tsichlakis. "Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae: Diagnosis Based on Oral Manifestations – Report of a Case." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 33, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.33.2.u2v6362312467465.

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Hyalinosis cutis et mucosae is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by diffuse deposition of a hyaline-like material in the skin and mucous membrane of the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and internal organs. In the first weeks of life it begins with typical hoarseness due to hyaline deposits in the larynx. Rough, yellowish-white papular deposits in the skin and the oral mucosa usually develop during childhood. The etiology and pathogenesis are unknown and the treatment is only symptomatic. A 14-year old boy developed several typical clinical features of the disease since birth and remained undiagnosed until he was referred by his dentist to our department for oral evaluation. The clinical, histopathological and immunological aspects of the patient are discussed in detail. Oral and systemic manifestations of the disease are also reviewed. The oral mucosa appeared nodular, diffusely enlarged and thickened because of infiltration with waxy-yellowish-white plaques and nodules. The patient also exhibited a thickened, furrowed appearance of the skin with several skin scars, eyelid nodules, loss of eyelashes and voice hoarseness. The clinical diagnosis of hyalinosis cutis et mucosa was confirmed histologically.

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Расим гызы Гаджиева, Ф. "Medico-Social Aspects of Early Postpartum Complications." Репродуктивное здоровье. Восточная Европа, no. 2 (June 9, 2022): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2022.12.2.005.

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Введение. Сохранение репродуктивной функции – одна из главных задач современной практической и научной медицины. Одной из основных причин нарушения репродуктивного здоровья являются послеродовые инфекционно-воспалительные осложнения.Материалы и методы. Для изучения факторов риска развития воспалительного процесса были обследованы 150 родильниц, которые были разделены на две группы: основная – родильницы с развившимися послеродовыми воспалительными осложнениями (n=100), группа сравнения – родильницы с физиологическим течением послеродового периода (n=50). Средний возраст родильниц по группам составил 29,9±0,64 и 30,3±0,86 года (р=0,679).Результаты и обсуждение. При изучении анамнестических данных выявляется низкий уровень общего и акушерско-гинекологического статуса родильниц с пуэрперальными осложнениями. Ведущая роль в развитии мультибактериальных послеродовых воспалительных заболеваний репродуктивной системы принадлежит инфекциям, передающимся половым путем, основными видами возбудителей при этом являются условно-патогенные и патогенные микроорганизмы. При сравнительном анализе структуры заболеваемости у обследуемых групп родильниц выявлено, что на первом месте стоит заболеваемость хламидиозом и трихомониазом. По частоте встречаемости микоплазмоза не выявлены статистически значимые различия. Можно сделать вывод о том, что нарушения менструальной функции с достаточно высокой частотой приводят к развитию острых воспалительных процессов в органах малого таза в период раннего пуэрперия. Статистически значимая часть выявленных факторов риска связана с заболеваниями мочеполовой системы (хронический пиелонефрит) и органов дыхания (острые респираторные инфекции, хронический тонзиллит, синусит).Заключение. Полученные данные позволяют выявить родильниц с высоким риском развития ранних послеродовых воспалительных осложнений в условиях акушерского стационара, своевременно осуществить необходимые лечебно-профилактические мероприятия и предотвратить таким образом дальнейшую хронизацию и генерализацию патологического процесса. Introduction. Preservation of reproductive function is one of the main tasks of modern practical and scientific medicine. One of the main causes of reproductive health disorders are postpartum infectious and inflammatory complications.Materials and methods. To study the risk factors for the development of the inflammatory process, 150 puerperas were examined, which were divided into two groups: the main group – puerperas with developed postpartum inflammatory complications (n=100), the comparison group – puerperas with a physiological course of the postpartum period (n=50). The average age of puerperas in groups was 29.9±0.64 and 30.3±0.86 years (p=0.679).Results and discussion. When studying the anamnestic data, a low level of the general and obstetric-gynecological status of puerperas with purperal complications is revealed. The leading role in the development of multibacterial postpartum inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system belongs to sexually transmitted infections, the main types of pathogens, while opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms. A comparative analysis of the structure of morbidity in the examined groups of puerperas revealed that the incidence of chlamydia and trichomoniasis is in the first place. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of mycoplasmosis. It can be concluded that menstrual dysfunction with a sufficiently high frequency leads to the development of acute inflammatory processes in the pelvic organs during the period of early puerperia. A statistically significant part of the identified risk factors is associated with diseases of the genitourinary system (chronic pyelonephritis) and respiratory organs (acute respiratory infections, chronic tonsillitis, sinusitis).Conclusion. The data obtained make it possible to identify puerperas with a high risk of developing early postpartum inflammatory complications in an obstetric hospital, to timely implement the necessary therapeutic and preventive measures and thus prevent further chronicity and generalization of the pathological process.

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Mishin, Vladimir Yu, Anastasiia V. Mishina, Dmitriy A. Lezhnev, Aleksandr L. Sobkin, Nаtalya V. Sergeeva, Aleksandr S. Kononets, and Irina Yu Babaeva. "The effect of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) on clinical and radiological manifestations in patients with comorbidity of respiratory tuberculosis, HIV-infection and opportunistic lung diseases: prospective study design." Consilium Medicum 24, no. 3 (May 19, 2022): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2022.3.201505.

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Aim. To study the features of clinical and radiological manifestations and diagnosis of COVID-19, respiratory tuberculosis and opportunistic lung infections (OIL) coinfection in patients with late stages of HIV-infection with immunodeficiency. Materials and methods. The study included 29 patients with COVID-19 coinfection, respiratory tuberculosis and opportunistic lung infections in the late stages of HIV-infection with immunodeficiency (group 1) and 29 patients similar in all parameters without COVID-19 (group 2). All patients were underwent clinical and laboratory, radiation and bronchological examination, and microbiological, immunological, molecular genetic, cytological and histological examination of diagnostic material of the respiratory tract, cerebrospinal and pleural fluid, blood, urine and feces to identify pathogens of coinfection. Statistical data processing was carried out using the Microsoft Office Excel 2010 program with the calculation of the average in the group and the standard error of the average, confidence interval. Results. It has been established that co-infection with COVID-19, respiratory tuberculosis and opportunistic lung infections in patients with late stages of HIV-infection with immunodeficiency is manifested by a pronounced intoxication syndrome, bronchopulmonary manifestations and symptoms of damage to other organs and systems, which is due to the generalization of tuberculosis with extrapulmonary lesions and the development of opportunistic lung infections, as in patients without COVID-19. A computed tomogram of the chest organs with this coinfection visualizes the syndrome of dissemination, the syndrome of adenopathy and the syndrome of pathology of the pulmonary pattern, represented by the compaction of interstitial tissue in the frosted glass type, which is associated with the simultaneous layering of various pathologies, which complicates their differential diagnosis. This determines the similarity of clinical and radiological manifestations of COVID-19 coinfection, respiratory tuberculosis and opportunistic lung infections in patients with late-stage HIV-infection with immunodeficiency, as in patients without COVID-19. This requires complex microbiological and molecular genetic research methods to identify specific pathogens for the appointment of timely treatment. Conclusion. Patients with COVID-19 coinfection, respiratory tuberculosis and opportunistic lung infections in the late stages of HIV-infection with immunodeficiency pose a high risk of infection in a healthy population, taking into account their social maladaptation and non-adherence to examination and treatment. This requires an active diagnosis of COVID-19 in all patients with respiratory tuberculosis and HIV-infection who are registered in the office of anti-tuberculosis care for HIV-infected in an anti-tuberculosis dispensary, for emergency isolation and treatment.

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Sinitsyn, M. V., M. N. Reshetnikov, B. G. Barskiy, T. I. Abu Arqoub, E. I. Pozdnyakova, and D. V. Plotkin. "DIAGNOSTIC SURGERY IN HIVINFECTED PATIENTS WITH DAMAGE OF CHEST ORGANS." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 10, no. 2 (July 8, 2018): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2018-10-2-96-102.

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The current epidemiological situation in the world, characterized by a constant increase in the number of HIV-infected. The steady progression of HIV infection, even in the presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), is accompanied by the development of opportunistic diseases. Tubercolosis most often affects patients with HIV infection, as the risk of their illness is 20–37 times higher. Basically, radiation tests and immunological tests are used for the diagnostic of tuberculosis. The main diagnostic criterion for establishing the diagnosis of tuberculosis is detection of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis by bacteriological or molecular genetic method. Other diseases with respiratory organs, pleura, and hilar lymph nodes may also occur In patients with HIV infection, which requires differential diagnostic, including surgical methods. It is often necessary to resort to a biopsy of pulmonary tissue, pleura, and hilar lymph nodes to establish a diagnosis. Among surgical methods, the use of minimally invasive operations using endoscopic techniques is most justified. Purpose of the study. Study of safety and effectiveness of the use of surgical methods in the diagnostic of chest diseases in patients with HIV infection. Materials and methods. The results of 105 diagnostic thoracic surgeries in patients with HIV infection which were performed in Moscow Research andClinicalCenterfor Tuberculosis Control of Moscow city Department in period between 2014–2017 were studied. All patients underwent diagnostic surgical interventions. Minimally invasive methods were predominantly used. The obtained diagnostic material was subjected to morphological, molecular-genetic and bacteriological analysis. Results of the research. After surgical interventions in patients with HIV infection with pathological changes in chest organs, unclear etiology, diagnosis of tuberculosis was established in 74 (70,5%) patients, nontuberculous etiology of the disease was detected in 31 (29,5%). Differential diagnosis of chest diseases in patients with HIV infection is an integral part of the work of phthisiatrician, pulmonologist and infectiologist. Surgical interventions in HIV-infected patients do not create a significant risk of changes in the immune status, respectively, their performance is independent of the level of lymphocytes and produced even with severe immunodeficiency. The use of surgical methods in diagnostic of chest diseases is safe, effective and does not lead to a significant number of complications and mortality in patients with HIV infection, regardless of the initial immune status. In addition, in number of patients, the operation is not only diagnostic, but also therapeutic, allowing significantly shortening the duration of treatment, avoiding the appointment of trial therapy. The conclusion. In case of tuberculosis, morphological verification of pathological changes in combination with bacteriological and molecular genetic research of the operation material makes it possible to assign an adequate regime of antituberculous chemotherapy in accordance with the sensitivity of the pathogen. The establishment of non-tuberculous etiology of the identified changes, changes the routing of an HIV-infected patient from an anti-tuberculosis institution to a specialized medical organization of the appropriate profile.

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Kulchenko, N. G. "Epidemiology of kidney disease in patients with COVID-19." Research and Practical Medicine Journal 7, no. 3 (September 12, 2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17709/2409-2231-2020-7-3-7.

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At the turn of 2019–2020, humanity was struck by a new viral infection SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), which quickly spread in many countries and reached the scale of a pandemic. A feature of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) is it’s high contagiousness, virulence and tropism to many cells of human organs. Human infection primarily occurs through the respiratory tract. Then, getting into the respiratory divisions, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) can enter the blood and interact with cells of other organs. It is already known that COVID-19 uses the angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) receptor to enter the cell, and ACE2 is highly expressed in the kidneys. Therefore, kidney disease is a risk factor for COVID-19 infection, exacerbating the clinical course of the disease. This article discusses the main aspects of the etiology and pathogenesis of kidney diseases in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Since there is currently no specific vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and there is no effective drug for the treatment of COVID-19, the identification of risk factors and early medical correction of kidney diseases can help reduce the overall incidence and mortality. Conclusion. Early detection and correction of violations of filtration and excretory function of the kidneys, including adequate hemodynamic support and restriction of nephrotoxic drugs, can improve the prognosis of recovery of a patient with COVID-19.

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Zemlyanova, Marina A., Nina V. Zaitseva, Juliya V. Koldibekova, Olga Yu Ustinova, and Olga A. Kobjakova. "Substantiation of marker indicators of diseases of the respiratory organs and the blood system in children with elevated blood levels of copper, nickel and chromium." Hygiene and sanitation 101, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 1347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-11-1347-1353.

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Introduction. An urgent hygienic problem in regions with intensive industrial development is inadequate air quality, which causes unacceptable risks of developing somatic diseases among the population in their places of permanent residence. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the associative relationships of indicators of negative effects on the respiratory organs and the blood system with an elevated blood content of copper, nickel and chromium in children. Materials and methods. A hygienic assessment of the quality of ambient air in residential buildings was carried out, the risk was assessed, chemical-analytical, biochemical, general clinical, immunological and proteomic studies and statistical analysis were performed. Results. Established associative relationships of increased blood levels of copper, nickel and chromium with a change in the indicators of negative effects. Markers of the formation of chronic inflammation, accompanied by an imbalance of cellular and humoral immunity, are a decrease in the phagocytic index and number, overproduction of copper-specific IgG, total IgG; markers of a possible violation of the cascade of enzymatic reactions of the plasma system of blood coagulation and vascular-platelet hemostasis is a decine in the expression of prothrombin, vitronectin and hemoglobin beta subunit; development of induction of oxidative processes including an increase in MDA in blood plasma. Limitations. The conducted study does not make it possible to draw unambiguous conclusions about the effect of the studied chemicals on changes in biochemical and hematological parameters,and as well as morbidity rates, since the possibility of the impact of other factors (heredity, gender and age characteristics) not studied in this work is not excluded. Conclusion. It is expedient to use the obtained results for the implementation of targeted measures to prevent negative consequences on the part of the respiratory system, the immune system, and the blood system, etiopathogenetically associated with the aerogenic combined effect of nickel, chromium and copper oxides.

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Fitzgerald, Robert S., and Asuncion Rocher. "Physiology and Pathophysiology of Oxygen Sensitivity." Antioxidants 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071114.

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Oxygen is an essential requirement for metabolism in mammals and many other animals. Therefore, pathways that sense a reduction in available oxygen are critical for organism survival. Higher mammals developed specialized organs to detect and respond to changes in O2 content to maintain gas homeostasis by balancing oxygen demand and supply. Here, we summarize the various oxygen sensors that have been identified in mammals (carotid body, aortic bodies, and astrocytes), by what mechanisms they detect oxygen and the cellular and molecular aspects of their function on control of respiratory and circulatory O2 transport that contribute to maintaining normal physiology. Finally, we discuss how dysregulation of oxygen availability leads to elevated signalling sensitivity in these systems and may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and many other disorders. Hence, too little oxygen, too much oxygen, and a malfunctioning sensitivity of receptors/sensors can create major pathophysiological problems for the organism.

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Kryukov, E. V., K. V. Zhdanov, K. V. Kozlov, V. Yu Kravtsov, O. V. Mal’tsev, V. S. Sukachev, P. I. Miklush, et al. "Electron microscopic changes in the nasal membrane of patients with COVID-19 depending on the clinical form and the period of the disease." Journal Infectology 13, no. 2 (July 14, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2021-13-2-5-13.

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Given that COVID-19 is a global public health problem and that almost all countries in the world have been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, research is being actively pursued to better understand the effects of the virus on human cells. However, it is not clear what changes are observed in the cells of the main gate of infection – the mucosa of the mouth and the nose at different clinical forms and at different periods of disease. Understanding the ultra-structural cell changes of SARS-CoV-2 targets may help clarify the pathogenic aspects of infection in the lower respiratory tract. In this study, the elements of the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the cells of the respiratory epithelium of the nose in patients with COVID-19 were evaluated using electron microscopy for the purpose of detecting the peculiarities of viral activity depending on the form and period of disease. Bioptats of the nasal mucous membrane were taken from COVID-19 patients and subsequently examined by electron microscopy. The severity of structural changes in tissue samples, presence of SARSCoV-2 virus in cells were determined, then bioptats were grouped according to the clinical form of the infection process (inapparent, acute upper respiratory tract infections, viral lung disease) and period of disease. It has been established that the most characteristic changes in the mucous membrane of the nose were observed in the first week of infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 and occurring in the form of acute respiratory disease, while viral lung infections have had the highest virus density in vesicles within cells, the formation of smooth virus-free vesicles is most common in inapparent forms. The data obtained may indicate that the formation of classical virus-induced changes in the respiratory epithelium of the nose mucous (vesicles with viral particles and signs of their release from the cell) is characteristic of localized forms of infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 (respiratory infection of the upper respiratory tract) and in cases of generalized infection (viral infection of the lungs and probably other organs and systems) accumulation of the infectious agent in high concentrations in vesicles.

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Ostrovskaya, G. Yu, N. V. Rozkolupa, T. A. Petrova, E. G. Kolot, and A. A. Kapustianskaya. "FREE RADICAL LIPID OXIDATION AS A LEADING MECHANISM IN DEVELPOING PERIODONTITIS." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 20, no. 1 (April 9, 2020): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.20.1.40.

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Generalized periodontitis is a disease, which occurrence rate increases with age and manifests as a destructive inflammatory process based on the complex biochemical and pathophysiological changes. Active resorption of the alveolar ridge is influenced by both local factors and the overall body condition and systemic diseases. Development of generalized periodontitis is associated with loss of skeletal bone mass and characterized by predominance of resorption over osteosynthesis. Key moments in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases are impairment of the dynamic balance of the prooxidate-antioxidant system that leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and toxic metabolites. Along with the general mechanisms, local factors are involved into the pathogenesis of periodontitis. As a result of the "respiratory burst" of neutrophils, there is an effect of enzymatic lipid peroxidation burst with the following formation of superoxide anion radical and eicosanoids, damage to periodontal structures, immunological disorders. Generalized periodontitis is a polyetiological disease associated with the pathology of internal organs. The mechanisms of inflammatory and destructive periodontal lesions are mediated by genetic and local factors, chronic concomitant pathology, free radical aggression, and secondary immunodeficiency states. In the mechanism of local destruction of periodontal tissues, an important role is played by periodontopathogenic microflora, which triggers reactions accompanied by intensification of the processes of free radical oxidation of lipids and proteins of cell membrane structures.

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Uskov, A. N., Yu V. Lobzin, S. V. Rychkova, I. V. Babachenko, V. V. Fedorov, L. U. Ulukhanova, and L. M. Pochinyaeva. "Course of a new coronavirus infection in children: some aspects of monitoring and analysis of mortality." Journal Infectology 12, no. 3 (August 2, 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2020-12-3-12-20.

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The work objective was to carry out the analysis of the existing in the Russian Federation monitoring of the incidence of new coronavirus infection in children and specific features of death cases caused by COVID-19 in children. Materials and methods. The analysis of the data of operative statistics presented on the sites of the governments of the regions where the incidence among children was considered within the period from April 22, 2020 to June 26, 2020, as well as the data of the Main non-staff experts in infectious diseases in children was performed. The inpatient medical documentation and the data of pathologicoanatomic investigation of children died due to COVID-19 were analyzed. Results. Prevalence of COVID-19 in children from various regions of the Russian Federation was from 1% to 8.6% in the structure of general disease incidence. The asymptomatic and mild forms of the disease which did not require hospitalization, were noted in 55–60% of the cases. 12 death cases associated with COVID-19 were registered for June 22, 2020. The analysis of 8 presented cases showed that 6 patients out of 8 died children were of the first half of the year of life (3 girls and 5 boys). In most cases the children were admitted to the hospital at the 8–12th day of the disease in severe and extremely severe condition due to pulmonary-cardiac insufficiency, six patients had fever up to 38–39°С, four patients had signs of consciousness depression. All children were diagnosed with community-acquired bilateral pneumonia according to the data of roentgenography, ultrasound investigation or computer tomography of the chest organs that did not always coincide with the intensity of respiratory syndrome. The direct cause of death was cardiac or pulmonary-cardiac insufficiency. Conclusion. The analysis of clinical and laboratory manifestations of COVID-19 with an unfavourable outcome in children revealed some difficulties in the interpretation of its role in thanatogenesis. The significance of comorbid pathologies in the development of unfavourable outcomes is doubtless.

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Gallardo, Felipe S., Adriana Córdova-Casanova, and Enrique Brandan. "The linkage between inflammation and fibrosis in muscular dystrophies: The axis autotaxin–lysophosphatidic acid as a new therapeutic target?" Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling 15, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12079-021-00610-w.

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AbstractMuscular dystrophies (MDs) are a diverse group of severe disorders characterized by increased skeletal muscle feebleness. In many cases, respiratory and cardiac muscles are also compromised. Skeletal muscle inflammation and fibrosis are hallmarks of several skeletal muscle diseases, including MDs. Until now, several keys signaling pathways and factors that regulate inflammation and fibrosis have been identified. However, no curative treatments are available. Therefore, it is necessary to find new therapeutic targets to fight these diseases and improve muscle performance. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an active glycerophospholipid mainly synthesized by the secreted enzyme autotaxin (ATX), which activates six different G protein-coupled receptors named LPA1 to LPA6 (LPARs). In conjunction, they are part of the ATX/LPA/LPARs axis, involved in the inflammatory and fibrotic response in several organs-tissues. This review recapitulates the most relevant aspects of inflammation and fibrosis in MDs. It analyzes experimental evidence of the effects of the ATX/LPA/LPARs axis on inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Finally, we speculate about its potential role as a new therapeutic pharmacological target to treat these diseases.

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Wang, Fujing, Yanhui Li, Changlei Cui, Zhaoping Xue, and Haichun Ma. "Effects of Anesthetics on Barrier Tissue Function." Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (October 21, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5920620.

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Anesthetics have long been proven to have additional effects other than anesthesia on different organs and tissues of the human body. Barrier tissues play critical roles in human health and diseases, yet the impacts of anesthetics on barrier tissues are still not clear. This review article is aimed at summarizing different effects of anesthetics on the skin, the respiratory, and intestinal membranes from two aspects: inflammation/immunity and ischemia-reperfusion. Among volatile, intravenous, and local anesthetics, volatile anesthetics are less influential on barrier ischemia-perfusion function. Although direct comparisons between volatile and the other two types of anesthetics are still lacking, volatile anesthetics appear to have stronger anti-inflammatory effects on different barrier tissues through various mechanisms. These results suggested that when treating patients with barrier tissue complications, volatile anesthetics can provide better therapeutic outcomes.

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Andreev, Alexander Alekseevich, Vitalii Donchenko, Alexander Anatolievich Gluhov, Vladislav Valeryevich Novomlinsky, Anton Petrovich Ostroushko, and Anastasia Yurievna Laptiyova. "Interleukin-2 in the Complex Treatment of Surgical Patients." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 15, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2022-15-1-85-91.

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Immunotherapy for surgical diseases remains one of the urgent scientific and clinical issues. Immunodeficiency is manifested in patients with purulent wounds, pancreatic necrosis, osteomyelitis, oncological diseases, echinococcosis, gastroduodenal ulcers and other pathology. Drugs inducing interleukin-2 synthesis have shown high efficacy for the correction of immunodeficiency status. Clinical effects of rIL-2 are due to its ability to activate clonal proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes, to enhance the effector potential of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL cells) and natural killer cells (NK cells), functional activity of mononuclear phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells, synthesis of specific immunoglobulins of most isotypes by plasma cells and to reduce apoptosis of mononuclears. This cytokine is a key link determining the development of cellular and humoral immunity. Interleukin-2 provides antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal protection, being able to stimulate the processes of tissue regeneration and repair. The high clinical activity of the drug was revealed in the treatment of endotoxicosis, immunological insufficiency, inflammatory diseases in patients with surgical, oncological, traumatological, combustiological, resuscitation profiles, involving abdominal organs, pelvis and retroperitoneal space. It is rational to use recombinant interleukin-2 in case of previous inefficient conventional treatment and the process chronization. The drug has a number of positive aspects: rapid effect; reduced terms of treatment, frequency of infectious complications and sepsis; reduced mortality rate. The negative side of its administration is its high cost. Thus, immunosuppressive conditions are manifested in multiple surgical diseases. High clinical efficacy of recombinant interleukin 2, absence of complications, adverse reactions and undesirable effects, and favourable tolerability of the drug allow recommending it for wider use in surgical practice.

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Budnevsky, Andrey V., Evgeniy S. Ovsyannikov, Victoria V. Shishkina, Dmitry I. Esaulenko, Bogdan R. Shumilovich, Inessa A. Savushkina, and Nadezhda G. Alekseeva. "Possible Unexplored Aspects of Covid-19 Pathogenesis: The Role of Carboxypeptidase A3." International Journal of Biomedicine 12, no. 2 (June 5, 2022): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/article12(2)_ra1.

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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). First reported in 2019, it has already caused more than 500 million cases worldwide. The problem of COVID-19 treatment is still relevant, and it is necessary to study in detail the pathogenesis of COVID-19, including the involvement of different immune cells and their mediators. There is increasing evidence of the important role of mast cells (MCs) and their specific protease carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3) in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. MCs chymase and tryptase are already well studied, while CPA3 is of growing interest. The aim of this review is to study the CPA3 features and mechanisms of its participation in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and some other infectious and non-infectious diseases. Methods and Results: A literature search was carried out using Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, and E-Library databases. Of the158 articles analyzed, 33 were included in the review. CPA3, expressed by MCs in various organs, including human lungs, plays a role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 by indirectly causing pulmonary fibrosis, associating with levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and severity of COVID-19.

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Guzmán, Eduardo. "Fluid Films as Models for Understanding the Impact of Inhaled Particles in Lung Surfactant Layers." Coatings 12, no. 2 (February 19, 2022): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020277.

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Pollution is currently a public health problem associated with different cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. These are commonly originated as a result of the pollutant transport to the alveolar cavity after their inhalation. Once pollutants enter the alveolar cavity, they are deposited on the lung surfactant (LS) film, altering their mechanical performance which increases the respiratory work and can induce a premature alveolar collapse. Furthermore, the interactions of pollutants with LS can induce the formation of an LS corona decorating the pollutant surface, favoring their penetration into the bloodstream and distribution along different organs. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the most fundamental aspects of the interaction of particulate pollutants with LS to mitigate their effects, and design therapeutic strategies. However, the use of animal models is often invasive, and requires a careful examination of different bioethics aspects. This makes it necessary to design in vitro models mimicking some physico-chemical aspects with relevance for LS performance, which can be done by exploiting the tools provided by the science and technology of interfaces to shed light on the most fundamental physico-chemical bases governing the interaction between LS and particulate matter. This review provides an updated perspective of the use of fluid films of LS models for shedding light on the potential impact of particulate matter in the performance of LS film. It should be noted that even though the used model systems cannot account for some physiological aspects, it is expected that the information contained in this review can contribute on the understanding of the potential toxicological effects of air pollution.

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Osek, Jacek, and Kinga Wieczorek. "Listeria monocytogenes—How This Pathogen Uses Its Virulence Mechanisms to Infect the Hosts." Pathogens 11, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121491.

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Listeriosis is a serious food-borne illness, especially in susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women, and elderlies. The disease can occur in two forms: non-invasive febrile gastroenteritis and severe invasive listeriosis with septicemia, meningoencephalitis, perinatal infections, and abortion. Expression of each symptom depends on various bacterial virulence factors, immunological status of the infected person, and the number of ingested bacteria. Internalins, mainly InlA and InlB, invasins (invasin A, LAP), and other surface adhesion proteins (InlP1, InlP4) are responsible for epithelial cell binding, whereas internalin C (InlC) and actin assembly-inducing protein (ActA) are involved in cell-to-cell bacterial spread. L. monocytogenes is able to disseminate through the blood and invade diverse host organs. In persons with impaired immunity, the elderly, and pregnant women, the pathogen can also cross the blood–brain and placental barriers, which results in the invasion of the central nervous system and fetus infection, respectively. The aim of this comprehensive review is to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology of listeriosis and L. monocytogenes virulence mechanisms that are involved in host infection, with a special focus on their molecular and cellular aspects. We believe that all this information is crucial for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes infection.

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Maleev, V. V., A. K. Tokmalaev, G. M. Kozhevnikova, V. P. Golub, N. A. Polovinkina, T. V. Kharlamova, V. V. Konnov, I. V. Barysheva, and K. Ch Emerole. "Hantavirus infection. Achievements and challenges." Infekcionnye bolezni 19, no. 1 (2021): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2021-1-110-118.

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In the last two decades, a number of studies analyzing environmental, epidemiological, immunological, pathogenetic, and clinical aspects of hantavirus infection were published. Scientists are searching for effective treatments and are developing new methods of specific disease prevention. The classification of pathogens has been optimized and species names of hantaviruses have been changed. Hantavirus infection has been registered on almost all continents with different incidence. Considering the wide spread of hantavirus infection, it is rather not a feral herd infection, but a natural ubiquitous infection. Hantavirus infection has two clinical variants, including hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). In our opinion, the similarity of pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the development of both variants of hantavirus infection suggests the need to unite HFRS and HCPS (coded in the ICD as А98 and В33, respectively) into a single category ‘Hantavirus infection’ with clinical variants of its course. We believe that damage to the respiratory tract (regardless of the type of pathogen) should be considered as primary and pathogenetically determined condition; it can be considered as a complication only if the diagnosis was laboratory confirmed. Key words: Hantavirus, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, HFRS, hantavirus (cardio) pulmonary syndrome, HPS, capillary leak syndrome

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Cheng, Vincent C. C., Susanna K. P. Lau, Patrick C. Y. Woo, and Kwok Yung Yuen. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as an Agent of Emerging and Reemerging Infection." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20, no. 4 (October 2007): 660–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00023-07.

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SUMMARY Before the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003, only 12 other animal or human coronaviruses were known. The discovery of this virus was soon followed by the discovery of the civet and bat SARS-CoV and the human coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1. Surveillance of coronaviruses in many animal species has increased the number on the list of coronaviruses to at least 36. The explosive nature of the first SARS epidemic, the high mortality, its transient reemergence a year later, and economic disruptions led to a rush on research of the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, immunological, virological, and other basic scientific aspects of the virus and the disease. This research resulted in over 4,000 publications, only some of the most representative works of which could be reviewed in this article. The marked increase in the understanding of the virus and the disease within such a short time has allowed the development of diagnostic tests, animal models, antivirals, vaccines, and epidemiological and infection control measures, which could prove to be useful in randomized control trials if SARS should return. The findings that horseshoe bats are the natural reservoir for SARS-CoV-like virus and that civets are the amplification host highlight the importance of wildlife and biosecurity in farms and wet markets, which can serve as the source and amplification centers for emerging infections.

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