Дисертації з теми "Résistance moyenne"
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Salomon, Jérôme. "Modification de l'usage antibiotique en population humaine et résistances bactériennes." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066662.
Asaad, Imad. "Analyse des bruits d'origine électrique et des bruits d'intensité optique en basse et moyenne fréquence des lasers à semiconducteur : contribution aux études du vieillissement des diodes laser de puissance pour pompage optique (LPPO) à 980 nm." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20212.
Boehm, Emmanuelle. "Les nickelates A2MO4+ð, nouveaux matériaux de cathode pour piles à combustible SOFC moyenne température." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00640152.
Kouddane, Bouchra. "Évaluation non destructive optimale des bétons par couplage des méthodes CND." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0084.
Understanding the in situ mechanical properties of concrete is essential for determining the structural capacity of both existing structures and new constructions. The recent methodology for assessing concrete strength in an existing structure involves integrating nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques with destructive measurements (coring) to establish a conversion model that correlates mechanical strength with nondestructive measurements. Subsequently, the conversion model is applied to estimate the local mechanical strength at each testing location based on the corresponding NDT values.The Rebound Hammer (RH) test and the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test are widely used for estimating the compressive strength of concrete. However, the accuracy of the results obtained from these methods can be influenced by various factors. To mitigate these effects, the strategic combination of these two nondestructive tests provides an effective way to evaluate concrete strength in existing structures. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to analyze the assessment methodology of structures by combining nondestructive techniques and to offer practical recommendations that can enhance the reliability of in-situ concrete strength. For this purpose, a simulator was developed to analyze the methodology of nondestructive assessment using an extensive dataset derived from various sources, including in-situ studies, as well as generated synthetic data.The primary contribution of this study is to propose a new model identification approach based on multi-objective optimization to predict the mean strength of concrete and its variability, based on the combination of NDT measurements. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to check the performance by considering the uncertainty of NDT measurements and the variability of concrete. The results highlighted the effectiveness of the multi-objective method in determining both the average strength and the variability of strength compared to other approaches. Furthermore, this innovative approach enables enhanced accuracy in estimating concrete properties with a reduced number of cores compared to traditional methods.In addition, a thorough and accurate representation of the structure under examination can be achieved by carefully choosing the core locations. The efficacy of various suggested sample strategies has been evaluated in this study in order to select the optimal locations for the core extractions. Through these thorough comparisons, the study aims to discover the sampling plan that best aligns with the specific objectives of evaluating concrete strength. It is suggested to use variance sampling, which appears to be a suitable alternative for reducing inherent uncertainties in the nondestructive assessment process [...]
Alwash, Maitham Fadhil Abbas. "Assessment of concrete strength in existing structures using nondestructive tests and cores : analysis of current methodology and recommendations for more reliable assessment." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0587/document.
To assess concrete strength in an existing structure, the current methodology combines nondestructive measurements (NDT) like rebound hammer or/and pulse velocity with destructive technique (cores) in order to implement a relationship ‘‘conversion model” between the compressive strength and NDT measurements. The conversion model is used to estimate the local strength value at each test location using the corresponding NDT value.Then the estimated mean strength and/or estimated strength standard deviation (concrete strength variability) values are calculated. However, the reliability of these estimated values isalways a questionable issue because of the uncertainties associated with the strength assessment based upon NDT measurements. To improve the reliability, the uncertainties must be reduced by specifying and controlling their influencing factors. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to analyze the current assessment methodology in order to provide practical recommendations that can improve the reliability of assessing the in-situ strength in existing concrete structures by nondestructive tests and cores.To this end, a simulator was built in order to analyze the effects of the most influencing factors using a large campaign of datasets from different sources (in-situ or laboratory studies,and generated synthetic data).The first contribution of this work is the development of a new model identification approach“bi-objective” that can efficiently capture the strength variability in addition to the mean strength. After studying the effect of the way of selection the core locations, a method was proposed to select these locations depending on the NDT measurements “conditional selection” that improves the quality of assessment without additional cost. A third innovation was the development of a procedure to identify the relation between the number of cores and the accuracy of the estimation. Finally recommendations were derived in order to providemore reliable estimated values
Valmary, Laurence. "Phénotypes de résistance aux bêta-lactamines des souches de "Klebsiella" isolées dans un hôpital de long et moyen séjour : différenciation des souches résistantes par analyse du polymorphisme enzymatique." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P147.
Colombet-Lasseigne, Claude. "La seigneurie rurale en Forez face aux crises de la fin du Moyen âge : résistance ou défaillance ?" Saint-Etienne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STET2104.
In the middle of the fourteenth century, the seigneury system prevailed in the landscape of the Forez county. As soon as 1348 and for the rest of the century, the county waw plagued by epidemics, war and economic crisis. How did the seigneury system face those "plagues of the time" in the Forez county ? Rural seigneuries were affected by serious crisis wich undermined their very foundations. There was first a demographic crisis, then there was a land crisis ; there was also an economic crisis ; there was finally a societal and behavioural crisis, although less important. However, the seigneuries and their inhabitants stoop up to the crisis and after 1450 the seigniorial model prevailed again. We can say that around 1500 the seigniorial model went strong. It was more and less what it had been before and dominated the life of the country, in spite of sober changes. At the end of the Middle Ages, the Forez seigneuries seemed to be evolving very slowly. Because of that, they obviously belonged to that "other France" where seigneuries were not weakened
Le, Coz Audren. "Résistance et mutations de la fonction impériale entre Antiquité tardive et Moyen Age : le règne de Zénon (474-491)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040143.
For a long time, scholars identified the deposing of the last Western Emperor in 476 CE as the transition point between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Over the past few decades, Late Antiquity scholars have reconsidered the importance of this event: continuity would have definitely prevailed, which opened up the path to the promotion of an extended Late Antiquity, from third Century to eighth Century AD. A period of slow evolution, without brutal rupture. However, this argument fails to account for the profound crisis the Roman Empire experienced during the second half of the 5th century CE, in both the East and West. Accordingly, this study examines Emperor Zeno’s (474-491 CE) approach to this widespread crisis of imperial authority, and the dethroning of the last Western emperors. With pragmatism and opportunism, Zeno refashioned the role of emperors for a new world, without renouncing the emperor’s claim to universal authority. A new method of governance appeared, particularly after Basiliskos’ usurpation of the throne (475-476 CE), which forced Zeno to radically revise his internal, external and ecclesiastical policies. Zeno’s moves during his second reign restricted the options of his successors, no matter how strong was their willingness to return to traditional imperial ambitions. Without denying the advances of Late Antiquity studies over the long term, this study illuminates the rapid political events of the years 475-6 CE, particularly in the Eastern half of the Empire. While defending the long historical tradition of imperial power he inherited, Zeno’s historical role was to accept a new world and help usher the Roman Empire into the Middle Ages
Hugot, Karine. "Mécanismes de défense des plantes et acquisition de résistance aux champignons pathogènes : caractérisation d'effecteurs apoplastiques et étude du mode d'action de la RNase NE." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5480.
Muvunyi, Robert. "Induction de la résistance des carottes aux maladies post-récoltes par un traitement préentreposage au moyen des rayons ultraviolets (UV-C) : orientation des carottes au cours du traitement et nature de la résistance induite." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28934/28934.pdf.
Tavernier, Marie-Laure. "Production, purification et caractérisation d’oligoglucuronates éliciteurs des réactions de défenses [sic] chez la vigne." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0126.
The enzymatic degradation of glucuronan, a homopolymer composed of b-D-(1,4)-glucopyranosyluronic residues variably acetylated at C3 and/or C2 position, was studied. This linear polysaccharide, comparable to anionic cellulose, and its oligosaccharidic by-products have shown many biological properties. The recent identification of a fungal glucuronan lyase was the beginning of this PhD. This enzyme was used in several processes in order to generate different oligoglucuronan pools. First, a scale-up of the glucuronan production to the pilot scale (300 L bioreactor) has been successfully undertaken. Secondly, the glucuronan lyase has been purified and studied in enzymatic reactors containing the free or the immobilized shape. By the mean of these processes, different oligoglucuronan pools have been recovered. Furthermore, thanks to novel chromatographic techniques such as back ionisation and ion-pairing, pure acidic oligosaccharides have been recovered at the semi-preparative scale. Afterwards, their chemical structure has been confirmed using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. All of these oligoglucuronan pools have been tested as elicitors of vineyard defence response, some of them being beforehand chemically sulfated
Benchekroun, Mohammed Nabil. "La résistance pléiotropique aux médicaments anticancéreux : intervention des radicaux libres, de leurs produits de peroxydation et des moyens de défense antiradicalaire dans le mode d'action de la doxorubicine et dans la résistance des cellules tumorales à cet anticancéreux." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR22027.
Salem, Ali. "Stomoxys calcitrans (L. 1758) : morphologie, biologie, rôle vecteur et moyens de lutte." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0097/document.
Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) is one of the most commonly pest of livestock with direct and indirect sides effects: painful bites, blood loss and transmission of pathogens. To better study this parasite, we have established two strains in our laboratory isolated from two geographical origins: the National Veterinary School of Toulouse and an organic cattle farm. We described the rearing protocol in the laboratory. We compared the external morphological characters of the different developmental instars observed in our rearing to data literature. We have demonstrated the ability of S. calcitrans to mechanically transmit Besnoitia besnoiti, responsible of the cattle besnoitiosis. We have also highlighted differences in susceptibility between the two strains to six insecticides probably due to records of higher exposure to them for the ENVT strain
Ghannam, Ahmed. "Identification et caractérisation fonctionnelle de gènes impliqués dans l'induction et la régulation de la réaction hypersensible et la résistance locale acquise chez la tabac." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13164.
The hypersensitive response (HR) is one of the most efficient plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. Phenotypically, the HR corresponds to the lesions developing at the infection sites. In the narrow zone surrounding the cells undergoing the HR cell death, a strong activation of defense responses occurs contributing to a local, highly inhospitable environment for the invading pathogen. This latter phenomenon was called localized acquired resistance (LAR). It corresponds to the living component of the HR. Whereas the HR is induced by exogenous signals issuing from the pathogen, LAR is triggerred by endogenous signals issuing from the plant cells undergoing the HR. Consequently, the genes inducing LAR, whose none are known yet, should be characterized by a HR-specific expression profile. The first part of this work consisted in the set-up of a strategy aimed to isolated such latter genes. A screening by Differential Display Reverse Transcript Polymerase Chain Reaction allowed to isolate 24 ESTs (expressed sequence tag) with such an expression profile. A second part of the work consisted in the functional characterization, by loss- and gain-of-function experiements, of 3 genes issuing from that screen. Among the three genes, silencing by Virus-Induced Gene Silencing of NtRING1, encoding a putative E3 ligase with a RING-finger motive delays the HR in tobacco induced by ß-megaspemin, a well as the expression of different defense-related genes. Among the 5 genes issuing from the screen and so far analyzed at the fonctional level, NtRING1 and NtLRP1 appeared involved in the execution of the HR
Kaddouri, Halima. "Contribution à la standardisation du test in vitro de mesure de la sensibilité de Plasmodium falciparum aux antipaludiques au moyen d'une trousse ELISA pLDH commercialisée." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05P603.
The global policy of malaria treatment is henceforth based on artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). Molecular markers that predict resistance to the ACT components are not available. Evidencing emergence of resistance to one of the components of the ACT can only be made through an in vitro method, unfortunately not standardized. New ELISA methods, simpler and more sensitive than the reference isotopic test, open the way to standardization for field application. We estimated and validated an ELISA-Malaria antigen test (EMAT, DiaMed) for detection of the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) which is known to reflect growth of viable parasites. PLDH production and 8[3H]-hypoxanthine uptake by 121 imported isolates and 5 reference strains P. Falciparum during drug susceptibility tests were compared. This work was a partnership between DiaMed and the CNR Paludisme. An application of the EMAT method in two laboratories in endemic countries (MRTC, Bamako and IPC, Phnom Penh) allowed to confirm its robustness and to establish for Mali a baseline of the drug susceptibility of some components of the ACT (desethylamodiaquine, lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin) from 59 field isolates. The method of calculation of the median inhibitory concentration, IC50 was standardized with an Emax model adapted to the measure of the effect-dose (in free access on www. Antimalarial-icestimator. Net). We conclude from our study that an ELISA pLDH test such as the EMAT could facilitate the standardization of the in vitro test and its implementation in numerous laboratories, allowing a wider and more effective surveillance. We draw attention on importance of establishing a rigorous quality assurance of the in vitro test by the control of predosed drug plates with reference strains and by the control of the culture parameters
Belhadj, Assia. "Stimulation des défenses naturelles de la vigne par le méthyl jasmonate : impact sur la biosynthèse des polyphénols et sur la résistance aux champignons." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21272.
Plant treatment with signaling molecules named elicitors leads to the stimulation of their natural defence mechanisms. In order to improve grapevine (Vitis vinifera) tolerance against fungal pathogens, this plant was treated with natural exogenous elicitors : methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethylene (ET). Gamay Fréaux cell suspensions, Cabernet Sauvignon foliar cuttings and grapevine plants (Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot) react to elicitation with an accumulation of transcripts coding pathogenesis-related proteins and with the production of phytoalexins (antimicrobial compounds). Protection tests on grapevine foliar cuttings and in vineyard confirm eliciting activity of these compounds by triggering enhanced plant tolerance against powdery and downy mildews. These experiments revealed that MeJA and ET act as efficient elicitors in a strategy of grapevine protection
Paris, Franck. "Modification chimique de la laminarine en vue d’améliorer son efficacité d’inducteur de résistance contre le mildiou de la vigne. Importance et caractérisation de la biodisponibilité foliaire." Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCR0029.
In order to decrease the amount of chemical fungicides to control grapevine downy mildew, an attractive alternative is the use of resistance inducers to activate plant defences. This strategy implies the detection of highly conserved molecular patterns called MAMPs (Microbe Associated Molecular Pattern) by PRR (Pattern-Recognition Receptors) located on the plant cell plasma membranes. Laminarin, a β-(1→3)-glucan extracted from the brown algae Laminaria digitata is a MAMP, known to elicit defence reactions in grapevine. However, protection provided against downy mildew by foliar treatment of laminarin remains inconsistent for its use in vineyard. We hypothesized that this insufficient efficacy was mainly due to a poor penetration of the polysaccharide through the hydrophobic leaf cuticle leading to a lack of in planta bioavailability. Thus only a small amount of resistance inducer could reach its cellular targets. This study highlights the importance i- of using a suitable penetration enhancer and ii- of treating the lower leaf surface to increase laminarin penetration rates and consequently its efficacy in grapevine. For the first time, we show that the penetration of saccharides mainly occur via stomata, only located on the lower surface of grapevine leaves. Moreover, the synthesis of chemically modified laminarins with various degrees of hydrophobicity allows us to show that this penetration pathway seems to be preponderant regardless of the polysaccharide modification. Our results also indicate that certain chemical modifications of laminarin lead to an increase in its efficacy but that this increase is probably due to fungicide properties against the pathogen instead of a better bioavailability
Bailleul, Geoffrey. "Les défensines aviaires : nouveau moyen de lutte contre les entérobactéries pathogènes." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR3813.
Large-scale use of antibiotics has leaded to the emergence of multi drug resistant bacterial strains, particularly in the genus Salmonella and Escherichia coli responsible for infectious diseases outbreaks. This constitutes a major veterinary and public health concern. Host defense peptides (HDPs) represent major effector molecules of the animal’s innate immune system. In birds, the main family of HDPs is composed of avian defensins whose two members (AvBD2 and AvBD7) isolated from chicken bone marrow exhibit large spectrum antibacterial activity. Thus, they both constitute potential candidate molecules as alternative to antibiotics. To demonstrate the therapeutic interest of AvBD2 and AvBD7, we have (1) proved their antibacterial efficiency in vitro towards clinical and multi drug resistant bacterial strains, (2) shown their functional and structural stability when facing major digestive proteases, (3) identified a novel antibacterial effect in infected macrophages, and finally (4) proved the therapeutic concept by reducing mortality and bacterial load after AvBD7 injection in a murine model of lethal salmonellosis
Faurie, Bertrand. "Stimulation des défenses naturelles de la vigne par le méthyle jasmonate et l'ethéphon : mécanismes d'action du méthyle jasmonate." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21590.
Grapevine, Vitis vinifera, is susceptible to many pathogens, causing massive damages, yield losses and wine quality. The intensive use of phytochemicals is now incompatible with health and respect of the environment. Alternative strategies have been developed, including stimulation of plant natural defenses based on elicitor treatment. Methyl jasmonate is recognized to be one of these elicitors, including, in the vineyard, an improvement of the resistance to Erysiphe necator, also known as powdery mildew. Ethylene treatment, based on the use of ethephon, had been studied and experiments done on grapevine foliar cuttings have shown that it was also able to trigger resistance to E. Necator. In each case, elicitor treatment was shown to induce defense-related genes expressions and implicated in stilbenes metabolism, which are the main grapevine phytoalexins. We didn't obtain an increased resistance to the fungus by adding ethephon to MeJA-treated foliar cuttings, although stilbens and related genes were synergistically induced. Ethephon addition to MeJA treatment also induced high inhibitions of defense-related genes, which may explain the lack of resistance observed for MeJA/ethephon treatment. Elicitor signal transduction to the nucleus, leading to the activation of plant defense mechanisms is a new way to improve this strategy and develop better elicitor for the future. We have demonstrated that various molecular partners are implicated in MeJA signal transduction, like calcium influx, proteins reversible phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species synthesis
Roeder, Vincent. "Recherche et étude de marqueurs moléculaires de la réponse au stress chez l'algue brune Laminaria digitata." Rennes 1, 2006. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01115470.
Engambé, André. "Les méthodes coloniales et leurs impacts en Afrique Équatoriale française jusqu’en 1958 : cas du Moyen-Congo." Paris 10, 2011. http://faraway.parisnanterre.fr/login?url=http://www.harmatheque.com/ebook/9782343072487.
After the slave draft (wilking) which skimmed during centuries Africa, its inside remained still totally unknown. If up to there only coast was visited, the continent kept numerous mysteries. In the second half of the XIXe century, explorers unfurl, moved by the desire of discovery. French side, Pierre Savorgnan De Brazza (two journeys) arrives to the Gabon, creates Franceville, before withle (going down) Alima and sign with Mbé, in 1880, an agreement of transfer with king Makoko. However, as a result of the rivalries which still set the western powers on the ground, the German chancellor Bismarck summons (convenes) an international conference in Berlin in 1884-1885. Of this one, ensues the "balkanization" of the continent so giving birth to the complexes of territories. In 1910, French Equatorial Africa (A. E. F. ) and the Middle-Congo are created. The concessionary companies, which are there since 1899, plunder systematically natural resources. The tax collection says “about capitation”, the hard labour, the portage, the diverse services (performances) are so many methods to which are subjected the “natives”. Everywhere, abuses and exactions came up to the strangers of the populations. The justice, become bicephale, condemns the Natives (autochtons) for a right very different from theirs. The Native population was born. To the political plan (shot), not only parties are born, but they are it just like those of the metropolis. The contrary leaders, as Matsoua, are judged and led (driven) in prison. Simon Kimbangou, then liking of the "black divine word", pay of his life in 1921. The French politics (policy) is then to the antipodes of the motivations of the asserted colonial ideology. Where from, a wild resistance. In fine, the impacts which ensue from it can be only fatal: sufferings, death, impoverishment, poverty, depopulation. . . Even if later, on November 28st, 1958, thanks to De Gaulle, the Middle-Congo becomes
El, Amil Rola. "Effet de l’hôte et de la température sur la structure de la population de Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, agent de la rouille jaune du blé au Moyen Orient." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112236/document.
The adaptation of fungal pathogen to its hosts and to the climate variation, in particular to the temperature, was investigated on wheat stripe (yellow) rust, caused by the biotroph fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) in the Middle East, focusing on Lebanon and Syria. This disease is a major problem for the crop in the region. Specific resistance genes were postulated in 138 wheat genotypes including elite lines, grown varieties and local landraces, using an array of 11 French pathotypes. Resistance gene diversity for yellow rust in wheat elite lines was higher than in current, commercial varieties grown in Lebanon, with nine Yr genes detected singly or in combination. Some varieties were resistant to all tested pathotypes and might provide interesting sources of resistance. Most of the Lebanese landraces were susceptible but also heterogeneous by their number of plants susceptible and resistant to a specific pathotype in a same landrace.A field survey was conducted in Lebanon and Syria in 2010-2011 and 275 Pst isolates were collected. The pathogen population was genotyped with 20 microsatellite markers and was found to be clonal, although the alternate host Berberis libanotica is present in the region. The dominant multilocus genotype shared similarity with the new invasive strain PstS1/PstS2 dispersed worldwide since 2000. The population was clonal with 10 pathotypes detected in Lebanon and Syria. 50 MLGs were detected considered high for clonal population. The virulence profiles combining Vr2, Vr6, Vr7, Vr9, and Vr27 are typical of the Mediterranean area according to group (Bahri et al., 2009) and corresponded to the worldwide invasive pathotype described since 2000 (Milus et al., 2009). The Vr8 was not fixed in this population, whereas this virulence is frequent in the Mediterranean genetic group (Bahri et al., 2009).Recently Pst strains have been described for adaptation to warm temperature (Milus et al., 2009; Mboup et al., 2012). The question of temperature adaptation in this study was whether the strains adapted to warm temperature are found in few clones of invasive strains or if they are selected in different pathogen genotypes locally under specific climate conditions. We selected 26 Pst isolates from the Middle East, 13 isolates from warm and 13 isolates from cold areas. We assessed their infection efficiency and latent period under four temperature regimes (high and warm temperature for the spore penetration phase, and high and warm temperature for the latency period). The isolates differed for the thermal aptitude for infection efficiency and latent period, but no clear relationship was established between the climate of the origin location of the isolate and its thermal aptitude. Some isolates were able to infect at high temperature but had long latency at high temperature and vice versa, some isolates had low infection efficiency and short latent period at high temperature, and few isolates were efficient either at high temperature or cold temperature for infection efficiency. Latency period showed pattern of local adaptation. Warm dew temperatures retarded sporulation, but this effect was far less marked for isolates from warm climates when incubated under warm conditions.This study provides details about probable effective yellow rust genes present in different genotypes and the prevalent pathotypes in the region. Moreover, the thermal aptitude for infection efficiency and latent period of some isolates under contrasting temperature will help us to build a better integrated disease management in the highlight of global warming
Compant, Stéphane. "Interaction entre la vigne, Vitis vinifera L. , et une bactérie endophytique, Burkholderia phytofirmans souche PsJN : colonisation, induction de défenses et résistance systémique contre Botrytis cinerea." Reims, 2007. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000953.pdf.
The interaction between grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. , and an endophytic PGPR, Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN, has been studied in this work. This has allowed to characterize phenomenons of bacterial colonization, some plant defence responses as well as induced systemic resistance (ISR) confering protection against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea Pers. Association between grapevine and strain PsJN has been studied, firstly, under gnotobotic conditions by using in vitro plantlets, PsJN wild-type strain or some genetically derivatives (PsJN::gfp2x and PsJN::gusA11). This has allowed to determine epi- and endophytic colonization of grapevine roots by strain PsJN as well as a migration of the bacterium from the endorhiza to the leaves, mediated by the plant transpiration stream via xylem vessels. Grapevine colonization by strain PsJN has been then monitored under non-sterile conditions by using fruiting cuttings, with a special emphasis on putative inflorescence colonization. Results have demonstrated an epi- and an endophytic colonization of the root system by strain PsJN and then, its spreading from the endorhiza to grape inflorescence stalk and to young berries, even in presence of other microorganisms. Plant defence compounds as well as a ISR induced by strain PsJN has been then determined on fruiting cuttings. This has been characterized before its systemic spreading inside plants and with some more sterile conditions. Some early events such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide accumulations as well as phenolic compound synthesis have been characterized at the root level. In addition, preliminary results have demonstrated that strain PsJN induces locally and systemically some PR-encoding genes, dependent of salicylate and/or jasmonate signaling pathways. This has allowed to suggest that this bacterium induces common mechanisms of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and of ISR phenomenons. These phenomenons allow then a protection of grapevine flowers against infection caused by B. Cinerea Pers
Touchard, Matthieu. "Caractérisation de la perception racinaire et de la résistance systémique induite par les rhamnolipides et leurs précurseurs chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS018/document.
In their environment, plants are frequently challenged by pathogenic microorganisms. Plants are able to trigger an innate immune response to fight against the infection. This immune response is activated after perception of the microorganisms through Invasion Patterns (IPs). Rhamnolipids (RLs) are amphiphilic glycolipidics molecules produced by some bacterial species including Pseudomonas and Burkholderia. RLs are able to induce an immune response in the aerial part of several plant which is effective against phytopathogens. 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (3-OH-C10:0), a lipid building block from RLs, is known to trigger Arabidopsis thaliana immune responses in leaves after its perception by the bulb-type lectin receptor kinase LORE. In the present work, we showed that the 3-OH-C10:0 is also sensed by roots through LORE, triggering local immune responses and a systemic induced resistance (ISR) effective against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. In addition, this work revealed that RLs are also recognized by root cells, activating a LORE-independent ISR against B. cinerea. This work shows that RLs and 3-OH-C10:0 are different IPs independently recognized by A. thaliana roots but both inducing a systemic resistance in plants
Casenave, Christian. "Etude de la protection contre la corrosion d'un alliage d'aluminium au moyen de systèmes de peinture contenant des inhibiteurs non chromates." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT014G.
Flukiger, Frédérique. "Étude statistique de la conductance d'un joint d'étanchéité statique." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000193/.
This work is motivated by thightness technological problems associated with metallic gasket. The objective is a better understanding of leakage mecanisms, through the development of new computationals tools. In this study, the aperture field between two rough surfaces in contact is described by a short correlated isotropic random Gaussian process. The system is studied as a set of independant elementary surfaces. Joint conductances are evalueted from a statistical study on those elementary surfaces. A computational code is developed using a network approach based on lubrification theory estimation of local conductances. The global conductance computation becomes analogous to an electrical problem for wich the resistances are distributed on a random network. The network is built from the identification of the aperture field critical points. Maxima are linked through saddle points. Bond conductances are estimated at the aperture field's saddle points. First, a purely plastic model of deformations is considered. Near percolation threshold the conductances display a power behaviour. Far from percolation threshold, numerical results are favourably compared with an effective medium approximation. Secondly, we study the impact of elastic deformations. A computational code based on Boussinesq approximation is coupled to the network approach. The results indicate a significant impact of elastic deformations on conductances. Finally, the network approach is adapted to simulate quasi-static drainage thanks to a classical invasion percolation algorithm. A good comparison between previous experiments and numerical predictions is obtained
Merlin, Aurélie. "Optimisation de l’usage des antiparasitaires chez la génisse d’élevage en vue de prévenir le risque d’émergence de populations de strongles digestifs résistants : développement d’une stratégie durable de traitement sélectif." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ONIR093F/document.
In first grazing season calves (FGSC), the anthelmintic (AH) treatments used to control the negative impact of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) on growth must be rationalized to preserve their long-term efficacy. The aim of this PhD thesis was to develop and assess targeted selective treatment (TST) strategies based on growth in FGSC, in order to preserve GIN populations in refugia i.e. not exposed to AH, and thus delay the emergence of AH resistance. Firstly, the relation growth/GIN infection at housing was demonstrated in different environments which allowed identifying groups, and within groups, the most infected animals. Then, a tree treatment decision at housing was proposed combing grazing management indicators to identify the groups at risk, and several average daily weight gain (ADWG) thresholds to identify, within groups, the animals suffering the most of infection. A TST strategy based on mid- season mean ADWG was assessed in field survey in comparison with whole group treatment (WGT). No significant difference, in terms of growth and GIN infection, was observed at housing between the TST and the WGT groups. Lastly, the veterinarians’ behaviors and perceptions about the control of GIN in dairy cattle farming, including a more rational AH management, were assessed. The veterinarians recognize the need to consider the sustainability of the AH treatment but identify serval obstacles as the development of advices and the availability of simple, reliable and cheap tools.The results of this thesis show that it is possible to target the use of AH in FGSC basing on individual and group indicators
Gourdon, Cabaret Delphine. "Le Management situé de la reprise d'entreprise : le cas de PME du Nord-Pas-de-Calais." Littoral, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DUNK0192.
In france, where entrepreneurs are aging and massive offshoring is prevalent, the acquisition of ongoing businesses is crucial for the preservation of the tightly-knit network of SME. These are rooted in their local territories, where they provide the driving force for economic and technological dynamism and ensure social cohesion. In actual fact, the acquisition of a business is much more than a legal, financial and technological operation. It creates a drastic change that affects the company’s corporate culture, its style of managemet and the way power is shared. While the change in management may lead to a better performance, it is also a critical event that could engender various forms of employee resistance. Thus, to improve the quality of the support that could be provided to external acquirers during the transition phase, this thesis proposes a multidimensional analysis of the relational and psychosocial issues that may arise during the transition. Light is shed on the sources of instability and its underlying mechanisms by considering dimensions relating to the history, identity and culture of the SME. As such, a more human-centric approach is taken to the management of the transition process. “Situated management” opens up a new course for concerted action with all of the actors involved in the process. For a successful transition, each actor must be taken into account as an autonomous individual with his/her own past. In so doing, a new, common organization culture, essential for securing employee involvement, can be created. The phenomenon of SME acquisition in Nord-Pas de Calais is analyzed using an approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods
Caillon, Robin. "Biogéographie du microclimat foliaire : mécanismes et conséquences sur les relations plantes-insectes." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4006/document.
Plant performance and leaf-dwelling arthropods are impacted by leaf surface temperatures. Leaf surface temperatures can show important deviation from air temperature and present different levels of heterogeneity depending on the spatial scale. The leaf buffers temperature extremes by getting closer in amplitude to air temperature. However, this physiological response decreases the heterogeneity of temperatures at the leaf surface and the opportunities for arthropods to behavioraly thermoregulate in this microclimate. Mean temperatures at the leaf surface show low buffering abilities in response to warming and locally determine photosynthetic performance. From the leaf to the canopy scale, plants show different responses to warming and scaling is crucial to increase our understanding of the impact of global warming
Bouscaut, Jérôme. "Diversité des systèmes de défenses induites de la vigne et efficacité sur le mildiou et l'oïdium." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21263.
The major pathogens of grape, Erysiphe necator and Plasmopara viticola, are biotrophic microorganisms against which the protection of vineyards relies on an intensive use of fungicides. No standardised methods are available to assess the effectiveness of inducers of grapevine defences on pâthogen development. A methodology, specific for each pathogen, has thus been developed. The results show that Plasmopara viticola is more sensitive than Erysiphe necator to a direct elicitation of grapevine's defences, except in the case of milsana®. Moreover, intergroup diversity of the powdery mildew shows that strains belonging to biotype B are more sensitive that strains of the biotype A. Biochemical analyses of polyphenolic extracts of stimulated and/or inoculated leaves have led to the identification of three compounds that can potentially be associated with the state of defence of the grapevine : catechin, trans-astringin and amino acid. In response to the stimulation of two-month-old grapevine plants by acibenzolar-S-methyl, the induction of the expression of genes takes place locally in less than 24 hours. A period of 48 hours is however necessary for the activation of PR1, an acquired systemic resistance gene marker. All biological, biochemical, and molecular analyses indicate that to the grapevine response is specific to each elicitor. The different results obtained indicate that both the intra and inter-variability of pathogens, and the specific responses of grapevine to different inducers (BTH, fosetyl-aluminium), are factors that must be considered for a better development of the use of grapevine defence stimulators
Laurendeau, Danielle. ""Cet évêque fait sortir la vérité, même si cela ne plaît pas à ceux qui la disent" : faire parler et savoir taire au tribunal d'inquisition de Pamiers (1318-1325)." Thèse, Paris 1, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1735/1/D1708.pdf.
Bensaid, Abdellatif. "Les enjeux du changement organisationnel dans les PME au Maroc : le cas du secteur du tourisme à Marrakech." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1A022.
The tourism sector is perceived as an industry of the future, and the firms working in this sector must be aware of the key role they have to play in Morocco's economy. The future of a whole sector depends on the ability of these companies to meet quickly the efficiency and effectiveness requirements. Despite the existence of large national and international groups operating in this domain, SMEs remain predominant. However, most of these companies suffer from multiple and varied (organizational, behavioral, adaptational malfunctions…), that impair their development and hinder their performance. In such circumstances, organizational change becomes imperative and urgent (Autissier et al., 2018; Hafsi and Demers, 1997; Rondeau, 2008). Organizational innovation, as a lever to create values and a source of permanent and sustainable change (Kotter, 2012; Lachmann, 2010; Mol et Birkinshaw 2009; Weick, 2003; Kanter,1984), is seen as an innovative approach to gain better insight into the organizational performance of SMEs in the tourism sector. This innovation is undoubtedly impacted by resilience factors which are likely to strengthen the capacity for adaptation and shock absorption, as well as by resistance factors that may impede any initiative to perform organizational change. In this context, the organizational capacity for change represents an inevitable means to achieve high performance (Soparnot 2015). The theories of change, resource and skills have served as basic references to develop our hypotheses and design our model. From an empirical perspective, we are conducting a survey of a sample of 60 SMEs managers in the tourism sector in Marrakech, using a quantitative approach. The PLS (Partial Least Square) regression technique is the most appropriate version of the structural equation modeling to measure our variables and to test our theoretical model. Three out of four hypotheses have been confirmed. These assumptions are related to the positive impact of organizational innovation and resilience factors on the ability to perform change as well as the impact of such ability on organizational performance. We conclude that implementing organizational innovation and consolidating the capacity for change constitute real levers to be employed by these businesses to ensure their growth and to sustain their activity
Ors, Marie-Eva. "Importance du cultivar dans la résistance induite par des stimulateurs de défense des plantes vis-à-vis de mycosphaerella graminicola, agent responsable de la septoriose du blé." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0416.
The use of resistance inducers (RI) is a potential alternative to conventional fungicide treatments against plant fungal diseases. In the present study, we revealed that preventive applications of three RI conferred protection efficacies against M. graminicola, with protection levels varying with the wheat cultivar. Alixan, Premio and Altigo cultivars were previously known to exhibit distinct resistance levels to M. graminicola. The observed protections did not result from a direct effect on spore germination, but were related to the induction of wheat defense mechanisms. The induced resistances reduced foliar necrosis, as well as the sporulation level of the fungus. Microscopic observations of the infection process of M. graminicola and cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) activities measured in planta showed that the applied RI as well as the considered treated wheat cultivar influences the impact on the infection process and the protection efficacy. We investigated from the time of treatment until 5 days after inoculation plant peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities and the expression of nine genes involved in distinct defense pathways. Our results indicated that defense mechanisms are differently induced according both to the wheat cultivar and the RI. Therefore, the successful use of RI at the field level strongly depends on the RI-cultivar combination
Larronde, Fabienne. "Régulation de la biosynthèse des anthocyanes et des stilbènes par les sucres et le méthyl jasmonate chez Vitis vinifera : induction des défenses naturelles de la vigne." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28796.
Coqueret, Victoire. "How do plants defend themselves? : Study of the Tomato - Tuta absoluta pathosystem in interaction with nitrogen fertilization." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0234.
The identification of ecophysiological responses of plants is a prerequisite for improving the natural defences of plants and reducing the use of chemical inputs in crops. Plant responses to herbivorous attack involve defence and tolerance mechanisms. Plant responses to a leafminer larva are pourly documented, in contrast to chewing and piercing insects. The objective of my Ph.D. was to characterize the tomato trait responses to Tuta absoluta herbivory in order to determine the local and systemic responses in terms of soluble and volatile compounds. We looked at the responses of tomatoes subjected to two contrasting levels of nitrogen availability, knowing that nitrogen is a lever to promote the basal plant defence level. We worked on tomato, a Solanaceae, grown in hydroponics and subjected to Tuta absoluta. Our research strategy has focused on identifying and quantifying soluble and volatile defence compounds and determining the nutritional value of foliar tissues. We have shown that tomatoes establish an induced- resistance against the herbivore, which results in a concentration increase of chlorogenic acid, caffeoyl putrescine and tomatine locally at the level of the parasite zone and / or systemically in the others non-infested foliar compartments. The defence role of these molecules on Tuta absoluta has yet to be confirmed. We have also shown that tomatoes set up an indirect defence against Tuta absoluta, based on the emission of volatile compounds in the vicinity of plants. We have identified several new herbivore-induced VOCs (m-cymene, menthatriene, ß-cis-ocimene, ß-phellandrene, terpinolene, ß−caryophyllene, humulene). Some of the identified VOCs are known to be emitted in greater quantities during a herbivorous attack and to play a role in attracting predatory insects or repelling egg-laying females. Thus, their elicitation seems generic to herbivory and not specific to Tuta absoluta. The specificity of tomato - Tuta absoluta interactions could be enhanced by further analysis in metabolomics, transcriptomics (expression of RNAseq genes) and by investigating the induced signaling pathways. Contrary to what was expected, our results show little effect of the nitrogen limitation on the observed responses. Nevertheless, as demonstrated previously, nitrogen restriction affects larval development. My work has reinforced the “trophic“ hypothesis of slowing larval development by a limited nitrogen availability. Thus, the stoichiometry of the food bowl is highly modified and the larvae have to consume more material to acquire the nitrogen necessary for their development. Nevertheless, we can not exclude the hypothesis “compounds of defence“. Indeed, we have shown that the concentrations of phenolic compounds and tomatine and of the VOC emission supposed to be involved in the constitutive defence are increased in the case of nitrogen limitation. The diversity and complementarity of the experiments will allow the acquired data to feed a functional model of the attacked plant. This model might include plant nitrogen regimes as a reactive plant defence factor
El, Bakali Abdelmagid. "Contribution à l’étude des échanges thermiques aux interfaces pour les procédés de formage à chaud : développement de moyens de mesure de l’émissivité et de la résistance thermique de contact (RTC) à haute température A fast and versatile method for spectral emissivity measurement at high temperatures." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EMAC0004.
The present work deals with the high temperature heat transfers involved in sheet/die contact within hot forming processes. The investigated heat ranges lie between 600°C and 1000°C while the study materials are namely TA6V and Inconel 625 (for the sheet) and AISI 310 stainless steel and refractory concrete (for the die). Under such industrial configuration, the heat transfers can be split in two steps: i) a gap closing phase during which the radiative property of the contact pair prevail and ii) a solid contact phase during which the conductive properties are involved and more precisely the thermal contact resistance (TCR). This twostep approach allows a separate investigation of both phenomena which are herein studied by the mean of two dedicated experimental means: a) The gap closing phase is studied through an emissivity measurement setup dedicated to high temperature. The chosen setup is inspired from elliptical oven setups. Its features include a heating rate over 11°C/s and a maximal in-service temperature of 1250°C. The related measurement instruments selection and design are also part of the presented work. The metrological aspects along with the uncertainty quantification are performed through the use of a reference material: pure platinum. This latter has proven worthy by its ability to sustain very high temperature while remaining free from oxidation. In addition, platinum’s optical properties are well documented throughout the scientific literature which provides solid comparisons with other published results. Finally, the construction of an emissivity database is presented for the two sheet materials of the study: TA6V and INCONEL 625. b) The solid contact phase is studied through a second tailor made experimental setup dedicated to TCR measurements. The proposed features include the ability to study metal contact pair (AISI 310 vs. TA6V/INCONEL 625) or ceramic vs. metal contact (Concrete vs. TA6V/INCONEL 625) for temperature as high as 800°C. The whole setup can be inserted within a classical tensile device in order to load the contact interfaces at stress levels similar to those involved in metal forming processes (here up to 4MPa). In practice, a circular sample cut from the studied sheet metals is clasped in between two cylindrical bars made of AISI 310 or concrete. The upper bar is then heated up by the mean of a resistive oven in order to generate a directional heat flux throughout the material interfaces. A suited measurement instrumentation then allows the assessment of the TRC for each contact pair for temperature ranging from 450°C to 800°C and pressure ranging from 0.1MPa to 4MPa. The results obtained from these two setups have built up a material database that was then use to simulate industrial hot forming operations. The process parameters retrieved from these simulation were used as input in an actual forming process and has led to the successful manufacturing of four parts all of which satisfying the quality requirements in term of geometry and microstructure
Grégoire, Guillaume. "Diminution de l'incidence de la brûlure en plaques et modification de l'expression des gènes chez l'agrostide stolonifère par l'application d'éliciteurs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29842/29842.pdf.
Dollar spot, caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, is the most important disease on golf courses in North America, and its control relies mostly on repeated fungicide applications. In Québec, golf course superintendents have to develop alternate control methods for this disease in order to comply with government-imposed goals of pesticide reduction. The use of elicitors to stimulate plant resistance mechanisms and reduce disease incidence has received little attention in turfgrass. The objectives of this thesis were to assess the efficacy of these products and to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in their mode of action. In order to do so, we first measured the efficacy of three elicitors (potassium silicate, phosphite and acibenzolar-S-methyl) to reduce dollar spot incidence on golf courses. Our results show that phosphite, and to some extent potassium silicate, can reduce dollar spot pressure on golf courses. We then developed a method to monitor gene expression in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) by using a rice (Oryza sativa) microarray in order to perform a heterologous hybridization. This technique allowed us to confirm the usefulness of this platform and to observe that, during the infection process by S. homoeocarpa, the expression of genes involved in RNA transcription, sugar accumulation, lipid synthesis and ATP synthesis are down-regulated in creeping bentgrass, while those involved in protein cycling (protein degradation and peptide transport) are up-regulated. Finally, by using this same platform, we were able to monitor gene expression in creeping bentgrass treated with either potassium silicate or phosphite, and inoculated with S. homoeocarpa. Our results indicate that both elicitors significantly affect gene expression in creeping bentgrass, and particularly those involved in protein synthesis and degradation. Both elicitors also affected the accumulation of transcripts coding for transcription factors and for a few genes involved in plant defense mechanisms. Our results allow us to gain a better understanding of the effects of elicitors on the A. stolonifera – S. homoeocarpa interaction and open up the possibility of other experiments using the same platform in order to increase our knowledge on this disease.
Forges, Marine. "Les rayonnements UV-C : un moyen de lutte pour stimuler les défenses du fraisier et de la tomate en cours de culture et améliorer la qualité / conservation des fruits après récolte." Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0700/document.
Some fungi are very damaging during plant cultivation and also in post-harvest storage of products. Regulatory restrictions on fungicide use require alternative solutions. Improving plant resistance using physical methods, such as aplication of UV radiation, can be a promising alternative in association with other methods as part of an integrated pest management strategy. The objective of the present thesis was to study the effect of UV-C aplication on the sensitivity of plants to fungal pathogens. UV-C radiation was applied during plant cultivation, alone or in combination with biocontrol agents, or in post-harvest. Experiments were conducted on two plant species: strawberry and tomato.On strawberry plants, UV-C treatments at 1.70 kJ/m² result in a systematic 20 % decrease in leaves sensitivity to Botrytis cinerea and in a reduction by up to 50 % of the number of leaves infected by Podosphaera aphanis, the causal agent of powdery mildew. In tomato, leaves protection against B. cinerea reaches 43 % with a cumulative dose of 4.0 kJ/m². UV-C treatments applied on fruits reduce the strawberry sensitivity to Rhizopus by 75 % but no effect is observed against B. cinerea. On the contrary, sensitivity against B. cinerea is reduced by 63 % on tomato fruit. Biochemical and taste tests suggest that fruit quality is not significantly improved or altered by UV-C treatment. Despite a marked germicidal effect of UV-C radiation on strawberry leaves, it has no significant effect on the protective efficacy of biocontrol agents.Our observations are encouraging to consider the use of this tool in an integrated crop protection scheme. However, a clear understanding of how UV-C radiations are perceived by plants and their translation into defense mechanisms is necessary before their use is recommended in the field
Carpentras, Fabien. "Le cinéma comme moyen de contestation de l'"idéologie dominante" : vers une relecture du sens accordé à l’utilisation de la technique du plan-séquence dans le cinéma japonais à travers la mise en perspective d’une partie de la trajectoire cinématographique de Sômai Shinji 相米慎二 et de son passé d’activiste politique". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO30056.
The present work, while examining the biographical trajectory of Japanese filmmaker Sômai Shinji from his past in the Japanese New Left to his first movies made in the 80s, is aimed at being a critical study of the significance regarding the use of the technique called “one scene-one shot” generally admitted in the context of Japanese cinema. The one scene-one shot is a method of mise-en-scène considered by several non-Japanese authors, like Noël Burch or Donald Richie, to be “essentially” Japanese because of what they think to be similarities with methods of representation usually found in kabuki theatre and Heian paintings. While we enhance the functions of protest and resistance this technique plays in the aesthetic of Sômai Shinji-who was an activist of the Japanese Fourth International from 1967 to 1971-films, we assess that the argument regarding the one scene-one shot as a method of filming particular to the Japanese sensibility-indeed, an expression of “Japaneseness”-is at best to be reconsidered. Sômai, because of his political past, was a filmmaker constantly struggling with the values of what we call the “dominant ideology”. His work cannot properly be understood unless we put the notions of conflicts and contradictions at the core of our analysis, departing from the traditionally peaceful and homogenous image that certain discourses usually express regarding the Japanese people. Beyond a reexamination of the significance traditionally given to the use of the one scene-one shot in the context of Japanese cinema-to which we associate filmmakers such as Mizoguchi Kenji and Sone Chûsei-, this dissertation questions the images of the nation, expressed through audiovisual means, as a homogenous and fixed community
Leroy, Didier. "La résilience islamique au Liban: contribution à l'étude de l'évolution idéologique et structurelle du Hezbollah." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210071.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Dufour, Marie-Cécile. "Etude de l'efficacité des défenses de différents génotypes de Vitis induites par élicitation face à la diversité génétique de bioagresseurs (Plasmopara viticola et Erysiphe necator) : du gène au champ." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21847/document.
Powdery (Erysiphe necator) and downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) are very important grapevine diseases (Vitis vinifera). These two biotrophic pathogens, which are native to the United States, infect green vine tissues and cause significant economic loss as well as environmental damage through the repetitive applications of fungicides. To reduce their environmental impact efforts should be made to develop strategies to protect innovative alternative or complementary to reduce pesticide inputs.In this study, the efficacy and the role of Benzothiadiazole (BTH), a salicylic acid analogue, and two phosphonate derivatives strengthen plant defence mechanisms against various isolates of downy and powdery mildews (Plasmopara viticola and Erysiphe necator). These compounds showed differences in their efficacy depending on the variability of mildews and highly dependent on plant genetics, environmental conditions and selection pressure. The plant defense stimulation could be an alternative or additional method to traditional pest management in the grapevine.Tools “BioMolChem” were developed to better assess the defence status of the plant defences in vitro and in natura. Transcript kinetics of selected defence-related genes and polyphenol contents profiles, during Vitis vinifera-biotrophic pathogen interaction, were characterized, and the impact of pathogen diversity was investigated in the absence or presence of elicitation. In vineyard, under strong pathogen pressures, it is thus possible to protect leaves and clusters, with SDP and assays of association or alternation with conventional fungicides show the potential interest of the use of these SDP in the vineyard.The grapevine defense mechanisms are complex, depending on the elicitor, leading to the coordinated accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR), the production of phytoalexins, and the reinforcement of plant cell walls.On the way, within the framework of an innovative and sustainable viticulture, the SDP was applied to hybrid genotypes (V. vinifera x M. rotundifolia). We reveal that according to the level of intrinsic resistance of the genotypes (more or less resistant to powdery and to downy mildew), it is possible to increase the level of the expressed resistance. The SDP could become allies of interest in the use of partially resistant grapevine varieties.The present findings provide insights into the potential use of transcripts and stilbenes as markers of the defense status of grapevine leaves with or without elicitation or infection, which should allow us to exploit and develop a better use of elicitors in alternative or complementary strategies in grapevine pest management
Lebon, Audrey. "La compensation dans les interactions plantes-insectes : modélisation, simulation et expérimentation." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20161/document.
Resistance and tolerance, which is the ability of plants to endure a pest attack, are two different aspects of plants defenses. Tolerance is strongly linked to a compensation process which is a positive response of plants to the presence of pests (in terms of reproduction and / or growth). In order to bring new knowledges in the field of plants-insects interactions, we conducted three different studies on compensation in plants. In the first one, we developed a generic mathematical model, whose the study revealed the existence of threshold parameters that determine the co-existence or not of different types of compensation equilibria. The second study, which was experimental, aimed to test the hypothesis of a compensation response in tomato undet the attack of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta. In our experiment, the tomato cultivar presented trends in compensation for two levels of infestation, and trend of reproductive overcompensation for low infestation. Finally, our last study is based on a "Structure-Function" computer model, still on the case of tomato and T. absoluta. This model was used to test and visualize different situations (dates and positions of the attack) on a more realistic representation of the plant. In conclusion, we have shown that compensation may have a significant impact on the effectiveness of strategies for crop protection and must be taken into account in their development
Salamone, Salvatore. "Propriétés physiques des empilements de fibres macroscopiques : une approche expérimentale, théorique et numérique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAE007/document.
The purpose of this work is to understand how intrinsic shape of individual fibers controls the collective behavior of fiber stacks, in particular the mechanical (elasticity) and electrical properties. We consider long fibers, aligned towards one preferential direction with a significant disorder shape. Our study is experimental and numerical. We propose a two dimensions self consistent mean field model which describes the collective elasticity from the individual properties of fibers : the disorder distribution and the bending modulus. We obtain an equation of state which describes with a good agreement the stacks elasticity, without any fit parameters, however up to a multiplicative constant. We obtain similar results between experimental and numerical studies
Rosenbaum, Tommy. "Performance prediction of a future silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor technology using a heterogeneous set of simulation tools and approaches." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0550/document.
Bipolar complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (BiCMOS) processescan be considered as the most general solution for RF products, as theycombine the mature manufacturing tools of CMOS with the speed and drivecapabilities of silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors(HBTs). HBTs in turn are major contenders for partially filling the terahertzgap, which describes the range in which the frequencies generated bytransistors and lasers do not overlap (approximately 0.3THz to 30 THz). Toevaluate the capabilities of such future devices, a reliable prediction methodologyis desirable. Using a heterogeneous set of simulation tools and approachesallows to achieve this goal successively and is beneficial for troubleshooting.Various scientific fields are combined, such as technology computer-aided design(TCAD), compact modeling and parameter extraction.To create a foundation for the simulation environment and to ensure reproducibility,the used material models of the hydrodynamic and drift-diffusionapproaches are introduced in the beginning of this thesis. The physical modelsare mainly based on literature data of Monte Carlo (MC) or deterministicsimulations of the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE). However, the TCADdeck must be calibrated on measurement data too for a reliable performanceprediction of HBTs. The corresponding calibration approach is based onmeasurements of an advanced SiGe HBT technology for which a technology specific parameter set of the HICUM/L2 compact model is extracted for thehigh-speed, medium-voltage and high-voltage transistor versions. With thehelp of the results, one-dimensional transistor characteristics are generatedthat serve as reference for the doping profile and model calibration. By performingelaborate comparisons between measurement-based reference dataand simulations, the thesis advances the state-of-the-art of TCAD-based predictionsand proofs the feasibility of the approach.Finally, the performance of a future technology in 28nm is predicted byapplying the heterogeneous methodology. On the basis of the TCAD results,bottlenecks of the technology are identified
Bipolare komplementäre Metall-Oxid-Halbleiter (BiCMOS) Prozesse bietenhervorragende Rahmenbedingungen um Hochfrequenzanwendungen zurealisieren, da sie die fortschrittliche Fertigungstechnik von CMOS mit derGeschwindigkeit und Treiberleistung von Silizium-Germanium (SiGe) Heterostruktur-Bipolartransistoren (HBTs) verknüpfen. Zudem sind HBTs bedeutendeWettbewerber für die teilweise Überbrückung der Terahertz-Lücke, derFrequenzbereich zwischen Transistoren (< 0.3 THz) und Lasern (> 30 THz).Um die Leistungsfähigkeit solcher zukünftigen Bauelemente zu bewerten, isteine zuverlässige Methodologie zur Vorhersage notwendig. Die Verwendungeiner heterogenen Zusammenstellung von Simulationstools und Lösungsansätzenerlaubt es dieses Ziel schrittweise zu erreichen und erleichtert die Fehler-_ndung. Verschiedene wissenschaftliche Bereiche werden kombiniert, wie zumBeispiel der rechnergestützte Entwurf für Technologie (TCAD), die Kompaktmodellierungund Parameterextraktion.Die verwendeten Modelle des hydrodynamischen Simulationsansatzes werdenzu Beginn der Arbeit vorgestellt, um die Simulationseinstellung zu erläuternund somit die Nachvollziehbarkeit für den Leser zu verbessern. Die physikalischenModelle basieren hauptsächlich auf Literaturdaten von Monte Carlo(MC) oder deterministischen Simulationen der Boltzmann-Transportgleichung(BTE). Für eine zuverlässige Vorhersage der Eigenschaften von HBTs muss dieTCAD Kon_guration jedoch zusätzlich auf der Grundlage von Messdaten kalibriertwerden. Der zugehörige Ansatz zur Kalibrierung beruht auf Messungeneiner fortschrittlichen SiGe HBT Technologie, für welche ein technologiespezifischer HICUM/L2 Parametersatz für die high-speed, medium-voltage undhigh-voltage Transistoren extrahiert wird. Mit diesen Ergebnissen werden eindimensionaleTransistorcharakteristiken generiert, die als Referenzdaten fürdie Kalibrierung von Dotierungspro_len und physikalischer Modelle genutztwerden. Der ausführliche Vergleich dieser Referenz- und Messdaten mit Simulationengeht über den Stand der Technik TCAD-basierender Vorhersagenhinaus und weist die Machbarkeit des heterogenen Ansatzes nach.Schlieÿlich wird die Leistungsfähigkeit einer zukünftigen Technologie in28nm unter Anwendung der heterogenen Methodik vorhergesagt. Anhand derTCAD Ergebnisse wird auf Engpässe der Technologie hingewiesen
Rasul, Sumaira. "Characterization and role of nitric oxide production in Arabidopsis thaliana defense responses induced by oligogalacturonides." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00866896.
Martineau, Annie. "Isolement et caractérisation de bactériophages comme moyen de lutte naturel contre les infections nosocomiales." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4705.
Nosocomial infections are directly related to opportunistic germs, which are often resistant to antibiotics and persistent on surfaces, representing a high infectious risk in hospitals. In this context, the isolation and characterization of bacteriophages specifically targeting nosocomial bacteria such as resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii, could provide a natural bactericidal alternative against the transmission of these infections. Phages, isolated from waste water, were selected according to their capacity of amplification, their genomic profile and lytic potential towards various bacterial clinical strains. The best ones were characterized in detail to primarily ensure their specificity, safety, stability and effectiveness, before studying their in vivo usage. Seven phages against MRSA and three against Acinetobacter baumanii were characterized. Four MRSA phages proved to be good potential candidates and could be tested in hospitals as disinfectant agents with the aim of fighting nosocomial infections.
Veilleux-Poulin, Sarah. "La constitution américaine au service du Tea Party, ou, Comment utiliser les valeurs fondamentales de l'identité américaine comme moyen de discrédit." Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5826/1/M13001.pdf.
Séguin, Michaël. "Des pacifistes israéliens : contextualisation sociohistorique de l’émergence des camps de la paix achkenazim et haredim (1881-2009)." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3843.
It is easy to speak of peace, but much more difficult to evaluate to what extent one’s actions really contribute to it. This master’s thesis seeks to critically contextualize the emergence of the Israeli nation from 1881 to 1948 and highlight certain Jewish pacifist forces, religious and secular, zionist and anti-zionist, which this society has generated or compelled into being from the end of the XIXth century until today. First, four strategies used to build the Jewish state are explored: the practical path (setting up moshavot, kibbutzim and moshavim), the diplomatic path (Herzl and Weizmann’s lobbying), the sociopolitical path (establishing unions, the Jewish Agency and the Va’ad Leumi) and finally the military path (setting up paramilitary organizations such as Hagana, Irgun, Lehi and Palmach). This exploration allows the researcher to better frame the issue of the legality and legitimacy of the Palestinian and Israeli nations. Secondly, the notion of peace camp is investigated using a combined conceptual and empirical approach. The conceptual inquiry questions the criteria used by some scholars to determine whether an organization contributes or not to peacebuilding. The empirical inquiry examines two peace camps: the Ashkenazi secular left (a pacifism that emerged in the 1970s) and the religious Haredim (a pacifism opposed to the zionist ideology from the start). This overview highlights the fact that any belief system can incite war as well as peace. The conclusion discusses the challenges of intercivilizational dialogue, challenges that are both intranational (social harmony between Ashkenazim, Mizrachim, Russian, Ethiopian, etc. Israeli Jews) and international (peace between Palestinians and Israelis).