Статті в журналах: "Residue mixing"

1

Zhang, Xianhong, Zhilin Wang, Fengzhi Wu, and Xingang Zhou. "The Influence of Residue Mixing on the Decomposition of Pepper Root Residues." Agriculture 12, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010084.

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(1) Background: Residue degradation plays a very important role in terrestrial ecosystems and residue mixing is the main factor affecting the degradation rates. However, in the agricultural systems, the effect of residue mixing on the degradation of pepper residues and the microbial community in pepper root residues is not clear. (2) Methods: In this study, we added different residues into soil by using double-layered nylon litterbags in culture bottles. The treatments including pepper root (P: Capsicum annuum L.), soybean [S: Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and maize (M: Zea mays L.) residue, as well as mixtures of soybean + pepper (SP), maize + pepper (MP), maize + soybean + pepper (MSP) mixtures. Litterbags were harvested after 7, 14, 28, and 56 days, respectively. Mass loss and nitrogen and phosphorus contents in pepper residue were quantified and bacterial and fungal community levels in pepper residues were analyzed using quantitative PCR and high throughput amplicon sequencing; (3) Results: The study showed that the mass loss and fungal community abundance of pepper root residue in mixtures were higher than P, except day 7. The phosphorus contents in MSP-P and MP-P were significantly lower than that for P at day 28 and day 56. Illumina MiSeq sequencing showed that the presence of maize residue significantly altered the microbial community composition of pepper root pepper. Day 56. (4) Conclusions: Our results suggest that residue mixing changed the microbial community abundance in pepper residue and promoted the degradation of pepper residues compared to pepper residue decomposition alone, especially for mixtures with soybean.

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2

Zhambolova, A., Y. Ongarbayev, Y. Tileuberdi, and B. Teltayev. "Oxidation of Vacuum Residue with the Addition of Crumb Rubber." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj1145.

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The actual problem of the oil refining industry is to improve the process of oxidation of heavy oil residues and the properties of oil bitumen. One way to solve the problem is to add modifiers. The addition of modifiers leads to an intensification of the oxidation process and an increase in the characteristics of the bituminous binders. The work aims to study the effect of adding rubber crumb on the process of vacuum residue oxidation and the properties of the obtained rubber-bitumen binders (RBB). The influence of the size of crumb rubber and its content, the mixing stage and oxidation modes on the properties of rubber-bitumen binders are determined. Vacuum residue from the Omsk oil refinery was used as a raw material, which was modified with crumb rubber with a dispersion of 0.6‒1.0 mm and less than 0.6 mm. The novelty of the research is the addition of crumb rubber to the vacuum residue and the oxidation process to obtain bitumen. The product of vacuum residue oxidation for 2 h at 260 °С with preliminary mixing of 2 wt.% crumb rubber with particle sizes less than 0.6 mm at 180 °С and additional mixing of 8 wt.% crumb rubber after oxidation corresponds to the brand of rubber-bitumen binder RBB 60/90. The rubber-bitumen binder is characterized by high elasticity and low Fraas point. Рrepared аsphalt concrete mixture based on RBB corresponded to type B according to physical and mechanical parameters. The complex shear modulus of the samples decreases with the temperature increase. Short-term aging resulted in increased shear modulus for all samples.

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3

Yu, Chengcheng, Yongzeng Yang, Xunqiang Yin, Meng Sun, and Yongfang Shi. "Impact of Enhanced Wave-Induced Mixing on the Ocean Upper Mixed Layer during Typhoon Nepartak in a Regional Model of the Northwest Pacific Ocean." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2020): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172808.

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To investigate the effect of wave-induced mixing on the upper ocean structure, especially under typhoon conditions, an ocean-wave coupled model is used in this study. Two physical processes, wave-induced turbulence mixing and wave transport flux residue, are introduced. We select tropical cyclone (TC) Nepartak in the Northwest Pacific ocean as a TC example. The results show that during the TC period, the wave-induced turbulence mixing effectively increases the cooling area and cooling amplitude of the sea surface temperature (SST). The wave transport flux residue plays a positive role in reproducing the distribution of the SST cooling area. From the intercomparisons among experiments, it is also found that the wave-induced turbulence mixing has an important effect on the formation of mixed layer depth (MLD). The simulated maximum MLD is increased to 54 m and is only 1 m less than the observed value. The wave transport flux residue shows a dominant role in the mixed layer temperature (MLT) changing. The mean error of the MLT is reduced by 0.19 °C compared with the control experiment without wave mixing effects. The study shows that the effect of wave mixing should be included in the upper ocean structure modeling.

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4

Suyunov, R. R., and M. I. Laser. "MELANGETM technology of the bitumen production in one-stage without oxidation." World of Oil products the Oil Companies Bulletin 04, no. 1 (2021): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32758/2071-5951-2021-1-4-36-39.

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The innovative technology MELANGETM allows produce of the bitumen in one stage with the required properties, according to the technical request of the Customer, from the heavy oil residue basis on the use of physical and induced by them chemical processes. In this case, the main physical processes are heating and homogenization of various heavy residues upon heating, that is, mechanical mixing, almost to an ideal state, in parallel with the addition of a polymer capable of forming long spirals and chains in dispersed media. The experimental work was the basis for the trial production of bitumen according to the European standard BDS EN12591: 2009, which was successfully implemented using the MELANGETM technology at the LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas AD refinery (Burgas, Bulgaria). The heavy unreacted fluidized bed hydrocracking (VTB) residue of the Axens France H-oil process was used as feedstock. Based on the results of experimental work and the basis of confirmed data from the Customer, a patent of the Russian Federation No. 272118 " Method of producing road bitumen from a heavy residue" was issued. MELANGETM technology allows solving the problem of utilizing low-margin heavy oil residues, including unconverted residues from high conversion of oil residues, into high-margin products such as road bitumen and bituminous binders.

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5

Lin, Qinhao, Guohua Zhang, Long Peng, Xinhui Bi, Xinming Wang, Fred J. Brechtel, Mei Li, et al. "In situ chemical composition measurement of individual cloud residue particles at a mountain site, southern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 13 (July 12, 2017): 8473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8473-2017.

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Abstract. To investigate how atmospheric aerosol particles interact with chemical composition of cloud droplets, a ground-based counterflow virtual impactor (GCVI) coupled with a real-time single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was used to assess the chemical composition and mixing state of individual cloud residue particles in the Nanling Mountains (1690 m a. s. l. ), southern China, in January 2016. The cloud residues were classified into nine particle types: aged elemental carbon (EC), potassium-rich (K-rich), amine, dust, Pb, Fe, organic carbon (OC), sodium-rich (Na-rich) and Other. The largest fraction of the total cloud residues was the aged EC type (49.3 %), followed by the K-rich type (33.9 %). Abundant aged EC cloud residues that mixed internally with inorganic salts were found in air masses from northerly polluted areas. The number fraction (NF) of the K-rich cloud residues increased within southwesterly air masses from fire activities in Southeast Asia. When air masses changed from northerly polluted areas to southwesterly ocean and livestock areas, the amine particles increased from 0.2 to 15.1 % of the total cloud residues. The dust, Fe, Pb, Na-rich and OC particle types had a low contribution (0.5–4.1 %) to the total cloud residues. Higher fraction of nitrate (88–89 %) was found in the dust and Na-rich cloud residues relative to sulfate (41–42 %) and ammonium (15–23 %). Higher intensity of nitrate was found in the cloud residues relative to the ambient particles. Compared with nonactivated particles, nitrate intensity decreased in all cloud residues except for dust type. To our knowledge, this study is the first report on in situ observation of the chemical composition and mixing state of individual cloud residue particles in China.

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6

Jarallah, Aysar T., and Shaemaa A. Hameed. "Deashaltening and Hydrodesulphurization of Jumboor Vacuum Residue." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2007): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.14.3.10.

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Vacuum residue of Jumboor crude oil above 773 K of specific gravity 1.105 and 6. I wt% sulfur , was treated with commercial pentane &hexane fractions for preparing deasphaltened oil (DAO) suitable for hydrodesulphurization process. Solvent deasphaltening was examined with mixing time 0.25 to 4 h and solvent to oil ratio 4 to 15 ml : 1g at different temperatures . The asphaltenes yield was decreased with increasing mixing time and increased with increasing solvent to oil ratio . Hexane deasphaltened oil hydrotreated on presulfided commercial cobalt-molybdenum alumina catalyst at specified operating conditions in a trickle bed reactor . The hydrotreating process applied at a range of temperatures varied from 623 to 698 K, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) from 0.7 to 2.2 h-1 ,H2/oil ratio about 300 liter/liter and hydrogen pressure was 4 Mpa . The results of hydrotreating process indicate high sulfur and metal removal with decreasing LHSV as well as high temperature applied . The kinetic of hydrodesulphurization and demetalization reactions followed 2nd and 1st order reactions respectively .

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7

Li, Yuelin, Samuel Eyley, Wim Thielemans, Qiang Yuan, and Jiabin Li. "Valorization of deep soil mixing residue in cement-based materials." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 187 (December 2022): 106597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106597.

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8

Carrillo-Parra, Artemio, Juan Carlos Contreras-Trejo, Marín Pompa-García, Miguel Ángel Pulgarín-Gámiz, José Guadalupe Rutiaga-Quiñones, Gerardo Pámanes-Carrasco, and Maginot Ngangyo-Heya. "Agro-Pellets from Oil Palm Residues/Pine Sawdust Mixtures: Relationships of Their Physical, Mechanical and Energetic Properties, with the Raw Material Chemical Structure." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 6383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186383.

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The need for biomass as an alternative source for energy purposes points toward oil palm fruit residues (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as an attractive solution. Oil palm industry residue, such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) composites and mesocarp fiber (PMF), have a high gross calorific value and could help countries meet their energy demands. However, information concerning physical, mechanical, and energy characteristics of agro-pellets made from mixtures of oil palm residue with pine sawdust, is not available. In this research, oil palm residues were mixed at ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100 with pine sawdust, and were chemically analyzed. Agro-pellets from mixtures were tested on their physical and mechanical properties, and the relationship of these properties with the chemical composition of oil palm residue mixtures was determined. Normality distribution tests of the variables were performed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Normal variables were analyzed through one-way ANOVA tests. When differences were found, they were validated using the Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test and were considered statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05. Data not normally distributed were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test. Bulk density, particle density, and gross calorific value of agro-pellets (from mixing 80:20 oil palm residues with pine sawdust) were statistically higher (p < 0.05) to agro-pellets of 100% oil palm residues. Adding pine sawdust to oil palm residues increases some mechanical agro-pellet properties. Addition of pine sawdust to oil palm residues acts to increase some mechanical properties of agro-pellets.

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9

Yang, Fu Min, Min Yang, and Ke Ping Zhang. "Study on Transforming from Vegetable-Residue to Roughage." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2970.

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The use rate of the vegetable-residue is low which pollution-free processing does not reach the designated position. In order to resolve the problem of vegetable residues treatment, the research focus on transforming from vegetable-residue to feed for livestock and poultry combining with its characteristics of big water content and strong seasonality. Firstly, the vegetable cakes with about 45% moisture content were made of vegetable-residue by cleaning, beating, pressure filtration, batching, mixing, granulating, cooling and packaging. The orthogonal experiment method was used to optimize the addition amount of bentonite, wheat middling, powdered rice hulls, binder and corn protein powder into vegetables particle roughage of poultry and vegetables honeycomb roughage of livestock from vegetable cakes which selected the forming ratio as the indicator. The results showed that when the addition amount of bentonite was 20%, wheat middling was 20%, powdered rice hulls was 20%, corn protein powder was 5%, the vegetables particle roughage had the best forming ratio, while the addition amount of bentonite 12.5%, wheat middling 10%, powdered rice hulls 15%, corn protein powder 3%, binder 2%, the livestock vegetables honeycomb roughage had the best forming ratio. The results would provide the references for vegetable-residue industrial treatment.

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10

James, Rachel L., Sergio Ioppolo, Søren V. Hoffmann, Nykola C. Jones, Nigel J. Mason, and Anita Dawes. "Systematic investigation of CO₂ : NH₃ ice mixtures using mid-IR and VUV spectroscopy – part 2: electron irradiation and thermal processing." RSC Advances 11, no. 52 (2021): 33055–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05600j.

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11

Corcino, Cristina Bordaje, and Roberto Bagsarsa Corcino. "Fourier Series for the Tangent Polynomials, Tangent–Bernoulli and Tangent–Genocchi Polynomials of Higher Order." Axioms 11, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms11030086.

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In this paper, the Fourier series expansion of Tangent polynomials of higher order is derived using the Cauchy residue theorem. Moreover, some variations of higher-order Tangent polynomials are defined by mixing the concept of Tangent polynomials with that of Bernoulli and Genocchi polynomials, Tangent–Bernoulli and Tangent–Genocchi polynomials. Furthermore, Fourier series expansions of these variations are also derived using the Cauchy residue theorem.

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12

BEKKA, RAÏS EL'HADI, and YAAKOUB BERROUCHE. "IMPROVEMENT OF ENSEMBLE EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION BY OVER-SAMPLING." Advances in Adaptive Data Analysis 05, no. 03 (July 2013): 1350012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179353691350012x.

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The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is a useful method for the analysis of nonlinear and nonstationary signals and found immediate applications in diverse areas of signal processing. However, the major inconvenience of EMD is the mode mixing. The ensemble EMD (EEMD) was proposed to solve the problem of mode-mixing with the assistance of added noises producing the residue noise in the signal reconstructed. The residue noise in the IMFs can be reduced with a large number of ensemble trials at the expense of the increase of computational time. Improving the computing time of the EEMD by reducing the number of ensemble trials was thus proposed in this paper by over-sampling the signal to be decomposed. Numerical simulations were conducted to demonstrate proposed approach.

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13

Ahmad, A. L., K. Sithamparam, M. M. D. Zulkali, and S. Ismail. "Extraction of Residue Oil from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Organic Solvent." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 20, no. 3&4 (December 27, 2017): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.363.

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Palm oil industry in Malaysia has grown to become an important agriculture based industry and it is accounted for about 52% of the world palm oil output, which generated RM 13 billions export earning for the country. With increased cultivation and production of palm oil in the region, the disposal of the processed waste will become a major problem if it is not being treated properly. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is extremely polluting with its high organic content. Oil and grease content in POME is 4,000 mg/L which is relatively high compared to the allowable limit by the Malaysian Department of Environment of only 50 mg/L. This paper describes the research results in removing oil and grease content for the POME using solvent extraction method. Six different organic solvents; n-hexane, n-heptane, benzene, petroleum ether, pentane and petroleum benzene were used. For every solvent the effect of solvent ratio, mixing time, mixing speed and pH were analyzed to determine the optimum condition for maximum extraction of oil. Results showed that n-hexane give the best performance in extracting oil from POME with solvent to POME ratio of 6:10. It was estimated about 0.54 grams of oil and grease per liter of POME can be extracted at optimum conditions; mixing speed of 200 rpm, 20 minutes mixing time and at pH 9.

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14

Li, Bao Jia, and Guo Zhong Li. "Study on Mechanical Properties of Soda Residue / Fly Ash Composite Cementitious Material." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 1026–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.1026.

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The composite cementitious material was prepared with soda residue and fly ash. The mechanical properties were improved by mixing calcined lime and Portland cement, and the mechanism of admixture was researched. The results showed that the 28d flexural strength reached 3.59MPa and the 28d compressive strength reached 9.71MPa., when the proportion of soda residue and fly ash was 40:60 with 9% Portland cement and 7% calcined lime added.

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15

Tai, Hua-Shan, and Pei-Ying Ma. "Mixing Autoshredder Residue and Waste Grease to Form Derived Fuel Rod." Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management 11, no. 1 (January 2007): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2007)11:1(28).

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16

Idowu, Olutosin R., Philip J. Kijak, Jeffery R. Meinertz, and Larry J. Schmidt. "Development and Validation of a Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Procedure for Confirmation of Para-Toluenesulfonamide in Edible Fish Fillet Tissue." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 87, no. 5 (December 1, 2004): 1098–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/87.5.1098.

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Abstract Chloramine-T is a disinfectant being developed as a treatment for bacterial gill disease in cultured fish. As part of the drug approval process, a method is required for the confirmation of chloramine-T residues in edible fish tissue. The marker residue that will be used to determine the depletion of chloramine-T residues from the edible tissue of treated fish is para-toluenesulfonamide (p-TSA), a metabolite of chloramine-T. The development and validation of a procedure for the confirmation of p-TSA is described. Homogenized fish tissue is dried by mixing with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the mixture is extracted with methylene chloride. The extract is passed through a silica gel solid-phase extraction column, from which p-TSA is subsequently eluted with acetonitrile. The acetonitrile extract is evaporated, and the oily residue is dissolved in hexane. The hexane solution is shaken with fresh acetonitrile. The acetonitrile solution is evaporated and the residue is redissolved in dilute potassium hydroxide solution. The aqueous solution is extracted with methylene chloride to further remove more of the fat co-extractive. The aqueous solution is reacted with pentafluorobenzyl bromide in presence of tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate. The resulting di-(pentafluorobenzyl) derivative of p-TSA is analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. This method permits the confirmation of p-TSA in edible fish tissue at 20 ppb.

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17

Holthaus, Philip, Moritz Kappes, and Wolfgang Krumm. "Upgrading of automobile shredder residue via innovative granulation process ‘ReGran’." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 1 (November 23, 2016): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x16677077.

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Stricter regulatory requirements concerning end-of-life vehicles and rising disposal costs necessitate new ways for automobile shredder residue utilisation. The shredder granulate and fibres, produced by the VW-SICON-Process, have a high energy content of more than 20 MJ kg−1, which makes energy recovery an interesting possibility. Shredder fibres have a low bulk density of 60 kg m−3, which prevents efficient storing and utilisation as a refuse-derived fuel. By mixing fibres with plastic-rich shredder granulate and heating the mixture, defined granules can be produced. With this ‘ReGran’ process, the bulk density can be enhanced by a factor of seven by embedding shredder fibres in the partially melted plastic mass. A minimum of 26–33 wt% granulate is necessary to create enough melted plastic. The process temperature should be between 240 °C and 250 °C to assure fast melting while preventing extensive outgassing. A rotational frequency of the mixing tool of 1000 r min−1 during heating and mixing ensures a homogenous composition of the granules. During cooling, lower rotational frequencies generate bigger granules with particles sizes of up to 60 mm at 300 r min−1. To keep outgassing to a minimum, it is suggested to melt shredder granulate first and then add shredder fibres. Adding coal, wood or tyre fluff as a third component reduces chlorine levels to less than 1 wt%. The best results can be achieved with tyre fluff. In combination with the VW-SICON-Process, ReGran produces a solid recovered fuel or ‘design fuel’ tailored to the requirements of specific thermal processes.

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18

Zhou, Heng Tao, and Yong Wei. "The Experimental Study on Combustion Characteristics of Corn Straw and Coal Gangue." Applied Mechanics and Materials 135-136 (October 2011): 1057–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.135-136.1057.

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With a thermo gravimetric analysis apparatus combustion characteristics experiments of coal residue cornstalk and mixtures of them were done at 20 C/min heating rate. Then the combustion characteristic Parameters were obtained by above experiments. The c combustion activation energies were acquired by kinetics analysis. The results show those: the ignition characteristic and synthesis combustion characteristic of coal residue are bad. The ignition characteristic and synthesis combustion characteristic of cornstalk are better. The combustion characteristics of the mixture of coal residue and cornstalk are determined by mixing ratio. The ratio of cornstalk is more and the synthesis combustion characteristic is better.

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Qiao, Hui, R. Todd Armstrong, Grigory B. Melikyan, Fredric S. Cohen, and Judith M. White. "A Specific Point Mutant at Position 1 of the Influenza Hemagglutinin Fusion Peptide Displays a Hemifusion Phenotype." Molecular Biology of the Cell 10, no. 8 (August 1999): 2759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.10.8.2759.

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We showed previously that substitution of the first residue of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) fusion peptide Gly1 with Glu abolishes fusion activity. In the present study we asked whether this striking phenotype was due to the charge or side-chain volume of the substituted Glu. To do this we generated and characterized six mutants with substitutions at position 1: Gly1 to Ala, Ser, Val, Glu, Gln, or Lys. We found the following. All mutants were expressed at the cell surface, could be cleaved from the precursor (HA0) to the fusion permissive form (HA1-S-S-HA2), bound antibodies against the major antigenic site, bound red blood cells, and changed conformation at low pH. Only Gly, Ala, and Ser supported lipid mixing during fusion with red blood cells. Only Gly and Ala supported content mixing. Ser HA, therefore, displayed a hemifusion phenotype. The hemifusion phenotype of Ser HA was confirmed by electrophysiological studies. Our findings indicate that the first residue of the HA fusion peptide must be small (e.g., Gly, Ala, or Ser) to promote lipid mixing and must be small and apolar (e.g., Gly or Ala) to support both lipid and content mixing. The finding that Val HA displays no fusion activity underscores the idea that hydrophobicity is not the sole factor dictating fusion peptide function. The surprising finding that Ser HA displays hemifusion suggests that the HA ectodomain functions not only in the first stage of fusion, lipid mixing, but also, either directly or indirectly, in the second stage of fusion, content mixing.

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Wang, Liang, Hongzhu Quan, and Qiuyi Li. "Effect of Solid Waste-Petroleum Coke Residue on the Hydration Reaction and Property of Concrete." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 13, 2019): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081216.

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Taking advantage of the desulfurization petroleum coke residue obtained from circulating fluidized bed boiler technology to replace a part of cement clinker and prepare the concrete can not only reduce the production of cement clinker and related CO2 emissions, but can also improve the utilization rate and utilization level of petroleum coke waste, which has good environmental and economic benefits. In this study, through the comprehensive analysis of a compressive strength test, X-ray diffraction test, and Cl− penetration resistance test, the hydration mechanism of desulfurized petroleum coke residue in concrete is revealed, and the optimum replacement ratios of single-added petroleum coke residue, multi-added petroleum coke residue, and mineral admixtures in concrete are evaluated and proposed. The results showed that mixing the 10% petroleum coke residue and 40% blast furnace slag would be most appropriate to replace the cement in concrete, thus the effective utilization of mineral admixtures and coke residue in concrete without strength loss could be realized.

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Mortensen, Daniel N., and Evan R. Williams. "Microsecond and nanosecond polyproline II helix formation in aqueous nanodrops measured by mass spectrometry." Chemical Communications 52, no. 82 (2016): 12218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc06423j.

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The 1.5 μs and <400 ns time constants for the formation of polyproline II helix structures in 21 and 16 residue peptides, respectively, are measured using rapid mixing from theta-glass emitters coupled with mass spectrometry.

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NETT, L., R. FUß, H. FLESSA, and M. FINK. "Emissions of nitrous oxide and ammonia from a sandy soil following surface application and incorporation of cauliflower leaf residues." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 8 (February 25, 2015): 1341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859615000027.

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SUMMARYVegetable production systems are often characterized by excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization and the incorporation of large amounts of post-harvest crop residues. This makes them particularly prone to ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Yet, urgently needed management strategies that can reduce these harmful emissions are missing, because underlying processes are not fully understood. The present study therefore focuses on the effects of residue placement on NH3 and N2O emissions. For this, cauliflower leaf residues (286 kg N/ha) were either applied as surface mulch (mulch) or mixed with the topsoil (mix) and in situ NH3 and N2O emissions were investigated. The experiment took place on a sandy soil in Northeastern Germany during summer 2012. Residue application created a high peak in N2O emissions during the first 2 weeks, irrespective of residue placement. There was no significant difference in the emission sums over the experimental period (65 days) between the mix (5·8 ± 0·68 kg N2O-N/ha) and the mulch (9·7 ± 1·53 kg N2O-N/ha) treatment. This was also the case for NH3 emissions, which exhibited a lower initial peak followed by a prolonged decline. Measured emission sums were 4·1 ± 0·33 (mix) and 5·1 ± 0·73 (mulch) kg NH3-N/ha. It was concluded that substantial NH3 and N2O emissions can occur after high input of available organic carbon and N even in a coarse-textured soil with low water-holding capacity. Other than expected, surface-application does not enhance NH3 emissions at the expense of N2O emissions compared with residue mixing into the soil, at least under the conditions of the present study.

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Izumi, Marcel Tadashi, Marcio Ferreira Hupalo, Nathalie Carine Christoforo Ribeiro, Joziel de Jesus Correa, José Deodoro Trani Capochi, and Osvaldo Mitsuyuki Cintho. "Study of the Utilization of Chromium Plating Waste by Mechanical Activation." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.392.

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In this study, the production of metallic chromium via metallothermic process was investigated. A chromium oxide-rich residue from chromium plating industry was characterized. Aluminothermic reduction was performed in lab-scale using an open graphite crucible. The plating residue and the aluminum powder were processed in a SPEX mill, in order to promote its effective mixing and mechanical activation. Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analyses in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have shown the presence of metallic chromium in the reaction products.

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Ramos Filho, Ricardo Eugênio Barbosa, Jônatas Macêdo De Souza, João Batista Duarte, Vamberto Monteiro Da Silva, and Wilson Acchar. "Compósito de resíduos de mineração com cimento e cal para materiais de construção sustentáveis." Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB 1, no. 54 (April 5, 2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.18265/1517-0306a2021v1n54p193-205.

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Sustainable alternatives have been developed with the use of waste in construction, among which we can highlight mining waste due to its large amount generated and environmental impact caused. This work consists in the joint application of scheelite residue and stone powder with lime and cement addition, producing cylindrical specimens, to evaluate possible uses in constructive materials. After chemical and physical characterization, the percentage of each residue was determined through the analysis of packing between the particles, which resulted in a formulation of 50% of each residue with the addition of cement and / or lime in the contents of 6% and 12%. Essays for simple compressive strength (SCS), water absorption (WA) and chemical phase analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were evaluated at determined cure times. The SCS essays results of formulations with residues and cement reached values above 1 MPa and WA essays results with value below 20%, according to the Brazilian technical standards. Cement phases were observed in SEM and XRD analysis. The results obtained from mixing the waste with the cement are promising for the manufacture of cement building materials.

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Pagliarini, Maximiliano Kawahata, Regina Maria Monteiro de Castilho, Erica Rodrigues Moreira, and Marlene Cristina Alves. "Caracterização física e química de substratos com diferentes proporções de resíduo de celulose." Ornamental Horticulture 21, no. 1 (April 16, 2015): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/rbho.v21i1.773.

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The objective of this study was to characterize physic and chemically substrates with different proportions of cellulose residue. The components of substrate used were soil, sand and cellulose residue and the treatments were: T1 = cellulose residue (CR); T2 = CR + soil (1:1); T3 = CR + soil (1:2); T4 = CR + soil (1:3); T5 = CR + sand (1:1); T6 = CR + sand (1:2); T7 = CR + sand (1:3); T8 = CR + soil + sand (1:1:1); T9 = CR + soil + sand (1:2:1); T10 = CR + soil + sand (1:3:1); T11 = CR + soil + sand (1:1:2); T12 = CR + soil + sand (1:1:3). It was evaluated the substrate density, container capacity, pH and electrical conductivity. The pure cellulose residue adapts in respect of physical properties. In relation to electrical conductivity the best results were obtained by mixing cellulose residue with soil and sand. The pH determined in water was high in all substrates.

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He, Jia Wu, Zhi Hai Cai, Yue Lan Di, and Zhen Yang. "Study of Residue Stress and Phase Structure of c-BN Films with BNx Implanted Buffer Interlayer on High Speed Steel Substrate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 155-156 (February 2012): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.155-156.795.

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In this paper, the influence of the BNx implanted buffer layer on growth and residue stress of c-BN films were mainly investigated. The experiment results showed that the introduce of BNx implanted buffer interlayer can increase the c-BN content in the films and reduce the residue stress obviously. When the nitrogen dose was 9.6×1017 N+/cm2, the residue stress of c-BN films reached the least value of 3.0GPa. AFM showed that the surface of the c-BN film on the BNx implanted buffer layer is low in roughness and small in grain size. XPS analysis results show an interfacial mixing in the buffer layer have an even N/B distribution. And the surface of buffer interlayer was mainly in BN phase, which is the main reason to improve the growth conditions and reduce the residue stress of c-BN films.

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27

James, Rachel L., Sergio Ioppolo, Søren V. Hoffmann, Nykola C. Jones, Nigel J. Mason, and Anita Dawes. "Systematic investigation of CO2 : NH3 ice mixtures using mid-IR and VUV spectroscopy – part 1: thermal processing." RSC Advances 10, no. 61 (2020): 37515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05826b.

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The stoichiometric mixing ratio of CO₂ : NH₃ ices determines both the initial chemical and physical properties of the ices and their evolution through thermal processing including CO₂ bonding environment, NH₃ crystallite size and amount of residue.

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28

Zhuang, Zhanpeng, Quanan Zheng, Yongzeng Yang, Zhenya Song, Yeli Yuan, Chaojie Zhou, Xinhua Zhao, Ting Zhang, and Jing Xie. "Improved upper-ocean thermodynamical structure modeling with combined effects of surface waves and M₂ internal tides on vertical mixing: a case study for the Indian Ocean." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 18 (September 26, 2022): 7221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7221-2022.

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Abstract. Surface waves and internal tides have a great contribution to vertical mixing processes in the upper ocean. In this study, three mixing schemes, including non-breaking surface-wave-generated turbulent mixing, mixing induced by the wave transport flux residue and internal-tide-generated turbulent mixing, are introduced to study the effects surface waves and internal tides on vertical mixing. The three schemes are jointly incorporated into the Marine Science and Numerical Modeling (MASNUM) ocean circulation model as a part of the vertical diffusive terms, which are calculated by the surface wave parameters simulated from the MASNUM wave model and the surface amplitudes of the mode-1 M2 internal tides extracted from satellite altimetry data using a two-dimensional plane wave fit method. The effects of the mixing schemes on Indian Ocean modeling are tested by five climatological experiments. The surface waves and internal tides enhance the vertical mixing processes in the sea surface and ocean interior, respectively. The combination of the mixing schemes is able to strengthen the vertical water exchange and draw more water from the sea surface to the ocean interior. The simulated results show significant improvement in the thermal structure, mixed layer depth and surface currents if the three schemes are all adopted.

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29

Gan, Ruolong, Junrong Li, Xiuhua Cao, Jun Huang, and Liying Qian. "Mixed Solvents in Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCC) Electronic Paste and Their Effects on the Properties of Organic Vehicle." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040685.

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The copper end paste used in multilayer ceramic capacitors sintered in nitrogen atmosphere leads to carbon residues of organic vehicles, which leads to a reduction in electrode conductivity and high scrap rate. With an attempt to leave no residue in the sintering, the compatibility of solvents and thickeners should be improved because it has an important influence on the hierarchical volatilization and carbon residue of organic vehicles. In this work, the volatility of different solvents was compared, and several solvents were mixed in a definite proportion to prepare an organic vehicle with polyacrylate resins. The hierarchical volatility and solubility parameters of mixed solvents were effectively adjusted by changing proportions of different components. The thermogravimetric curves of resins and organic vehicles were measured by thermogravimetric analyzer, and the effect of solubility parameter on the dissolvability of resins in the solvent and the residual of organic vehicles were studied. Results showed that the hierarchical volatilization of solvents can be obtained by mixing different solvents; the intrinsic viscosity of the organic vehicle is higher, and the thermal decomposition residue of polyacrylate resins is lower when the solubility parameters of mixed solvents and polyacrylate resins are closer. The low residual sintering of organic vehicles can be achieved by using a mixed solvent with hierarchical volatility and approximate solubility parameters as resins.

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30

Struijk, Marijke, Andrew P. Whitmore, Simon R. Mortimer, and Tom Sizmur. "Obtaining more benefits from crop residues as soil amendments by application as chemically heterogeneous mixtures." SOIL 6, no. 2 (October 7, 2020): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-467-2020.

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Abstract. Crop residues are valuable soil amendments in terms of the carbon and other nutrients they contain, but the incorporation of residues does not always translate into increases in nutrient availability, soil organic matter (SOM), soil structure, and overall soil fertility. Studies have demonstrated accelerated decomposition rates of chemically heterogeneous litter mixtures, compared to the decomposition of individual litters, in forest and grassland systems. Mixing high C:N ratio with low C:N ratio amendments may result in greater carbon use efficiency (CUE) and nonadditive benefits in soil properties. We hypothesised that nonadditive benefits would accrue from mixtures of low-quality (straw or woodchips) and high-quality (vegetable waste compost) residues applied before lettuce planting in a full factorial field experiment. Properties indicative of soil structure and nutrient cycling were used to assess the benefits from residue mixtures, including soil respiration, aggregate stability, bulk density, SOM, available N, potentially mineralisable N, available P, K, and Mg, and crop yield. Soil organic matter and mineral N levels were significantly and nonadditively greater in the straw–compost mixture compared to individual residues, which mitigated the N immobilisation occurring with straw-only applications. The addition of compost significantly increased available N, K, and Mg levels. Together, these observations suggest that greater nutrient availability improved the ability of decomposer organisms to degrade straw in the straw–compost mixture. We demonstrate that mixtures of crop residues can influence soil properties nonadditively. Thus, greater benefits may be achieved by removing, mixing, and reapplying crop residues than by simply returning them to the soils in situ.

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31

Yao, Huan, Yu Song, Mingxu Liu, Scott Archer-Nicholls, Douglas Lowe, Gordon McFiggans, Tingting Xu, et al. "Direct radiative effect of carbonaceous aerosols from crop residue burning during the summer harvest season in East China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 8 (April 21, 2017): 5205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5205-2017.

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Abstract. East China experiences extensive crop residue burnings in fields during harvest season. The direct radiative effect (DRE) of carbonaceous aerosols from crop residue burning in June 2013 in East China was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). Absorption of organic aerosol (OA) in the presence of brown carbon was considered using the parameterization of Saleh et al. (2014), in which the imaginary part of the OA refractive index is a function of wavelength and the ratio of black carbon (BC) and OA. The carbonaceous emissions from crop fires were estimated using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire radiative power (FRP) product with a localized crop-burning-sourced BC-to-organic carbon (OC) ratio emission ratio of 0.27. Evaluation of the model results with in situ measurements of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2. 5) chemical composition, MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) detections and meteorological observations showed that this model was able to reproduce the magnitude, spatial variation and optical characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol pollution. The observed BC and OC peak concentrations at the site in Suixi, Anhui province, during the 2013 wheat burning season reached 55.3 µg m−3 and 157.9 µg m−3. WRF-Chem simulations reproduced these trends with a correlation coefficient of 0.74, estimating that crop residue burning contributed 86 and 90 % of peak BC and OC, respectively. The simulated hourly DRE from crop residue burning at the top of atmosphere (TOA) reached a maximum of +22.66 W m−2 at the Suixi site. On average, the simulations showed that the crop residue burning introduced a net positive DRE of +0.14 W m−2 at TOA throughout East China, with BC from this source as the main heating contributor (+0.79 W m−2). The OA DRE from crop burning (−0.22 W m−2) was a combined effect of the positive DRE of absorption (+0.21 W m−2) and a stronger negative DRE of scattering (−0.43 W m−2). Sensitivity tests showed that the DRE of OA absorption strongly depended on the imaginary part of the OA refractive index, the BC-to-OA emission ratio from crop residue burning and the assumed mixing state of the aerosol, whereby the volume mixing treatment resulted in a higher positive DRE compared to the core–shell treatment. The BC mixing state and associated absorption enhancement during BC aging processes will be investigated in detail in future research.

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32

YEH, JIA-RONG, JIANN-SHING SHIEH, and NORDEN E. HUANG. "COMPLEMENTARY ENSEMBLE EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION: A NOVEL NOISE ENHANCED DATA ANALYSIS METHOD." Advances in Adaptive Data Analysis 02, no. 02 (April 2010): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793536910000422.

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The phenomenon of mode-mixing caused by intermittence signals is an annoying problem in Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method. The noise assisted method of Ensemble EMD (EEMD) has not only effectively resolved this problem but also generated a new one, which tolerates the residue noise in the signal reconstruction. Of course, the relative magnitude of the residue noise could be reduced with large enough ensemble, it would be too time consuming to implement. An improved algorithm of noise enhanced data analysis method is suggested in this paper. In this approach, the residue of added white noises can be extracted from the mixtures of data and white noises via pairs of complementary ensemble IMFs with positive and negative added white noises. Though this new approach yields IMF with the similar RMS noise as EEMD, it effectively eliminated residue noise in the IMFs. Numerical experiments were conducted to demonstrate the new approach and also illustrate the problems of mode splitting and translation.

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33

Machado, Joao A. R., Wing Shun Kwan, Matthew S. Gore, and Gustavo B. Menezes. "Comparison of advanced hydraulic properties between treated and untreated bauxite residue." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 12002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020512002.

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Advanced hydraulic characteristics of treated and untreated Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) are studied and compared using a Steady-State Centrifugation (SSC) Unsaturated Flow Apparatus (UFA). Red Mud is the by-product waste from the Bayer process during aluminum production that has shown the potential of being reused as fill material in embankment construction, which can reduce the energy consumption of disposing the minging waste and producing fill materials. There is a limited number of documented studies on unsaturated hydraulic characteristics of RM. Furthermore, the high alkalinity (pH > 12) of the bauxite slurry is a challenge for reusing the material. Past studies have shown two effective and economic neutralization methods: (i) mixing with seawater and (ii) addition of gypsum. This study utilizes Cal State LA centrifuge facilities to characterize the unsaturated hydraulic properties of the treated and untreated Red Mud. The experimental results are used to develop the Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC) for the three types of Bauxite Residue: untreated, treated with saline solution, and treated with gypsum. The results show that adding gypsum is more effective than mixing with saline solution in reducing the pH value of RM, and the samples treated with saline solution provide the lowest range of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity values compared with the other two types.

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34

Yang, Yongzeng, Yongfang Shi, Chencheng Yu, Yong Teng, and Meng Sun. "Study on surface wave-induced mixing of transport flux residue under typhoon conditions." Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 37, no. 6 (November 2019): 1837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-8268-9.

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35

Shi, Andong, and Petra Marschner. "Changes in microbial biomass C, extractable C and available N during the early stages of decomposition of residue mixtures." Soil Research 52, no. 4 (2014): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13128.

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Decomposition of mixed residues is common in many ecosystems, with residues from different species or above- and below-ground residues from the same species. Although decomposition of litter mixtures has been extensively studied, little is known about the changes in microbial biomass carbon (C) and available nitrogen (N) in the early stages of decomposition of mixtures of shoots and roots. An incubation experiment was carried out in a sandy clay loam with shoot and root residues of two grasses, annual barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and perennial Stipa sp., added separately or as mixtures. Soil respiration was measured continuously, and soil microbial biomass C, extractable C and available N were measured by destructive sampling on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18. Cumulative respiration and microbial biomass C concentration were higher with barley shoots alone or in mixtures than with Stipa residues alone. In the mixture of Stipa shoots and roots, which had similar decomposition rates when incubated individually, the measured cumulative respiration was greater than the expected value (average of the cumulative respiration of the individual residues), but this did not result in greater microbial biomass or changes in available N concentration compared with the individual residues. Cumulative respiration of barley shoots alone was higher than of barley root and Stipa shoot incubated individually. In the mixtures of barley shoots with barley roots or Stipa shoots, the measured cumulative respiration was either lower than the expected value or similar. Compared with barley shoots alone, microbial biomass C concentrations in the mixtures were generally lower in the first 3 days. It is concluded that mixing of residues with similar decomposition rates can stimulate microbial activity (respiration) but has little effect on microbial growth or concentrations of available N. Further, our findings provide information about extractable C and N dynamics during the early stages of decomposition of individual residue and residue mixtures.

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36

Santi, Nur, Ratih Kemala Dewi, Yutaka Suganuma, Tsutomu Iikubo, Hiroichi Seki, and Masakazu Komatsuzaki. "Methane Fermentation Residue Compost Derived from Food Waste to Aid Komatsuna (Brassica rapa) Growth." Horticulturae 7, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120551.

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One suitable solution to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) is to utilize methane fermentation residue obtained from food waste. However, methane fermentation residue compost is often difficult to use due to its inhibitory properties and pungent smell. To evaluate chemical parameters and plant growth, we examined the use of methane-fermented food waste residue compost (FWM), three types of animal manure, namely, horse manure (HM), cow manure (CWM), and chicken manure (CKM). Our results revealed that mixing food waste compost with cow and horse manure reduced the inhibition of Komatsuna germination, however, chicken manure blending limited inhibition reduction. The improvement of GI in the combination of FWM and animal manure was obtained at a ratio 1:4 with an improvement in GI of 20.8%, 16.8%, and 3.8% for combination FWM + HM, FWM + CWM, and FWM + CKM, respectively. The ratio of the combination of FWM + HM could be increased to a ratio of 2:3 with an improvement of 14.7%. Additionally, for Komatsuna growth, FWM with cow and horse manure mixer considerably enhanced plant growth and yield. Furthermore, the combination of FWM + HM and FWM + CWM could improve the ratio of NUE compost/NUE FWM with the values being 12.0 and 11.1, respectively. Therefore, combining FWM with CWM and HM increases the utility value of methane fermentation residues obtained from food waste as compost for maintaining soil fertility, while reducing the use of chemical fertilizer.

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Amira Atan, Nor, Munira Mohamed Nazari, and Fathin Ayuni Azizan. "Effect of torrefaction pre-treatment on physical and combustion characteristics of biomass composite briquette from rice husk and banana residue." MATEC Web of Conferences 150 (2018): 06011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815006011.

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Biomass is an alternative renewable energy sources that can generates energy almost same as fossil fuel. The depletion sources of fossil fuel had increase the potential use of biomass energy. In Malaysia, rice husk and banana residues are abundantly left and not treated with proper disposal method which later may contribute to environment and health problems. Thus the development of biomass composite briquette made from rice husk and banana residue is one of the potential ways to reduce the problems and hence may contribute the better way to treat the waste by recycling the waste into a form of biomass product. The biomass briquettes are used for thermal applications because it can produce a complete combustion as it has a consistent quality and high burning efficiency. However, the quality of the biomass briquette can be added by application of torrefaction pre-treatment method. Torrefaction is a thermal method that can produce more high quality of the briquette with high calorific value, high fixed carbon content, low volatile matter, and low ash content. This study was conducted to assess the physical and combustion characteristic of the biomass briquette from rice husk and banana residue which was produced through torrefaction process. The biomass briquette, were densified by using hot press machine with temperature of 180°C for about 30 minutes. The briquette produce are 150 μm in particle size with varies in mixing ratio of rice husk to banana residue which are 100:0, 80:20 and 60:40. After the briquetting process, the biomass fuel briquettes have been undergoes parameter testing and the data have been analysed. Result showed the best biomass briquette is developed from torrefied rice husk and banana residue mixed at ratio of 60:40. Moreover, SEM image reveal that torrefaction pre-treatment has shrinkage the fibres size which confirming the thermal stability of the briquette.

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38

Gill, B. S., and S. K. Jalota. "Evaporation from soil in relation to residue rate, mixing depth, soil texture and evaporativity." Soil Technology 8, no. 4 (March 1996): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0933-3630(95)00026-7.

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39

Liu, Yong, Lian Yong Wang, and Tao Du. "Effect of Co-Combustion Coal and Biomass Pellet on Performances in Chain Boiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2253.

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Experiment of co-combustion of coal and biomass pellet on a 7 MW chain stoker boiler was carried out and the performance of the chain boiler was tested under 5 mixing ratios of biomass pellet to coal, 0%, 10%, 25%, 20% and 30%. The results of experiment showed when mixing ratio of biomass pellet was different, the boiler could work safely and stably, the boiler’s fuel consumption reduced and sulfur dioxide emissions of the boiler decreased significantly. When the biomass pellet mixed, the coal was easier to burn out, the carbon in ash residue of coal boiler and heat loss from solid incomplete combustion also decreased, enhanced the overall operating efficiency of the boiler.

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40

Freakley, P. K., and S. R. Patel. "Internal Mixing: A Practical Investigation of the Flow and Temperature Profiles during a Mixing Cycle." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 4 (September 1, 1985): 751–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536091.

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Abstract From the results of mixing trials with a highly instrumented BR Banbury and biconical rotor rheometry of mixed batches, a detailed analysis of flow and mixing characteristics in the region of a rotor wing has been undertaken. An ‘angled spreader blade’ analogy of the rotor wing is proposed as being a viable basis for mathematical modelling. A one-dimensional flow analysis is used, in which power-law flow behavior and isothermal conditions are assumed. Dispersive mixing, which depends on the stress levels generated during mixing, is shown to occur throughout the entire mass of material swept in front of the rotor wing and not simply at the rotor tip. In addition, the stress levels depend more strongly on batch temperature than on rotor speed. High rotor speeds tend to lead to reduced stress levels as a result of the associated rapid rise in batch temperature, although choosing an appropriate fill factor can minimize temperature rise by promoting efficient heat transfer to the cooling water. During each rotor revolution, the rotor wing collects a mass of material from the reservoir between the rotors. This mass of material is then progressively reduced by leakage flow under the rotor tip and flow around the end of the wing, until the revolution is completed by the return of a residue to the reservoir. The flow around the end of the rotor is shown to be consistently greater than the leakage flow, although the ratio can be influenced by both fill factor and rotor speed. At high rotor speeds and low fill factors, it appears that material is retained in the regions of the side frames of the mixer and may give batch inhomogeneity through poor distribution mixing.

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41

Kopittke, P. M., N. W. Menzies, and I. M. Fulton. "Gypsum solubility in seawater, and its application to bauxite residue amelioration." Soil Research 42, no. 8 (2004): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04034.

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The solubilities and dissolution rates of 3 gypsum sources [analytical grade reagent (AR), phosphogypsum (PG), mined gypsum (MG)] with 6 MG size fractions (>2.0, 1.0–2.0, 0.5–1.0, 0.25–0.5, 0.125–0.25, <0.125 mm) were investigated in triple-deionised water (TDI) and seawater to examine their suitability for bauxite residue amelioration. Gypsum solubility was greater in seawater (3.8 g/L) than TDI (2.9 g/L) due to the ionic strength effect, with dissolution in both TDI and seawater following first-order kinetics. Dissolution rate constants varied with gypsum source (AR > PG > MG) due to reactivity and surface area differences, with 1 : 20 gypsum : solution suspensions reaching saturation within 15 s (AR) to 30 min (MG >2.0 mm). The ability of bauxite residue to adsorb Ca from solution was also examined. The quantity of the total solution Ca adsorbed was found to be small (5%). These low rates of solution Ca adsorption, combined with the comparatively rapid dissolution rates, preclude the application of gypsum to the residue sand/seawater slurry as a method for residue amelioration. Instead, direct field application to the residue would ensure more efficient gypsum use. In addition, the formation of a sparingly soluble CaCO3 coating around the gypsum particles after mixing in a highly alkaline seawater/supernatant liquor solution greatly reduced the rate of gypsum dissolution.

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42

Sergel, Theresa A., Lori W. McGinnes, and Trudy G. Morrison. "Mutations in the Fusion Peptide and Adjacent Heptad Repeat Inhibit Folding or Activity of the Newcastle Disease Virus Fusion Protein." Journal of Virology 75, no. 17 (September 1, 2001): 7934–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.17.7934-7943.2001.

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ABSTRACT Paramyxovirus fusion proteins have two heptad repeat domains, HR1 and HR2, which have been implicated in the fusion activity of the protein. Peptides with sequences from these two domains form a six-stranded coiled coil, with the HR1 sequences forming a central trimer (K. A. Baker, R. E. Dutch, R. A. Lamb, and T. S. Jardetzky, Mol. Cell 3:309–319, 1999; X. Zhao, M. Singh, V. N. Malashkevich, and P. S. Kim, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:14172–14177, 2000). We have extended our previous mutational analysis of the HR1 domain of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein, focusing on the role of the amino acids forming the hydrophobic core of the trimer, amino acids in the “a” and “d” positions of the helix from amino acids 123 to 182. Both conservative and nonconservative point mutations were characterized for their effects on synthesis, stability, proteolytic cleavage, and surface expression. Mutant proteins expressed on the cell surface were characterized for fusion activity by measuring syncytium formation, content mixing, and lipid mixing. We found that all mutations in the “a” position interfered with proteolytic cleavage and surface expression of the protein, implicating the HR1 domain in the folding of the F protein. However, mutation of five of seven “d” position residues had little or no effect on surface expression but, with one exception at residue 175, did interfere to various extents with the fusion activity of the protein. One of these “d” mutations, at position 154, interfered with proteolytic cleavage, while the rest of the mutants were cleaved normally. That most “d” position residues do affect fusion activity argues that a stable HR1 trimer is required for formation of the six-stranded coiled coil and, therefore, optimal fusion activity. That most of the “d” position mutations do not block folding suggests that formation of the core trimer may not be required for folding of the prefusion form of the protein. We also found that mutations within the fusion peptide, at residue 128, can interfere with folding of the protein, implicating this region in folding of the molecule. No characterized mutation enhanced fusion.

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43

Mao, Rong, and De-Hui Zeng. "Non-additive effects vary with the number of component residues and their mixing proportions during residue mixture decomposition: A microcosm study." Geoderma 170 (January 2012): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.11.008.

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Abu Bakar, Nur Afidah, and Suhaimi Muhammed. "Mechanical Properties of Composite Panels from Rice Husk." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.59.

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The study involving utilization of agricultural residue is gaining attention. This is an attempt to investigate the possibility of producing composite panels from rice husk (RH), an abundant source of agricultural residues. Composite panels were produced by mixing 1mm of rice husk with a commercial binder called urea formaldehyde at different density levels namely 650kg/m3, 700kg/m3 and 750kg/m3. Two types of resin content (10% and 12%) were used. Mechanical strength tests were performed on the panels conforming to British Standard (BS EN 310). Results obtained indicated that the modulus of elasticity (MOE) increased up to 1753.98MPa at 750kg/m3 density level with 12% resin content. Similarly, modulus of rupture (MOR) increased up to 8.08MPa with increase in panel density and amount of resin content. Thus, the potential of producing reasonably good composite panels from rice husk for specific end usage is very promising.

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Hidayat, Kukuh, Agus Wahyudi, and Husaini Husaini. "Making a synthetic zeolite from a residue of bauxite washing." Indonesian Mining Journal 23, no. 2 (November 2020): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.30556/imj.vol23.no2.2020.1112.

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A zeolite synthetic of NaA type is generally prepared by mixing the alumina and silicate-containing materials (alkali alumino hydro-silicates). The used raw materials include the amorphous solids such as metakaolin, siliceous earth, coal ash, kimberlite waste, alumina trihydrate [Al(OH)3], bauxite, and aluminum metal. Residue of bauxite washing retains a fine texture and contains significant alumina and silica content, namely 30-36% Al2O3 and 10-15% SiO2. Both components are required for making the zeolite NaA . In this research, the zeolite NaA was made by extracting the alumina from residue of bauxite washing with caustic soda, and followed by reacting it with a water glass after through the flushing and washing process. The composition of zeolite NaA is as follows: 33.87% SiO2, 27.63% Al2O3, 16.31% Na2O, and 22.18% H2O with Na96Al96Si96O384.216H2O or Na12(AlO2)12(SiO2)12.27H2O as its mineral composition.

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Siemons, Lucas, Harold W. Mackenzie, Vaibhav Kumar Shukla, and D. Flemming Hansen. "Intra-residue methyl–methyl correlations for valine and leucine residues in large proteins from a 3D-HMBC-HMQC experiment." Journal of Biomolecular NMR 73, no. 12 (November 12, 2019): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10858-019-00287-9.

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Abstract Methyl-TROSY based NMR experiments have over the last two decades become one of the most important means to characterise dynamics and functional mechanisms of large proteins and macromolecular machines in solution. The chemical shift assignment of methyl groups in large proteins is, however, still not trivial and it is typically performed using backbone-dependent experiments in a ‘divide and conquer’ approach, mutations, structure-based assignments or a combination of these. Structure-based assignment of methyl groups is an emerging strategy, which reduces the time and cost required as well as providing a method that is independent of a backbone assignment. One crucial step in available structure-based assignment protocols is linking the two prochiral methyl groups of leucine and valine residues. This has previously been achieved by recording NOESY spectra with short mixing times or by comparing NOESY spectra. Herein, we present a method based on through-bond scalar coupling transfers, a 3D-HMBC-HMQC experiment, to link the intra-residue methyl groups of leucine and valine. It is shown that the HMBC-HMQC method has several advantages over solely using NOESY spectra since a unique intra-residue cross-peak is observed. Moreover, overlap in the methyl-TROSY HMQC spectrum can easily be identified with the HMBC-HMQC experiment, thereby removing possible ambiguities in the assignment.

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Nurjanah, A. M. Jacoeb, N. D. Amanda, and A. V. Seulalae. "Characteristics of seaweed salt residue Sargassum polycystum and coffee dregs as raw materials for body scrubs." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1033, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1033/1/012049.

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Abstract Body scrub contains coarse grains that act as sandpaper (obrasiver). Seaweed salt residue can be a substitute for microbeads in body scrub. The production body scrub from the residue of Sargassum polycystum seaweed can be added with coffee dregs. This study aims the characteristics of the raw material and the effect of the addition of coffee dregs on the characteristics of a body scrub. The research contained three-stage, namely preparation of seaweed salt residue, coffee dregs, and production of the body scrub. The body scrub preparations were carried out by mixing the water phase and the oil phase. The addition of coffee dregs with a concentration (0; 1; 2; 3%) to the body scrub. The selected product was a body scrub with 7% Sargassum polycystum seaweed salt residue and 3% coffee dregs (S 7:3). The pH value of the selected product was 6.76 and the dispersion was 3.57 cm. The emulsion stability test showed that the cream was in a stable state. The antioxidant activity of the selected product using the 1.1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method was 55.54 ppm and the Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) was 78.84 (μM/g). The results showed that body scrubs have good moisture for the skin.

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Choi, Ik-Won, Dong-Cheol Seo, Se-Won Kang, Young-Jin Seo, Sang-Gyu Lee, Hwan-Hoo Sung, Jong-Soo Heo, Seog-Jin Kang, and Ju-Sik Cho. "Effect of Sawdust Mixing Ratio on Composting of Animal Cadaver Residue Using Rendering Treatment Method." Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer 45, no. 3 (June 30, 2012): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7745/kjssf.2012.45.3.404.

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Li, Yuelin, Jian Yin, Qiang Yuan, Tingjie Huang, Jiaguo He, and Jiabin Li. "Fresh and hardened properties of cement paste and mortar incorporating calcined cutter soil mixing residue." Construction and Building Materials 357 (November 2022): 129376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129376.

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Li, Yuelin, Qiang Yuan, and Jiabin Li. "Calcined Cutter Soil Mixing Residue-Based Alkali-Activated Cement: Compressive Strengths, Reaction Products, and Sustainability." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 288–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06194.

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