Статті в журналах: "Reserve carbohydrates"

1

Cheng, Lailiang, and Leslie H. Fuchigami. "615 Growth Performance of Transplanted Young Apple Trees in Relation to Reserve Nitrogen and Carbohydrates." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 553D—553. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.553d.

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Reserve N and carbohydrate levels of bench-grafted Fuji/M26 plants were altered by fertigation with seven N concentrations from 30 June to 1 Sept. in combination with or without 3% foliar urea application in mid-October. The plants were harvested after natural leaf fall and stored at 2 °C. One set of plants were destructively sampled in January for reserve N and carbohydrates analysis, and the remaining plants were transplanted into a N-free medium in the spring and supplied with or without 5 mM 15N-ammonium nitrate in a Hoagland solution for 60 days after budbreak. Plants fertigated with higher N concentrations had higher reserve N content and lower carbohydrate concentrations. Foliar urea application increased whole plant N content and decreased reserve carbohydrate concentration at each given N concentration used in fertigation. Regardless of N supply in the spring, total new shoot and leaf growth of plants fertigated with N was closely related to the amount of reserve N but not reserve carbohydrates. Plants treated with foliar urea had more new shoot and leaf growth than the fertigated controls. By pooling all the data concerning reserve N used for growth regardless of the spring N supply, a linear relationship was found between the amount of reserve N used for new shoot and leaf growth and the total amount of N. We conclude that the growth of apple nursery plants in the spring is mainly determined by reserve N, not reserve carbohydrates. The amount of reserve N used for new shoot and leaf growth in the spring is dependent on the total amount of reserve and is not affected by the current N supply.

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2

Bates, Terence R., Richard M. Dunst, and Paula Joy. "Seasonal Dry Matter, Starch, and Nutrient Distribution in 'Concord' Grapevine Roots." HortScience 37, no. 2 (April 2002): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.2.313.

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Three-year-old field-grown 'Concord' (Vitis labruscana Bailey) grapevines were destructively harvested at eight growth stages during 1998 to quantify growth, carbohydrate distribution, and nutrient concentrations of different organs. The roots were the major storage organ for carbohydrates and nutrients, accounting for 84% of the starch and 75% of nitrogen stored in the vines at the beginning of the season. About 78% of the reserve starch in the vine was used for prebloom root and shoot growth. Early-season fine-root growth was a sink for stored vine nitrogen; however, the fine roots quickly became a nitrogen uptake source, providing at least 84% of the spring growth nitrogen. Total root biomass increased from bloom to leaf fall, but reserve carbohydrates and nutrients lost in the prebloom period did not begin to recover in roots until the end of rapid shoot development in late July. Crop removal at harvest, and a late-season root flush, further increased vegetative carbohydrate and nutrient reserves in the short postharvest period.

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3

Kaur, Manpreet, Yamini Tak, Surekha Bhatia, Bavita Asthir, José M. Lorenzo, and Ryszard Amarowicz. "Crosstalk during the Carbon–Nitrogen Cycle That Interlinks the Biosynthesis, Mobilization and Accumulation of Seed Storage Reserves." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (November 6, 2021): 12032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222112032.

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Carbohydrates are the major storage reserves in seeds, and they are produced and accumulated in specific tissues during the growth and development of a plant. The storage products are hydrolyzed into a mobile form, and they are then translocated to the developing tissue following seed germination, thereby ensuring new plant formation and seedling vigor. The utilization of seed reserves is an important characteristic of seed quality. This review focuses on the seed storage reserve composition, source–sink relations and partitioning of the major transported carbohydrate form, i.e., sucrose, into different reserves through sucrolytic processes, biosynthetic pathways, interchanging levels during mobilization and crosstalk based on vital biochemical pathways that interlink the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Seed storage reserves are important due to their nutritional value; therefore, novel approaches to augmenting the targeted storage reserve are also discussed.

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4

Hatata, Mohammad, and Michel Farah. "Specific effects of certain salts on carbohydrate metabolism in young corn seedlings." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 51, no. 1 (2014): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1982.008.

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The effects of sodium and magnesium chlorides and sulphates on carbohydrate metabolism of corn seedlings and their component parts were studied. There was a decrease in the total carbohydrate content of seedlings with advance of time, in control and in different concentrations of salts. The decrease became less marked with increase of salt concentrations. The main effect of salinization, on the changes in carbohydrates, was strongest on the roots and grains. The roots contained the lowest proportion of the various carbohydrate fractions. This feature suggests that the mobilization of carbohydrates from grains to roots is greatly retarded by salinization. Both cations and anions exert an influence on the conversion of reserve carbohydrates.

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5

Mudau, Fhatuwani N., Ambani R. Mudau, Mpumelelo Nkomo, and Wonder Ngezimana. "Variation in Carbohydrate Reserves and Dry Matter Production of Bush Tea (Athrixia phylicoides) Grown under Different Environmental Conditions." HortScience 51, no. 12 (December 2016): 1537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11197-16.

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Reserve carbohydrates are critical for herbage yields, productivity as well as management strategies of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC). This study was conducted to evaluate carbohydrate accumulation in response to pruning seasons (summer, autumn, winter, and spring) involving different organs grown under different conditions and to determine mean dry matter production of bush tea. Three separate parallel trials were conducted under wild, field, and glasshouse conditions. Seasons and different growing sites were considered as treatments. Treatments for all controlled trials (field and glasshouse) consisted of seasonal pruning (winter, spring, summer, and autumn). Trials were arranged using a randomized complete block design with 25 single plants as replicates per treatment. Seasonal responses revealed that winter had the highest starch (145.0 mg·g−1) in the stems and reserve carbohydrates (480.6 mg·g−1) in the roots, whereas in the roots sugar (400.6 mg·g−1) was highest in summer. The highest significant root reserve carbohydrates occurred in winter (594.6 mg·g−1) and the lowest in autumn (fall) (313.3 mg·g−1). Bush tea plants pruned during winter had the highest overall reserve carbohydrates in the stem (598.7 mg·g−1). Under glasshouse conditions, the highest dry matter production was observed in December (midsummer) (170 g per plant); while in field-grown plants in the same month dry matter production was 400 g per plant. Therefore, the best time to maximize production of bush tea is during the spring and summer seasons.

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6

Cheng, Lailiang, Sunghee Guak, Shufu Dong, and Leslie H. Fuchigami. "288 Effects of Foliar Urea on Reserve Nitrogen and Carbohydrates in Young Apple Trees with Different Nitrogen Background." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 492A—492. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.492a.

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Bench-grafted Fuji/M26 plants were fertigated with seven nitrogen concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, and 20 mM) by using a modified Hoagland solution from 30 June to 1 Sept. In mid-October, half of the fertigated trees were sprayed with 3% urea twice at weekly intervals, while the other half were left as controls. The plants were harvested after natural leaf fall, stored at 2 °C, and then destructively sampled in January for reserve N and carbohydrate analysis. As N concentration used in fertigation increased, whole-plant reserve N content increased progressively with a corresponding decrease in reserve carbohydrate concentration. Foliar urea application increased whole-plant N content and decreased reserve carbohydrate concentration. The effect of foliar urea on whole-plant reserve N content and carbohydrate concentration was dependent on the N status of the plant, with low-N plants being more responsive than high-N plants. There was a linear relationship between the increase in N content and decrease in carbohydrate concentration caused by foliar urea, suggesting that part of the reserve carbohydrates was used to assimilate N from foliar urea. Regardless of the difference in tree size caused by N fertigation, the increase in the total amount of reserve N by foliar urea application was the same on a whole-tree basis, indicating that plants with low-N background were more effective in using N from urea spray than plants with high-N background.

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7

Ranwala, Anil P., Beth Hardin, and William B. Miller. "Changes in Non-structural Carbohydrates in Tulip Bulb Scales during Cold Treatment and Greenhouse Forcing." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 454c—454. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.454c.

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The energy and carbon needs for early shoot growth in tulips are mainly provided by reserve carbohydrates in bulbs. The cold-treatment of bulbs before greenhouse forcing enhances the breakdown and remobilization of reserve carbohydrates in bulb scales, and is necessary for proper shoot growth and flowering in tulips. Tulip bulbs are known to contain both starch and fructans as reserve carbohydrates. We evaluated several extraction solvents, including ethanol and distilled water, and several extraction temperatures to accurately determine the amounts of different types of non-structural carbohydrates in tulip bulb scales. Extraction with distilled water resulted in excessive solubilization of starch. For example, extraction at 70 °C solubilized more than 80% of starch to glucan polymers. On the other hand, 80% ethanol at 70 °C extracted all soluble sugars including fructans with no apparent solubilization of starch. The changes in non-structural carbohydrates in the outermost bulb scale of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L. `Frankfurt') during 12 weeks of cooling at 8.8 °C followed by 5 weeks of greenhouse forcing were determined. Starch was the major carbohydrate in bulb scales consisting of ≈70% of the dry weight at the beginning of cold treatment. Starch content per scale decreased slightly during cold treatment, but rapidly after transferring to greenhouse. Sucrose and soluble fructan content per scale increased during cold treatment, then decreased after transferring to greenhouse. Glucose content per scale remained fairly constant during cooling and greenhouse forcing, while fructose content increased in the greenhouse.

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8

Wang, Z., K. Huang, H. Mahmoud, and B. Quebedeaux. "Effects of Decreasing Temperature and Photoperiod on Carbohydrate Reserve Accumulation and 14C-Photosynthate Partitioning in Apple." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 452d—452. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.452d.

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Carbohydrate reserves are major substrates for cold hardiness and respiration during winter and for early growth during the following season for most woody plants. In apple, carbohydrate reserve accumulation occurs mainly in late summer and autumn as temperature and photoperiod decrease. However, information on the response of reserve carbohydrate accumulation and photosynthate partitioning into sorbitol, sucrose, and starch in apple to decreasing temperature and photoperiod is limited. One-year-old `Gala' apple plants were grown in controlled environments at 26 °C and 16-h photoperiod for 50 d and then either remained in 26 °C/16 h or were subjected to a lower temperature and shorter photoperiod for 28 d that resulted in four treatments of 26 °C/16h (HT/LD), 26 °C/8h (HT/SD), 13 °C/16h (LT/LD), 13 °C/8h (LT/SD). Newly fixed 14C-photosynthates and reserve carbohydrates were analyzed in leaves, stems, and roots. Leaf photosynthesis and plant growth parameters were also examined. The LT treatments inhibited plant shoot growth and leaf initiation rates while SD treatments had little additive effect. Plants with LD treatments had greater specific leaf weight, but decreased photosynthetic rates compared to SD regimes. A decrease in temperature altered partitioning of newly fixed 14C-photosynthates into sorbitol, sucrose, and starch and carbohydrate accumulation in various plant organs. Low temperature effects were modified by photoperiod.

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9

Tolsma, A. D., K. G. Tolhurst, and S. M. Read. "Effects of fire, post-fire defoliation, drought and season on regrowth and carbohydrate reserves of alpine snowgrass Poa fawcettiae (Poaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 3 (2010): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09186.

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Following defoliation, grasses regenerate foliage from basal buds. We used a combination of field, glasshouse and growth-room experiments to investigate the role of carbohydrate reserves in regrowth of Poa fawcettiae Vickery following fire or mock grazing, and the effect on reserve dynamics of post-fire defoliation, drought and seasonal factors. Fructan reserves of burnt plants were depleted during foliage regeneration, and remained below those of unburnt plants for up to 10 months in the field, and for up to 3 months in the glasshouse. Plants were resilient to occasional mechanical clipping of foliage, but experienced significant depletion in fructan reserves and high tiller mortality when clipped at frequent intervals. Cold treatment led to fructan concentrations almost double those in plants growing at a warm temperature, explaining peak autumn levels in field plants, whereas a short drought treatment doubled the concentration of ethanol-soluble carbohydrates. Taken together, these data show how the dynamics of carbohydrate reserves, and specifically tiller-base fructan reserves, explain the vegetative regeneration capacity of P. fawcettiae.

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10

Souza, A., CZ Sandrin, MFA Calió, ST Meirelles, VR Pivello, and RCL Figueiredo-Ribeiro. "Seasonal variation of soluble carbohydrates and starch in Echinolaena inflexa, a native grass species from the Brazilian savanna, and in the invasive grass Melinis minutiflora." Brazilian Journal of Biology 70, no. 2 (May 2010): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842010000200023.

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Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase is an abundant C3 grass species with high biomass production in the Brazilian savanna (cerrado); Melinis minutiflora Beauv. is an African C4 forage grass widespread in cerrado and probably displacing some native herbaceous species. In the present work, we analysed seasonally the content and composition of soluble carbohydrates, the starch amounts and the above-ground biomass (phytomass) of E. inflexa and M. minutiflora plants harvested in two transects at 5 and 130 m from the border in a restrict area of cerrado at the Biological Reserve and Experimental Station of Mogi-Guaçu (SP, Brazil). Results showed that water soluble carbohydrates and starch amounts from the shoots of both species varied according to the time of the year, whilst in the underground organs, variations were observed mainly in relation to the transects. Marked differences in the pattern of the above-ground biomass production between these two grasses relative to their location in the Reserve were also observed, with two peaks of the invasive species (July and January) at the Reserve border. The differences in carbohydrate accumulation, partitioning and composition of individual sugars concerning time of the year and location in the Reserve were more related to the annual growth cycle of both grasses and possibly to specific physiological responses of M. minutiflora to disturbed environments in the Reserve border.

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11

François, Jean, and Jean Luc Parrou. "Reserve carbohydrates metabolism in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 25, no. 1 (January 2001): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00574.x.

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12

Gregory, Robert A., Mansfield W. Williams, Betty L. Wong, and Gary J. Hawley. "Proposed Scenario for Dieback and Decline of Acer Saccharum in Northeastern U. S. A. and Southeastern Canada." IAWA Journal 7, no. 4 (1986): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001006.

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A sequence of events is presented that may explain the reported decline of sugar maple trees in the Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada. The primary factor, caused by defoliation, is a severe reduction in reserve carbohydrates, especially in roots, at the beginning of the leafless period. In this respect, la te defoliators - those that defoliate in late July and early August - are much more destructive than those that defoliate in J une because it appears that carbon is being utilised in July and August by one or more sinks about as fast as it is being assimilated photosynthetically. This, in conjunction with a loss of foliage for an extended period and limited refoliation, could result in severe carbohydrate dcpletion. Limited carbohydrate reserves may not be sufficient for normal respiratory activity during the Ieafless period, or for vernal outgrowth of embryonie shoots. Late defoliation and low carbohydrate reserves also appear to reduce the ability of the trees to acclimate to low winter temperatures; hence, cold winters could result in additional shoot die back and mortality. Other factors such as drought, atmospheric pollutants, and numerous pathogens mayaiso influence carbohydrate reserves, thus contributing to decline.

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13

Xia, Guohai, and Lailiang Cheng. "(334) Fruit Set and Yield in Relation to Reserve Nitrogen and Reserve Carbohydrates in `Gala' Apple Trees." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1083B—1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1083b.

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Four-year-old `Gala'/M.26 trees were grown under low (2.5 mm), medium (12.5 mm), or high (25 mm) N supply with balanced nutrients in sand culture and the cropload was adjusted to 5 fruit/cm2 trunk cross-sectional area at 10 mm king fruit. After harvesting, half of the trees in each N treatment were sprayed twice with 3% urea a week apart in late September. Before budbreak the following spring, four trees from each treatment combination were destructively sampled for reserve nitrogen and carbohydrate analysis. Foliar urea application significantly increased tree N concentration and concentrations of both free amino acids and proteins, but decreased the concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) at each soil N supply level. When the carbon in free amino acids and proteins are taken into account, trees sprayed with foliar urea had similar levels of total sum of carbon in TNC, free amino acids and proteins. On a whole tree basis, trees sprayed with foliar urea had more N and less TNC. During the second year of the experiment, all the trees received normal N supply. Trees sprayed with foliar urea the previous fall had a significantly larger total leaf area and higher fruit set, fruit number, and total yield than those unsprayed. We conclude that fruit set and early fruit development as well as vegetative growth in spring is mainly determined by reserve nitrogen, not by reserve carbohydrates. Conversion of a portion of TNC to amino acids and proteins leads to better growth and fruiting of apple trees.

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14

Wong, B. L., K. L. Baggett, and A. H. Rye. "Seasonal patterns of reserve and soluble carbohydrates in mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum)." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 780–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-079.

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Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees exhibit seasonal patterns of production, accumulation, and utilization of nonstructural carbohydrates that are closely correlated with phenological events and (or) physiological processes. The simultaneous seasonal patterns of both reserve and soluble carbohydrates in the leaves, twigs, branches, and trunks of healthy mature sugar maple trees were characterized. The concentrations of starch and soluble sugars ( sucrose, glucose, fructose, xylose, raffinose, and stachyose) were determined. Starch, the major reserve carbohydrate in sugar maple, is low during the active photosynthetic growth season. Starch is accumulated in the xylem ray tissues in late summer and early fall. During the cold season, there is a close relationship between starch hydrolysisaccumulation and temperature. Soluble sugars increase when starch concentrations decrease during the cold months, and these sugars may play a role in cold tolerance. Patterns of change in the stem tissues are similar to those in the root tissues but with slight differences in the timing.Key words: starch, sucrose, glucose, fructose, raffinose, stachyose.

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15

Ahmedullah, M. Ahmed. "Effect of Defoliation on the Translocation and Use of Photosynthates in Grapevine." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 881F—881. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.881f.

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On potted Carignane grapevines, the following three leaf removal treatments were used: 1) six basal leaves allowed; 2) all leaves left on the vine; and 3) all leaves left on the vine except shoot tip, darkened by covering the leaves with aluminum-coated paper bags. Translocation and use of photosynthates was studied using C14 in the season of application and in the following year. In the season of C14 application, the roots and trunk were the major sinks. Reserve photosynthates were used to support current-season growth following budbreak in all three treatments. Treatments 1 and 2 showed similar trends in use of reserves; in treatment 3, however, reserves continued to be used until harvest at full maturity. Defoliated vines used more stored reserves than nondefoliated vines. Defoliated vines used more reserve carbohydrates, leaving little C14 reserves in old roots compared to nondefoliated vines.

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16

François, J. "Reserve carbohydrates metabolism in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 25, no. 1 (January 2001): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-6445(00)00059-0.

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17

GUILLOU, V., L. PLOURDEOWOBI, J. PARROU, G. GOMA, and J. FRANCOIS. "Role of reserve carbohydrates in the growth dynamics of." FEMS Yeast Research 4, no. 8 (September 2004): 773–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.05.005.

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18

Ataíde, Glauciana da Mata, Eduardo Euclydes de Lima e. Borges, José Francisco de Carvalho Gonçalves, Valéria Monteze Guimarães, Andressa Vasconcelos Flores, and Elisa Monteze Bicalho. "Alterations in seed reserves of Dalbergia nigra ((Vell.) Fr All. ex Benth.) during hydration." Journal of Seed Science 35, no. 1 (2013): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-15372013000100008.

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Seed imbibitions is the first stage of the germination process and is characterized by the hydration of tissues and cells and the activation and/or induction of the enzymes responsible for mobilizing reserves for respiration and the construction of new cell structures. The objective of this study was to investigate the alterations in reserve substances during slow hydration of Bahia Rosewood (Dalbergia nigra) seeds in water. Seeds from two different lots (Lot I and II) were placed in saturated desiccators (95-99% RH) to hydrate at 15 and 25 °C until water contents of 10, 15, 20 and 25% were reached. At each level of hydration, changes in lipid reserves, soluble carbohydrates, starch and soluble proteins were evaluated. The mobilization of reserves was similarly assessed in both lots, with no differences being observed between the two hydration temperatures. Lipid contents showed little variation during hydration, while the contents of soluble carbohydrates and starch decreased after the 15% water content level. Soluble proteins showed a gradual tendency to decrease between the control (dry seeds) up to 25% water content.

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19

Tolsma, A. D., S. M. Read, and K. G. Tolhurst. "Roots of Australian alpine plant species contain high levels of stored carbohydrates independent of post-fire regeneration strategy." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 8 (2007): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06216.

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The relationships between root morphology, level of stored non-structural carbohydrates and post-fire regeneration strategy were investigated in 37 Australian alpine plant species: 6 reseeders, 14 resprouters and 17 capable of both reseeding and resprouting. High concentrations of stored carbohydrate (up to 61.8% DW) were a feature of most species, with more than half of the 37 species containing non-structural carbohydrate concentrations of more than 10%. Fructan was the major reserve polysaccharide in 32 of the 37 species, with particularly high concentrations in the Asteraceae (up to 43.1%). Herbaceous species stored higher concentrations of carbohydrates and had fleshier roots than did shrub species, but swollen underground storage organs were found in only one species (Microseris scapigera sensu Willis1, Asteraceae). There was no significant relationship between post-fire regeneration strategy and either root morphology or level of carbohydrate storage, contrasting with results from drier, Mediterranean environments. Root storage of high levels of carbohydrate, and especially fructan, in Australian alpine species could therefore result from an adaptation to the alpine environment, such as a need for annual regeneration of leaf tissue in alpine conditions.

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20

Young, Eric. "Cytokinin and Soluble Carbohydrate Concentrations in Xylem Sap of Apple during Dormancy and Budbreak." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 2 (March 1989): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.2.297.

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Abstract Xylem sap from three apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) rootstocks was vacuum-extracted during and after artificial chilling and during forcing of chilled and unchilled trees. Sap was assayed for cytokinins by immunoassay and for soluble carbohydrates (sorbitol, glucose, fructose, and sucrose) by enzymatic assays. Xylem cytokinin increased after 10 days of forcing at 21/18C regardless of chilling treatment. Cytokinin levels decreased significantly as budbreak occurred in fully chilled trees, but not in unchilled trees with very little budbreak. Xylem sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations decreased upon exposure to 21/18C, then increased after 30 days in both chilled and unchilled trees. Sorbitol level remained low and unchanged throughout growth. Full chilling was not necessary in apple for adequate cytokinin and carbohydrates to be transported to the developing buds via the xylem stream. Sorbitol apparently is not used in carbohydrate transport from reserve, as it is in photosynthesis.

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21

Rusdy, Muhammad, Yasuhisa Masuda, Yutaka Nakano, and Ichiro Goto. "Reserve Carbohydrates Changes in Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii Following Defoliation." Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 39, no. 3/4 (March 1995): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5109/24081.

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22

Wong, B. L., K. L. Baggett, and A. H. Rye. "Cold-season patterns of reserve and soluble carbohydrates in sugar maple and ice-damaged trees of two age classes following drought." Botany 87, no. 3 (March 2009): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-123.

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This study examines the effects of summer drought on the composition and profiles of cold-season reserve and soluble carbohydrates in sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees (50–100 years old or ∼200 years old) in which the crowns were nondamaged or damaged by the 1998 ice storm. The overall cold season reserve carbohydrate profiles in twig wood tissue of drought-stressed (DS) trees and non-drought-stressed (NDS) trees were generally similar, although differences were observed in the amount of reserve carbohydrates in DS and NDS trees. The cold-season level of starch stored in DS trees in early autumn in the wood tissue was about one-third to one-fifth that in NDS trees. The cold season sugar content in the DS trees was significantly greater than can be attributed to degradation of stored starch, only. The level of sucrose in DS trees remained high throughout the winter until termination of dormancy and dehardening. The concentrations of winter glucose and fructose in DS trees attained peak levels at the time of dormancy termination and declined during dehardening. The profiles of glucose and fructose in DS and damaged DS trees were generally different from that of sucrose throughout the leafless phase. In contrast, profiles of glucose and fructose in NDS trees closely paralleled that of sucrose. Elevated levels of sucrose, glucose, and fructose in DS sugar maple trees during the cold season may function as osmoregulators for freeze protection. Low sugar level or lack of increase in sugar level following dehardening in DS trees may suggest limited change in cellular constituents in adapting to low temperatures.

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23

Joaquim, Emanuela de Oliveira, Rita de Cássia Leone Figueiredo-Ribeiro, Adriana Hissae Hayashi, and Maria Angela Machado de Carvalho. "Inulin contents and tissue distribution in underground storage organs of Asteraceae species from the Brazilian rocky fields." Botany 92, no. 11 (November 2014): 827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0087.

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Geophytes are widespread in rocky fields, having evolved to survive adverse environmental conditions mainly because of their underground storage organs and reserve compounds. Among these compounds, carbohydrates have several functions other than as an energy source, including protection against drought and extreme temperatures. In this work, we analyzed the composition and tissue distribution of carbohydrates in the underground organs of four Asteraceae species from a preserved area of rocky fields in the Brazilian Cerrado. Soluble carbohydrates were quantified and analyzed by HPAEC–PAD, and starch was analyzed by an enzymatic assay. All species (Baccharis subdentata DC., Chresta curumbensis (Philipson) H.Rob., Lessingianthus floccosus (Gardner) H.Rob., and Strophopappus glomeratus (Gardner) R.Esteves) store long-chain inulin-type fructans. Among them, C. curumbensis presented the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates, comprising 25% of the reserve organ dry mass. Inulin sphero-crystals were visualized under polarized light, mainly in the vascular cylinder. Buds were found on the underground organs of B. subdentata and C. curumbensis, and secretory structures were identified in S. glomeratus, L. floccosus, and C. curumbensis. The occurrence of buds, secretory structures, and fructans in these organs is probably related to ecophysiological strategies used as defense and survival mechanisms in response to stress conditions, particularly drought and fire, that occur frequently in rocky fields.

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24

Cheng, Lailiang, Guohai Xia, and Terry Bates. "Growth and Fruiting of Young `Concord' Grapevines in Relation to Reserve Nitrogen and Carbohydrates." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 5 (September 2004): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.5.0660.

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One-year-old `Concord' grapevines (Vitis labruscana Bailey) were fertigated with 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm nitrogen by using a modified Hoagland's solution for 8 weeks during active vine growth in summer. Half of the vines at each N concentration were sprayed with 3% foliar urea twice in late September while the rest served as controls. After natural leaf fall, all the vines were overwintered in a cold room (2 to 4 °C). Four vines from each treatment were destructively sampled before budbreak for reserve N and carbohydrate analysis. The remaining vines were supplied with either no N or sufficient N (10 mm N) from 2 weeks before bloom to 1 month after bloom. All the vines were destructively harvested at 1 month after bloom. Total amount of N in dormant vines increased with increasing N fertigation concentration. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) increased with increasing N fertigation concentration from 0 to 10 mm, and then leveled off with further rises in N supply. Foliar urea application increased total N but decreased TNC of dormant vines at each given N fertigation level. When no N was provided during the regrowth period, vine total leaf area, fruit yield, and total dry weight increased with increasing N supply from fertigation the previous year. Vines sprayed with foliar urea the previous fall produced a larger total leaf area, a higher yield, and a higher total vine dry weight at each given N fertigation concentration. Providing vines with sufficient N during the regrowth period significantly increased total leaf area, fruit yield, and vine total dry weight across the previous N fertigation concentrations, but vines sprayed with foliar urea still had a larger leaf area, a higher yield, and a higher total vine dry weight at each given N fertigation concentration. Therefore, we conclude that both vegetative growth and fruiting of young `Concord' vines are largely determined by reserve nitrogen, not by reserve carbohydrates, and that current-season N supply plays a very important role in sustaining vine growth and development, especially fruit growth.

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Moretti, Ademar, Cintia L. Arias, Leandro A. Mozzoni, Pengyin Chen, Brant T. McNeece, M. A. Rouf Mian, Leah K. McHale, and Ana P. Alonso. "Workflow for the Quantification of Soluble and Insoluble Carbohydrates in Soybean Seed." Molecules 25, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 3806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173806.

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Soybean seed composition has a profound impact on its market value and commercial use as an important commodity. Increases in oil and protein content have been historically pursued by breeders and genetic engineers; consequently, rapid methods for their quantification are well established. The interest in complete carbohydrate profiles in mature seeds, on the other hand, has recently increased due to numerous attempts to redirect carbohydrates into oil and protein or to offer specialty seed with a specific sugar profile to meet animal nutritional requirements. In this work, a sequential protocol for quantifying reserve and structural carbohydrates in soybean seed was developed and validated. Through this procedure, the concentrations of soluble sugars, sugar alcohols, starch, hemicellulose, and crystalline cellulose can be determined in successive steps from the same starting material using colorimetric assays, LC–MS/MS, and GC–MS. The entire workflow was evaluated using internal standards to estimate the recovery efficiency. Finally, it was successfully applied to eight soybean genotypes harvested from two locations, and the resulting correlations of carbohydrate and oil or protein are presented. This methodology has the potential not only to guide soybean cultivar optimization processes but also to be expanded to other crops with only slight modifications.

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Beeson, Richard C., and William M. Proebsting. "Carbon Metabolism in Scions of Colorado Blue Spruce: II. Carbon Storage Compounds." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 113, no. 5 (September 1988): 800–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.113.5.800.

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Abstract The study evaluated the roles of storage carbohydrates and neutral lipids in the success of Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens Englemann ‘Hoopsi’) grafts. These scions do not require photosynthesis nor receive photosynthates from the rootstock during union development. Carbohydrate and neutral lipid contents, along with respiration and scion water relations, were measured during union development. Stored carbon compounds were sufficient to supply the needs of the scion during the 9 weeks of union development. Estimates of carbohydrate use indicated that decreases in sugar content (bark and needle) were insufficient to account for more than 25% of the estimated respiration. The results indicate that the quantity of carbon storage compounds is not a factor in graft success. We propose that neutral lipids may be the major carbon reserve of the scion during graft formation.

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BROCKLEBANK, K. JANE, and GEORGE A. F. HENDRY. "Characteristics of plant species which store different types of reserve carbohydrates." New Phytologist 112, no. 2 (June 1989): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb02381.x.

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Richelle, A., and Ph Bogaerts. "Macroscopic Modelling of Intracellular Reserve Carbohydrates Production during Baker's Yeast Cultures." IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 1 (2015): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.05.115.

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Morgun, V. V., M. V. Tarasiuk, G. О. Priadkina, and О. О. Stasik. "Depositing capacity of winter wheat stem segments under natural drought during grain filling in Ukrainian forest steppe conditions." Biosystems Diversity 30, no. 2 (May 3, 2022): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012217.

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Drought is a major abiotic factor adversely affecting wheat productivity. Water deficit reduces significantly photosynthesis and hence the remobilization of stored assimilate reserves from the stem becomes important sources for grain filling. We assessed the ability of different stem internodes and leaf sheaths to deposit and remobilize reserve assimilates as well as their role in grain yield formation in 6 winter wheat varieties under drought conditions during the period of grain filling. The dry weight and content of water-soluble carbohydrates in the dry matter of stem internodes and leaf sheaths of the main shoot was determined at anthesis, the beginning of milk ripeness and full grain ripeness. The total amount of water-soluble carbohydrates in stem segments was calculated as the product of their specific content in the dry matter of the stem segment and its mass. The amount of remobilized dry matter and water-soluble carbohydrates for each segment was estimated as the difference between the appropriate values at anthesis or milk ripeness and full ripeness. The maximum accumulation of water-soluble carbohydrates in the stem was reached at early milk ripeness. The most productive varieties Kyivska 17 and Horodnytsia had the largest amount of remobilized water-soluble carbohydrates in all internodes. Depositing capacity of the second and third (counting from the top) internodes was higher compared to others and has a significant effect on the grain productivity of wheat varieties studied. Despite significant variability and strong genotype x year interaction of the relationships between depositing capacity traits of different stem segments and grain productivity, mainly tight correlations were found for dry matter and total water-soluble carbohydrates accumulation and remobilization in second and third internodes with yield and grain weight per spike. The obtained data suggests that the remobilization of deposited water-soluble carbohydrates is an important factor contributing to the filling of winter wheat grain in arid conditions and more detailed studies of relationships of depositing capacity of individual stem segments with yield can be useful for development of breeding tools for further genetic yield improvement.

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Hewitt, J. D., and M. Marrush. "Remobilization of Nonstructural Carbohydrates from Vegetative Tissues to Fruits in Tomato." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 1 (January 1986): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.1.142.

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Abstract Soluble sugar and starch levels were measured in leaf, stem, and petiole tissues of 3 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars throughout plant development in order to 1) assess the contribution of reserve carbohydrates to final fruit yield and quality and 2) determine whether genotypic variation exists for this trait. In all 3 cultivars — ‘VF145B-7879’ (‘7879’), ‘UC82’ (‘82’), and ‘BL6807’ (‘6807’) — leaf tissue was found to accumulate high levels of both soluble sugars and starch. Stem and petiole tissues, although having high sugar content, accumulated little starch. An estimate of the proportion of fruit dry weight attributable to remobilization of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) from vine tissue was made by determining the dry weight of sugars and starch lost from vegetative tissue once the vine had ceased gaining weight and dividing by the final fruit dry weight. Values for ‘6807’ and ‘7879’ were 4.8% and 0.3%, respectively. No remobilization of NSC was apparent in ‘82’. The primary remobilized carbohydrate was leaf starch in both ‘6807’ and ‘7879’. Leaf and stem sugars were also remobilized in ‘6807’. The relatively high degree of remobilization in ‘6807’ was associated with early maturity and a high fruit/leaf ratio.

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Samokhvalov, Victor, Vladimir Ignatov, and Marie Kondrashova. "Reserve carbohydrates maintain the viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells during chronological aging." Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 125, no. 3 (March 2004): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2003.12.006.

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Cheng, L., and L. H. Fuchigami. "Growth of young apple trees in relation to reserve nitrogen and carbohydrates." Tree Physiology 22, no. 18 (December 1, 2002): 1297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/22.18.1297.

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Veronesi, Marina Belloni, Kelly Simões, Nelson Augusto dos Santos-Junior, and Marcia Regina Braga. "Carbohydrate mobilisation in germinating seed of Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Peltophorum dubium (Fabaceae), two tropical trees used for restoration." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 2 (2014): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13242.

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Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. and Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) are two leguminous species native to Brazil that are frequently used to restore degraded areas. Seed of E. contortisiliquum are exalbuminous, whereas seed of P. dubium have a mucilaginous endosperm and both are orthodox, dormant and have a water-impermeable seed coat. There is little information about the dynamics of their germination and understanding this process is important for propagation, conservation and satisfactory practices for restoration of degraded areas. Thus, in this study we evaluated and compared the carbohydrate mobilisation of the seed of both species during germination and early seedling development. Data obtained showed differences in the composition and in the mobilisation of the storage carbohydrates in the studied species. Whereas the main storage of the E. contortisiliquum embryo is starch, the main reserve found in P. dubium is the galactomannan stored in the endosperm. The carbohydrates first hydrolysed in both species are raffinose family oligosaccharides that are used in the embryo development during germination. Starch found in cotyledons of E. contortisiliquum or accumulated after galactomannan degradation in the embryo of P. dubium is not used during germination and early seedling growth in either species.

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Dixon and Carter. "Toward a New Use for Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Wheat Breeding." Agronomy 9, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070385.

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A major obstacle in the effort to develop drought tolerant varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is phenotyping. Traits known to contribute to improved drought tolerance, such as water-use behavior, reliance on stem reserve carbohydrates, and the ability to develop deep roots, require time and resource-intensive screening techniques. Plant breeding programs often have many thousands of experimental genotypes, which makes testing for each of these traits impractical. This work proposes that carbon isotope discrimination (∆) analysis of mature grains may serve as a relatively high-throughput approach to identify genotypes exhibiting traits associated with drought tolerance. Using ∆ as a proxy for stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity, assumptions can be made regarding fundamental plant physiological responses. When combined with knowledge of the terminal drought severity experienced in a particular environment, genotypes exhibiting conservative and rapid water use, deep roots, and reliance on stem reserve carbohydrates may be identified. Preliminary data in support of this idea are presented. Further verification of this use for grain ∆ will better equip wheat breeding programs to develop more drought tolerant varieties.

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Darnell, Rebecca L., and Keith B. Birkhold. "Carbohydrate Contribution to Fruit Development in Two Phenologically Distinct Rabbiteye Blueberry Cultivars." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 6 (November 1996): 1132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.6.1132.

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Rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivars differ in timing of floral and vegetative budbreak and in final fruit size. For example, `Bonita' exhibits concomitant floral and vegetative budbreak and has relatively large fruit size, while floral budbreak precedes vegetative budbreak in `Climax' and fruit size is smaller. Mobilization of carbohydrate before and during fruit development in `Bonita' and `Climax' rabbiteye blueberries was examined to determine if differences in carbohydrate availability between these two cultivars were correlated with differences in fruit size. Root dry mass (DM) of both cultivars decreased from dormancy (31 days before anthesis) through fruit development. Sugar concentrations in roots and stems of both cultivars decreased significantly between dormancy and anthesis, then remained relatively steady throughout fruit development. Starch concentrations in roots and stems of `Bonita' decreased significantly between dormancy and anthesis. The extent of total starch depletion in `Climax' was similar; however, the decrease was more gradual, extending from dormancy to 28 days after anthesis (DAA); at which time, vegetative budbreak in `Climax' occurred. Thus, although total reserve carbohydrate pool sizes were similar between the two cultivars, remobilization patterns were different, resulting in increased starch mobilization in `Bonita' compared to `Climax' in the period leading up to anthesis. Concentration of 14C from reserve carbon sources was similar in flowers of both cultivars at anthesis. These values declined throughout fruit development as a result of dilution of the labeled carbon by unlabeled carbon from current photosynthesis. There was a sharper decline in 14C concentration of `Bonita' fruit compared to `Climax' fruit between anthesis and 51 DAA. This, coupled with differences in timing of vegetative budbreak between the two cultivars, suggests that `Bonita' fruit were accessing current (unlabeled) assimilate earlier (i.e., before 51 DAA) than `Climax' fruit. Smaller fruit size in `Climax' compared to `Bonita' may be a consequence of a decrease in reserve carbohydrate mobilization to `Climax' flower buds before anthesis relative to `Bonita', as well as a delay or reduction in the availability of current carbohydrates to developing `Climax' fruit between anthesis and 51 DAA.

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Van den Ende, Wim, An Michiels, Joke De Roover, and Andrea Van Laere. "Fructan Biosynthetic and Breakdown Enzymes in Dicots Evolved From Different Invertases. Expression of Fructan Genes Throughout Chicory Development." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.288.

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Fructans are fructose-based oligo- and polymers that serve as reserve carbohydrates in many plant species. The biochemistry of fructan biosynthesis in dicots has been resolved, and the respective cDNAs have been cloned. Recent progress has now succeeded in elucidating the biochemistry and molecular biology of fructan biodegradation in chicory, an economically important species used for commercial inulin extraction. Unlike fructan biosynthetic genes that originated from vacuolar-type invertase, fructan exohydrolases (FEHs) seem to have evolved from a cell-wall invertase ancestor gene that later obtained a low iso-electric point and a vacuolar targeting signal. Expression analysis reveals that fructan enzymes are controlled mainly at the transcriptional level. Using chicory as a model system, northern analysis was consistent with enzymatic activity measurements and observed carbohydrate changes throughout its development.

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Chutia, Jitu, Jyotish Sonowal, Bhaba Kumar Pegu, and Devid Kardong. "Evaluation of Proximate and Heavy Metals in Twelve Edible Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Poba Reserve Forest Assam, India." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 17, no. 4 (January 15, 2021): 819–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2887.

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The present study focuses on proximate and mineral compositions on 12 freshwater edible macroinvertebrate species under phylum Arthropoda and Mollusca mostly preferred by the ethnic communities around the Poba reserve forest of Assam, India. The analysis revealed protein was the most abundant nutrient for all the species; followed by carbohydrates and fats. The highest protein content was in Lobothelphusafungosa, (50.50%), total carbohydrate in Bellamyabengalensis (22.54%) and fats in Sartorianaspinigera (16.32%). Ash, fibre and moisture were highest in Corbiculaassamensis (12.46%), Sartorianaspinigera (11.41%) and Pilaglobosa (63.72%) respectively. Among the minerals, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc were recorded highest in Bellamyabengalensis (138.62 mg/100g) Macrobrachiumassamense (2.73 mg/100g), Sartorianaspinigera (35.02 mg/100g), Macrobrachiumassamense (11.42 mg/100g) and Lethocerusindicus (3.71 mg/100g) respectively. Heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Molybdenum and Mercury) were absent in all the species under study. The freshwater macroinvertebratesanalyzed could form a baseline for future non-conventional food resources of considerable nutritive value.

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Rezaii, F., M. Danesh Mesgaran, and A. Heravi Moussavi. "Effect of supplemented diet by sucrose and/or starch on blood cholesterol and some hepatic enzymes in Holstein steers." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620002994x.

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Carbohydrates are the major source of energy in diets fed to dairy cattle and usually comprised 60 to 70 percent of the total diet. They provide energy for both rumen microbes and the host animal. Sugars, starch, and other reserve carbohydrates such as fructans make up the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) fraction and are major sources of energy for high producing dairy cattle (NRC, 2001). The fermentation of different NSC sources varies in digestion characteristics and in the profiles of organic acids produced (Hall and Herejk, 2001). Cholesterol is a structural lipid that is not required in the diet, since ample amounts are synthesized in the body. This lipid is a required component of most cells of the body. Cholesterol has received a great deal of attention in the nutritional and biochemical communities because of its strange metabolism in certain regions of the body, for example, the arteries that supply oxygen and other nutrients to the heart muscle (Brody, 1999). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing different type of NSC (sucrose or starch) on blood cholesterol and some hepatic enzymes namely serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in Holstein steers.

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Cerda, Roberto Carlos, María Luján Flores, Hector Eliseo Zaixso, and Osvaldo León Córdoba. "Analysis of carbohydrates in breeding females of the sea star Anasterias minuta Perrier 1875. Metabolic interrelations between different organs and the brooding process." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 6 (May 23, 2016): 1267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416000667.

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The sea star Anasterias minuta broods the embryos in the oral region; embryos then block the mouth and prevent the parent from taking up nutrients during the brooding period. Here, we analysed content of carbohydrates in different organs as well as in eggs, embryos and juveniles of A. minuta. We found that these biochemical components are used mainly by the pyloric caeca and the body wall as reserve substances to endure the periods of reduced consumption rates of non-brooding females and males and the long-term starvation of brooding females. The ability to translocate carbohydrates from females to embryos and juveniles observed in other species of sea stars was not confirmed.

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Vaillant-Gaveau, Nathalie, Geneviève Wojnarowiez, Anne-Noëlle Petit, Lucile Jacquens, Laurent Panigai, Christophe Clement, and Florence Fontaine. "Relationships between carbohydrates and reproductive development in chardonnay grapevine: impact of defoliation and fruit removal treatments during four successive growing seasons." OENO One 48, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.4.1694.

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Aim: The present study was conducted in grapevines to evaluate the influence of source/sink disturbance on reserve restoration in the entire plant (trunk, roots) and the consequences on reproduction, yield, sugar yield, potential alcohol content and total acidity over four successive years of treatment.Methods and results: At véraison, either total defoliation or total fruit removal was performed on Chardonnay plants grown in vineyards. The impact was measured each year on reproductive parameters and after four years on both plant weight and carbohydrate content. Defoliation induced an alteration in carbohydrate distribution in the entire plant, as revealed by decrease of starch content and parallel increase of soluble sugar content. These modifications affected the number of inflorescences/clusters per plant the year after. By contrast, fruit removal resulted in a significant increase of carbohydrate reserves in the whole plant, although the efficiency of sexual reproduction was not improved the year after.Conclusion: Results confirm the close correlation between carbohydrate reserves and the efficiency of sexual reproduction. Moreover, grapevine is able to adapt the number of both inflorescences and flowers according to the amount of available carbohydrate reserves in perennial organs.Significance and impact of the study: The quality of the crop is affected by defoliation, as shown by the decrease in yield and sugar yield. However, the impact on potential alcohol content and total acidity was less pronounced.

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Kovalev, Sergey, A. Golovach, Vladimir Kovalev, Ewa Poleszak, Elshan Akhmedov, and Olga Bobrytska. "Study and determination of fructan-type polysaccharide content in Erigeron annuus L." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 35, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cipms-2022-0018.

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Abstract Fructan-type polysaccharidescomes from natural sources and occur in a large variety of plants, where they play important biological roles as reserve carbohydrate. One of the most commonly distributed compound from this group – inulin has been part of human daily diet for hundreds of years, as it is found in many fruits and vegetables, among others, bananas, onions and wheat. The inulin-type fructans: inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are considered to be functional food elements, the consumption of which brings about health benefits. Indeed, inulin can be consumed to increase the dietary fiber content. Fructan compounds, inulin and fructooligosaccharides have a strong bifidogenic effect, and have a positive action on the gut microbiota. In this work, we preformed gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Erigeron annuus L. herb. The GC-MS analysis of carbohydrate composition confirmed the presence of free (arabinose, glucose, fructose 1, fructose 2) and fermented (arabinose, glucose, fructose 1, fructose 2, sucrose) carbohydrates at the quantity of 69.83 and 91.70 mg/g d.w., respectively.

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C.M, Ganesan, Ravichandran R, Deepthi R, and Paulsamy S. "WINE PRODUCTION IN WILD FRUITS OF OPENTIA STRICTAHAW." Kongunadu Research Journal 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj70.

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The present study was attempted for using the wild species present in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the Western Ghats for wine production. A wild species Opuntia stricta has been identified as an alternative source of grapes for wine production. The results of the study report that the carbohydrate content (sugar and pecticsubstances) was higher in the fruits and it was comparable to that of grapes. The various kinds of minerals, vitamins and other nutrients are also found to be higher in this species. This enriched status of nutrients provide favourable environment for the fermentation of carbohydrates. The percentage of ethanol determined in the fruit of Opuntia stricta was also higher as in grapes. Further it has been observed that 30 days of incubation for fermentation is found to be optimum for higher alcohol production (1.8%). Hence,Opuntia stricta can be served as prominent source for wine making.

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Campioli, M., H. Verbeeck, R. Lemeur, and R. Samson. "C allocation among fine roots, above-, and belowground wood in a deciduous forest and its implication to ecosystem C cycling: a modelling analysis." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 5 (September 17, 2008): 3781–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-3781-2008.

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Abstract. Knowledge about allocation of carbohydrates among tree organs with different life times and decomposition rates is crucial in determining the residence time of carbon (C) in forests and the overall ecosystem C cycling rate. A new model (named CAF) able to simulate C allocation among fine roots, above-, and belowground wood in deciduous forests was developed and integrated into the net ecosystem exchange model FORUG. CAF draws on growth rules and source-sink relationships. Maintenance and growth of the modelled sinks i.e. fine roots, coarse roots, stems, and branches, are controlled by phenology, environment, and by the reserve of non-structural carbohydrates. CAF was parameterized for 2-y and tested against 6-y observations from a beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stand in North-East France, experiencing summer droughts of different intensities. The model reproduced well (i) the C fluxes allocated annually to assimilation, respiration and biomass production, and (ii) the interannual pattern of wood biomass accumulation. Seasonality of C reserve and wood growth was captured, but some discrepancies were detected at the onset of the growing season. The allocation pattern differed among years, although the overall net primary production decreased only in case of severe drought. During a year with severe drought, the fraction of C allocated to production of fast-decomposing C pools (e.g. fine roots, C reserve) increased by +13% than years without drought, whereas the same fraction increased on average by +18% in case of low to moderate drought. Carbon invested in biomass during a year with summer drought has therefore a shorter residence time in the ecosystem than the C stored during a year without summer drought.

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Kuts, B. A., and V. G. Kuryata. "Effect of Tebuconazole on Growth Processes, Content and Redistribution of Carbohydrates in Horse Bean Seedlings under Scotomorphogenesis." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 5, no. 5 (October 24, 2020): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.05.332.

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Анотація:

The article presents a study of changes in the functioning of the source-sink system in the heterotrophic phase of development of horse beans (Vicia faba L.) under the conditions of the artificial combination of external (darkness) factor and internal factor (antigiberelline retardant) during germination. It was found that the action of the drug significantly reduced the length of the epicotyl, root and total seedling. Similarly, the dry matter mass of the seedling organs decreased. The level of using seed spare substances under the influence of retardant decreased, as evidenced by the maximum dry matter of cotyledons in plants of this variant and a decrease in the utilization of reserve substances for root and epicotyl formation during germination. Tebuconazole inhibited the breakdown of starch in the dark. The higher content of sugars in the seeds of scotomorphic plants in comparison with the control is associated with a less intensive outflow for the needs of organogenesis – the formation of root and epicotyl structures. Quantitative changes in nitrogen content in scotomorphic seeds were much smaller than changes in starch content. This indicates that the retardant in the dark inhibits the hydrolysis of the reserve protein of the seed, but the process is started after the hydrolysis of starch. The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of tebuconazole on the processes of germination and redistribution of carbohydrates in seedlings of Vicia faba L. Material and methods. The work was carried out on seedlings of horse beans (Vicia faba L.) of Vivat variety, which is a medium-ripe high-yielding variety with a vegetation period of 100-105 days. The variety is technological, resistant to major diseases, has high resistance to lodging, shedding of beans and their cracking. Results and discussion. The combined effect of darkness and the drug of anti-gibberellin action of tebuconazole were used to regulate the intensity of source-sink relations during the germination of horse bean seeds. The seeds of the experimental variant were soaked for a day in 0.5% solution of the triazole-derived drug tebuconazole. Tebuconazole is a transparent crystalline substance of hazard class 3. The seeds of the control variant were soaked for 24 hours in distilled water and sown in cuvettes with wet sand. The biological replication of the experiments is fivefold. The experiment was performed under the action of light and in dark in order to study the implementation of programs of skoto-and photomorphogenesis. Morpho-biometric parameters (root length, seedling length, dry matter weight of individual organs and the whole plant) were determined on the day of 18 of germination. Determination of nitrogen content was carried out according to Keldal method, starch in the organs of seedlings was performed by iodometric method, to determine the content of total sugar and reducing sugar we used Bertrand method in modification by V. Kosolapov. Conclusion. The combination of exogenous and endogenous factors during seed germination significantly changed the intensity of donor-acceptor relations in horse bean seedlings. Under the action of the drug significantly slowed the growth of seedlings in the dark. There was the decrease in the dry matter of the organs of the seedling in dark and noted lower rates of use of reserve substances for organogenesis during germination

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45

Čı́žková, Hana, Vera Istvánovics, Václav Bauer, and László Balázs. "Low levels of reserve carbohydrates in reed (Phragmites australis) stands of Kis-Balaton, Hungary." Aquatic Botany 69, no. 2-4 (April 2001): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3770(01)00139-5.

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46

Pereira, Luciana Filgueira, Elisa Lucatti, Luiz Carlos Basso, and Marcos Antonio de Morais. "The fermentation of sugarcane molasses by Dekkera bruxellensis and the mobilization of reserve carbohydrates." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 105, no. 3 (December 27, 2013): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10482-013-0100-5.

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47

Le Roy, Katrien, Rudy Vergauwen, Veerle Cammaer, Midori Yoshida, Akira Kawakami, André Van Laere, and Wim Van den Ende. "Fructan 1-exohydrolase is associated with flower opening in Campanula rapunculoides." Functional Plant Biology 34, no. 11 (2007): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp07125.

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Fructans, typically reserve carbohydrates, may also fulfil other more specific roles in plants. It has been convincingly demonstrated that fructan hydrolysis contributes to osmoregulation during flower opening in the monocot species Hemerocallis. We report that a massive breakdown of inulin-type fructans in the petals of Campanula rapunculoides L. (Campanulaceae), associated with flower opening, is accompanied by a strong increase in fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH; EC 3.2.1.153) activity and a decrease in sucrose : sucrose 1-fructosyl transferase (1-SST; EC 2.4.1.99) activity. The data strongly suggest that the drastic change in the 1-FEH/1-SST activity ratio causes the degradation of inulin, contributing to the osmotic driving force involved in flower opening. All characterised plant FEHs are believed to be derived from tissues that store fructans as a reserve carbohydrate either temporarily (grasses and cereals) or over a longer term (dicot roots and tubers). Here, we focussed on a physiologically distinct tissue and used a reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction based strategy to clone the 1-FEH cDNA from the Campanula petals. The translated cDNA sequence groups along with other dicot FEHs and heterologous expression revealed that the cDNA encodes a 1-FEH without invertase activity. 1-FEH expression analysis in petals correlates well with 1-FEH activity and inulin degradation patterns in vivo, suggesting that this enzyme fulfils an important role during flower opening.

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Wang, Z., Z. Yuan, and B. Quebedeaux. "Photoperiod alters partitioning of newly-fixed 14C and reserve carbon into sorbitol, sucrose and starch in apple leaves, stems, and roots." Functional Plant Biology 25, no. 4 (1998): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp97079.

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The experiment was designed to determine how photoperiod duration affected the partitioning of newly-fixed 14C and reserve carbon into sorbitol, sucrose, and starch in apple source leaves, young sink leaves, stems, and roots. Apple plants (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Gala), 1-year-old, were grown in environmental growth chambers and received five different photoperiod treatments of 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 h for 8 d. On the eighth day of the light treatments, plants were exposed to 14CO2 for 15 min and harvested at 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after labelling for carbohydrate and 14C-carbohydrate analyses. Sorbitol and starch concentrations in leaves, stems, and roots increased as photoperiod increased, and peaked near 10-h photoperiod. Sucrose concentrations, however, either did not change in mature leaves or decreased slightly in stems as photoperiod increased from 1 to 14 h. At 24 h after 14 CO2 labelling, plants grown in longer photoperiods had less [14C]sucrose, [14C]sorbitol and 14C-total soluble fraction remaining in mature leaves, but more 14C activities in stems and roots than those grown in shorter photoperiods. We suggest that the increases in 14C-carbohydrates in stems and roots under longer photoperiods are due to increased carbon export from mature source leaves.

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Bobrovnikova, Lidia A., Maria S. Pakholkova, Roman A. Sidorov, and Maria A. Sinetova. "Starch and triacylglycerol accumulation in the cells of the stain Chlorella sp. IPPAS C-1210." Issues of modern algology (Вопросы современной альгологии), no. 2(26) (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2311-0147-2021-2(26)-1-7.

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Strain Сhlorella sp. IPPAS C-1210 is an effective lipid and triacilglycerols (TAG) producer. The strain could be used eventually in such industries as bioenergetics, food industry and agriculture. The objective of this work was investigation of conditions in which the strain Сhlorella sp. IPPAS C-1210 accumulates the most starch and TAG in cells with a view to optimise its growth and productivity. The following cultivation parameters were investigated in order to figure out their influence on accumulation of starch and TAG: nitrogen- and phosphorous-starvation and cultivation on media with different nitrogen (nitrate, urea) and carbon (carbon dioxide, bicarbonate) sources. Pigments, starch, protein and lipid content in cells were measured. The exclusion of nitrogen or phosphorus source from medium decreased the biomass productivity significantly, caused chlorosis and reduction of protein content. Total lipid content increased slightly after phosphorous starvation and stayed almost constant under nitrogen starvation, however a greater TAG increase was observed during nitrogen starvation. Both nitrogen and phosphorous starvations caused the increase of the amount of reserve carbohydrates: during phosphorous starvation increase was insignificant, whereas the latter almost doubled the amount of reserve carbohydrates. The highest biomass and lipid productivity was observed in cells grown in bicarbonate supplement medium and the highest starch productivity was observed in cells grown in standard BBM-3N medium.

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Penfield, S., S. Graham, and I. A. Graham. "Storage reserve mobilization in germinating oilseeds: Arabidopsis as a model system." Biochemical Society Transactions 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0330380.

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Germinating oilseeds break down fatty acids through peroxisomal β-oxidation and convert the carbon into soluble carbohydrates through the glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis. This interconversion is unique among higher eukaryotes. Using a combination of forward and reverse genetic screens, we have isolated mutants that compromise fatty acid breakdown at each step. These mutants exhibit characteristic, yet nonidentical, seedling establishment phenotypes that can be rescued by the provision of an alternative carbon source. In addition, we have recently shown that Arabidopsis seed's lipid breakdown occurs in two distinct tissues, the embryo and endosperm. The utilization of endospermic lipid reserves requires gluconeogenesis and transport of the resulting sugars to the germinating embryo. We discuss the potential of the Arabidopsis endosperm tissue as a simplified model system for the study of germination and lipid breakdown in germinating oilseeds.

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