Дисертації з теми "Réseau de bordure"
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Pichot, Simon. "Algorithmes d'intelligence artificielle pour l'optimisation de la trajectoire des drones et la redirection de trafic dans le réseau de bordure." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP122.
Повний текст джерелаThe latest developments of network science paved the way for more flexibility and adaptability in historically rigid segments of the network. It allowed new paradigms to emerge such as Multi-Access edge computing (MEC), making services closer to access network, hence to end users. This benefits several members of the network, but also brings new problems that need to be adressed by new solving techniques, including Artificial Intelligence. This field of study have lately drawn the attention of the public, but its principles are already well known and widely used in the industry, particularly in computer and network sciences, particularly through machine learning. The concept of training is closely linked to that of data, making its use in networks very natural. However, numerous actors do not have access to the existing flow of data. Fortunately, there are machine learning solutions for them that do not rely on data.This thesis investigate this approach, using dataless training techniques to design support tools in edge networks. Firstly, is considered the use of genetic algorithms for dynamic path planning with communication constraints, that is resilient to realistic changes of the environment. Then, through reinforcement learning, a agent is conceived for dynamic traffic routing between edge and core networks. This agent aims at satisfying delay requirements for services with different priorities while minimizing energy consumption, and this work includes the framework to fine-tune the balance between these two contradictory goals
Gama, Remigius. "Structure et propagation d'un rift magmatique en bordure de craton : approche intégrée de la divergence Nord-Tanzanienne par analyse des populations de failles et du réseau de drainage." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0047/document.
Повний текст джерелаAny kinematic model applied to the southerly-propagating and diverging South Kenya rift (SKR) should necessarily integrate the structure of the Magadi-Natron axial trough (previous studies), but also those of the Oldoinyo Ogol (OOB) offset block to the west. Our work is chiefly based on SRTM 30 m satellite imagery analysis, and allows us (1) to precise the morphostructural arrangement of the entire SKR,(2) to identify 2 successive border faults systems, (3) to emphasize the role of the Ol Doinyo Ogol master fault, (4) to elaborate a 2-stage rift model (7-3 Ma et <3 Ma), and (5) to attribute a key-role to a transverse Proterozoic discontinuity on the lateral shift of the OOB, as well as on the split of the rift into the Eyasi rift arm and on the off-axis location of the early Crater Highlands magmatic segment, hence demonstrating the importance of basement structural inheritance on rift kinematics.The quantitative analysis of fault populations shows the restricted nature of most intra-rift faults, and leads us to precise the spatiotemporal evolution of extension from a stage of localized strain (border faults) to a stage of diffuse extension (<3 Ma).From the analysis of the river drainage extracted from the basement uplifted block bounding the rift system to the west, it is assumed that (1) lithological and tectonic basement features exerted a strong control on the river network, (2) fault-related basement uplift is polyphased, and (3) the unsteady nature of the present-day river drainage is due to still active rift-flank uplift in the southern portion of the rift system
Marini, Daniel. "Étude des minéralisations Zn, Pb, Ba des conglomérats triasiques de la bordure du district des Maines (Gard, France) : comparaisons sédimentologique, minéralogique et géochimique des séries sulfatées et de leurs équivalents latéraux à l'aplomb des sites minéralisés." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066607.
Повний текст джерелаCamus, Hubert. "Vallées et réseaux karstiques de la bordure carbonatée sud cévenole : Relations avec la surrection, le volcanisme et les paléoclimats." Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR3A001.
Повний текст джерелаJacquemart, Quentin. "Déceler les attaques par détournement BGP." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENST0063/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Internet is composed of tens of thousands Autonomous Systems (ASes) that exchange routing information using the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Consequently, every AS implicitly trusts every other ASes to provide accurate routing information. Prefix hijacking is an attack against the inter-domain routing infrastructure that abuses mutual trust in order to propagate fallacious routes. The current detection techniques pathologically raise a large number of alerts, mostly composed of false positives resulting from benign routing practices. In this Dissertation, we seek the root cause of routing events beyond reasonable doubts. First, we reduce the global number of alerts by analyzing false positive alerts, from which we extract constructs that reflect real-world standard routing practices. We then consider the security threat associated with these constructs in a prefix hijacking scenario. Second, we use a variety of auxiliary datasets that reflect distinct facets of the networks involved in a suspicious routing event in order to closely approximate the ground-truth, which is traditionally only known by the network owner. Specifically, we investigate Multiple Origin AS (MOAS) prefixes, and introduce a classification that we use to discard up to 80% of false positive. Then we show a real-world case where a MOAS coincided with spam and web scam traffic. We look at prefix overlaps, clarify their global use, and present a prototype that discards around 50% of false positive sub-MOAS alerts. Finally, we explore the IP blackspace, study the routing-level characteristics of those networks, find live IP addresses, and uncover a large amount of spam and scam activities
Gourbet, Loraine. "Évolution morphologique et sédimentologique des bordures ouest et sud-est du plateau du Tibet." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL0982/document.
Повний текст джерелаTibet is the widest and highest plateau on Earth. Tectonics, climate evolution and ante-surrection geomorphology are the main factors controlling the plateau formation. In order to assess the relative influence of these factors, we study the relief evolution on the plateau edges using geomorphic analysis, sedimentology and exhumation rates based on low-temperature thermochronometry.The results show that the western and eastern plateau edges were already at high elevation at ca 35 Ma, only 20 Ma after the India-Asia collision. This favors an “en bloc” uplift model for the plateau.In western Tibet, the hydrographic network was connected to the Indus river, allowing the early development of a >1000 m amplitude relief, probably before 35 Ma. The relief was preserved due to low erosion conditions. Western Tibet was then isolated from the Indus drainage network due to the Karakorum fault slip.The relief formation in Eastern Tibet is older than in western Tibet: at ca 35 Ma, in the Jianchuan area (northern Yunnan), which was already at high elevation, was a large braided river system. This implies a moderate regional slope. It also implies a local relief further north and significant precipitations
Edouard, Jean-Charles. "Organisation et dynamique urbaines de la bordure septentrionale du Massif central : Auvergne, Limousin, Nivernais." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF20003.
Повний текст джерелаThe northern edge of the massif central is one of france's low density areas, and yet it is far from being the largely rural region often described in regional geographic surveys. The city unquestionably asserts its presence and the rates of urbanization are very close to national averages (75%). However the still predominantly rural mountain zones - combraille, plateau de millevaches, monts d'auvergne. . . - must be clearly differentiated from the low lands the valleys and main traffic corridors - whose population rates compare to those of the densely populated countries of northern europe with more than 80% city dwellers. This region is thus perfectly integrated into urban france. The population growth of these cities is comparable to that of other french cities, with the highest expansion mainly in the larger cities - clermont-ferrand and limoges. Nor is there any particular functional backwardness; indeed, the division of the population according to the different socioprofessional categories such as defined by insee is also close to that of other french cities of similar size. Of a type with urban france, the northern part of the massif central is also characterized by a clearly ordered system with each urban level represented, allowing efficient servicing of the whole region. In fact the different populations of auvergne, limousin or nivernais have remarkably easy access to a wide range of tertiary facilities with few communication obstacles. The rational organization of space is evident in the region's conformity to the great theoretical models -christaller and reilly. Here in fact is a nearly perfect christallerian network, but its evolution raises many problems and conflicting issues. Indeed, a phenomenon of regional metropolization can be seen through the spontaneous strengthening of each metropolis of the northern massif central on its zone of influence. But at the same time, the cities' influence is gradually dwindling in the french urban network due to the concentration of the rarer services in the major urban centres deemed large enough to be likely to achieve "european size". The future of the urban network in the northern massif central will depend on the two cities developing a deliberate policy of town and country planning which can reconcile two apparently contradictory objectives : a balanced distribution of services and transport within the
Jacquemart, Quentin. "Déceler les attaques par détournement BGP." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENST0063.
Повний текст джерелаThe Internet is composed of tens of thousands Autonomous Systems (ASes) that exchange routing information using the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Consequently, every AS implicitly trusts every other ASes to provide accurate routing information. Prefix hijacking is an attack against the inter-domain routing infrastructure that abuses mutual trust in order to propagate fallacious routes. The current detection techniques pathologically raise a large number of alerts, mostly composed of false positives resulting from benign routing practices. In this Dissertation, we seek the root cause of routing events beyond reasonable doubts. First, we reduce the global number of alerts by analyzing false positive alerts, from which we extract constructs that reflect real-world standard routing practices. We then consider the security threat associated with these constructs in a prefix hijacking scenario. Second, we use a variety of auxiliary datasets that reflect distinct facets of the networks involved in a suspicious routing event in order to closely approximate the ground-truth, which is traditionally only known by the network owner. Specifically, we investigate Multiple Origin AS (MOAS) prefixes, and introduce a classification that we use to discard up to 80% of false positive. Then we show a real-world case where a MOAS coincided with spam and web scam traffic. We look at prefix overlaps, clarify their global use, and present a prototype that discards around 50% of false positive sub-MOAS alerts. Finally, we explore the IP blackspace, study the routing-level characteristics of those networks, find live IP addresses, and uncover a large amount of spam and scam activities
Lalem, Farid. "Cadre méthodologique et applicatif pour le développement de réseaux de capteurs fiables." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0063/document.
Повний текст джерелаWireless sensor networks emerge as an innovative technology that can revolutionize and improve our way to live, work and interact with the physical environment around us. Nevertheless, the use of such technology raises new challenges in the development of reliable and secure systems. These wireless sensor networks are often characterized by dense deployment on a large scale in resource-onstrained environments. The constraints imposed are the limitation of the processing, storage and especially energy capacities since they are generally powered by batteries.Our main objective is to propose solutions that guarantee a certain level of reliability in a WSN dedicated to sensitive applications. We have thus proposed three axes, which are:- The development of methods for detecting failed sensor nodes in a WSN.- The development of methods for detecting anomalies in measurements collected by sensor nodes, and subsequently fault sensors (providing false measurements).- The development of methods ensuring the integrity and authenticity of transmitted data over a WSN
Pollack, Guillaume. "A travers les frontières : la résistance des réseaux (1940-1945)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H045.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is the first global study about French Resistance networks during the Second World War (1940-1945). We ask several questions. How did these organisations break out political borders built in Europe by the Nazis after their victory in France in May-June 1940 ? How did these networks construct communications beyond these borders (by air, earth and sea) with the Allied secret services in only four years ? Finally, through the study of fighting experience, the role distribution in these networks and the question of repression, we also wonder : how did the clandestine war disrupt gender relations between men and women fighting against the Nazis ?
Khizar, Sadia. "Metrology for 5G edge networks (MEC). Leveraging mobile devices beyond the edge toward task offloading." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS069.
Повний текст джерелаThe pervasiveness of mobile devices equipped with internet connectivity and positioning systems leads us to regard them as a valuable resource to leverage. In this thesis, we tackle the use of mobile devices from a new perspective. We consider the extension of the capacity of the MEC by using the available resources of mobile devices beyond the edge of the infrastructure network. The goal is to leverage their untapped resources to process computation on behalf of the MEC in a distributed way. It is fundamental for the MEC to be aware of its operating environment to rely on mobile nodes. In the first part of the thesis, we have focused on the temporal availability of beyond-the-edge resources. We chose to investigate the co-location of terminals and analyze their persistence in a cell. Then, we turn our attention to task allocation. We shift the focus on the spatio-temporal aspect by quantifying the resources that a cell can provide to perform a MEC task. We estimate the potential amount of computational tasks performed by nodes based on the cumulative presence time in a given cell and a given completion delay. Results provide insight into the possibilities of offloading computing tasks on mobile nodes. Furthermore, it allows knowing the locations where it is advisable to offload tasks and the time duration of tasks offloadable
Misseri, Xavier. "Vers une utilisation de la diversité de chemins dans l'internet." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0057/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis we consider a new service where carriers offer additional routes to their customers (w.r.t. to the BGP default route) as a free or value-added service. These alternate routes can be used by customers to optimize their communications, by bypassing some congested points in the Internet (e.g. a “tussled” peeringpoints), to help them to meet their traffic engineering objectives (better delays etc.) or just for robustness purposes (e.g, shift to a disjoint alternate route if needed). First we propose a simple architecture that allows a network service provider to benefit from the diversity it currently receives. Then we extend this architecture in order to make the propagation of the Internet path diversity possible, not only to direct neighbors but also to their neighbors and so on. We take advantage of this advance to relax the route selection processes of autonomous systems in order to make them be able to set up new routing paradigms. Nevertheless announcing additional paths can lead to scalability issues, so each carrier could receive more paths than what it could manage. We quantify this issue and we underline easy adaptations and small path filterings which make the number of paths drop to a manageable amount. Last but not least we set up an auction-type route allocation framework, which gives to network service providers the opportunities first to propagate to their neighbors only the paths the said neighbors are interested in and second to leverage a new routing selection paradigm based on commercial agreements and negotiations
Garcia, Denis. "Désenclavement et technologies d'information et de communication en moyenne montagne française : l'exemple du Massif central et de ses bordures." Montpellier 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON30082.
Повний текст джерелаIn middles mountains of industrialized nations, situation existing during 19th centurie's has been deeply modified. Nowadays, the common criterion to all mountains concerns a crisis situation, although it is differently overcame. Through practices and development of communication and information technologies in middle mountains, there is now a solution, often used during those last years, to the problematics of isolation and continue economical detachment. For a few years, workers of the Massif Central, and notably institutions and firms have been introduced to innovating technologies (computering, telecommunications). The author puts forward the following hypothesis : development of information and communication technologies makes easier to understand behaviour differences of workers, depending on political and cultural heritages, in each of the territories involved
Janssen, Tanguy. "Economic analysis of the cross-border coordination of operation in the European power system." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979385.
Повний текст джерелаAragón, Argán. "Migrations clandestines d'Amérique centrale vers les Etats-Unis : Actions en réseau et mobilité dans l'adversité en une ère de flux et de frontières." Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030095.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis addresses the effects of the conflict between migration dynamics and the dynamics of border enforcement. The study focuses on the flow of Central American migrants heading to the United States. This flow follows a system of borders formed by a buffer zone throughout Mexican territory and a strip of land erected as a high-tech rampart on the southern border of the United States. Across this immense space, the border has created margins that migrants try to circumvent by entering an underground economy structured around the abuse on clandestine migrants in transit. The analysis of the migratory system of a village in Guatemalan highlands shows how the migration flow persists, despite the border, through the action in network of migrants. The comparison of about thirty experiences of men and women in clandestine movements reveals that the border affects the various actors in specific ways, depending on their gender as well as their social, economic and mobility resources. Migrants experience the border as a space of adversity to which they must constantly adapt to, by assuming it integrally, in order to be able to continue their journey to the place they imagine northward. This work, based on field investigations conducted between 2005 and 20012 during different stages of the migratory process (e.g. in places of origin, transit and destination) seeks to illustrate how a migration flow and its actors react to a contemporary system of borders
Fawadleh, Hadeel. "Migrations et diaspora : expérience des Chrétiens palestiniens en Jordanie et aux États-Unis." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0005/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis study raises many questions and issues on Palestinians living in the diaspora through focusing on the segment of Palestinian Christians. This study discusses major issues on the level of migrations, diaspora, identity and networks; four interrelated concepts that could not be examined or understood in isolation from each other. The majority of Palestinian migrations started as forced emigrations for political or economic reasons before becoming transnationa lmigrations. This shift was accompanied by another shift in the legal statuses of this transient segment of Palestinians who obtained new nationalities.As a result of the adoption of migrants' absorption policies by countries of diaspora, migrants have preserved their identities, which ranged from religious, to familial, to nationalist and to Palestinian. The establishment of village and city clubs, Arab churches and family divans (Diwans) among others have connected migrants to one another and also connected the diaspora to the homeland .Ranging from social, to economic, to charitable, transnational networks have affirmed emigrants' relations with their country of origin as a main element. However, the proportion of Palestinian emigrants could cross borders to their country of origin is small. This is confirm the fact that Palestinians abroad constitute a real diaspora .Palestinians have gone through different experiences of migration and diaspora in neighboring Arab countries and remote foreign (non-Arab) countries; the concept of Diaspora has been redefined in a manner that fits the Palestinian case. The study presents different geographic patterns of Palestinian families in the diaspora
Misseri, Xavier. "Vers une utilisation de la diversité de chemins dans l'internet." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0057.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis we consider a new service where carriers offer additional routes to their customers (w.r.t. to the BGP default route) as a free or value-added service. These alternate routes can be used by customers to optimize their communications, by bypassing some congested points in the Internet (e.g. a “tussled” peeringpoints), to help them to meet their traffic engineering objectives (better delays etc.) or just for robustness purposes (e.g, shift to a disjoint alternate route if needed). First we propose a simple architecture that allows a network service provider to benefit from the diversity it currently receives. Then we extend this architecture in order to make the propagation of the Internet path diversity possible, not only to direct neighbors but also to their neighbors and so on. We take advantage of this advance to relax the route selection processes of autonomous systems in order to make them be able to set up new routing paradigms. Nevertheless announcing additional paths can lead to scalability issues, so each carrier could receive more paths than what it could manage. We quantify this issue and we underline easy adaptations and small path filterings which make the number of paths drop to a manageable amount. Last but not least we set up an auction-type route allocation framework, which gives to network service providers the opportunities first to propagate to their neighbors only the paths the said neighbors are interested in and second to leverage a new routing selection paradigm based on commercial agreements and negotiations
Benzerbadj, Ali. "Approche inter-couches pour l'économie d'énergie et la fiabilité dans les Réseaux de Capteurs Sans Fil dédiés aux Applications Critiques de Surveillance." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0034/document.
Повний текст джерелаWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a special class of Ad hoc networks, which are under intensive research.They are considered as a very powerful tool to connect the physical and the digital worlds. They consist of a largenumber of sensor nodes that are characterized with limited resources in terms of energy, range of sensing and communication, processing speed and storage capacity.They are deployed in an indoor or outdoor environment in many application domains such as army, environment, health, home and agriculture. The scarcity of sensor node resources and the unreliability of wireless links drive most of the research issues in the field of WSNs, namely energy, coverage, connectivity, routing, fault tolerance and security. The aim of this thesis is to propose an energyefficient and reliable cross-layer surveillance protocol for sensitive fenced areas, such as oil or nuclear sites, using duty-cycled WSNs with asymmetrical links due to the radio irregularity phenomenon. Initially, the proposed protocol identifies the boundary nodes of the deployedWSN, to be used as sentinel nodes, i.e., nodes that are always in an active state. The remaining nodes are usedas duty-cycled relay nodes during the routing phase to relay alerts towards the sink. The boundary nodes identification process and alert routing are both performed using an enhanced version of the Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol, referred to as GPSR over Symmetrical Links (GPSR-SL) and which relies on a Non Unit Disk Graph (N-UDG). The proposed cross-layer surveillance protocol has been implemented and its performance has been evaluated under the OMNeT++/Castalia simulation environment. Performance results show that this protocol achieves higher Packet Delivery Ratio by up to 3.63%, energy .efficiency and satisfactory latency when compared to the same protocol based on the original GPSR
Lagarde, David. "Sur les routes de l'exil syrien : récits de vie et parcours migratoires des réfugiés de Deir Mqaren." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20034/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn adopting a qualitative and multidisciplinary approach, based on the longitudinal study of the Deir Mqaren’s inhabitants’ circulations – a Syrian village located between Damascus and the Lebanese border – this thesis questions the “reticular” dimension of human mobility. Through refugees’ narratives and the analysis of their migration journeys to Jordan and Germany, its aims to understand the mechanics of refugee flows from Syria. Thus, this research invites the reader to move his focus towards networks of places and actors often considered as being marginal, despite the fact that they form the “backbone” of the roads of exile liking Syria to the rest of the world. By placing the focal point on individuals’ conditions of movement, the intention of this study is to both highlight the continuum existing between pre-conflict economic migration and the logic of the current refugee movements; and show in a tangible way the evolution of the relational mechanisms allowing exiles to access resources (such as information, mobility, housing, employment) despite the structural constraints they are constantly facing on their way towards safe destinations. The graphic representations developed in the framework of this thesis aim to better reflect the mobile, unstable and particularly labile nature of these socio-spatial dynamics
Ropitaux, Marc. "Le Root Extracellular Trap (RET), un réseau au coeur de la défense racinaire : caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle chez deux légumineuses, Glycine max (Merr.) L. et Pisum sativum (L.)." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR098.
Повний текст джерелаIn higher plants, the RET (Root Extracellular Trap) is a complex made up of border cells and secretions, released by root tips and believed to play a central role in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. This structure is quite similar to the Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) known as one of the first lines of defense in mammals, able to trap and kill microbial pathogens. RET secretions consist of high and low-molecular weight compounds including cell wall polysaccharides, proteoglycans and secondary metabolites. They also contain a variety of anti-microbial proteins and extracellular DNA much like the NET. During my thesis work, we investigated the release and morphology of root border cells in soybean (Glycine max (Merr) L.) using light and scanning electron microscopy. The molecular composition of the mucilage was also investigated using immunocytochemistry, anti-cell wall glycan antibodies and confocal microscopy. Immunocytochemistry was also applied to pea (Pisum sativum L.) border cells and secretions to examine the occurrence of specific polysaccharides. We also studied the impact of soybean RET on the soilborne pathogens, Phytophthora parasitica and Aphanomyces euteiches. Our findings showed that root tips of soybean released three border cell morphotypes all of which secreted substantial amounts of mucilage. Immunocytochemical data showed that mucilage was enriched in pectin and the two hemicellulosic polysaccharides xyloglucan and heteromannan. Mucilage also contained cellulose, histone and extracellular DNA. Interestingly, the structural polysaccharides formed a fibrous network surrounding the cells and holding them together, supporting their role in maintaining mucilage architecture and integrity. In addition, we found that xyloglucan and cellulose were also secreted into the mucilage of pea, connecting border cells together. Finally, our findings revealed that RET prevented P. parasitica zoospores from colonizing soybean root tip, by stopping their penetration and inducing their death. Overall the study revealed novel insights into the composition, structure and function of plant RETs. Currently, the RET is much less studied than its mammal counterpart, the NET, but structural and functional similarities exist between these two traps. Interestingly, similarities do also exist between the RET and other important biological complexes, including bacterial biofilms and seed mucilage, that deserve to be further investigated and compared in the context of immunity
Seal, Subham. "Characterizing the gene-regulatory-network controlling neural crest development, from induction to migration : combining high-throughput approaches with molecular embryology." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL019.
Повний текст джерелаOver a century of research has unraveled the intricacies of vertebrate head development, particularly focusing on the neural crest and cranial placodes. These two remarkable cell populations contribute significantly to the formation of diverse head structures, including structural components and sense organs. The neural crest and placodes are hypothesized to share a common embryonic progenitor, the neural border ectoderm. Through extensive genetic analyses, numerous key genes have been identified, forming complex regulatory networks orchestrating neural border, neural crest and placode development. However, the interactions between the genes in the networks are still incompletely understood. In my PhD thesis, I have tried to understand the development of these tissues at multiple levels, using a combination of different approaches. First, using high-throughput approaches like RNA sequencing, both at the tissue-level and the single cell-level, we have identified several novel genes expressed in the neural border and the premigratory neural crest, and predicted genes which may play a role in their respective fate specifications. Further, through biological validation experiments, we have confirmed novel epistatic relationships of neural border genes like Pax3 and Sox9, revealed late-stage functions of early genes like Pax3 and Tfap2e, and demonstrated that the premigratory neural crest retains the expression of multipotency genes beyond neurulation stages. We also propose a new model of the neural border fate specification (“The Dual Convergence Model”), which combines facets of previously established but contradictory models. Second, using combinatorial genetic approaches and bulk RNA sequencing, we have studied the interactions between the neural border genes Dlx3, Pax3 and Zic1 during the early development of the neural border and the establishment of neural crest and placode fates. Preliminary data analysis shows that the combined transcriptional activity of these genes is required differentially for the formation of the different fates. We also observe that the activities of these neural border genes change over time and that they regulate separate sets of targets, indicating stage-specific functions. Finally, we have studied the functions of an epigenetic factor during neural crest epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration. After induction, the neural crest cells undergo EMT, delaminate from the ectodermal epithelium and migrate to different parts of the body, where they give rise to over 30 types of different derivatives. We have found that Prdm12, a PR-domain protein with histone methyl transferase activity, is required for neural crest EMT and migration. In the absence of Prdm12, levels of Sox10 and N-cadherin are lower in the neural crest cells, which hinders it migration both in vivo and in vitro. Further, we have shown that Prdm12 regulates the non-canonical Wnt pathway, a key signaling pathway regulating cell migration. Together, this uncovers a novel function of Prdm12 in the neural crest during the later stages of neurulation, and its possible mechanism of action. My work in this thesis has focused on multiple aspects of neural crest development, including its induction at the neural border and its migration after EMT. Together, this work highlights the multifaceted nature of fate specification and developmental dynamics in vertebrate head morphogenesis. By integrating genetic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic insights, we advance our understanding of the intricate processes shaping the vertebrate head and uncover novel regulatory mechanisms governing neural crest and placode development
Renault, Ingrid. "Dynamique d'occupation et zones de confins à l'époque antique : la question du territoire carnute." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040250.
Повний текст джерелаThis study aims at examining the borders of Carnutes’ territory in the ancient time, especially at the east andwest sides, that is Beauce and Perche. Archaeological investigations instituted long ago have been completedwith a few archaeological surveys of urban and rural areas, and also with ceramics analysis. A historiographicstudy of the subject composes the first part; the second part aims at setting out the method that has been used tobuild up an important documentation which is presented in a third and main part. This new corpus constitutes thebase of a reflexion on dynamics of settlement and territory’s borders during Antiquity as the main objective ofthis research. That is to try to understand if one takes up the boundaries in the same way as any other place ornot. The fourth part is a synthesis on the borders settlement of the civitas of the Carnutes, including a study oncarnutes’ ceramics as a possible factor of delimitation of a civitas
Sarakbi, Bakr. "Routage inter-domaine." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00625316.
Повний текст джерелаTabib, Rafaâ. "Effets de la frontière tuniso-libyenne sur les recompositions économiques et sociales des Werghemmas de la possession à la réappropriation des territoires. : De la possession à la réppropriation des territoires." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR1502/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe J'farra, the region crossed by the Tunisian-Libyan border, is the history land of tribal confederations; the Werghemmas and the Nouaïels. For nearly a century, she knows a set of mutations that affect both types of resource and the landscape. In a predominantly pastoral region, dominated by a tribal and nomadic social organization, the J'farra experienced a period of economic marginality before becoming, since the year 1989 the earth of smuggling. However, the J'farra is not only an area of tolerance established by the authorities or an exemption zone economic or legal exception, but a territory of structured claims from local tribal groups, forms of subversion of the border, informal activities of various forms inherent in the globalization of trade and symbolic representations based on the values of the past. When the local tribal networks have succeeded in creating a new economic reality through informal activities around the border, agrees that an early re-territorialisation around. The networks are driven primarily by a particular category, the aâmem. The aâmem have shown themselves capable of inventing alternative forms of supervision that have replaced those of the state and managed to "make land". However, the territory in the emerging J'farra is not homogeneous and leads to a series of clashes. In addition, the network is a system j'farri action and authority, and it is characterized by a hierarchy and inequality among its members, generating divisions among its members. The activity of the informal network of transnational j'farri not working in opposition to the State territory as against the state institution to which he tries to escape. The transgression of the border, the trivialization of its crossing by the descendants of ancient nomads, the reactivation of old tribal solidarity within border informal trade networks and the integration to the globalized market, paving the way for the reinvention, according to new practices , the former "conceiving of life" of the population of J'farra and its territory
Flateau, Cosima. "Du "Petit Paris du Levant" à l' "Alsace-Lorraine de la Turquie" : le sandjak d'Alexandrette entre enjeux stratégiques et identitaires (1860-1945)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H068.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation deals with the sandjak of Alexandretta from the 1860s until the end of World War II. In the Ottoman Empire, the sandjak was attached to the vilayet of Adana or that of Aleppo. A region which used to be the strategic Mediterranean outlet for northern Syria and Iraq, and inhabited by a great variety of communities, the sandjak was ceded by France to Turkey in 1939. We aim at studying this region on the regional and international levels through the history of European communities (especially merchants and consulars) and their role in defending European interests and protecting populations on the long duration. We strive to understand the transformations affecting this territory following the political upheavals ̶ the transition from the imperial framework to the Syrian nation-state under French mandate, then the attachment to the Republic, as well as the two World Wars ̶ and economic – the late 19th century Great Depression and the crisis tof the 1930s. At the local level, we assess the impact of territorial and political restructuring on populations and activities: the configuration of exchange networks, consular and family networks, the creation of national identities, the reconstruction of relationships between the various communities inhabiting the region. By using French, British, Ottoman and Italian diplomatic archives in addition to the archives of religious communities and the commercial and private archives of Levantine families of Alexandretta, we study this territory in on a longer term than the history of diplomatic litigation which opposed France and Turkey between 1936 and 1939 before the League of Nations, taking into account local political, economic, social and religious life
Bouverat, Dominique. "Villes et bourgs en Savoie de la Réforme à la Révolution." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20116.
Повний текст джерелаWith this work, the urbanity rating can emerge in Savoy which was rural between 1536 (Geneva's Independence) and September 1792 (Savoy's invasion by French revolutionary troops). The first part highlights a corpus of towns, market towns and small towns, from the contemporary stories. Secondly, it states the urban development conditions. The urban Savoy has very small towns, the resort of them generally dwells on important rural territory and population. During this time, this cities show a demographic low growth, or even negative for lots of market towns. The towns in Savoy are characterized by some specifics features in the urban demography like more mortality, more femininity, less enlarged and multiple families...).The exam of the administrative, religious and cultural duties reveal an urban hierarchy dominated by Chambéry and to a lesser extent by six provincial town's capitals. The military duty is insignificant, except Montmélian. The towns in Savoy, even if they are locate on an international junction, lack opportunity on economic level. Without enterprising and enough well-off elite, because of duchy’s chronic poverty and politics reticence, they don’t know how to catch a part of European trade and they don’t accomplish economic starting up. The second part talk about the town’s convenient. The study of the urban environment outlines some rural towns and dependent deeply natural conditions. The lack of financial means and other inertia have stop the urban direction ins to send of the towns to the medieval rigidity, even if some new town planner appears at the end of this period. The social custom of the town is also envisaging. It highlights cohesion’s factor which link the urban society, but threats which influence the social order too, and rate close to those of the countryside. The third part tries to assess openness capacity of the town’s in Savoy. It’s interested in competition, dependence and complementary notions, between the towns and the countryside, between cities duchy, and between the last and the big bordering cities, like Geneva, Lyon, Grenoble and Turin. In addition, by his geographic situation, the Savoy presents some border towns which characteristics are state. A board of the urban network in the Savoy in modern era will conclude this study
Diakite, Aboubakar. "Commerce informel des hydrocarbures au Bénin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG043.
Повний текст джерелаFirst of all on a small scale, then further along, on a much larger scale, the kpayo trade which means smuggling of gas and other oil products from Nigeria to Bénin, depend on almost 100 000 persons living on this sale activity. This trade might be quite different if gas transported by means of ships on the sea, by the river, or by scooters or trucks on the road. This kind of informal trade gives way to different kinds of odd jobs we mention in the PHD: bringing the jerrycans to the beach, reshaping scooters and trucks in a garage. Most of all this illicit activity needs some kind of a kinship network and political pull among the police and customs officers of the Republic. Empirical research has been done in different fields such as a gas station, a seaside village, a market on the country border, a landing stage, a warehouse, it led to the comprehension of the way smugglers are supplied. I was thus able to understand the process by which gas was transported from Nigeria to the Republic of Bénin, and see all the byways the smugglers are used to take, and the risks taken all along the journey. I examined the interaction process between the racketeers and the police when they passed a checkpoint; see how the markets were busy, and last managed to see how the the different roles of subjects interact. The racketeers networks analysis, life stories, different action strategies, the way they accumulate and the study of informal economy related to law contribute in this PhD to an essay in economic- anthropology with geographic standpoints, and a sociological analysis of precarious lives and Big Shots
Altar, Sylvie. "Etre juif à Lyon de l'avant-guerre à la libération." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2095.
Повний текст джерелаThe global framework of the Jew's persecutions in France as well as the mechanisms of the Shoah are widely known. 80 000 Jews out of the 330 000 who were living in France in 1940 have been the victims of state persecutions and deportations. On this side of this national history, Andre Kaspi was surprised in 1991 at seeing that cities as populated as Lyon, Toulouse or Grenoble had not been given an active and scientific consideration (Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation, Édition du seuil, 1991, 150 p.). Local research have since then enabled to address this lack. However, the daily course of operations, as close as possible to each individual, still deserves to be submitted to new investigations, without losing sight of the diversity of situations on both sides of the line of demarcation. The city of Lyon, which was within the unoccupied zone until November 1942, is not to be compared with the city of Paris which had been occupied from June 1940.In this essay, we kept wondering about the causes related to the specificities of the city of Lyon. On the whole, the fate of the Jews in the capital of the Gauls was almost the same as for their co-religionists in the south zone. Nevertheless, writing about the history of the Jews in Lyon from the pre-war years to the Liberation comes down to taking an interest in different journeys though life and survival within a city which has its own features.Besides tackling the Shoah in the Rhone city of Lyon, the history of the Jews in Lyon from the pre-war years to the Liberation, also aims at telling about the shock waves experienced by individuals in a Europe in war and perceiving what was happening to them. By paying more attention to the fabric of daily life seen in its individual diversity, we thereby intend to reconstruct the human dimension of a world which was once on the brink of the abyss
Waberi, Abdourahman Ali. "Fragments d'un discours africain : Approches critique et historique des littératures subsahariennes, francophones et transnationales de 1980 à aujourd'hui." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://bdr.parisnanterre.fr.faraway.parisnanterre.fr/theses/intranet/2012PA100096.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis work is examined through the paradigm of the double consciousness, as it was unveiled by Paul Gilroy, and remains inscribed in the historical period synonymous of the discredit of African independences on one hand and at the end of migration policy in France on the other hand. Besides, it explores the contexts that have given birth to new literary and artistic expressions, transnational and diasporic, coming from Francophone Africa. These new literary and artistic expressions are characterized by constant reconfigurations that challenge the national framework in Africa while seriously questioning the notions of racial, social and policy issues taken care of by previous generations in the name of the Negritude and cultural nationalism. These new literary, cinematographic and visual productions are also powerful ways of imagining the future of our world scarred by the vagaries of the late age of capitalism. Finally, they raise fundamental questions concerning the fate of immigrant populations in France and Europe while heralding the advent of new, more egalitarian, inclusive and cosmopolitan ways of living together
Collombat, Michel. "Les bibliothèques des clercs séculiers du duché de savoie du XVIIIe siècle à 1860." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2079/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of the following study is to tackle the notion of knowledge and culture among Savoie’s secular clergy, from the 18th century to 1860, when Savoie was annexed by France. The first part focuses on the circulation of clergymen’s books. It depicts the way books are used by scholars at the Collège Chappuisien of Annecy, then in seminaries and different universities, as well as for lectures or ecclesiastical retreats. Besides, books are bought, passed on to colleagues and laymen, as one can learn from the very few commonplace books left. One can read in wills how libraries, whose volumes have been inherited or purchased over the years, are , most of the time, subsequently transmitted to relatives that are men of the cloth too, or scattered to the benefit of bishops, vicars or different institutions, which tends to prove the existence of intellectual networks. Books can thus be said to connect the world of the dead to that of the living. The second part shows that they are also at the very heart of intellectual debates, which explains why their circulation was controlled by religious authorities. Books are thus central points of reflection over Protestantism, Jansenism, the Enlightenment, the 1792 revolutionary episode and eventually what is at stake in 19th century modernity. Savoie, as a catholic boarder, appears as some original basis in the maturing process of ideas as well as their circulation between the kingdom of Italy, France and Europe. The third part, based on a corpus of 18th century libraries mostly and 19th century legacies to Chambéry’s Grand Séminaire, offers a classification of readers, among whom various types of parish priests, canons and bishops. By confronting the different centers of interest related to theology and profane science, some clerical identities are taking shape, factors of cohesion and signs of intellectual curiosity appear, showing that to the believers, Savoie’s secular clergy both keeps and spreads a broader culture and that its members are in no way cut off from the evolutions of their time