Статті в журналах: "Repetitive element"

1

Gurjia, Aesha Adnan, and Ahmed Abdulwahid Dhannoon. "REPETITIVE ELEMENTS AND THEIR OBJECTIVES IN ANCIENT AND CONTEMPORARY MOSQUES." Journal of Islamic Architecture 6, no. 4 (December 26, 2021): 264–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v6i4.11718.

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Mosques are the most important buildings in Islamic architectures. They represent the place of worship for Muslims. Like other architectural buildings, they consist of components and repeated elements forming their general structures. However, some of these formal elements have changed due to the mosque development and the contemporary trends. Therefore, this research was conducted to discover the repetitive use of the elements and the differences between ancient and contemporary mosques by studying ten samples of mosques. It showed the difference between these two periods in terms of element repetition and utilization. Moreover, it tried to find the related objectives of repetitive use within these two periods. It concluded that some elements from the ancient period were used repetitively in the contemporary mosques. Based on the analysis findings, the design objective is achieved by the repetitive use in both periods. Furthermore, the repetitive use of the elements as structural objective takes second place in ancient mosques. Meanwhile, the environmental objective is second to achieve in contemporary mosques.

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2

Cramton, Sarah E., Norbert F. Schnell, Friedrich Götz, and Reinhold Brückner. "Identification of a New Repetitive Element inStaphylococcus aureus." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 2344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.4.2344-2348.2000.

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ABSTRACT The Staphylococcus aureus repeat (STAR) element is a sequence identified in two intergenic regions in S. aureus. The element is found in 13 to 21 copies in individual S. aureus strains, and elements in the homologous intergenic location are variable in length. The element sequence consists of several small and unusually GC-rich direct repeats with recurring intervening sequences. In addition, STAR-like elements may be present in related staphylococcal species.

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3

Abuín, M., P. Martínez, L. Sánchez, C. Clabby, F. Flavin, N. P. Wilkins, J. A. Houghton, R. Powell, and U. Goswami. "A NOR-associated repetitive element present in the genome of two Salmo species (salmo salar and Salmo trutta)." Genome 39, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-085.

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A repetitive element was isolated from the genome of Atlantic salmon. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the existence of variant monomers that range in length from approximately 200 to 230 bp. Repeat monomers contain regions of cryptic simplicity, internal repetition, and long direct repeats with deletions and insertions between individual units. The repetitive element was shown to have a tandem unit arrangement and was estimated to occupy between two and three percent of the Atlantic salmon genome. Southern blot analysis revealed the repetitive element to be unique to Atlantic salmon and brown trout species. In situ hybridization analysis showed this element to be localized at the main nucleolar organizer region bearing chromosomes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), AS cell line (derived from S. salar), and brown trout (Salmo trutta). Key words : Atlantic salmon, brown trout, AS cell line, repeat DNA, NOR.

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4

Douville, Christopher, Joshua D. Cohen, Janine Ptak, Maria Popoli, Joy Schaefer, Natalie Silliman, Lisa Dobbyn, et al. "Assessing aneuploidy with repetitive element sequencing." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 9 (February 19, 2020): 4858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910041117.

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We report a sensitive PCR-based assay called Repetitive Element AneupLoidy Sequencing System (RealSeqS) that can detect aneuploidy in samples containing as little as 3 pg of DNA. Using a single primer pair, we amplified ∼350,000 amplicons distributed throughout the genome. Aneuploidy was detected in 49% of liquid biopsies from a total of 883 nonmetastatic, clinically detected cancers of the colorectum, esophagus, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, breast, or stomach. Combining aneuploidy with somatic mutation detection and eight standard protein biomarkers yielded a median sensitivity of 80% in these eight cancer types, while only 1% of 812 healthy controls scored positive.

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5

Foster, E., J. Hattori, P. Zhang, H. Labbé, T. Martin-Heller, J. Li-Pook-Than, T. Ouellet, K. Malik, and B. Miki. "The new RENT family of repetitive elements in Nicotiana species harbors gene regulatory elements related to the tCUP cryptic promoter." Genome 46, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g02-102.

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The tCUP cryptic constitutive promoter was discovered in the tobacco genome by T-DNA (transfer DNA) tagging with a promoterless GUSnos gene. Here, we show that the portion of the tCUP sequence containing a variety of cryptic gene regulatory elements is related to a new family of moderately repetitive sequences (102 copies), the RENT (repetitive element from Nicotiana tabacum) family. The RENT family is found only in certain Nicotiana species. Five RENT elements were cloned and sequenced. The RENT elements are a minimum of 5 kb in length and share 8090% sequence similarity throughout their length. The 5' termini are the same in the isolated RENT family members and are characterized by a conserved border sequence (TGTTGA(T or C)ACCCAATTTT(T or C)). The 3' ends of RENT sequence similarity vary in location and sequence. The tCUP cryptic promoter originated from a unique truncated RENT element that interrupts a phytochelatin synthase-like gene that may have undergone rearrangements prior to or resulting from T-DNA insertion. No evidence was found for expressed coding regions within the RENT elements; however, like the cryptic gene regulatory elements within the tCUP sequence, the isolated RENT elements possess promoter activity and translational enhancer activity.Key words: cryptic promoter, Nicotiana, T-DNA, translational enhancer, repetitive element.

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6

Youssoufian, H., and H. F. Lodish. "Transcriptional inhibition of the murine erythropoietin receptor gene by an upstream repetitive element." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 1 (January 1993): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.1.98-104.1993.

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Transcription of the murine erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) gene is inhibited by a novel repetitive element that is located upstream of the EpoR promoter. Reporter gene studies reveal that the inhibitory effect is both distance and orientation dependent. This element is a member of a family of repetitive elements specific to rodents and is present at approximately 10(5) copies per mouse genome. It encodes approximately 500- to 900-bp-long transcripts in both erythroid and nonerythroid cells. RNase protection analysis with a probe from the 5' flanking murine EpoR gene reveals that the direction of transcription is in the sense orientation, relative to the downstream EpoR gene. We suggest that transcriptional inhibition of the EpoR promoter is mediated by read-through transcripts originating in the upstream repetitive element and that this effect may contribute to the basal level of transcription of the murine EpoR gene in erythroid cells.

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7

Youssoufian, H., and H. F. Lodish. "Transcriptional inhibition of the murine erythropoietin receptor gene by an upstream repetitive element." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 1 (January 1993): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.1.98.

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Transcription of the murine erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) gene is inhibited by a novel repetitive element that is located upstream of the EpoR promoter. Reporter gene studies reveal that the inhibitory effect is both distance and orientation dependent. This element is a member of a family of repetitive elements specific to rodents and is present at approximately 10(5) copies per mouse genome. It encodes approximately 500- to 900-bp-long transcripts in both erythroid and nonerythroid cells. RNase protection analysis with a probe from the 5' flanking murine EpoR gene reveals that the direction of transcription is in the sense orientation, relative to the downstream EpoR gene. We suggest that transcriptional inhibition of the EpoR promoter is mediated by read-through transcripts originating in the upstream repetitive element and that this effect may contribute to the basal level of transcription of the murine EpoR gene in erythroid cells.

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8

Marszałek, Jerzy, Jacek Stadnicki, and Piotr Danielczyk. "Finite element model of laminate construction element with multi-phase microstructure." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 27, no. 1 (December 3, 2020): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2020-0044.

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AbstractThe article describes a method of creating a mesoscale finite element model of a fabric reinforced laminate that replicates the smallest repetitive fragment of its microstructure – RUC (Repetitive Unit Cell). The model takes into account the influence of the number and orientation of layers, the weave of the reinforcement fabric as well as manufacturing technology on the strength and stiffness of the laminate. The constants of the finite elements forming RUC (equivalent cross-sectional parameters, limit values of forces ensuring layer integrity) are determined experimentally by performing uncomplicated tests of specimens of a particular laminate. A special preprocessor was developed to generate the finite element model of the construction element from laminate, which automatically creates the so-called batch file defining the model. The usefulness of the preprocessor was checked by simulating a three-point bending test of a laminate door beam of a passenger car. The obtained calculation results were verified experimentally.

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9

Lunyak, Victoria V., and Michelle Atallah. "Genomic relationship between SINE retrotransposons, Pol III–Pol II transcription, and chromatin organization: the journey from junk to jewel." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 89, no. 5 (October 2011): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o11-046.

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A typical eukaryotic genome harbors a rich variety of repetitive elements. The most abundant are retrotransposons, mobile retroelements that utilize reverse transcriptase and an RNA intermediate to relocate to a new location within the cellular genomes. A vast majority of the repetitive mammalian genome content has originated from the retrotransposition of SINE (100–300 bp short interspersed nuclear elements that are derived from the structural 7SL RNA or tRNA), LINE (7kb long interspersed nuclear element), and LTR (2–3 kb long terminal repeats) transposable element superfamilies. Broadly labeled as “evolutionary junkyard” or “fossils”, this enigmatic “dark matter” of the genome possesses many yet to be discovered properties.

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10

Jeršek, B., P. Gilot, M. Gubina, N. Klun, J. Mehle, E. Tcherneva, N. Rijpens, and L. Herman. "Typing of Listeria monocytogenes Strains by Repetitive Element Sequence-Based PCR." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 1 (1999): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.1.103-109.1999.

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Listeria monocytogenes strains possess short repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) elements and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences. We used repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) to evaluate the potential of REP and ERIC elements for typing L. monocytogenes strains isolated from humans, animals, and foods. On the basis of rep-PCR fingerprints, L. monocytogenes strains were divided into four major clusters matching origin of isolation. rep-PCR fingerprints of human and animal isolates were different from those of food isolates. Computer evaluation of rep-PCR fingerprints allowed discrimination among the tested serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, 3b, and 4b within each major cluster. The index of discrimination calculated for 52 epidemiologically unrelated isolates of L. monocytogeneswas 0.98 for REP- and ERIC-PCR. Our results suggest that rep-PCR can provide an alternative method for L. monocytogenes typing.

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11

Kapila, Ritu, Sandip Das, Malathi Lakshmikumaran, and P. S. Srivastava. "A novel species-specific tandem repeat DNA family from Sinapis arvensis: detection of telomere-like sequences." Genome 39, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-095.

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DNA sequences representing a tandemly repeated DNA family of the Sinapis arvensis genome were cloned and characterized. The 700-bp tandem repeat family is represented by two clones, pSA35 and pSA52, which are 697 and 709 bp in length, respectively. Dot matrix analysis of the sequences indicates the presence of repeated elements within each monomeric unit. Sequence analysis of the repetitive region of clones pSA35 and pSA52 shows that there are several copies of a 7-bp repeat element organized in tandem. The consensus sequence of this repeat element is 5′-TTTAGGG-3′. These elements are highly mutated and the difference in length between the two clones is due to different copy numbers of these elements. The repetitive region of clone pSA35 has 26 copies of the element TTTAGGG, whereas clone pSA52 has 28 copies. The repetitive region in both clones is flanked on either side by inverted repeats that may be footprints of a transposition event. Sequence comparison indicates that the element TTTAGGG is identical to telomeric repeats present in Arabidopsis, maize, tomato, and other plants. However, Bal31digestion kinetics indicates non-telomeric localization of the 700-bp tandem repeats. The clones represent a novel repeat family as (i) they contain telomere-like motifs as subrepeats within each unit; and (ii) they do not hybridize to related crucifers and are species-specific in nature. Key words : Brassica species, Sinapis arvensis, tandem repeats, telomeres.

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12

RAJASHEKARA, G., T. KOEUTH, S. NEVILE, A. BACK, K. V. NAGARAJA, J. R. LUPSKI, and V. KAPUR. "SERE, a widely dispersed bacterial repetitive DNA element." Journal of Medical Microbiology 47, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-47-6-489.

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13

Weisenberger, D. J. "Analysis of repetitive element DNA methylation by MethyLight." Nucleic Acids Research 33, no. 21 (November 27, 2005): 6823–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki987.

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14

Kaur, Jasmine, Anshul Sharma, Sulhee Lee, and Young-Seo Park. "Molecular typing of Lactobacillus brevis isolates from Korean food using repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction." Food Science and Technology International 24, no. 4 (January 19, 2018): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013217753993.

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Lactobacillus brevis is a part of a large family of lactic acid bacteria that are present in cheese, sauerkraut, sourdough, silage, cow manure, feces, and the intestinal tract of humans and rats. It finds its use in food fermentation, and so is considered a “generally regarded as safe” organism. L. brevis strains are extensively used as probiotics and hence, there is a need for identifying and characterizing these strains. For identification and discrimination of the bacterial species at the subspecific level, repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction method is a reliable genomic fingerprinting tool. The objective of the present study was to characterize 13 strains of L. brevis isolated from various fermented foods using repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction. Repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction was performed using three primer sets, REP, Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC), and (GTG)5, which produced different fingerprinting patterns that enable us to distinguish between the closely related strains. Fingerprinting patterns generated band range in between 150 and 5000 bp with REP, 200–7500 bp with ERIC, and 250–2000 bp with (GTG)5 primers, respectively. The Jaccard’s dissimilarity matrices were used to obtain dendrograms by the unweighted neighbor-joining method using genetic dissimilarities based on repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting data. Repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction proved to be a rapid and easy method that can produce reliable results in L. brevis species.

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15

Forsyth, M. H., and S. J. Geary. "The repetitive element Rep MP 1 of Mycoplasma pneumoniae exists as a core element within a larger, variable repetitive mosaic." Journal of bacteriology 178, no. 3 (1996): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.178.3.917-921.1996.

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16

Zhang, J., H. Yao, W. Jiang, and X. Shen. "HIERARCHICAL REPETITION EXTRACTION FOR BUILDING FAÇADE RECONSTRUCTION FROM OBLIQUE AERIAL IMAGES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-4/W5 (May 11, 2015): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-4-w5-183-2015.

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In this paper we introduce an approach for automatic recognition and reconstruction of building facade structure from oblique aerial images. Contrast to street-view image oblique aerial image has larger field of view but lower resolution, weaker texture and more noise. To overcome these shortcomings, our approach firstly analyses the horizontal distribution density to extract individual facade area from image. Then a hierarchical repetition detection method is employed to partition the facade and recognize structural elements. Finally, the geometry structure of each facade element is reconstructed jointly by all repetitive image tiles. Results show the potentials of the proposed approach.

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17

Gillings, M., and M. Holley. "Repetitive element PCR fingerprinting (rep‐PCR) using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) primers is not necessarily directed at ERIC elements." Letters in Applied Microbiology 25, no. 1 (July 1997): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.1997.00162.x.

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18

Bernard, Lynn E., and Stephen Wood. "Human chromosome 5 sequence primer amplifies Alu polymorphisms on chromosomes 2 and 17." Genome 36, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-042.

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Members of the Alu family of repetitive elements occur frequently in the human genome and are often polymorphic. Techniques involving Alu element mediated polymerase chain reactions (Alu PCR) allow the isolation of region-specific human DNA fragments from mixed DNA sources. Such fragments are a source of region-specific Alu elements useful for the detection of Alu-related polymorphisms. A clone from human chromosome 5, corresponding to locus D5F40S1, was isolated using Alu PCR differential hybridization. Alu elements within this clone were investigated for the presence of potentially polymorphic 3′ polyA tails. Primers were devised to amplify the 3′ polyA tail of an Alu element present within the clone. One primer, D5F40S1-T, was specific to the DNA flanking the 3′ end of the Alu element, and the other primer was homologous to sequences within the element. When these primers were used in PCR reactions, products from chromosomes 2 and 17 (loci D2F40S2 and D17F40S3) were amplified in addition to the expected product from chromosome 5. The most likely explanation for this nonspecific amplification is that the D5F40S1-T primer is located within a low-copy repetitive element that is 3′ of the Alu element. This phenomenon presents a potential problem for the identification of region-specific Alu polymorphisms.Key words: Alu polymorphism, human chromosome 5, polymerase chain reaction, D5F40S1, D2F40S2, D17F40S3.

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19

Jahn, C. L., K. E. Prescott, and M. W. Waggener. "Organization of the micronuclear genome of oxytricha nova." Genetics 120, no. 1 (September 1, 1988): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/120.1.123.

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Abstract In the hypotrichous ciliated protozoan Oxytricha nova, approximately 95% of the micronuclear genome, including all of the repetitive DNA and most of the unique sequence DNA, is eliminated during the formation of the macronuclear genome. We have examined the interspersion patterns of repetitive and unique and eliminated and retained sequences in the micronuclear genome by characterizing randomly selected clones of micronuclear DNA. Three major classes of clones have been defined: (1) those containing primarily unique, retained sequences; (2) those containing only unique, eliminated sequences; and (3) those containing only repetitive, eliminated sequences. Clones of type one and three document two aspects of organization observed previously: clustering of macronuclear destined sequences and the presence of a prevalent repetitive element. Clones of the second type demonstrate for the first time that eliminated unique sequence DNA occurs in long stretches uninterrupted by repetitive sequences. To further examine repetitive sequence interspersion, we characterized the repetitive sequence family that is present in 50% of the clones (class three above). A consensus map of this element was obtained by mapping approximately 80 phage clones and by hybridization to digests of micronuclear DNA. The repeat element is extremely large (approximately 24 kb) and is interspersed with both macronuclear destined sequences and eliminated unique sequences.

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20

Sutton, P. R., and S. W. Liebman. "Rearrangements occurring adjacent to a single Ty1 yeast retrotransposon in the presence and absence of full-length Ty1 transcription." Genetics 131, no. 4 (August 1, 1992): 833–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/131.4.833.

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Abstract The structures of two unusual deletions from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are described. These deletions extend from a single Ty1 retrotransposon to an endpoint near a repetitive tRNA(Gly) gene. The deletions suggest that unique sequences flanked by two nonidentical repetitive sequences, or bordered on only one side by a transposable element, have the potential to be mobilized in the yeast genome. Models for the formation of these two unusual deletions were tested by isolating and analyzing 32 additional unusual deletions of the CYC1 region that extend from a single Ty1 retrotransposon. Unlike the most common class of deletions recovered in this region, these deletions are not attributable solely to homologous recombination among repetitive Ty1 or delta elements. They arose by two distinct mechanisms. In an SPT8 genetic background, most unusual deletions arose by transposition of a Ty1 element to a position adjacent to a tRNA(Gly) gene followed by Ty1-Ty1 recombination. In an spt8 strain, where full-length Ty1 transcription and, therefore, transposition are reduced, most deletions were due to gene conversion of a 7-kb chromosomal interval flanked by a Ty1 element and a tRNA(Gly) gene.

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21

Sun, Kuo, De-Long Guan, Hua-Teng Huang, and Sheng-Quan Xu. "Genome Survey Sequencing of the Mole Cricket Gryllotalpa orientalis." Genes 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14020255.

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The mole cricket Gryllotalpa orientalis is an evolutionarily, medicinal, and agriculturally significant insect that inhabits underground environments and is distributed globally. This study measured genome size by flow cytometry and k-mer based on low-coverage sequencing, and nuclear repetitive elements were also identified. The haploid genome size estimate is 3.14 Gb by flow cytometry, 3.17 Gb, and 3.77 Gb-based two k-mer methods, respectively, which is well within the range previously reported for other species of the suborder Ensifera. 56% of repetitive elements were found in G. orientalis, similar to 56.83% in Locusta migratoria. However, the great size of repetitive sequences could not be annotated to specific repeat element families. For the repetitive elements that were annotated, Class I-LINE retrotransposon elements were the most common families and more abundant than satellite and Class I-LTR. These results based on the newly developed genome survey could be used in the taxonomic study and whole genome sequencing to improve the understanding of the biology of G. orientalis.

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22

Lopes, Robson da Silva, Walas Jhony Lopes Moraes, Thiago de Souza Rodrigues, and Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu. "ProGeRF: Proteome and Genome Repeat Finder Utilizing a Fast Parallel Hash Function." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/394157.

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Repetitive element sequences are adjacent, repeating patterns, also called motifs, and can be of different lengths; repetitions can involve their exact or approximate copies. They have been widely used as molecular markers in population biology. Given the sizes of sequenced genomes, various bioinformatics tools have been developed for the extraction of repetitive elements from DNA sequences. However, currently available tools do not provide options for identifying repetitive elements in the genome or proteome, displaying a user-friendly web interface, and performing-exhaustive searches. ProGeRF is a web site for extracting repetitive regions from genome and proteome sequences. It was designed to be efficient, fast, and accurate and primarily user-friendly web tool allowing many ways to view and analyse the results. ProGeRF (Proteome and Genome Repeat Finder) is freely available as a stand-alone program, from which the users can download the source code, and as a web tool. It was developed using the hash table approach to extract perfect and imperfect repetitive regions in a (multi)FASTA file, while allowing a linear time complexity.

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23

Silva, R., and J. B. Burch. "Evidence that chicken CR1 elements represent a novel family of retroposons." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 8 (August 1989): 3563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.8.3563-3566.1989.

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We report the first precise delineation of a chicken CR1 element and show that it is flanked by a 6-base-pair target site duplication that occurred when this repetitive element transposed. The 3' end of this CR1 element is defined by an 8-base-pair imperfect direct repeat, and we infer that this sequence represents the 3' end of all intact CR1 elements. In contrast, the 5' ends are not unique, and we argue that this variation existed at the time each element transposed. We also provide evidence that CR1 elements transposed into preferred target sites. CR1 elements therefore appear to represent a novel class of passive retroposons.

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24

Silva, R., and J. B. Burch. "Evidence that chicken CR1 elements represent a novel family of retroposons." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 8 (August 1989): 3563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.8.3563.

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We report the first precise delineation of a chicken CR1 element and show that it is flanked by a 6-base-pair target site duplication that occurred when this repetitive element transposed. The 3' end of this CR1 element is defined by an 8-base-pair imperfect direct repeat, and we infer that this sequence represents the 3' end of all intact CR1 elements. In contrast, the 5' ends are not unique, and we argue that this variation existed at the time each element transposed. We also provide evidence that CR1 elements transposed into preferred target sites. CR1 elements therefore appear to represent a novel class of passive retroposons.

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25

Staginnus, C., C. Desel, T. Schmidt, and G. Kahl. "Assembling a puzzle of dispersed retrotransposable sequences in the genome of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)." Genome 53, no. 12 (December 2010): 1090–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g10-093.

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Several repetitive elements are known to be present in the genome of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) including satellite DNA and En/Spm transposons as well as two dispersed, highly repetitive elements, CaRep1 and CaRep2. PCR was used to prove that CaRep1, CaRep2, and previously isolated CaRep3 of C. arietinum represent different segments of a highly repetitive Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposon (Metaviridae) designated CaRep that makes up large parts of the intercalary heterochromatin. The full sequence of this element including the LTRs and untranslated internal regions was isolated by selective amplification. The restriction pattern of CaRep was different within the annual species of the genus Cicer , suggesting its rearrangement during the evolution of the genus during the last 100 000 years. In addition to CaRep, another LTR and a non-LTR retrotransposon family were isolated, and their restriction patterns and physical localization in the chickpea genome were characterized. The LINE-like element CaLin is only of comparatively low abundance and reveals a considerable heterogeneity. The Ty1-copia-like element (Pseudoviridae) CaTy is located in the distal parts of the intercalary heterochromatin and adjacent euchromatic regions, but it is absent from the centromeric regions. These results together with earlier findings allow to depict the distribution of retroelements on chickpea chromosomes, which extensively resembles the retroelement landscape of the genome of the model legume Medicago truncatula Gaertn.

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26

Kawashima, Ichiro, Katsuko Mita-Honjo, and Yo Takiguchi. "Characterization of the primate-specific repetitive DNA element MERI." DNA Sequence 2, no. 5 (January 1992): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10425179209030964.

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27

Georghiou, P. R., A. M. Doggett, M. A. Kielhofner, J. E. Stout, D. A. Watson, J. R. Lupski, and R. J. Hamill. "Molecular fingerprinting of Legionella species by repetitive element PCR." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 32, no. 12 (1994): 2989–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.12.2989-2994.1994.

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28

Arroyo, Macarena, Rocío Bautista, Rafael Larrosa, Manuel Ángel Cobo, and M. Gonzalo Claros. "Biomarker potential of repetitive-element transcriptome in lung cancer." PeerJ 7 (December 19, 2019): e8277. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8277.

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Since repetitive elements (REs) account for nearly 53% of the human genome, profiling its transcription after an oncogenic change might help in the search for new biomarkers. Lung cancer was selected as target since it is the most frequent cause of cancer death. A bioinformatic workflow based on well-established bioinformatic tools (such as RepEnrich, RepBase, SAMTools, edgeR and DESeq2) has been developed to identify differentially expressed RNAs from REs. It was trained and tested with public RNA-seq data from matched sequencing of tumour and healthy lung tissues from the same patient to reveal differential expression within the RE transcriptome. Healthy lung tissues express a specific set of REs whose expression, after an oncogenic process, is strictly and specifically changed. Discrete sets of differentially expressed REs were found for lung adenocarcinoma, for small-cell lung cancer, and for both cancers. Differential expression affects more HERV-than LINE-derived REs and seems biased towards down-regulation in cancer cells. REs behaving consistently in all patients were tested in a different patient cohort to validate the proposed biomarkers. Down-regulation of AluYg6 and LTR18B was confirmed as potential lung cancer biomarkers, while up-regulation of HERVK11D-Int is specific for lung adenocarcinoma and up-regulation of UCON88 is specific for small cell lung cancer. Hence, the study of RE transcriptome might be considered another research target in cancer, making REs a promising source of lung cancer biomarkers.

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29

Li, Gang, Hong Zhi Song, Jun Wang, and Fu An Wu. "Repetitive-Element PCR Technology for Identification of Mulberry Pathogens." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1025.

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The coronatine is a new-type and high-efficient biogenic chlorosis-inducing phytotoxin. It’s also a new potential chemical regulator. Plants can get higher stress and disease resistance with spraying coronatine at a low concentration, which has broad application prospects. It’s an effective way to ferment coronatine industrially using Pseudomonas syringae. The REP universal primers were used to establish the repetitive sequence PCR technology. Clustering analysis and classification were used to screen the wild strains producing coronatine from Jiangsu and Zhejiang area. The results showed that 29 strains were divided into five groups with similarity coefficient of 0.65. The cluster analysis showed the highest diversity of P. syringae pv. mori appeared in mulberry organization form Chun-An, which is relevant with the regional water conditions. It provides a new thought to screen the wild strains producing coronatine.

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30

Krämer, F., and T. Schnieder. "Sequence heterogeneity in a repetitive dna element of Fasciola." International Journal for Parasitology 28, no. 12 (December 1998): 1923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00162-3.

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31

Michel, Bertha, Alejandro Alagón, Paul M. Lizardi, and Mario Zurita. "Characterization of a repetitive DNA element from Entamoeba histolytica." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 51, no. 1 (March 1992): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6851(92)90213-4.

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32

Amoupour, Moein, Fatemeh Nezamzadeh, Abed Zahedi bialvaei, Faramarz Masjedian Jazi, Mohammad Yousef Alikhani, and Reza Mirnejad. "Differentiation of Brucella species by repetitive element palindromic PCR." Reviews in Medical Microbiology 30, no. 3 (July 2019): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mrm.0000000000000170.

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33

Chung, T.-H., S.-W. Yi, and G.-W. Shin. "Antibiotic resistance and repetitive-element PCR fingerprinting inAeromonas veroniiisolates." Journal of Fish Diseases 40, no. 6 (September 30, 2016): 821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12564.

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34

Lu, Sha, Zheng Niu, Yueming Chen, Qiaofeng Tu, Yue Zhang, Wenli Chen, Wenjuan Tong, and Zhifen Zhang. "Repetitive Element DNA Methylation is Associated with Menopausal Age." Aging and Disease 9, no. 3 (2018): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.14336/ad.2017.0810.

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35

Lasker, Brent A., Laurie S. Page, Timothy J. Lott, George S. Kobayashi, and Gerald Medoff. "Characterization of CARE-1: Candida albicans repetitive element-1." Gene 102, no. 1 (June 1991): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(91)90536-k.

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36

Woodruff, Gavin C., and Anastasia A. Teterina. "Degradation of the Repetitive Genomic Landscape in a Close Relative of Caenorhabditis elegans." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 2549–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa107.

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Abstract The abundance, diversity, and genomic distribution of repetitive elements is highly variable among species. These patterns are thought to be driven in part by reproductive mode and the interaction of selection and recombination, and recombination rates typically vary by chromosomal position. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, repetitive elements are enriched at chromosome arms and depleted on centers, and this mirrors the chromosomal distributions of other genomic features such as recombination rate. How conserved is this genomic landscape of repeats, and what evolutionary forces maintain it? To address this, we compared the genomic organization of repetitive elements across five Caenorhabditis species with chromosome-level assemblies. As previously reported, repeat content is enriched on chromosome arms in most Caenorhabditis species, and no obvious patterns of repeat content associated with reproductive mode were observed. However, the fig-associated C. inopinata has experienced repetitive element expansion and reveals no association of global repeat density with chromosome position. Patterns of repeat superfamily specific distributions reveal this global pattern is driven largely by a few repeat superfamilies that in C. inopinata have expanded in number and have weak associations with chromosome position. Additionally, 15% of predicted protein-coding genes in C. inopinata align to transposon-related proteins. When these are excluded, C. inopinata has no enrichment of genes in chromosome centers, in contrast to its close relatives who all have such clusters. Forward evolutionary simulations reveal that chromosomal heterogeneity in recombination rate alone can generate structured repetitive genomic landscapes when insertions are weakly deleterious, whereas chromosomal heterogeneity in the fitness effects of transposon insertion can promote such landscapes across a variety of evolutionary scenarios. Thus, patterns of gene density along chromosomes likely contribute to global repetitive landscapes in this group, although other historical or genomic factors are needed to explain the idiosyncrasy of genomic organization of various transposable element taxa within C. inopinata. Taken together, these results highlight the power of comparative genomics and evolutionary simulations in testing hypotheses regarding the causes of genome organization.

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37

Appadurai, Arjun. "The Ready-Made Pleasures of Déjà Vu: Repeat Viewing of Bollywood Films." Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pli.2018.38.

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This essay argues that the phenomenon of repeat viewing of films by Bollywood audiences is worthy of being treated as an unusual cultural practice in which repetition and difference support and reinforce each other in the manner suggested by Gilles Deleuze. This relationship is particularly enabled by the relationship of music to plot in these films, in which song sequences provide a repetitive or percussive element that deepens the melodic and innovative element provided by the story. Not all films are able to attract repeat viewers, which raises a question about the role of the “formula” in the Hindi film industry. Further, the pleasures of repetition in this domain offer a suggestive perspective on India’s larger political dilemma, which is to combine the repetition of Western modernity with the unique developmental signature of Indian culture.

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38

Lowndes, N. F., P. Bushel, L. Mendelsohn, J. Wu, M. Y. Yen, and M. Allan. "A short, highly repetitive element in intron -1 of the human c-Ha-ras gene acts as a block to transcriptional readthrough by a viral promoter." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 9 (September 1990): 4990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.9.4990-4995.1990.

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We have identified a short, highly repetitive element within intron -1 of the human c-Ha-ras gene. This element was found to be transcribed in both orientations and to be homologous to heterogeneous nonpolyadenylated transcripts. The repetitive element blocked transcriptional readthrough from a strong upstream viral promoter but allowed unimpaired readthrough from the c-Has-ras promoter. We suggest that it may serve to prevent excessive transcription into the coding region of the gene under such circumstances as viral insertion.

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39

Lowndes, N. F., P. Bushel, L. Mendelsohn, J. Wu, M. Y. Yen, and M. Allan. "A short, highly repetitive element in intron -1 of the human c-Ha-ras gene acts as a block to transcriptional readthrough by a viral promoter." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 9 (September 1990): 4990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.9.4990.

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We have identified a short, highly repetitive element within intron -1 of the human c-Ha-ras gene. This element was found to be transcribed in both orientations and to be homologous to heterogeneous nonpolyadenylated transcripts. The repetitive element blocked transcriptional readthrough from a strong upstream viral promoter but allowed unimpaired readthrough from the c-Has-ras promoter. We suggest that it may serve to prevent excessive transcription into the coding region of the gene under such circumstances as viral insertion.

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40

Kourtidis, Antonis, Elena Drosopoulou, Chrysoula N. Pantzartzi, Chariton C. Chintiroglou, and Zacharias G. Scouras. "Three new satellite sequences and a mobile element found inside HSP70 introns of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)." Genome 49, no. 11 (November 2006): 1451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g06-111.

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We report the characterization of 3 new repetitive sequences from the bivalve mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis, designated Mg1, Mg2, and Mg3, with monomer lengths of 169, 260, and 70 bp, respectively. The 3 repeats together constitute approximately 7.8% of the M. galloprovincialis genome and were found, together with ApaI-type 2 repeats, inside the introns of 2 genes of the HSP70 family, hsc70 and hsc71. Both the monomer length and the genomic content of the repeats indicate satellite sequences. The Mg1 repetitive region and its flanking sequences exhibit significant homology to CvE, a member of the Pearl family of mobile elements found in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Thus, the whole homologous region is designated MgE, the first putative transposable element characterized in M. galloprovincialis. The ApaI, Mg2, and Mg3 repeats are continuously arranged inside the introns of both the hsc70 and hsc71 genes. The presence of perfect inverted repeats flanking the ApaI–Mg2–Mg3 repetitive region, as well as a sequence analysis of the repeats, indicates a transposition-like insertion of this region. The genes of the HSP70 family are highly conserved, and the presence of repetitive DNA or of mobile elements inside their introns is reported here for the first time.

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41

TAKEDA, HACHIRO, EIICHI WATANABE, and RYO KUNISHI. "INELASTIC REPETITIVE SHEAR AND FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF PLATE GIRDERS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 04, no. 01 (March 2004): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021945540400115x.

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In the Great Hanshin–Awaji earthquake of 1995, the phenomena of repetitive inelastic buckling were observed in many steel girders including horizontal girders of portal steel piers on elevated highways. The authors have been interested in the ability of steel girders to dissipate the hysteretic plastic strain energy due to such repetitive buckling of steel girders for earthquake-resistance design. This paper is focused on the repetitive buckling behavior of eight steel plate girders under inelastic shear or the combined shear and bending due to a concentrated point load adopting two independent cyclic loading patterns. The model girders were selected considering the combined variations of flange thickness, flange width and depth-to-thickness ratio of the web. Good correlations were found between the results of tests and finite element analyses using shell elements considering the material and geometrical nonlinearities in the repetitive inelastic buckling behavior of plate girders.

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42

Richard, M., A. Belmaaza, N. Gusew, J. C. Wallenburg, and P. Chartrand. "Integration of a vector containing a repetitive LINE-1 element in the human genome." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 10 (October 1994): 6689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.10.6689-6695.1994.

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Mammalian cells contain numerous nonallelic repeated sequences, such as multicopy genes, gene families, and repeated elements. One common feature of nonallelic repeated sequences is that they are homeologous (not perfectly identical). Our laboratory has been studying recombination between homeologous sequences by using LINE-1 (L1) elements as substrates. We showed previously that an exogenous L1 element could readily acquire endogenous L1 sequences by nonreciprocal homologous recombination. In the study presented here, we have investigated the propensity of exogenous L1 elements to be involved in a reciprocal process, namely, crossing-overs. This would result in the integration of the exogenous L1 element into an endogenous L1 element. Of over 400 distinct integration events analyzed, only 2% involved homologous recombination between exogenous and endogenous L1 elements. These homologous recombination events were imprecise, with the integrated vector being flanked by one homologous and one illegitimate junction. This type of structure is not consistent with classical crossing-overs that would result in two homologous junctions but rather is consistent with one-sided homologous recombination followed by illegitimate integration. Contrary to what has been found for reciprocal homologous integration, the degree of homology between the exogenous and endogenous L1 elements did not seem to play an important role in the choice of recombination partners. These results suggest that although exogenous and endogenous L1 elements are capable of homologous recombination, this seldom leads to crossing-overs. This observation could have implications for the stability of mammalian genomes.

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43

Richard, M., A. Belmaaza, N. Gusew, J. C. Wallenburg, and P. Chartrand. "Integration of a vector containing a repetitive LINE-1 element in the human genome." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 10 (October 1994): 6689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.10.6689.

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Анотація:

Mammalian cells contain numerous nonallelic repeated sequences, such as multicopy genes, gene families, and repeated elements. One common feature of nonallelic repeated sequences is that they are homeologous (not perfectly identical). Our laboratory has been studying recombination between homeologous sequences by using LINE-1 (L1) elements as substrates. We showed previously that an exogenous L1 element could readily acquire endogenous L1 sequences by nonreciprocal homologous recombination. In the study presented here, we have investigated the propensity of exogenous L1 elements to be involved in a reciprocal process, namely, crossing-overs. This would result in the integration of the exogenous L1 element into an endogenous L1 element. Of over 400 distinct integration events analyzed, only 2% involved homologous recombination between exogenous and endogenous L1 elements. These homologous recombination events were imprecise, with the integrated vector being flanked by one homologous and one illegitimate junction. This type of structure is not consistent with classical crossing-overs that would result in two homologous junctions but rather is consistent with one-sided homologous recombination followed by illegitimate integration. Contrary to what has been found for reciprocal homologous integration, the degree of homology between the exogenous and endogenous L1 elements did not seem to play an important role in the choice of recombination partners. These results suggest that although exogenous and endogenous L1 elements are capable of homologous recombination, this seldom leads to crossing-overs. This observation could have implications for the stability of mammalian genomes.

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44

Paço, Ana, Renata Freitas, and Ana Vieira-da-Silva. "Conversion of DNA Sequences: From a Transposable Element to a Tandem Repeat or to a Gene." Genes 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10121014.

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Eukaryotic genomes are rich in repetitive DNA sequences grouped in two classes regarding their genomic organization: tandem repeats and dispersed repeats. In tandem repeats, copies of a short DNA sequence are positioned one after another within the genome, while in dispersed repeats, these copies are randomly distributed. In this review we provide evidence that both tandem and dispersed repeats can have a similar organization, which leads us to suggest an update to their classification based on the sequence features, concretely regarding the presence or absence of retrotransposons/transposon specific domains. In addition, we analyze several studies that show that a repetitive element can be remodeled into repetitive non-coding or coding sequences, suggesting (1) an evolutionary relationship among DNA sequences, and (2) that the evolution of the genomes involved frequent repetitive sequence reshuffling, a process that we have designated as a “DNA remodeling mechanism”. The alternative classification of the repetitive DNA sequences here proposed will provide a novel theoretical framework that recognizes the importance of DNA remodeling for the evolution and plasticity of eukaryotic genomes.

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45

Hankeln, Thomas, Angela Rohwedder, Bettina Weich, and Erwin R. Schmidt. "Transposition of minisatellite-like DNA in Chironomus midges." Genome 37, no. 4 (August 1, 1994): 542–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-077.

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Cla elements are a family of tandem repetitive DNA sequences present in the genome of several Chironomus species. Interspersed clusters of Cla elements are widely distributed all over the chromosomes in C. thummi thummi, while they seem to be limited to the centromeric regions in the closely related subspecies C. t. piger. Here we present molecular evidence that this differential distribution is due to a transposition of Cla elements during evolution of the C. t. thummi genome. We have cloned a "filled" integration site (containing a Cla element cluster) from C. t. thummi and the corresponding "empty" genomic site from C. t. piger and other related species. The comparison shows that tandem repetitive elements may be mobilized together with flanking DNA.Key words: minisatellites, transposition, Chironomus.

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46

ROSENZVIT, M. C., S. G. CANOVA, L. KAMENETZKY, and E. A. GUARNERA. "Echinococcus granulosus: intraspecific genetic variation assessed by a DNA repetitive element." Parasitology 123, no. 4 (October 2001): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001008575.

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A 186 bp Echinococcus granulosus-specific repetitive element, TREg, was used to assess genetic variation between strains. In G7 genotype (pig strain) it has the characteristics of a satellite DNA element with a copy number of 23000 per haploid genome. Analysis, by sequencing of TREg monomers, showed a great degree of identity within them. In the G1 genotype (common sheep strain) TREg-like repetitive elements were found in an interspersed distribution throughout the genome and in only 120 copies. The sequences of these monomers showed a great degree of variation between them and with TREg of G7 origin. The G6 genotype (camel strain) showed a pattern of distribution and copy number similar to the G7 genotype, and the G2 genotype (Tasmanian sheep strain) similar to the G1 genotype. Isolates from the G5 (cattle strain) and G4 (horse strain) genotypes also showed unique hybridization patterns in Southern blot experiments. The genomic plasticity of E. granulosus, which may have important consequences in the epidemiology and control of cystic hydatid disease is reflected in the results of this work.

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47

Callaghan, M. J., and K. J. Beh. "A middle-repetitive DNA sequence element in the sheep parasitic nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis." Parasitology 109, no. 3 (September 1994): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000078379.

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SummaryA novel repetitive DNA sequence in the sheep parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis was cloned and sequenced. A l·1 kb repetitive sequence (Tc15) which hybridized with DNA from T. colubriformis but not with DNA from two other parasitic nematodes, Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia circumcincta, or sheep was further characterized. Southern blot analysis showed that the repeat hybridized to a range of fragments in restriction digested T. colubriformis DNA and existed in multiple copy number tandem arrays. However, to define clearly the repetitive monomeric unit further screening of phagemid libraries containing BamH I restriction fragments using a subclone of Tc15 as a probe was carried out. Restriction map and sequence data were compiled for 3 clones containing a 145 bp highly repetitive sequence (designated TcREP) which shared homology with the original pTc15 clone. TcREP hybridized to a tandemly repeating sequence monomer of 145 bp in T. colubriformis DNA which was cloned from various genetic environments in the T. colubriformis genome. TcREP homologous sequences were also found in the genomes of two other species of the same genus (Trichostrongylus axei and Trichostrongylus vitrinus) but not in a fourth species (Trichostrongylus rugatus).

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48

Clément, Jean-Marie, Caroline Wilde, Sophie Bachellier, Patricia Lambert, and Maurice Hofnung. "IS1397 Is Active for Transposition into the Chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12 and Inserts Specifically into Palindromic Units of Bacterial Interspersed Mosaic Elements." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 22 (November 15, 1999): 6929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.22.6929-6936.1999.

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ABSTRACT We demonstrate that IS1397, a putative mobile genetic element discovered in natural isolates of Escherichia coli, is active for transposition into the chromosome of E. coliK-12 and inserts specifically into palindromic units, also called repetitive extragenic palindromes, the basic element of bacterial interspersed mosaic elements (BIMEs), which are found in intergenic regions of enterobacteria closely related to E. coli andSalmonella. We could not detect transposition onto a plasmid carrying BIMEs. This unprecedented specificity of insertion into a well-characterized chromosomal intergenic repeated element and its evolutionary implications are discussed.

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49

Baeza, J. Antonio. "Genome survey sequencing of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus: Genome size, nuclear rRNA operon, repetitive elements, and microsatellite discovery." PeerJ 8 (December 17, 2020): e10554. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10554.

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Background Panulirus argus is an ecologically relevant species in shallow water hard-bottom environments and coral reefs and target of the most lucrative fishery in the greater Caribbean region. Methods This study reports, for the first time, the genome size and nuclear repetitive elements, including the 45S ribosomal DNA operon, 5S unit, and microsatellites, of P. argus. Results Using a k-mer approach, the average haploid genome size estimated for P. argus was 2.17 Gbp. Repetitive elements comprised 69.02% of the nuclear genome. In turn, 30.98% of the genome represented low- or single-copy sequences. A considerable proportion of repetitive sequences could not be assigned to known repeat element families. Taking into account only annotated repetitive elements, the most frequent belonged to Class I-LINE which were noticeably more abundant than Class I-LTR-Ty- 3/Gypsy, Class I-LTR-Penelope, and Class I-LTR-Ty-3/Bel-Pao elements. Satellite DNA was also abundant. The ribosomal operon in P. argus comprises, in the following order, a 5′ ETS (length = 707 bp), ssrDNA (1,875 bp), ITS1 (736 bp), 5.8S rDNA (162 bp), ITS2 (1,314 bp), lsrDNA (5,387 bp), and 3′ ETS (287 bp). A total of 1,281 SSRs were identified.

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50

Giovannotti, Massimo, Paola Nisi Cerioni, Andrea Splendiani, Paolo Ruggeri, Ettore Olmo, and Vincenzo Caputo Barucchi. "Slow evolving satellite DNAs: the case of a centromeric satellite in Chalcides ocellatus (Forskål, 1775) (Reptilia, Scincidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 34, no. 3 (2013): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002905.

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Satellite DNAs represent a preponderant portion of eukaryotic genomes, and despite the ample literature on satDNAs of eukaryotes little is known about these repetitive elements in reptiles. Studies on reptiles satellite DNAs have been mainly focused on lacertid lizards and only one aimed at characterising these repetitive elements in skinks. Here, the isolation and characterisation of a satellite DNA in two populations of the ocellated skink, Chalcides ocellatus (Forskål, 1775), is presented. The repetitive element isolated is located at centromeres of all chromosomes of the complement, shows a tendency towards AT enrichment (53.5%), and contains short motifs that are common in centromeric satellites of eukaryotes (TG/CA, GAAA). The satellite shows an extremely low evolutionary rate (0.13% per million year) that make it unsuitable as a phylogenetic probe to assess the genetic differentiation of the populations investigated, that show a deep genetic divergence at mitochondrial level. The influence of satellite location on chromosomes and chromosomal morphology are invoked to explain this unusually slow mutation rate.

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