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Книги з теми "Repeated treatments"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 16 листопада 2024

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1

Manske, Llewellyn L. Effects on vegetation, endomycorrhizal fungi, and soil mineral nitrogen from prescribed burning treatments repeated every-other-year in mixed grass prairie invaded by western snowberry. Dickinson, N.D: North Dakota State University, Dickinson Research Extension Center, 2007.

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2

Manske, Llewellyn L. Effects on vegetation, endomycorrhizal fungi, and soil mineral nitrogen from prescribed burning treatments repeated every-other-year in mixed grass prairie invaded by western snowberry. Dickinson, N.D: North Dakota State University, Dickinson Research Extension Center, 2007.

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3

Manske, Llewellyn L. Effects on vegetation, endomycorrhizal fungi, and soil mineral nitrogen from prescribed burning treatments repeated every-other-year in mixed grass prairie invaded by western snowberry. Dickinson, N.D: North Dakota State University, Dickinson Research Extension Center, 2007.

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4

Persson, Bo G. Repeated intermittent dearterialization in the treatment of liver tumors: An experimental and clinical study. Lund: Dept. of Surgery, Lund University, 1990.

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5

universitet, Lunds, ed. Repeated intermittent hepatic ischaemia in liver cancer therapy: An experimental study with special reference to influences on tumour growth, RNA synthesis and glucose metabolism. Lund, Sweden: Dept. of Surgery, Lund University, 1988.

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6

Thursfield, Rebecca, Chris Orchard, Rosanna Featherstone, and Jane C. Davies. Future treatments. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.003.0013.

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There are only a relatively limited armoury of drugs, the majority of which are aimed at downstream symptoms of cystic fibrosis. Therapies targeting the basic defect in CF as well as continued availability of more conventional drugs are required. Progress in gene therapy has been limited by the significant barriers to gene transfer of the CF lung, but the UK is hosting a large repeated dose trial of nebulized non-viral gene therapy designed around clinically meaningful outcomes. The UK CF Gene Therapy Consortium is also seeking to develop a promising modified lentiviral approach, although this is some years off. Perhaps the exciting development of recent decades has come from small molecule CFTR modulators, driven by an understanding of basic pathophysiological mechanisms. Ivacaftor is the first drug to be licensed, having proved itself highly clinically efficacious in patients with the class-3 gating mutation G551D. The trial pipeline seeks to expand indications for this and to explore the potential of Phe508del correctors. Finally, a number of anti-inflammatory and anti-infective strategies are being pursued. The emerging global problem of antibiotic resistance is leading to exciting alternatives such as biofilm disruption and bacteriophage to be explored.

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7

Burgette, Lane, Beth Griffin, and Daniel McCaffrey. Propensity Scores for Repeated Treatments: A Tutorial for the iptw Function in the TWANG Package. RAND Corporation, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/tl136.2.

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8

McFarr, Lynn, Julie Snyder, Lisa Benson, and Rachel Higier. Psychosocial Treatment Approaches for Substance Use. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0013.

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Multiple psychosocial treatments for substance-use disorders have been studied for efficacy. A recent meta-analysis indicates that psychosocial interventions are effective across multiple types of substances used. In the case of opiates, psychosocial interventions combined with medication appear to be the most effective. Many studies further agree that psychosocial interventions are an integral and necessary part of treating substance-use disorders. Although theoretical orientations may differ across psychosocial treatments, they have several principles and practices in common. All involve talk therapy or talk in communities as a way to clarify triggers, build commitment, and improve accountability. Many also target addiction behaviors and work to develop alternative contingencies to reduce or eliminate use. Finally, targeting repeated performance (or building “chains of committed behavior”) decreases the likelihood of relapse. This chapter discusses the most frequently studied and employed psychosocial treatments for substance use including CBT, motivational interviewing, contingency management, mindfulness, and community-based programs.

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9

Pantilat, Steven Z., Anthony E. Steimle, and Patricia M. Davidson. Advanced heart disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0153.

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Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the developed world and causes significant morbidity and repeated hospitalization. Optimal medical management and targeted use of devices can improve survival and quality of life for people with heart failure (HF). Despite optimal management of HF symptoms including breathlessness, pain, fatigue and oedema may persist and palliative care interventions may be needed. Palliative care specialists must be aware that referral to HF specialists may be necessary for patients with advanced HF. The risk of sudden death at every stage of HF means that palliative care treatments should be integrated into care for all patients. Palliative care should enhance communication among clinicians and with the patient and family, and should provide options for treatment of symptoms and deactivation of devices. Integrating palliative care alongside HF care can increase quality of life, decrease suffering and health-care costs, and improve quality of care.

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10

Jaeger, Albert. Role of toxicology assessment in poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0315.

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Diagnosis of acute poisoning is based on history, symptoms, biomedical investigations, toxicological analyses, and sometimes therapeutic tests. Toxicological analytical methods are now widely available. A qualitative or semiquantitative analysis of the parent compound may be adequate for diagnostic assessment. A quantitative analysis is mandatory for kinetic studies. For instance, in ethylene glycol poisoning, analysis of ethylene glycol concentrations is useful for the diagnosis, but glycolate concentrations are more relevant for the evaluation of the severity and prognosis. Groups of symptoms (or toxidromes) may provide diagnostic clues for toxins that are not usually included in routine screening. The management of the poisoned patient is mostly supportive, but toxicological quantitative analyses are mandatory for some treatments, e.g. alkaline diuresis in salicylate poisoning, repeated activated charcoal in theophylline poisoning, haemodialysis, ethanol in ethylene glycol poisoning, or the use of chelating agents.

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11

Dalbeth, Nicola. Anti-inflammatory agents for prophylaxis and flares. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748311.003.0010.

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Acute gout requires rapid, effective treatment. Colchicine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, and corticosteroids are all effective; the choice of agent is dictated by the patient’s co-morbidities and concomitant medications. Interleukin-1 inhibitors are effective, but the high cost precludes routine use, and long-term safety data for repeated use are lacking.

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12

Marinker, Marshall, John Hunt, Dick Joyce, and Michael Balint. Treatment or Diagnosis: A Study of Repeat Prescriptions in General Practice. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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13

Marinker, Marshall, John Hunt, Dick Joyce, and Michael Balint. Treatment or Diagnosis: A Study of Repeat Prescriptions in General Practice. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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14

Marinker, Marshall, John Hunt, Dick Joyce, and Michael Balint. Treatment or Diagnosis: A Study of Repeat Prescriptions in General Practice. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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15

Hunt, John, and Michael Balint. Treatment or Diagnosis: A Study of Repeat Prescriptions in General Practice. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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16

Balint:, Michael. Treatment or Diagnosis: A study of repeat prescriptions in general practice. Routledge, 2001.

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17

Marinker, Marshall, John Hunt, Dick Joyce, and Michael Balint. Treatment or Diagnosis: A Study of Repeat Prescriptions in General Practice. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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18

Flachskampf, Frank A., Pavlos Myrianthefs, Ruxandra Beyer, and Pavlos M. Myrianthefs. Echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0020.

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For the emergency management of cardiovascular disorders, echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound are indispensable imaging techniques at the bedside. In the intensive care environment, crucial questions, such as left and right ventricular function, valvular heart disease, volume status, aortic disease, cardiac infection, pleural effusion, pulmonary oedema, pneumothorax, and many others, can be sufficiently and reliably answered by using these techniques; in fact, it is almost impossible to manage patients with acute severe haemodynamic impairment reasonably well without a prompt and repeated access to echocardiography. This is confirmed by the prominent place that echocardiography has in the guideline-based diagnosis and treatment of all major cardiovascular emergencies, from acute heart failure to the acute coronary syndrome to pulmonary embolism, etc. Moreover, it is the ideal tool to follow the patient, since repeat examinations pose no risk to the patient and demand relatively little logistics and resources. To benefit from the wealth of information that echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound can provide, modern equipment (including a transoesophageal probe) and systematic training of echocardiographers must be ensured. The availability of prompt and experienced echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound services at all times is fundamental for sound contemporary cardiovascular intensive care.

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19

Flachskampf, Frank A., Pavlos Myrianthefs, Ruxandra Beyer, and Pavlos M. Myrianthefs. Echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0020_update_001.

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For the emergency management of cardiovascular disorders, echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound are indispensable imaging techniques at the bedside. In the intensive care environment, crucial questions, such as left and right ventricular function, valvular heart disease, volume status, aortic disease, cardiac infection, pleural effusion, pulmonary oedema, pneumothorax, and many others, can be sufficiently and reliably answered by using these techniques; in fact, it is almost impossible to manage patients with acute severe haemodynamic impairment reasonably well without a prompt and repeated access to echocardiography. This is confirmed by the prominent place that echocardiography has in the guideline-based diagnosis and treatment of all major cardiovascular emergencies, from acute heart failure to the acute coronary syndrome to pulmonary embolism, etc. Moreover, it is the ideal tool to follow the patient, since repeat examinations pose no risk to the patient and demand relatively little logistics and resources. To benefit from the wealth of information that echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound can provide, modern equipment (including a transoesophageal probe) and systematic training of echocardiographers must be ensured. The availability of prompt and experienced echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound services at all times is fundamental for sound contemporary cardiovascular intensive care.

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20

The effectiveness of repeated submaximal concentric exercise and heated whirlpool in the treatment of delayed onset muscular soreness. 1991.

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21

The effectiveness of repeated submaximal concentric exercise and heated whirlpool in the treatment of delayed onset muscular soreness. 1992.

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22

Fieberg, John. Statistics for Ecologists: A Frequentist and Bayesian Treatment of Modern Regression Models. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/9781959870029.

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Ecological data pose many challenges to statistical inference. Most data come from observational studies rather than designed experiments; observational units are frequently sampled repeatedly over time, resulting in multiple, non-independent measurements; response data are often binary (e.g., presence-absence data) or non-negative integers (e.g., counts), and therefore, the data do not fit the standard assumptions of linear regression (Normality, independence, and constant variance). This book will familiarize readers with modern statistical methods that address these complexities using both frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.

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23

Sheetz, Ron. Th 7 LIEs Repeatedly Told about Undone Dental Treatment in Your Practice: Uncovering Thousands of Dollars in Dental Treatment Abandoned As Lost. Independently Published, 2019.

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24

Thompson-Brenner, Heather, Melanie Smith, Gayle E. Brooks, Rebecca Berman, Angela Kaloudis, Hallie Espel-Huynh, Dee Ross Franklin, and James Boswell. The Renfrew Unified Treatment for Eating Disorders and Comorbidity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190946425.001.0001.

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This treatment is designed to address eating disorders along with other emotional problems that individuals with eating disorders also commonly experience. Eating disorders are related to emotional functioning in many important ways. First, negative emotions—and the desire to avoid or control negative emotions—have been shown repeatedly to be related to the development of eating disorders, as well as most other emotional disorders, for many people. Depression and anxiety are known risk factors for the development of an eating disorder. Research also shows that emotional events—such as feeling sadness, feeling anxiety, or feeling stress—are often the immediate triggers for eating disorder symptoms. Furthermore, having an eating disorder is a difficult emotional experience, and many people develop depression and anxiety in reaction to their eating disorder symptoms. Therefore, emotions often create the context in which eating disorders develop, emotions are a part of what drives eating disorder symptoms on a daily level, and emotional experience become worse as a result of having an eating disorder. This Unified Treatment (UT) manual, like the Unified Protocol (UP) manual, is cohesive, with a continuous focus on the relationship between the interventions/concepts included in each module and the overall goal of reducing emotion avoidance and promoting emotion regulation.

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25

Cheavens, Jennifer S., and Madison M. Guter. Hope Therapy. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.12.

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The strong association between hope and optimal psychological functioning has been empirically demonstrated repeatedly over the past two decades. In an effort to capitalize on these associations, researchers have developed and tested hope interventions aimed to increase hopeful thinking and optimal psychological functioning. Results are promising, suggesting that hope is malleable and that hope therapy reduces symptoms of distress and increases in well-being. Further, hope has been examined as a predictor of treatment success and data suggest that those with higher hope may do better in various treatments than their low-hope counterparts and that changes in hope across the course of therapy are associated with simultaneous improvements in psychological functioning. In future research, it will be important to identify specific therapeutic interventions that predict increases in hope and to determine whether or not hopeful thought is a mechanism of change in psychotherapy interventions.

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26

Accardo, Jennifer. Sleep Apnea. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0174.

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Sleep apnea is a common condition involving breathing during sleep, which nonetheless has consequences beyond the scope of either sleep or breathing. Repeated, reversible respiratory obstructions are related to abnormal ventilatory drives and decreased upper airway neuromuscular activation. They result in dysautonomia, sleep fragmentation, and increased cardiovascular risks. Obstructive sleep apnea classically presents with daytime sleepiness and snoring, and its effects on learning, cognition, and mood are pervasive. On a neuropathologic basis, corresponding damage to widespread brain structures is noted. Obstructive sleep apnea is considered treatable, but it is unclear whether its cognitive effects are fully reversible with treatment.

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27

Jaquet, Chantal. Conclusion. Translated by Tatiana Reznichenko. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433181.003.0007.

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Although it excludes interaction, the equality of body and mind is not parallelism, in which everything repeats itself identically and interchangeably. Equality is not uniformity; it allows differential treatment of the body and mind, according to the constitutive principle of affect.

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28

Lebowitz, Eli R. Addressing Parental Accommodation When Treating Anxiety In Children. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190869984.001.0001.

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This book is a practical guide to addressing family accommodation in the treatment of childhood anxiety. Accommodation refers to changes that parents make to their own behavior to help a child avoid or alleviate anxiety (e.g., sleeping next to their child at night, providing repeated reassurance). The book deals with addressing accommodation within the context of a broader treatment strategy that includes additional interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, as well as addressing accommodation as a stand-alone parent-based treatment. There is consensus among experts and acknowledgement among practitioners that family accommodation is a key aspect of child anxiety, with major impact on clinical course, severity of symptoms and impairment, family distress, and treatment outcomes. Yet, most treatment programs do not focus on this important element of childhood anxiety, and most clinicians feel ill-equipped to effectively address accommodation in their clinical work. After briefly reviewing the relevant research on accommodation in child anxiety, this concise and easily accessible primer focuses on the practical and pragmatic aspects of addressing parental accommodation in the treatment of child anxiety. The book includes rich clinical illustrations and many suggestions for how to broach the topic of accommodation with both parents and children including a wealth of easily understood metaphors to approach the topic in an empathic and nonjudgmental manner. Therapists working with anxious children and their families will find useful tips and numerous suggestions for addressing accommodation in every part of the treatment process.

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29

Albin, Roger L., and Henry L. Paulson. Huntington Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0007.

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A member of the expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat family of neurodegenerative disorders, Huntington disease (HD) is a rare, autosomal, dominantly inherited neuropsychiatric disorder. Characterized by midlife onset, HD exhibits progressive motor, behavioral, and cognitive changes. There is no effective treatment and death usually ensues 15 to 20 years after diagnosis. The expanded polyglutamine repeat causes multiple cellular dysfunctions to induce neurodegeneration. Many brain regions are affected in HD though striatal degeneration is particularly prominent. Widespread availability of specific genetic testing facilitates diagnosis. Management is largely supportive care.

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30

Roy, Michael J., Albert Rizzo, JoAnn Difede, and Barbara O. Rothbaum. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0013.

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Expert treatment guidelines and consensus statements identified imaginal exposure therapy as a first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) more than a decade ago. Subsequently, an Institute of Medicine report concluded that cognitive–behavioral therapy with exposure therapy is the only therapy with sufficient evidence to recommend it for PTSD. Imaginal exposure has been the most widely used exposure approach. It requires patients to recall and narrate their traumatic experience repeatedly, in progressively greater detail, both to facilitate the therapeutic processing of related emotions and to decondition the learning cycle of the disorder via a habituation–extinction process. Prolonged exposure, one of the best-evidenced forms of exposure therapy, incorporates psychoeducation, controlled breathing techniques, in vivo exposure, prolonged imaginal exposure to traumatic memories, and processing of traumatic material, typically for 9 to 12 therapy sessions of about 90 minutes each. However, avoidance of reminders of the trauma is a defining feature of PTSD, so it is not surprising that many patients are unwilling or unable to visualize effectively and recount traumatic events repeatedly. Some studies of imaginal exposure have reported 30% to 50% dropout rates before completion of treatment. Adding to the challenge, some patients have an aversion to “traditional” psychotherapy as well as to pharmacotherapy, and may find alternative approaches more appealing. Younger individuals in particular may be attracted to virtual reality-based therapies.

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31

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Principles of chemotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0005.

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Principles of radiation oncology outlines the physical and biological effects of ionising radiation, and its use in clinical oncology. Radiobiology, examining the response of tissue to ionising radiation, is described with regards to normal and malignant tissues. The effect of fractionation, the delivery of radiotherapy in a series of repeated exposures, is examined. The damaging effects on normal tissues are considered, particularly nonreversible late effects including carcinogenesis. Therapeutic exposure to ionising radiation is contrasted between radical and palliative radiotherapy. The physical properties of ionising radiation beams are described for superficial x-rays, megavoltage x-rays, and electrons. The process of treatment planning is summarised through beam dosimetry, target and critical organ outlining, dose planning, treatment verification, prescription and delivery. Computerised tomography is used for outlining and for verification, using cone beam CT. 0ther methods for image guided radiotherapy include fiducial markers. Increasingly intensity modulated radiotherapy is proving beneficial in reducing normal tissue damage during radical treatment. Stereotactic radiotherapy is used in the radical treatment of small unresectable malignancies. The clinical use of electron therapy, brachytherapy and intraoperative radiotherapy is described. Nuclear medicine uses unsealed radionuclides in imaging primary malignancies and their metastases, and in targeted radiotherapy. Examples include PET scanning, bone scanning, and radio iodine therapy. Whole body irradiation is used to improve outcomes after high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell or bone marrow transplantation.

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32

Hainline, Brian, Lindsey J. Gurin, and Daniel M. Torres. Concussion. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190937447.001.0001.

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Concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury, is common, and occurs both in sport and as a result of falls or accidents. Concussion has become an increasingly recognized public health concern, largely driven by prominent media coverage of athletes who have sustained concussion. Although much has been written about this condition, its natural history is still not well understood, and practitioners are only now beginning to recognize that concussion often manifests in different clinical domains. These may require targeted treatment in and of themselves; otherwise, persistent post-concussive symptoms may develop. Although most individuals who sustain a concussion recover, and although concussion is a treatable condition, it is important that concussion be managed early and comprehensively to avoid a more prolonged clinical trajectory. A relatively recent term often used in the setting of concussion is repetitive head impact exposure—a biomechanical force applied to the head that does not generate a clinical manifestation of concussion, but may result in structural brain changes. Although it is often assumed that repetitive head impact exposure leads to long-term neurological sequelae, the science to document this assumption is in its infancy. Repeated concussions may lead to depression or cognitive impairment later in life, and there is an emerging literature that repeated concussion and repetitive head impact exposure are associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy or other neurodegenerative diseases. Currently there is no known causal connection between concussion, repetitive head impact exposure, and neurodegeneration, although this research is also still in its infancy.

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33

Olds, David D., and Fredric N. Busch. Psychotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0017.

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The psychoanalytic psychotherapies, which include brief psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy, transference focused psychotherapy, mentalization based treatment, and panic focused psychodynamic psychotherapy, are based on the underlying theory that symptoms stem from unconscious traumatic memories or conflicts about sexual and aggressive wishes as well as maladaptive or self-destructive behavior patterns that are unconsciously repeated. The cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies, which include cognitive-behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy, are based on the assumption that symptoms arise from maladaptive patterns of cognition and behavior that are learned via behavioral conditioning. Interpersonal psychotherapy, family therapy, and group therapy can be regarded as multiple-person therapies that view symptoms as arising from problems in relations between and among people. Crisis intervention and other supportive psychotherapies provide patients with advice and education to enhance coping skills and ego functions.

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34

Hull, Manav. Birthday Gifts : Eat Sleep Root Canal Treatment Repeat Endodontics Pretty: Root Canal Treatment, Best Gift for Women, Mom, Wife, Birthday Anniversary Valentines Day Mothers Day,to-Do List. Independently Published, 2021.

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35

Mesotten, Dieter, and Sophie Van Cromphaut. Management of diabetic emergencies in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0260.

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The three major diabetic emergencies comprise diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), and prolonged hypoglycaemia. These complications are preventable, treatable, and rather infrequently lead to prolonged intensive care (ICU) admission. Hyperglycaemic crises, whether DKA in type 1 diabetics, or HHS in type 2 diabetics, are characterized by moderate to severe hypovolaemia, electrolyte disturbances and a potentially life-threatening trigger. Hence, airway–breathing–circulation securement, diagnosis, and treatment of the underlying condition, as well as fluid resuscitation are the cornerstones of the acute management of DKA and HHS. Currently, a continuous, low (physiological) dose insulin scheme intravenously with omission of the priming bolus is advocated to avoid hypoglycaemia. An evidence-based treatment protocol, and reliable blood glucose and electrolyte measurements are compulsory to safely manage these crises until resolution of ketoacidosis or the hyperosmolar state. Profound hypoglycaemia should be suspected in every coma patient with an indistinct history or on a known regimen of insulin or sulphonylurea/meglitinide. This condition warrants immediate and sufficiently long administration of glucose orally or intravenously, as well as repeated monitoring of blood glucose levels. Alternatively, the counter-regulatory hormone glucagon may be injected intramuscularly in the emergency setting.

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36

Sakauye, Kenneth, and James E. Nininger. Trauma in Late Life. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0009.

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This chapter focuses on the prevalence of trauma exposure and posttraumatic problems in the elderly and reviews information on resilience and suggested treatment approaches. While posttraumatic stress disorder in the elderly has been studied, less is known about other common trauma- and stressor-related disorders including adjustment disorder, acute stress disorder, and traumatic grief. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) defines trauma as “exposure or actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.” It must be directly experienced, witnessed, or occur to a family member or friend, or it could be a repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of a traumatic event. No event is always traumatic, and, conversely, even a seemingly mild negative event can be traumatic to some individuals. Two presumed variables are (a) appraisal of the situation (whether a person feels in control) and (b) individual biological differences in responsiveness.

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37

Harvey, Michelle Keese, and Ihab Ayad. Cleft Palate, Cleft Lip, and Pierre Robin Sequence. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0020.

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Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is characterized by micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction. Often associated with cleft palate, PRS is usually an isolated finding but is associated with a syndrome one-third of the time. The micrognathia and glossoptosis lead to airway obstruction, respiratory compromise, and feeding difficulties. Severe cases and prolonged and repeated airway obstruction and respiratory distress can lead to failure to thrive, hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac arrest, and death. Treatment options for the management of airway obstruction in PRS depends on the degree of obstruction and any associated comorbidities and range from noninvasive respiratory support to surgical correction of the physical defect. Patients with PRS should be considered as challenging to ventilate and intubate, and the practitioner should be well prepared for the possibility of difficulty with airway management. Anesthetic management is tailored to minimize postoperative upper airway obstruction and avoid disruption of the integrity of the surgical repair.

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Beninger, Richard J. Drug abuse and incentive learning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0010.

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Drug abuse and incentive learning explains how abused drugs, including nicotine, ethanol, marijuana, amphetamine, cocaine, morphine, and heroin, produce conditioned place preference and are self-administered; dopamine receptor antagonists block these effects. Stimuli that become reliable predictors of drug reward produce burst firing in dopaminergic neurons, but the drug retains its ability to activate dopaminergic neurons. Thus, repeated drug users experience two activations of dopaminergic neurotransmission, one upon exposure to the conditioned stimuli signaling the drug and another upon taking the drug. This may lead to long-term neurobiological changes that contribute to withdrawal and addiction. Withdrawal can be remediated by abstinence but this does not reduce the conditioned incentive value of cues associated with drug taking; those cues can lead to relapse. Effective treatment will include detoxification and systematic exposure to drug taking-associated conditioned incentive stimuli in the absence of drug so that those stimuli lose their ability to control responses.

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39

Garner, Justin, and David Treacher. Intensive care unit and ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199657742.003.0009.

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Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are characterized by rapidly developing hypoxaemic respiratory failure and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray. ALI/ARDS are a relatively frequent diagnosis in protracted-stay patients in the intensive care unit. The pathology is a non-specific response to a wide variety of insults. Impaired gas exchange, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and reduced compliance ensue. Mechanical ventilation is the mainstay of management, along with treatment of the underlying cause. Mortality remains very high at around 40%. The condition is challenging to treat. Injury to the lungs, indistinguishable from that of ARDS, has been attributed to the use of excessive tidal volumes, pressures, and repeated opening and collapsing of alveoli. Lung-protective strategies aim to minimize the effects of ventilator-induced lung injury. Use of low tidal volume ventilation has been shown to improve mortality. Emerging ventilatory therapies include high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

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40

Barros, Sulivan Charles. A cidade convida para caminhar?: Mobilidade urbana e acessibilidade na área central de Brasília – o setor comercial Sul. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-250-6.

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From the urban point of view, walkability is the mode of transport where the highest level of contact with the urban environment occurs and provides the most intense exchange between its agents. For this reason, it produces the greatest interaction with city life, promoting an almost organic relationship. Thus, primarily the walk of so repeated and automated is little reflected as an act in itself and can be held responsible for the reduced importance given to it in the treatment of urban space in Brazilian cities. And this occurs both in its understanding as a circulation system, as in its planning and formal spatial repercussion, responsible for generating an outline of urban design. Thus, commuting on foot, along with those who practice it, are systematically relegated by urban technology to a secondary level, where the understanding that adequate treatment of sidewalks and crossings predominates constitutes a kind of urban privilege, a luxury wasted on a second-class user. In this context, the research sought to understand the quality of the walkability and accessibility environment in the central region ofBrasília - the Southern Commercial Sector (SCS), considering the microscale (or street scale), as well as a survey of the physical system for accessibility : public facilities / urban barriers, urban furniture, sidewalks and shelters.

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41

Wilson, John W., and Lynn L. Estes. Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0134.

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• Obtain confirmatory human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing by rapid test or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); optimally repeat HIV viral load (VL) and CD4 T-cell (CD4) count 2 times before initiation of therapy; a substantial change in CD4 count is generally >30%• Perform VL immediately before treatment initiation (or change in therapy) and again 2–8 weeks later; for the latter, the optimal decrease would be at least 1 log...

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42

Boyd, Barbara Weiden. Homeric Desires. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680046.003.0009.

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Chapter 8 is devoted to Ovid’s two extended treatments of the Homeric Loves of Venus and Mars, found for the first time in Odyssey Book 8. The importance of repetition and formulaic compositional technique is central to the discussion, as Ovid repeats the Homeric tale in two very different settings and contexts. In Ars amatoria Book 2, the tale has an ostensibly didactic function that challenges Augustan mores, especially through its innovative portrayal of the consequences for Vulcan. In Metamorphoses Book 4, on the other hand, it contributes to a complex layering of inset stories that foreground Ovid’s desire to innovate upon Homeric narrative tradition.

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43

Sprich, Susan, and Steven A. Safren. Overcoming ADHD in Adolescence. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190854485.001.0001.

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This Client Workbook is an accompaniment to the Therapist Guide, Overcoming ADHD in Adolescence: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach. The treatment and manuals are designed for clients to complete with the help of a therapist who is familiar with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and/or other structured therapeutic approaches. The program is designed to help adolescent clients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) learn skills to help them cope with their ADHD symptoms. Core modules on organizing and planning, reducing distractibility, and adaptive thinking are included, as is an optional module on reducing procrastination. The emphasis is primarily on teaching the adolescent how to learn skills to combat ADHD and function independently. Information is provided regarding how to include parents in the treatment: inviting a parent or parents in at the end of sessions, including parents in goal setting in joint sessions with the adolescent, and optional coaching sessions without the adolescent present. The guide concludes with a discussion of how to help clients maintain the gains that they have made in treatment. The client workbook and therapist guide include a discussion of how to incorporate technology into the treatment and a “signposts of change” section in each chapter. The manuals include many worksheets and forms, as well as a link to an assessment measure that can be used repeatedly to gauge progress in treatment.

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44

Sprich, Susan, and Steven A. Safren. Overcoming ADHD in Adolescence. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190854522.001.0001.

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This Therapist Guide is accompanied by a Client Workbook entitled, Overcoming ADHD in Adolescence: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach. The treatment and manuals are designed for clients to complete with the help of a therapist who is familiar with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and/or structured therapeutic approaches. The program is designed to help adolescent clients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) learn skills to help them cope with their ADHD symptoms. Core modules on organizing and planning, reducing distractibility, and adaptive thinking are included, as is an optional module on reducing procrastination. The emphasis is primarily on teaching the adolescent how to learn skills to combat ADHD and function independently. Information is provided regarding how to include parents in the treatment: inviting a parent or parents in at the end of sessions, including parents in goal setting in joint sessions with the adolescent, and optional coaching sessions without the adolescent present. The guide concludes with a discussion of how to help the client maintain the gains that they have made in treatment. The Client Workbook and Therapist Guide include a discussion of how to incorporate technology into the treatment and “signposts of change” sections in each chapter. The manuals include many worksheets and forms as well as a link to an assessment measure that can be used repeatedly to gauge progress in treatment.

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45

Büch, Martin-Peter, Wolfgang Maennig, and Hans-Jürgen Schulke, eds. Sportfinanzierung – Spannungen zwischen Markt und Staat. Hamburg University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/hup.hwwi.2.70.

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On the one hand, sport like any other activity in society is burdened with public taxes, and on the other hand, in comparison to similar activities, is tax-free and even publicly supported. This ambivalence of tax treatment of sport has repeatedly raised questions about the public financing of sport: To what extent are services provided by the public sector justified, and to what extent do sporting events trigger taxation? This volume, edited by Hans-Peter Büch, Wolfgang Maennig and Hans-Jürgen Schulke, attempts to answer selected questions on this problem from a scientific and sports-political point of view under the motto "Science meets Practice".

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46

Ben-Herut, Gil. The King’s Fleeting Authority and His Menacing Vaiṣṇava Brahmins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878849.003.0006.

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Chapter 5 deals with interactions between devotees and the political other, such as kings and Brahmin ministers at kings’ courts, and locates a complex message in Harihara’s treatment of the court as a worldly and ethically corrupting arena but also a useful power center for the betterment of the society of devotees. In Ragaḷegaḷu stories that involve the court, the role of the opponent other is always taken up by Vaiṣṇava Brahmins, who are repeatedly depicted as corrupt and devious. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the possible social conditions that might have enabled Harihara to freely express his basically anti-court stance.

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47

Himmelfarb, Jonathan. Haemodialysis. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0255.

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This chapter provides an overview of haemodialysis, a medical procedure where the blood volume circulates extracorporeally through a dialysis membrane and is returned to the patient via the vasculature, during which time there is diffusion of molecules in solution along an electrochemical concentration gradient. In clinical haemodialysis, the semipermeable dialysis membrane separates the blood from a solution of prescribed electrolyte composition known as the dialysate. The use of long-term dialysis for treatment of irreversible kidney failure and amelioration of the uraemic syndrome dates back to the 1960s, when Belding Scribner and colleagues developed a repeatedly usable vascular access device using Teflon-coated plastic tubes. These and many other pioneering advances led to early successes in carefully selected populations of predominantly young, relatively fit patients with kidney failure. This in turn prompted a dramatic expansion of the use of haemodialysis as a life-sustaining treatment, and today haemodialysis is the most frequently used treatment for end-stage kidney disease in the United States, Europe, and worldwide. The expanded use of haemodialysis as kidney replacement therapy transformed the profession of nephrology and the care of people living with severe kidney disease, and also created a new field of medical science, which has been referred to as ‘the physiology of the artificial kidney’.

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48

Huffman, Alessandro. Prayer Journal Eat Sleep Root Canal Treatment Repeat Endodontics Quote: Christian Planner, Bible Study Tools,for Women, Daily Prayer Journal, Faith Based Gifts. Independently Published, 2021.

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49

Francis, Sorcha. Mom Gift : Eat Sleep Root Canal Treatment Repeat Endodontics Pretty: Root Canal Treatment, Unique Birthday Christmas Mothers Day Gift for Mom, New Mom, Wife, Women, Her - Novelty Present from Daughter, Son, Husband, Kids,Home Budget. Independently Published, 2021.

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50

Wright, Richard. The role of policy in preventing sexual violence. Edited by Teela Sanders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213633.013.17.

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This essay focuses on the role of law and policy in sexual assault and offending. Comparing and contrasting U.S., Canadian, and European policy approaches, the review examines how various governments have prioritized their legal approaches to sexual offending prevention and response. These responses have included broad-based conviction-focused schemes, narrowly focused laws centered on high-risk repeat offenders, and prioritization with stranger-based assault. There has been great variance in terms of the emphasis placed on treatment and public notification. The essay analyses how these nations have learned from each other and how their sex offending policies have evolved, if and how they reflect the science of sexual offending and risk, and which demonstrate the most promise for sexual assault reduction with the fewest unintended consequences.

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