Статті в журналах: "RENEWABLE LUBRICANT"

1

Ahmed, Diyar I., S. Kasolang, M. A. Abu Bakar, and Mohammad H. Yousif. "Alternative Lubricant Based on Renewable Resources for Industrial Applications." Advanced Materials Research 894 (February 2014): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.894.275.

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Bio-lubricants are often touted as a solution but the geographical necessities of cultivation can restrict their practicality as an absolute substitute to petroleum-based lubricants. The development of a novel environmentally-friendly bio-lubricant is the primary focus of this paper. The physico-chemical properties of the bio-lubricant were analyzed using multiple standards tribometers. This study provided sufficient data to conform an ISO VG 68 hydraulic industrial lubricant by blending 52.70 % (wt) soybean oil, 40.55 % (wt) mineral oil, and 6.75 (%) additive packages. This formulated blend as green alternative for machine lubrications will be significant in reducing perilous environmental pollution and depletion of natural resources. Moreover, it can contribute to reduce the global demand of petroleum based lubricant substantially.

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2

Zheng, Fa Zheng, Shan Dan Zhou, Feng Xie, Xin Nian Li, and Yu Meng Yu. "Analysis on Lubricating and Viscosity-Temperature Characteristics of the Vegetable Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 1451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.1451.

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The reduction of oil reserves will cause the exhaustion of mineral oil. Therefore, the development of new lubricants that can replace oil-based lubricants has become the trend of the lubricant. The vegetable lubricant is excellently biodegradable, non-toxic, and renewable, meanwhile, it will not be impacted by the crisis of oil resources, and the development of new lubricants will surely become the important way to replace the mineral oil-based lubricants. The article Analysis the lubricating and viscosity-temperature characteristics of 15 lubricants, and a comparison with those properties of the mineral oil-based lubricants are performed.

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3

Hassan, Mohammed, Farid Nasir Ani, and Samion Syahrullail. "The Tribological Characteristics of RBD Palm Olein with Jatropha Oil Blend Using Four-Ball Tribotester with Different Normal Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.499.

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Vegetable oils are bio-fluids that could replace petroleum-based products due to its environment friendly characteristics and becoming an important source of bio-lubricants. The great advantage of vegetable oils is that they are widely available, renewable source of bio-lubricants. Moreover, vegetable oil based lubricant have shown the potential to reduce carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emissions when operated in engines. There are two ways to use vegetable oil as a bio-lubricant, either use directly the neat vegetable oil without any additives or use with certain blending ratio of the vegetable oil with mineral lubricant. In this paper, the influences of the normal load on the tribological characteristics for the blending of two types of vegetable oils were investigated and compared with commercial lubricant oil by the use of the four ball tribotester. The vegetable blends are RBD palm olein and Jatropha oil ratio of RBD40/J60. All experimental works were conforming to ASTM D4172. The results exhibited that the both blending of RBD palm olein and Jatropha oil has lower the wear scar of ball bearings and coefficient of friction compared to commercial lubricant oil. As a conclusion, the blending of RBD palm olein and Jatropha oil has better performance compared to commercial lubricant oil or neat RBD palm olein.

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4

Kreivaitis, Raimondas, Milda Gumbytė, Artūras Kupčinskas, Jolanta Treinytė, and Eglė Sendžikienė. "Synthesis and Tribological Properties of Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium Erucate as a Potential Environmentally Friendly Lubricant and Lubricant Additive." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 7, 2023): 3401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063401.

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Recently, environmentally friendly lubricants and their additives have been of great interest. Using such lubricants can provide a few benefits, namely: nontoxicity and biodegradability when exposed to groundwater or soil. Moreover, renewable raw materials could be used to produce these lubricants. This study aims to synthesize bis (2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium erucate protic ionic liquid containing a renewable counterpart-erucic acid. The synthesis of bis (2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium erucate, its physical properties, solubility in the base lubricating fluid, and tribological properties were evaluated. The study shows that even though the investigated protic ionic liquid is liquid at room temperature, it has a very high kinematic viscosity, which drops when the temperature increases. Bis (2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium erucate can be dissolved in water up to 3 wt%. It also has excellent lubricity when used as a neat lubricant and could be successfully applied as a lubricity-enhancing additive in water.

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5

Gahir, Gurmeet Singh, and Surendrapal Singh Matharu. "Characterization of Non-Edible Oil for Development of Stable Industrial Lubricant." E3S Web of Conferences 405 (2023): 04045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340504045.

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Lubricant derived from Mineral oil are not renewable, detrimental to health, and fluctuating in price. As a result, vegetable based oils are regarded as best substitute of mineral oil in the manufacturing of lubricants. It has become vital to do analysis on the application of unconsumable oils for stable industry lubricant development. In this work, the characteristic investigation of lubricant derived from vegetable which are not edible (ex-Jatropha) that can be used for industrial application is analysed. The oil was analysed and changed to make it suitable for development as lubricants for industrial uses. As a control, a mineral based oil that is commercially available as lubricant (SAE 20/W50) was employed. Jatropha oil was modified to improve viscosity while modification has also reduced the viscosity index in parallel. Jatropha oil, contrasting any other vegetable oils, has outstanding cold-flow capabilities, and mitigation of the oils has further improved oil’s cold-flow properties. The pH exhibited by modified Jatropha oil is in the alkaline scale, a high viscosity index. Thus, both modified and unmodified (Esterified) Jatropha oil have been proven to be appropriate for industry usage in low-temperature networks. The modified Jatropha oil was discovered to be an environmentally safe substitute of the oil that are mineral based lubricant (SAE 20/W50) to be used in 2- stroke engines, metal shaping, and gear lubrication in the food treating industry.

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6

Jabal, Mohammed H., Muhannad Z. Khlefia, and Abdulmunem R. Abdulmunem. "T RIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF MUSTARD SEEDS OIL UNDER DIFFERENT LOADS USING PIN-ON-DISK TRIBOTESTER." IRAQI JOURNAL FOR MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING 18, no. 4 (January 6, 2019): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32852/iqjfmme.v18i4.234.

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Vegetable oil has been investigated to displace products which are derived frompetroleum because of its environmentally-safe properties and has become a vital source forbio-lubricants. Vegetable oil availability as one of the renewable sources is one of theusefulness of it. Additionally, the vegetable oils based lubricant has indicated the potentialsfor reducing carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emission while operating in internalcombustion engines and in industrial processes. In this study, the mustard seeds oil wasinvestigated to study its lubricant characteristics under different loads while comparing itwith commercial lubricant using a pin-on-disk tribometer. The whole experiential workswere corresponding to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM G99).Under lowload, the results exhibit that the mustard seeds oil shows adequate tribological characteristicscompared to other petroleum oil samples. In conclusion, the mustard seeds oil has a betterwear and friction resistance. Therefore, mustard seeds oil can be used for lubrication ofmating components.

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7

Wagner, Helena, Rolf Luther, and Theo Mang. "Lubricant base fluids based on renewable raw materials." Applied Catalysis A: General 221, no. 1-2 (November 2001): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(01)00891-2.

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8

Balakrishnan, Madhesan, Eric R. Sacia, Sanil Sreekumar, Gorkem Gunbas, Amit A. Gokhale, Corinne D. Scown, F. Dean Toste, and Alexis T. Bell. "Novel pathways for fuels and lubricants from biomass optimized using life-cycle greenhouse gas assessment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 25 (June 8, 2015): 7645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508274112.

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Decarbonizing the transportation sector is critical to achieving global climate change mitigation. Although biofuels will play an important role in conventional gasoline and diesel applications, bioderived solutions are particularly important in jet fuels and lubricants, for which no other viable renewable alternatives exist. Producing compounds for jet fuel and lubricant base oil applications often requires upgrading fermentation products, such as alcohols and ketones, to reach the appropriate molecular-weight range. Ketones possess both electrophilic and nucleophilic functionality, which allows them to be used as building blocks similar to alkenes and aromatics in a petroleum refining complex. Here, we develop a method for selectively upgrading biomass-derived alkyl methyl ketones with >95% yields into trimer condensates, which can then be hydrodeoxygenated in near-quantitative yields to give a new class of cycloalkane compounds. The basic chemistry developed here can be tailored for aviation fuels as well as lubricants by changing the production strategy. We also demonstrate that a sugarcane biorefinery could use natural synergies between various routes to produce a mixture of lubricant base oils and jet fuels that achieve net life-cycle greenhouse gas savings of up to 80%.

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9

Hassan, Mehmood Ul, Muhammad Usman, Rehmat Bashir, Asad Naeem Shah, Muhammad Ali Ijaz Malik, M. A. Mujtaba, Samah Elsayed Elkhatib, and Md Abul Kalam. "Tribological Analysis of Molybdenum Disulfide (MOS2) Additivated in the Castor and Mineral Oil Used in Diesel Engine." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 10485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710485.

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The lubrication phenomenon is used to reduce friction and wear between two rubbed surfaces, such as in engine and cutting processes. Different oils such as mineral oil and synthetic lubricant are being used for this purpose. With the passage of time, the demand of energy will get higher and natural resources and mineral lubricants will be diminished. Furthermore, biodegradation of mineral oil is too slow, and it remains on the surface of earth for a long period of time, creating atmospheric pollution. To overcome this problem, bio lubricants are being used to reduce wear and friction due to their high biodegradability. In order to increase the lubrication capacity of castor oil, a 1 wt. % concentration of MoS2 nanoparticles was added to the base oil. Moreover, to stabilize the additives, 2 wt. % gum arabic and 1 wt. % Oleic acid (OA) were also added. Then, multiple tests, such as of physicochemical properties, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) of synthetic lubricant and conventional lubricant, were carried out before and after the operational running of 100 h on the diesel engine for each lubricant at 75% throttle, 2200 rpm, and 50% of total load. The results show that the behavior of newly prepared MoS2-based synthetic lubricant possessed higher characteristics in some physicochemical properties and was marginally lacking in other properties compared to shell lubricant. The flash point and specific gravity of synthetic lubricant were decreased compared to shell oil, with relative decreases of 0.27% and 1.15%, respectively. Ash and kinematic viscosity of 40 °C had a relative increase of 4.17% and 1.61%, respectively, and at a kinematic viscosity of 100 °C, the pour points and total base number (TBN) were relatively increased at 1.09%, 6.02%, and 1.38%, respectively, with respect to the properties of the shell lubricant. Moreover, this analysis evaluated that the reduction of wear and tear in synthetic lubricant regarding chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) was decreased by 21.12%, 3.39%, and 0.96%, respectively, but in the case of aluminum (Al) the wear and tear was marginally increased, at 1.17%, compared to shell lubricant. In the case of calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn), the concentration was decreased by 3.59% and 17.41%, respectively. The FTIR analysis shows that all the peaks of the synthetic lubricant and shell lubricant were overlapping each other in the first three regions of the mid-IR spectra from 4000 to 1500 cm−1 and had the same functional groups—hydroxyl stretch (O-H), alkanes (C-H), carbonyls (C=O), aromatic amines (C-N), and alkyl halides (C-Br)—which were attached but fluctuating in the fingerprint region. The results show that shell lubricant can be replaced with MoS2-based synthetic lubricant because the latter has superior friction reduction and load-bearing capability and can compete favorably with commercial shell oil in wear protection when additivated with MoS2-based nanoparticles, and hence can be a good alternative for diesel engine oil.

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10

Liu, Sibao, Tyler R. Josephson, Abhay Athaley, Qile P. Chen, Angela Norton, Marianthi Ierapetritou, J. Ilja Siepmann, Basudeb Saha, and Dionisios G. Vlachos. "Renewable lubricants with tailored molecular architecture." Science Advances 5, no. 2 (February 2019): eaav5487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav5487.

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We present a strategy to synthesize three types of renewable lubricant base oils with up to 90% yield using 2-alkylfurans, derived from nonfood biomass, and aldehydes, produced from natural oils or biomass through three chemistries: hydroxyalkylation/alkylation (HAA), HAA followed by hydrogenation, and HAA followed by hydrodeoxygenation. These molecules consist of (i) furan rings, (ii) saturated furan rings, and (iii) deoxygenated branched alkanes. The structures of these molecules can be tailored in terms of carbon number, branching length, distance between branches, and functional groups. The site-specific, energy-efficient C–C coupling chemistry in oxygenated biomass compounds, unmatched in current refineries, provides tailored structure and tunable properties. Molecular simulation demonstrates the ability to predict properties in agreement with experiments, proving the potential for molecular design.

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11

Golshokouh, Iman, Samion Syahrullail, Shahab Shariatmadari, and Farid Nasir Ani. "Investigate Jatropha Oil as New Source of Lubricant Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.201.

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This research investigated the physical properties of Jatropha oil to determine its viability as a clean and renewable source of lubricant oil. The study was performed using a four-ball tribotester, CCD camera, digital microscope and viscosity meter. The experiment was conducted using different temperatures (55, 75 and 105°C). The experiment was conducted of constant parameters as speed; load and time under the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), number D 4172.The data included the evaluation of anti-wear, anti-friction and viscosity of Jatropha oil. To evaluate lubricant ability all results of this research were compared to findings regarding hydraulic oil as a mineral oil-based lubricant. The results showed that, under various temperatures Jatropha oil had better lubricant ability compared to hydraulic mineral oil.

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12

Gu, Mengyuan, Qineng Xia, Xiaohui Liu, Yong Guo, and Yanqin Wang. "Synthesis of Renewable Lubricant Alkanes from Biomass-Derived Platform Chemicals." ChemSusChem 10, no. 20 (September 27, 2017): 4102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201701200.

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13

Omrani, Emad, Arpith Siddaiah, Afsaneh Dorri Moghadam, Uma Garg, Pradeep Rohatgi, and Pradeep L. Menezes. "Ball Milled Graphene Nano Additives for Enhancing Sliding Contact in Vegetable Oil." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030610.

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Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) as an oil nano additive has gained importance to enhance the lubrication properties of renewable lubricants, such as vegetable oils. Using appropriately processed GNPs is necessary to gain the required tribological advantage. The present study investigated ball-milled GNPs, to understand the effect of GNPs concentration, and applied load on tribological behavior. Pin-on-disk tests were employed, to investigate the tribological performance of the nano-additive oil-based lubricant in the boundary lubrication regime. In order gain an understanding of the lubrication mechanism, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Raman Spectroscopy were performed for characterization. The study found that there is a critical concentration of GNPs, below and above which a reduced wear rate is not sustained. It is found that the tribological enhancements at the optimum concentration of GNP in boundary lubrication condition are a result of reduced direct metal–metal contact area at the interface. This phenomenon, along with the reduced shear strength of the ball-milled GNPs, is indicated to reduce the formation of asperity junctions at the interface and enhance tribological properties of the nano-additive oil-based lubricant.

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14

Vafaei, Seyedmohammad, Dennis Fischer, Max Jopen, Georg Jacobs, Florian König, and Ralf Weberskirch. "Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Lubricating Greases Composed of Different Bio-Based Polymer Thickeners." Lubricants 9, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9080080.

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One commonly used lubricant in rolling bearings is grease, which consists of base oil, thickener and small amounts of additives. Commercial greases are mostly produced from petrochemical base oil and thickener. Recently, the development of base oils from renewable resources have been significantly focused on in the lubricant industry. However, to produce an entirely bio-based grease, the thickener must also be produced from renewable materials. Therefore, this work presents the design and evaluation of three different bio-based polymer thickener systems. Tribological tests are performed to characterize lubrication properties of developed bio-based greases. The effect of thickener type on film thickness and friction behavior of the produced bio-based greases is evaluated on a ball-on-disc tribometer. Moreover, the results are compared to a commercial petrochemical grease chosen as benchmark.

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15

Liu, Sibao, Basudeb Saha, and Dionisios G. Vlachos. "Catalytic production of renewable lubricant base oils from bio-based 2-alkylfurans and enals." Green Chemistry 21, no. 13 (2019): 3606–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc01044k.

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Lubricant ranged alkanes of controlled branching and molecular size with excellent yields were synthesized by catalytic conjugate addition-hydroxylalkylation/alkylation (CA-HAA) of biomass derived 2-alkylfurans with enals followed by hydrodeoxygenation.

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16

Syahrullail, Samion, and Paiman Zulhanafi. "The Oxidation Effect of Palm Oil Based Lubricant Using Four – Ball Tribotester." Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (June 2014): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.281.

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Lubrications industry is widely expand throughout the years. Well established mineral oil based promised the highest demand all over the world. But as the environmental concern is debated at most of world conferences, people are thinking to find the alternative for mineral oil replacement due to its non-biodegradable behaviour. The best suited source that having quite a par characteristic with mineral oil is vegetable oil. Vegetable oil is well known with its super bio-degradable characteristic. The source is renewable and does not require huge cost as compared to mineral and synthetic oil in term of exploration, development, production and transportation. Palm oil based is best suited among the vegetable oil series because of its stability and sources around the world. The major issue of palm oil based lubricant is low oxidative stability as the lubricant is commonly used at very high temperature and long shelf life application. Therefore some modification of molecule structure is needed by adding selected anti-oxidant at certain ratios. Tertier-butyl-hydroquinone (TBHQ) is used as anti-oxidantin this study. The results showing that a sufficient concentration of anti-oxidantprovides better solution for the low oxidative stability issues raised in palm oil based lubricants. The TBHQ also showed good characteristic in protecting two mating surfaces in wear scar analysis.

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17

Gorla, Geethanjali, Sony M. Kour, Korlipara V. Padmaja, Mallampalli S. L. Karuna, and Rachapudi B. N. Prasad. "Novel Acyl Derivatives from Karanja Oil: Alternative Renewable Lubricant Base Stocks." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53, no. 21 (May 13, 2014): 8685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie5009986.

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18

Singh, Jeewan, Harvinder Singh, and Aneesh Goyal. "Influence of minimal quantity lubrication (MQL) technique in achining evolution: A review and applications." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 3, no. 4 (2015): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.341519.

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Metal working fluids (MWFs) are one of the types of lubricants, which are extensively used in machining operations. Most of the MWFs are mineral oil based fluids. Due to their advantages, the consumption of MWFs is increasing in machining industry. Mineral, synthetic and semi-synthetic MWFs involve in the ecological cycle with air, soil and water and their toxicity effects damages the ecosystem. Vegetable oil lubricants are potential substitutes for mineral oil not only because they are renewable raw materials but also because they are biodegradable and non-toxic. Currently, there is a wide-scale evaluation of the use of metal working fluids (MWFs) in machining. Industries are looking for ways to reduce the amount of lubricants in metal removing operations due to the ecological and economical aspects. By implementing near-dry machining or a minimal quantity of lubrication (MQL), MWFs consumption can be reduced. The MQL technique involves the application of a small quantity of lubricant dispensed to the tool–work piece interface by compressed air flow. This paper gives a review on the mechanical performance of minimum quantity lubrication compared to completely dry and flood lubrication for various machining operations.

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19

Fajardo, Carmen, Alba Blánquez, Gabriela Domínguez, Antonio Borrero-López, Concepción Valencia, Manuel Hernández, María Arias, and Juana Rodríguez. "Assessment of Sustainability of Bio Treated Lignocellulose-Based Oleogels." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020267.

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The development of biological strategies to obtain new high-added value biopolymers from lignocellulosic biomass is a current challenge for scientific community. This study evaluates the biodegradability and ecotoxicity of new formulated oleogels obtained from fermented agricultural residues with Streptomyces, previously reported to show improved rheological and tribological characteristics compared to commercial mineral lubricants. Both new oleogels exhibited higher biodegradation rates than the commercial grease. Classical ecotoxicological bioassays using eukaryotic organisms (Lactuca sativa, Caenorhabditis elegans) showed that the toxic impact of the produced bio-lubricants was almost negligible and comparable to the commercial grease for the target organisms. In addition, high throughput molecular techniques using emerging next-generation DNA-sequencing technologies (NGS) were applied to study the structural changes of lubricant-exposed microbial populations of a standard soil. Results obtained showed that disposal of biomass-based lubricants in the soil environment did not substantially modify the structure and phylogenetic composition of the microbiome. These findings point out the feasibility and sustainability, in terms of biodegradability and eco-safety, of the new bio-lubricants in comparison with commercial mineral greases. This technology entails a promising biological strategy to replace fossil and non-renewable raw materials as well as to obtain useful biopolymers from agricultural residues with potential for large-scale applications.

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Okokpujie, Imhade Princess, and Lagouge Kwanda Tartibu. "Performance Investigation of the Effects of Nano-Additive-Lubricants with Cutting Parameters on Material Removal Rate of AL8112 Alloy for Advanced Manufacturing Application." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 8406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158406.

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The implementation of nano-additives in machining fluid is significant for manufacturers to attain a sustainable manufacturing process. The material removal rate (MRR) is a significant process of transforming solid raw materials into specific shapes and sizes. This process has many challenges due to friction, vibration, chip discontinuity when machining aluminum alloy, which has led to poor accuracy and affected the fatigue life of the developed material. It is worth noting that aluminum 8112 alloy is currently being applied in most engineering applications due to its lightweight-to-strength ratio compared to some other metals. This research aims to compare the effects of copra oil-based-titanium dioxide (TiO2)- and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)-nano-lubricant with cutting parameter interactions by conducting a study on MRR for advanced machining of aluminum 8112 alloys. The biodegradable nano-additive-lubricants were developed using two-step preparation techniques. The study employed a quadratic rotatable central composite design (QRCCD) to carry out the interaction study of the five machining parameters in the three lubrication environments on MRR. The results show that the copra-based-TiO2 nano-lubricant increases the MRR by 7.5% and 16% than the MWCNTs and copra-oil-lubrication machining environments, respectively. In conclusion, the eco-friendly nano-additive-lubricant TiO2-Copra oil-based should be applied to manufacture machine parts for high entropy applications for sustainable production systems.

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21

Sapawe, Norzahir, Samion Syahrullail, and Farizudin Muhammad. "Evaluation of Palm Olein as Shaft Lubricant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.479.

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The demand and usage of vegetable oil utilization in lubricants for many applications increased prompting by continued growing environmental concerns. Today, vegetable oil attracts attention as biodegradable alternates for synthetic esters because they are cheaper and can be obtained from sources that are renewable. The main objectives of this experiment were to measure the friction force at various speeds and to observe the surface roughness before and after experiment. In this experiment, RBD palm olein as represented vegetable oil has been tested by compare the result with fully synthetic oil and mineral-based oil by using modified pin-on-disc machine. Pure RBD palm olein, recorded only 7.4% of increment of maximum friction force compared to results for mineral-based oil. Observation based on surface roughness show that RBD palm olein works as effective as fully synthetic and mineral-based oil since only 14.6% increment of overall surface roughness for the whole shaft. Therefore, the performance of vegetable oil which in this experiment is RBD palm olein, can be improve by adding additive so increase it properties such as can withstand at high load, high flash point parameter, small wear scar diameter, less oxidation rate, and coefficient of friction.

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22

Hu, Chenghong, Jia Ai, Lin Ma, Ping Wen, Mingjin Fan, Feng Zhou, and Weimin Liu. "Ester Oils Prepared from Fully Renewable Resources and Their Lubricant Base Oil Properties." ACS Omega 6, no. 25 (June 16, 2021): 16343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00808.

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23

Sakthinathan, Ganapathy, Raju Saravanan, and Chandrasekaran Uthirapathy. "Thermal characteristics of yttria stabilized zirconia nanolubricants." Thermal Science 16, no. 2 (2012): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1202481s.

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The transition from microparticles to nanoparticles can lead to a number of changes in its properties. The objective of this work is to analyze the thermal, tribological properties of yttria stabilized zirconia nanoparticles. Nanosized yttria stabilized zir conia particles were prepared by milling the yttria stabilized zirconia (10 ftm) in a planetary ball mill equipped with vials using tungsten carbide balls. After 40 hours milled the yttria stabilized zirconia nanoparticles of sizes ranging from 70-90 nm were obtained. The phase composition and morphologies of the assynthesized particles were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter, and the images of the same were obtained. From TG-DSC analysis it was confirmed that, the yttria stabilized zirconia nanoparticles were heat stable under different thermal conditions which is due to the addition of yttria to pure zirconia. Due to this property of yttria stabilized zirconia nanoparticles, it can be widely used in high transfer application such as lubricant additives. The heat transfer properties of automotive engine lubricants were determined by utilization of measured thermal conductivity, viscosity index, density, flash point, fire point and pour point revealed that lubricants with additive constituents have a significant effect on the resultant heat transfer characteristics of the lubricants.

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24

Do, Jeong-Mi, Seung-Woo Jo, Il-Sup Kim, Ho Na, Jae Hak Lee, Han Soon Kim, and Ho-Sung Yoon. "A Feasibility Study of Wastewater Treatment Using Domestic Microalgae and Analysis of Biomass for Potential Applications." Water 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112294.

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Water scarcity and emerging demands for renewable energy have increased concerns about energy security and advanced wastewater treatment, and microalgae have emerged as promising candidates to solve these problems. This study assesses the feasibility of microalgal wastewater treatment, and the utilization of the resulting microalgal biomass, as a renewable energy source. We cultured four selected microalgal species in filtered wastewater collected from the municipal treatment facility in Daegu, Republic of Korea. We measured nutrient consumption, growth rate, and physicochemical properties during cultivation, then analyzed the biomass for biochemical composition, ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, and biodiesel and lubricant properties, to estimate its potential applications. Desmodesmus sp. KNUA024 emerged as the most promising strain, removing 99.10% of ammonia nitrogen, 91.31% of total nitrogen, and 95.67% of total phosphate. Its biomass had a calorific value of 19.5 MJ kg−1, similar to terrestrial plants. α-linolenic acid was the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA; 54.83%). Due to its PUFA content, Desmodesmus sp. KNUA024 also had a high iodine value, indicating its potential for use as a bio-lubricant. Therefore, Desmodesmus sp. KNUA024 shows promise for wastewater treatment, energy, and industrial applications.

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Lara-Hernandez, G., J. C. Benavides-Parra, Alfredo Cruz-Orea, E. Contreras-Gallegos, C. Hernández-Aguilar, and Agustin Jose de Jesus Flores Cuautle. "Thermal characterization of castor oil as additive in lubricant oil using photothermal techniques." Superficies y Vacío 31, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47566/2018_syv31_1-010006.

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Over the last years extensively research has been carried out on full or partial substitution of supplies resources coming from renewable resources on traditionally non-renewable, in the case of the automobile sector there are progresses in bio-combustibles (biofuel) and synthetic oils coming from vegetable sources. There are strong efforts to find oil additives which can improve oils features in automobile industry, by adding vegetables oils to commercial lubricant oils, is expected to improve oil thermal stability. In the present research, different ratios of castor oil (ricinus comunis)-motor oil blends were obtained and their thermal properties were characterized by using the so-called Back and Front Photopyroelectric (BPPE/FPPE) techniques. Several oil-additives concentrations were measured and thermal diffusivities and effusivities as well as densities are reported, getting full thermal characterization for every concentration.

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Laraqi, Najib, Cyril Lamriben, Ali Hocine, Zsolt Peter, and Abderezak Hamouda. "Analytical modeling of the thermal behavior of a thin lubricant film under nonlinear conditions." Thermal Science 21, no. 1 Part A (2017): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160415242l.

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Lubrication is an important phenomenon in a wide field of industry such as automotive, aerospace, mechanical transmission systems and many others. The viscosity of fluid is a determining factor in the thermal behavior of lubricant and solid surfaces in friction. In practice the viscosity varies strongly as a function of local pressure and temperature. In this study we are interested in the effect of temperature on the viscosity and the thermal behavior of the lubricant. We solve the dynamic and energy equations under nonlinear conditions considering that the viscosity decreases following an exponential law of the temperature as it is known in the literature, ? = ?0 e-? (T-T0). The analytical solution is compared to a numerical modeling using a finite difference methods. The results show an excellent agreement. We analyse the effect of the viscosity coefficient, ?, on the velocity and the temperature in the thin lubricant film.

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27

Noor Armylisas, A. H., M. F. Siti Hazirah, S. K. Yeong, and A. H. Hazimah. "Modification of olefinic double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids and other vegetable oil derivatives via epoxidation: A review." Grasas y Aceites 68, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0684161.

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The highly strained ring in epoxides makes these compounds very versatile intermediates. Epoxidized vegetable oils are gaining a lot of attention as renewable and environmentally friendly feedstock with various industrial applications such as plasticizers, lubricant base oils, surfactants, etc. Numerous papers have been published on the development of the epoxidation methods and the number is still growing. This review reports the synthetic approaches and applications of epoxidized vegetable oils.

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Syahrullail, Samion, and Paiman Zulhanafi. "The Use of Tertiary-Butyl-Hydroquinone (TBHQ) in Minimizing Oxidation Effects on Palm Oil Based Lubricant Using Four Ball Tribotester." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.484.

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The extended uses of mineral oil based lubricant have continuously troubling the global environment issues. The remaining mineral oil resources also being the most debated issues in renewable energy conferences. Vegetable oils are still offering the highest possibility in replacing the mineral oil resources. This research is concerning on how to eliminate one of the disabilities found in palm oil based lubricant which is oxidation. Palm oil possessed unsaturated double bond in which susceptible to oxidation process. The simplest approach is to blend the palm oil based with anti – oxidant agent homogenously. This research was conducted using double fractionated palm oil (SPL) as lubricant and Tertiary-Butyl-Hydroquinone (TBHQ) as anti – oxidant agent to determine the tribology behavior including the coefficient of friction, wear scar diameter and the surface roughness profile. The experiment was also conducted using four-ball tribotester by following ASTM D4172B standard. Superior Mineral Engine Oil (EO) was used as comparison. The results found that SPL+TBHQ was able to reduce the coefficient of friction and provided lower surface roughness value. However it was unable to minimize the mean wear scar diameter compared to EO. The physical appearances of wear worn are also being observed in this research.

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Zuraidah Rasep, Muhammad Noor Afiq Witri Muhammad Yazid, Syahrullail Samion, and Nor Azwadi Che Sidik. "Potential of RBD Palm Oil as a Lubricant in Textured Journal Bearing using CFD with Consideration of Cavitation and Conjugate Heat Transfer." CFD Letters 14, no. 2 (March 2, 2022): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.14.2.98110.

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The revolution of tribology technology involved lubricant has driven researchers recently due to strict environmental policy. RBD palm oil has remarkable properties that can improve the performance of plain or textured journal bearings. At the same time, surface texture modification can improve journal bearing performance. The potential of RBD palm oil as an environmentally friendly lubricant in textured journal-bearing applications was investigated in this case study. ANSYS FLUENT was chosen as a method of analysis. The validation study was compared with experimental data to validate the correct approach with actual journal bearing. In addition, the cavitation model and conjugate heat transfer were considered in this case study. Results revealed that RBD Palm oil performed well when the surface texture was introduced at the divergent area as compared to convergent area and plain journal bearing. The suitable condition of textured journal bearing needs to be chosen correctly to optimize the maximum film pressure of journal bearing load and load-carrying capacity of journal bearing. The optimum condition of a textured journal bearing is when the rotational speed of the journal bearing is above 800 rpm, and the eccentricity ratio is above 0.3. In conclusion, combining the correct location of surface texture and the suitable parameter condition of journal bearing will make RBD palm oil perform well as a renewable source of lubricant in textured journal bearing applications.

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30

Gusain, Rashi, Amzad Khan, and Om P. Khatri. "Fatty acid-derived ionic liquids as renewable lubricant additives: Effect of chain length and unsaturation." Journal of Molecular Liquids 301 (March 2020): 112322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112322.

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31

Rodrigues, João Antunes, Alexandre Martins, Mateus Mendes, José Torres Farinha, Ricardo J. G. Mateus, and Antonio J. Marques Cardoso. "Automatic Risk Assessment for an Industrial Asset Using Unsupervised and Supervised Learning." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 9387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249387.

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Monitoring the condition of industrial equipment is fundamental to avoid failures and maximize uptime. The present work used supervised and unsupervised learning methods to create models for predicting the condition of an industrial machine. The main objective was to determine when the asset was either in its nominal operation or working outside this zone, thus being at risk of failure or sub-optimal operation. The results showed that it is possible to classify the machine state using artificial neural networks. K-means clustering and PCA methods showed that three states, chosen through the Elbow Method, cover almost all the variance of the data under study. Knowing the importance that the quality of the lubricants has in the functioning and classification of the state of machines, a lubricant classification algorithm was developed using Neural Networks. The lubricant classifier results were 98% accurate compared to human expert classifications. The main gap identified in the research is that the found classification works only carried out classifications of present, short-term, or mid-term failures. To close this gap, the work presented in this paper conducts a long-term classification.

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32

Nagy, Gábor Zoltán, Nikoletta Lázár, and Roland Nagy. "Investigation of Raw Materials for Sulfurized Vegetable Oil Based Lubricant Additives." Acta Materialia Transylvanica 5, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33924/amt-2022-02-07.

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Abstract Extreme Pressure (EP) additives are commonly used in lubricants to reduce wear and prevent seizures at high temperature and pressure. In terms of their mechanism, these build up a film on the surface with chemisorption. This film efficiently prevents metal-metal adhesion. Industrial statistics show that extreme pressure additives are mostly used in metalworking fluids, lubricating greases and engine oils. Sulfurized vegetable oils can be used as EP additives of lubricants. This type of EP additive is ashless, derived from renewable sources and have a lesser negative effect on the environment compared to those that are not derived from vegetable sources. To determine the appropriate vegetable oils to be used as the raw material of EP additives, the structure of triglycerides, cost-effectiveness and availability aspects must be considered. Results of experiments show that rapeseed oil and soybean oil best meet this criteria system.

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Wang, Daheng, Zhiguang Guo, and Weimin Liu. "Bioinspired Edible Lubricant-Infused Surface with Liquid Residue Reduction Properties." Research 2019 (October 10, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2019/1649427.

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Inspired by nature’s water-repellent plants, the superhydrophobic surface (SHS) and the lubricant-infused surface (LIS) possess potentials in various fields of application. In particular, the edible SHS and the edible LIS (ELIS) are suitable for the role of high-valued liquid food residue reduction. In this study, the ELIS was introduced through a facile spray method and direct lubricant infusion. Four types of ELISs were fabricated: carnauba wax with ethyl oleate infusion, carnauba wax with cooking oil infusion, beeswax with ethyl oleate infusion, and beeswax with cooking oil infusion. The carnauba wax-coated ELIS has better slipperiness, while the beeswax-coated ELIS has better transparency. The ethyl oleate-infused ELIS possesses ELIS to SHS transformable ability, and the cooking oil-infused ELIS also possesses better slipperiness and has the affordable advantage. Moreover, the material selection of ELIS is accessible, renewable, green, recyclable, and edible. The results illustrated that ELIS has advantages of long-term effectiveness and impact resistance over edible SHS and indicated that the ELIS can be facilitated for the manufacture of a multifunctional liquid residue reduction surface with food safety assurance.

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34

Wang, Simon S. "Microelectrode Arrays for Lubricant Studies." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 136, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 713–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2096715.

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35

de Araujo-Silva, Rafael, Ana Carolina Vieira, Roberto de Campos Giordano, Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente, and Paulo Waldir Tardioli. "Enzymatic Synthesis of Fatty Acid Isoamyl Monoesters from Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate: A Renewable and Ecofriendly Base Stock for Lubricant Industries." Molecules 27, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 2692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092692.

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In this study, soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD), a mixture of free fatty acids and acylglycerides, and isoamyl alcohol were evaluated as substrates in the synthesis of fatty acid isoamyl monoesters catalyzed by Eversa (a liquid formulation of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase). SODD and the products were characterized by the chemical and physical properties of lubricant base stocks. The optimal conditions to produce isoamyl fatty acid esters were determined by response surface methodology (RSM) using rotational central composite design (RCCD, 23 factorial + 6 axial points + 5 replications at the central point); they were 1 mol of fatty acids (based on the SODD saponifiable index) to 2.5 mol isoamyl alcohol, 45 °C, and 6 wt.% enzymes (enzyme mass/SODD mass). The effect of the water content of the reactional medium was also studied, with two conditions of molecular sieve ratio (molecular sieve mass/SODD mass) selected as 39 wt.% (almost anhydrous reaction medium) and 9 wt.%. Ester yields of around 50 wt.% and 70 wt.% were reached after 50 h reaction, respectively. The reaction products containing 43.7 wt.% and 55.2 wt.% FAIE exhibited viscosity indices of 175 and 163.8, pour points of −6 °C and −9 °C, flash points of 178 and 104 °C, and low oxidative stability, respectively. Their properties (mainly very high viscosity indices) make them suitable to be used as base stocks in lubricant formulation industries.

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36

Lindström, Katarina, Therese Sjöblom, Anders Persson, and Nawar Kadi. "Improving Mechanical Textile Recycling by Lubricant Pre-Treatment to Mitigate Length Loss of Fibers." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 20, 2020): 8706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208706.

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Although there has been some research on how to use short fibers from mechanically recycled textiles, little is known about how to preserve the length of recycled fibers, and thus maintain their properties. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a pre-treatment with lubricant could mitigate fiber length reduction from tearing. This could facilitate the spinning of a 100% recycled yarn. Additionally, this study set out to develop a new test method to assess the effect of lubricant loading. Inter-fiber cohesion was measured in a tensile tester on carded fiber webs. We used polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 aqueous solution as a lubricant to treat fibers and woven fabrics of cotton, polyester (PES), and cotton/polyester. Measurements of fiber length and percentage of unopened material showed the harshness and efficiency of the tearing process. Treatment with PEG 4000 decreased inter-fiber cohesion, reduced fiber length loss, and facilitated a more efficient tearing process, especially for PES. The study showed that treating fabric with PEG enabled rotor spinning of 100% recycled fibers. The inter-fiber cohesion test method suggested appropriate lubricant loadings, which were shown to mitigate tearing harshness and facilitate fabric disintegration in recycling.

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37

Sikdar, Soumya, Md Hafizur Rahman, and Pradeep L. Menezes. "Synergistic Study of Solid Lubricant Nano-Additives Incorporated in canola oil for Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Sustainability." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010290.

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In recent years, with the development of eco-friendly lubricants, different vegetable oils have been studied and found to improve the overall tribological performance compared to petroleum-based oils. Being one of the commonly used vegetable oils, canola oil has become popular due to its non-toxicity and low cost. However, this bio-lubricant lacks tribological performance compared to petroleum-based oils. To improve its performance, sustainable solid additives such as graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have recently gained the researcher’s attention. While incorporating nanomaterials in the oil as additives is a promising way to improve base oil’s performance, the excessive use of nanoparticles can introduce undesirable effects. This study investigated canola oil’s tribological performances with the addition of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 wt.% GNP and 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt.% hBN nanoparticles. The dynamic viscosities of these seven settings showed higher viscosity for GNP-incorporated oils compared to that with hBN. The boundary lubrication regime was targeted for the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear analyses during each pin on the disk test. It was observed that for the GNP, 1.5 wt.% provided the minimum COF (52% less than base oil), whereas, for the hBN, 1.0 wt.% provided the lowest (40% less than base oil) values. Based on these insights, three nano lubricant mixtures were formulated by incorporating both GNP and hBN settings in different ratios. These mixtures provided an optimum positive synergy by reducing 56% friction and 90% wear compared to the base oil. These percentage values were significantly more compared to both GNP and hBN based lubricants in their individual settings. These improvements in the mixture were due to a composite film formed which protected the interacting surfaces and also due to the polishing mechanisms. Therefore, incorporating both these nanoparticles in canola oil could reduce friction and wear and thus help in better energy conservation.

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38

Gusain, Rashi, Sanjana Dhingra, and Om P. Khatri. "Fatty-Acid-Constituted Halogen-Free Ionic Liquids as Renewable, Environmentally Friendly, and High-Performance Lubricant Additives." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, no. 4 (January 21, 2016): 856–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03347.

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39

Ranjbarzadeh, Ramin, and Raoudha Chaabane. "Experimental Study of Thermal Properties and Dynamic Viscosity of Graphene Oxide/Oil Nano-Lubricant." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 2886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102886.

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This experimental study was carried out based on the nanotechnology approach to enhance the efficacy of engine oil. Atomic and surface structures of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were investigated by using a field emission scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The nano lubricant was produced by using a two-step method. The stability of nano lubricant was analyzed through dynamic light scattering. Various properties such as thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, flash point, cloud point and freezing point were investigated and the results were compared with the base oil (Oil- SAE-50). The results show that the thermal conductivity of nano lubricant was improved compared to the base fluid. This increase was correlated with progressing temperature. The dynamic viscosity was increased by variations in the volume fraction and reached its highest value of 36% compared to the base oil. The cloud point and freezing point are critical factors for oils, especially in cold seasons, so the efficacy of nano lubricant was improved maximally by 13.3% and 12.9%, respectively, compared to the base oil. The flash point was enhanced by 8%, which remarkably enhances the usability of the oil. It is ultimately assumed that this nano lubricant to be applied as an efficient alternative in industrial systems.

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40

Vitiello, Rosa, Francesco Taddeo, Vincenzo Russo, Rosa Turco, Antonio Buonerba, Alfonso Grassi, Martino Di Serio, and Riccardo Tesser. "Production of Sustainable Biochemicals by Means of Esterification Reaction and Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts." ChemEngineering 5, no. 3 (August 7, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5030046.

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In recent years, the use of renewable raw materials for the production of chemicals has been the subject of different studies. In particular, the interest of the present study was the use of oleins, mixtures of free fatty acids (FFAs), and oleic acid to produce bio-based components for lubricants formulations and the investigation of the performance of a styrene-divinylbenzene acid resin (sPSB-SA) in the esterification reaction of fatty acids. This resin has shown good activity as a heterogeneous catalyst and high stability at elevated temperatures (180 °C). It was tested in the esterification reaction of oleic acid with 1,3-propanediol and of oleic acid with glycerol. In particular, the esterification reactions were performed in a steel stirred batch reactor and a PBR loop reactor. Tests were conducted varying the reaction conditions, such as alcohol type, temperature, reaction time, and catalysts, both homogeneous and heterogeneous ones. From the obtained results, acid resin (both in reticulated and not-reticulated form) showed high activity in esterification reaction of oleic acid with 1,3-propanediol and of oleic acid with glycerol and good resistance to the deactivation; thus, they can be considered promising candidates for future applications in continuous devices. Viscosity tests were performed, underlining the good properties of the obtained products as lubricant bases.

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Malinowska, Małgorzata. "The Full or Partial Replacement of Commercial Marine Engine Oil with Bio Oil, on the Example of Linseed Oil." Journal of KONES 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0066.

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Abstract The bio-oils are considered to sustainable, alternative and environmentally friendly source of lubricants compared to commercial engine oils, on the base a mineral, synthetic or semi-synthetic. They are obtained from natural raw material (vegetable or animal oils), which are renewable and non-toxic to humans, living organisms and environment. The vegetable oils called green oils, natural oils, bio-oils or natural esters. They can be obtained from plant seeds, that may be consumed – edible oils (for instance: rapeseed oil) or which cannot be consumed – inedible (for example: linseed oil). The conducted research into linseed oil and its different quantity additives (25% and 50%) to commercial marine mineral oil intended for a medium-speed 4-stroke, trunk marine engine (i.e. Marinol RG 1240). The flash point and dependence of viscosity and temperature were compared and assess. It has been proven that vegetable oils have a high ignition temperature and very small viscosity change in the range of temperatures presented, i.e. high viscosity index. According to the results, it can be recommended the addition of 25% linseed oil in the base lubricant is the relevant for lubricating a medium speed 4-stroke marine engine. The vegetable additives can improve a viscosity index a lube oil, and they will be positively affected environmental protection.

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42

Prasannakumar, Pranav, Sneha Edla, Ananthan D. Thampi, Muhammed Arif, and Rani Santhakumari. "A comparative study on the lubricant properties of chemically modified Calophyllum inophyllum oils for bio-lubricant applications." Journal of Cleaner Production 339 (March 2022): 130733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130733.

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43

Ijaz Malik, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Usman, Maaz Akhtar, Muhammad Farooq, Hafiz Muhammad Saleem Iqbal, Muneeb Irshad, and Muhammad Haris Shah. "Response surface methodology application on lubricant oil degradation, performance, and emissions in SI engine: A novel optimization of alcoholic fuel blends." Science Progress 106, no. 1 (January 2023): 003685042211483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504221148342.

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For evaluating the significance of renewable alternative fuels for optimized engine performance and lower emissions, methanol has been extensively utilized as a blend with gasoline in spark-ignition engines. However, rare attempts have been rendered to examine the consequence of methanol–gasoline fuel blends (M6, M12, and M18) on lubricant oil operating for a longer period in engines. The highest and least decrease of 9.62% and 6.68% in kinematic viscosity (KV) was observed for M0 and M18, respectively. However, the flash point (FP) of degraded lubricant oil for M6, M12, and M18 was 3%, 5%, and 7% higher than that of M0, respectively. Total acid number (TAN) and ash content of degraded lubricant oil for M18 were the highest among M0, M6, and M12. An inclusive optimization of engine performance, emissions, and lubricant oil properties has been made for various methanol–gasoline fuel blends at distinct operating conditions by employing the response surface methodology (RSM) technique. RSM-based optimization portrayed the composite desirability value of 0.73 for 2137.13 watt brake power (BP), 6.08 N-m torque, 0.37 kg/kwh brake-specific fuel consumption, 22.10% brake thermal efficiency, 4.02% carbon monoxide emission, 7.15% carbon dioxide emission, 134.12 ppm hydrocarbon emission, 517.02 ppm nitrogen oxides emission, 12.44 cst KV, 203.77°C FP, 2.23 mg/g KOH TAN, and 2.65%wt ash content as responses for fuel blend M8 at 3400 rpm and higher loading condition. RSM predicted results demonstrated significant compliance with empirical findings, with absolute percentage error (APE) below 5% for each response. However, the highest APE of 4.68% was obtained for FP owing to inefficient desirability as a consequence of manual testing. The least APE of 1.57% was obtained for torque because of the highest desirability. Overall, the RSM predicted results of the designed models are effective and viable. RSM technique was found to be effective for the optimization of the broader engine characteristics spectrum.

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44

Yan, Minglong, Chunhong Zhang, Rongrong Chen, Qi Liu, Jingyuan Liu, Jing Yu, Liangtian Gao, Gaohui Sun, and Jun Wang. "Fast self-replenishing slippery surfaces with a 3D fibrous porous network for the healing of surface properties." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 43 (2019): 24900–24907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08133j.

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45

Wang, Zubin, Liping Heng, and Lei Jiang. "Effect of lubricant viscosity on the self-healing properties and electrically driven sliding of droplets on anisotropic slippery surfaces." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 8 (2018): 3414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta10439a.

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46

Rajagukguk, J. R. "The analysis of quantitative methods for renewable fuel processes and lubricant of materials derived from plastic waste." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 106 (January 2018): 012107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012107.

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47

Guo, Yuexia, Ligang Zhang, Ga Zhang, Daoai Wang, Tingmei Wang, and Qihua Wang. "High lubricity and electrical responsiveness of solvent-free ionic SiO2 nanofluids." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 6 (2018): 2817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta09649f.

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48

Quaranta, Emanuele. "Lubricant Oil Consumption and Opportunities for Oil-Free Turbines in the Hydropower Sector: A European Assessment." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020834.

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Lubricant oil is used in hydropower units to minimize friction, improving the turbine efficiency and reducing the wear. However, oil production is a pollutant process, while eventual spills may affect water quality and damage freshwater ecosystems. In this study, the lubricant oil consumption of the European hydropower fleet was estimated (considering its installed capacity of 254 GW). The energy required to extract and process the oil was also estimated based on available literature data. The oil consumption was estimated to be 22 × 103 tons/year, and the associated CO2 emissions are 105 tons/year. The lubricant oil costs EUR 116 million per year. Although this is only 0.0022% of the oil consumed as a primary energy source in the European context, and less than 0.4% of the European industry consumption of lubricant oil, results show that new bearing types and oil-free turbines (e.g., self-lubricating or water-lubricated turbines) can improve the sustainability of the hydropower sector, minimizing the risks and impacts associated with incidental oil spills and leakages. The provided data can also be used for Life Cycle Assessment analyses.

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49

Golshokouh, I., J. Y. Wira, Farid Nasir Ani, and Samion Syahrullail. "Palm Fatty Acid Distillate as an Alternative Source for Hydraulic Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.941.

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This study investigates the physical properties of pure palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) as a new, clean and renewable source of lubricant and hydraulic oil. This study is done using a four-ball tribotester. The experiments are conducted at five different temperatures of 55, 75, 95, 105 and 125 °C. The rotational speed was fixed at 1200 rpm, normal load was 40 kg and duration was 1 hour. For evaluating the results, all experiments again were conducted using commercial engine mineral and hydraulic mineral oil and at the end all results were compared together. The results show that PFAD has higher anti friction and anti-wear ability.

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Harry-O’kuru, Rogers E., Girma Biresaw, Sherald Gordon, and Jingyuan Xu. "Physical Characteristics of Tetrahydroxy and Acylated Derivatives of Jojoba Liquid Wax in Lubricant Applications." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7548327.

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Jojoba liquid wax is a mixture of esters of long-chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols mainly C38:2–C46:2. The oil exhibits excellent emolliency on the skin and, therefore, is a component in many personal care cosmetic formulations. The virgin oil is a component of the seed of the jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) plant which occurs naturally in the Sonora Desert in the United States and northwestern Mexico as well as in the northeastern Sahara desert. The seed contains 50–60% oil by dry weight. The plant has been introduced into Australia, Argentina, and Israel for commercial production of the jojoba oil. As a natural lubricant, we are seeking to explore its potential as a renewable industrial lubricant additive. Thus, we have chemically modified the carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil structure in order to improve its already good resistance to air oxidation so as to enhance its utility as well as its shelf life in nonpersonal care applications. To achieve this goal, we have hydroxylated its –C=C– bonds. Acylation of the resulting hydroxyl moieties has generated short-chain vicinal acyl substituents on the oil which keep the wax liquid, improving its cold flow properties and also protecting it from auto-oxidation and rancidity.

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Статті в журналах з теми "RENEWABLE LUBRICANT"

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