Дисертації з теми "Removal of leavening agents"

Le remplacement des additifs controversés dans les matrices céréalières constitue en enjeu majeur pour répondre aux attentes des consommateurs. Les poudres à lever sont des ingrédients fonctionnels permettant l’obtention de produits biscuitiers alvéolés selon les modes de fabrication industriels. Leur incorporation dans la pâte à biscuits conditionne l’expansion des pâtons lors de l’étape de cuisson. Dans ces travaux, nous avons considéré deux pâtes céréalières avec des taux d’hydratation différents qui déterminent les voies d’incorporation de gaz dans chacune d’elles, avec l’objectif de totalement supprimer les poudres à lever. Dans une pâte à biscuits laminée faiblement hydratée, l’étude a considéré l’utilisation de levures boulangères pour substituer les poudres à lever. La configuration du réseau de gluten module les propriétés élastiques de la pâte et sa capacité à s’étirer pour permettre l’expansion des biscuits à la cuisson. Dans une pâte jaune foisonnée, l’incorporation d’air repose sur la formation d’une mousse stable en même temps que le dégagement gazeux induit par les poudres à lever. L’élimination des poudres à lever, dans cette matrice, a été possible grâce à l’utilisation de protéines végétales fonctionnalisées via différents traitements (physiques ou enzymatiques). Les propriétés interfaciales des protéines de la pâte déterminent leur capacité à stabiliser les bulles d’air qu’elle contient. Celles-ci ont été étudiées par tensiométrie et rhéologie interfaciale. Une approche par plan d’expériences a été implémentée pour optimiser les fonctionnalités et ainsi garantir une alvéolation régulière dans les biscuits
The replacement of controversial additives in cereal matrices represents a major challenge to meet consumers’ expectations. Leavening agents are functional ingredients that are required to obtain porous biscuit products according to industrial manufacturing methods. Their incorporation into biscuit dough determines the expansion of dough pieces during the baking stage. In this work, we considered two cereal doughs with different hydration levels that determine the gas incorporation pathways, aiming to completely suppress the need for leavening agents. In a low-hydration laminated biscuit dough, the study considered the use of baker's yeast as a substitute for leavening agents. The configuration of the gluten network conditions the dough elasticity and its ability to stretch to allow the biscuits to expand during baking. In a sponge drop (whipped) dough, air incorporation relies on the formation of a stable foam simultaneously with the gas release induced by the leavening agents. The removal of leavening agents from this matrix was enabled by using functionalized plant proteins through various treatments (physical or enzymatic). A design of experiments approach was implemented to optimize functionalities and thus, ensure the obtention of biscuits with a uniform crumb structure. During this process, the interfacial properties of the dough proteins determine their ability to stabilize the air bubbles in the matrix. These were studied using tensiometry and interfacial rheology

Inorganic fibres especially asbestos have been widely used as a raw material in the construction industries. However, asbestos is now recognised as a carcinogenic material. Therefore, asbestos removal is being widely undertaken. But the hazards increase at this stage as the material is disturbed. Dry removal was found to be an exhausting operation producing a high concentration of fibres. The spraying or injection of wetting agent into the material reduces the hazard associated with the removal process by aggregating the fibres together. The airborne concentration of fibres is then considerably reduced. Raman microspectroscopy has been shown to be a very powerful technique for the identification of micrometer-sized fibres and particles, with little or no sample preparation. Such spectra are sensitive to the composition of the material and can often be used to distinguish between similar species. Raman microscopy also provides important information about surface coverage of such materials with a spatial resolution between 2 and 4 um. Raman spectra were obtained from five asbestos reference standards in comparison with four non-fibrous analogues. The different species such as amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite and tremolite gave distinct spectra. There were no very distinct differences between the spectra of asbestos fibres and their non-fibrous forms except sometimes in the v(OH) stretching region or band width in the case of tremolite. The reference spectra have been used for identification of known and unknown (industrial samples) fibres on cellulose filters. Moreover, other inorganic particles on cellulose filters have been identified. The discrimination between pure diesel and coal particles on quartz filters and the identification of gunshot residues on paper substrates were also successfully achieved. The coverage of wetting agents on the surface of inorganic fibres connected with asbestos removal operations have been also investigated. Basic laboratory experiments were undertaken. Several inorganic fibres such as man made and asbestos fibres as well as calcium silicate were wetted using different processes: spraying, dipping and capillary adsorption in order to measure the distribution of wetting agents on individual fibres. Insulation materials, usually composed of calcium silicate and asbestos fibres from asbestos removal sites, were collected and also analysed by Raman microspectroscopy. Finally, the effectiveness of suppressing dust was measured on wet industrial samples using a rotating drum tester and the data correlated with Raman measurements.

Batch washing experiments were used to evaluate extractive decontamination of heavy metal polluted illite soils using ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and trans 1,2 cyclohexylenedinitrilo-tetraacetic acid (CDTA). Five series of contaminated illite soils were prepared through adsorption tests using four single-specie 5000 ppm heavy metal solutions of Pb, Cu, Zn, or Cd and one multi-species solution containing 1250 ppm of each heavy metal. The five contaminated illite soils that were prepared contained the following levels of heavy metals per kilogram of soil: (i) 5000 mg Pb, (ii) 3490 mg Cu, (iii) 1566 mg Zn, (iv) 700 mg Cd, (v) 1186 mg Pb; 379 mg Cu; 151 mg Zn; and 125 mg Cd. The soil washing results revealed that EDTA and CDTA are equally effective in releasing heavy metals from the contaminated illite soils, with removal efficiencies ranging from 35% to 99% for the 10$ sp{-5}$ M and 10$ sp{-1}$ M solutions, respectively. The optimum pH range for all chelate concentrations and all heavy metal contaminants is between 3-5. Competition between heavy metals in the soil for the adsorption sites of EDTA and CDTA did not have an impact on the removal efficiencies attained. In addition, the heavy metal preferential adsorption sequence demonstrated by the illite soil was $ rm Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd$ for the single-specie pollutant solutions and $ rm Pb>Cu>Zn approx Cd$ for the multi-species heavy metal pollutant solution, and were shown to be mainly bound to the carbonates and Fe and Mg oxides.

The aim of this master’s thesis was to investigate if defattening of Parkinsonia aculeata (in swahili “mkeketa”) and Vigna unguiculata (in swahili “choroko”) would enhance the capacity of the seed’s properties in removing suspended particles from surface water. The seeds are used in local traditional treatment of drinking water in Tanzania. The aim was also to investigate the possibility to reduce high concentrations of fluoride with the seeds. The seeds contain proteins that act as coagulants. Coagulated particulate matter can be flocculated and separated from the water. A purification of the coagulants by defattening was expected to enhance the coagulating capacity. Experiments were conducted in jar-tests with dosages of coagulant solutions of undefattening and defattened seed solutions and alum (aluminium sulphate). The experiments showed that both Parkinsonia aculeata and Vigna unguiculata seeds can compete with alum in drinking water treatment of surface water, reaching the same or better final results in turbidity removal. Both seeds also produce less sludge volumes than alum and functions in turbidity removal together with alum. The seeds may be used as coagulant aids to reduce the usage of chemicals and sludge production. They were not able to clarify turbid waste water and did not reduce high concentrations of fluoride in groundwater. Further, the turbidity-removal capacity of the coagulants had reduced capacities in water with low pH-values.

Dissolved and Colloidal substances (DisCo) and metals are released from wood during thermomechanical pulp (TMP) production. The mechanical treatment causes that these components have a tendency to accumulate in process waters, as the water circulation systems in integrated paper mills are being closed. Disturbances such as pitch depositions on the paper machine (pitch problems), specks in the paper, decreased wet and dry strength, interference with cationic process chemicals, and impaired sheet brightness and friction properties appear in the presence of DisCo substances. The presence of transition metal ions such as manganese results in higher consumption of bleaching chemicals (hydrogen peroxide) and lowers the optical quality of the final product, and addition of complexing agents, such as EDTA or DTPA, to prevent this is needed. The never ending trends to decrease water consumption and increase process efficiency in pulp and paper production stress that it is very important both to know the effects of wood substances on pulping and papermaking and to be able to remove them in an efficient way. Carried out investigations presented in this thesis show that the lipophilic extractives can be removed from TMP press water to high extent. A 90% decrease in turbidity and a 91% removal of lipophilic extractives from TMP press water can be obtained by addition of a cationic surfactant as foaming agent during flotation. Additionally, fibres located in TMP press water are not removed with the foam fraction but purified. A retained concentration of hydrophilic extractives in the process water indicates that the flotation is selective. Moreover, by introduction of a new recoverable surface active complexing agent, a chelating surfactant, manganese ions in the form of chelates can be successfully removed from the pulp fibres and separated from the process water in the same flotation process. iii The findings presented above indicate new possibilities for internal water cleaning and decreased emissions to water if flotation technology is applied in an integrated mechanical pulp mill.
ReGain/FORE

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.
Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 12, 2007). Includes abstract. Keywords: Solvent extraction; Soils; Pentachlorophenol; Automobile catalytic converters; Metal chelating agents Includes bibliographical references.

L'industrie textile évolue rapidement et est également en constante mutation. Elle développe constamment de nouvelles techniques pour le recyclage des textiles et la poursuite des recherches est vitale pour les besoins futurs. La capacité de recycler un matériau textile est un pas vers une industrie plus verte et durable. Cependant, le recyclage des textiles pose de nombreux défis et difficultés. Les colorants et autres impuretés présents sur les textiles gênent et souvent empêchent le recyclage chimique. L'objectif de notre étude est de trouver des méthodes pour éliminer les teintures ou les colorants des textiles en coton pour les scénarios de fin de vie et de recyclage. Le processus d'élimination des additifs chimiques de manière écologique ajouterait de la valeur au recyclage des textiles, ce qui permettrait d'obtenir un textile recyclé de meilleure qualité. Pour examiner ce sujet, une étude de la littérature concernant les produits chimiques et le processus d'élimination ainsi que les méthodes de recyclage a été réalisée. En général, le traitement réducteur alcalin est effectué à l'aide d'hydroxyde de sodium et d'un agent réducteur comme l'hydrosulfite de sodium pour l'élimination de la couleur des textiles à teinture réactive. Une étude bibliographique sur les différents procédés de décoloration, leurs inconvénients, leur viabilité à l'échelle industrielle, etc. a également été réalisée. Dans cette étude, nous avons proposé l'application du processus assisté par l'ozone pour la décolorantion des textiles teints réactifs en utilisant une installation à l'échelle pilote. La qualité des tissus décolorés a été déterminée en termes de pourcentage de décoloration, de propriétés mécaniques et d'analyse colorimétrique. Des outils de méthodologie de surface de réponse comme la conception de Box-Behnken ont été utilisés pour examiner les effets de trois paramètres qui sont le pH du traitement (3-7), le temps de réaction (10-50 min) et la concentration d'ozone (5-85 g/m3 d'ozone). Le processus d'ozonation a permis d'obtenir une décoloration de près de 98 %. Le processus d'ozonation se fait à température ambiante et peut également être réalisé sans produits chimiques agressifs. De plus, nous avons également étudié d'autres méthodes de décoloration, comme le procédé à base de glucose. Les résultats démontrent que le processus assisté par le glucose peut apparaître comme une alternative écologique au processus conventionnel. Le glucose peut agir comme un agent réducteur écologique alternatif à l'agent réducteur conventionnel comme l'hydrosulfite de sodium. Les dommages aux propriétés mécaniques sont moindres par rapport au procédé conventionnel et au procédé à l'ozone. Cependant, le processus assisté par le glucose utilise des températures élevées pour une décoloration efficace. Enfin, l'étude a souligné la nécessité de développer de nouvelles méthodes avec un minimum de dommages à la qualité des fibres. Parmi tous les indicateurs d'impact, "l'épuisement des ressources en eau" est le plus élevé pour tous les procédés d'ozonation car il a la plus grande valeur relative après normalisation. Il a été constaté que les principaux contributeurs aux impacts environnementaux étaient l'électricité et la formation d'oxygène. Pour optimiser ces impacts, de nouvelles conditions expérimentales ont été étudiées. La décoloration des textiles imprimés avec des pigments a également été étudiée avec le processus assisté par l'ozone. Cette étude souligne également la nécessité d'étudier la présence de contaminants tels que les revêtements présents sur les textiles aprés usage
The textile industry is evolving rapidly, and is also constantly changing. It is constantly developing new techniques for the recycling of the textiles and further research is vital for the future needs. The capability to recycle a textile material is a step towards a more green and sustainable industry. However, there are various challenges and difficulties associated with the recycling of textiles. Colorants and other impurities present on the textiles pose a big challenge to the continuity of the chemical recycling. The purpose of our study is to find out methods for the removal of the dyes or colorants from the cotton textiles for the end of life scenarios like recycling. The removal process of the chemical additives in an ecological way would add value to the recycling of textiles, which would help to obtain a recycled textile with the upgraded quality. To examine this subject, a literature study with respect to the chemicals and the removal process along with the recycling methods was done. In general, alkaline reductive treatment is performed using sodium hydroxide and reducing agent like sodium hydrosulphite for the color stripping of the reactive dyed textiles. Bibliographic survey on the various color stripping process, their drawbacks, viability for industrial scale-up etc was also performed. In this study, we have proposed the application of the ozone assisted process for the color stripping of the reactive dyed textiles using the pilot scale setup. The quality of the color stripped fabrics was determined in terms of the color stripping %, mechanical properties and the colorimetric analysis. Response surface methodology tools like the Box-Behnken design was utilized to examine the effects of three parameters like pH of the treatment (3-7), the reaction time (10-50 min) and the ozone concentration (5-85 g/m3 of ozone). With the ozonation process, color stripping of almost 98 % was achieved. The ozonation process is done at room temperature and also can be performed without any harsh chemicals. Additionally, we have also studied the other color stripping methods like the glucose based process. The results demonstrate that the glucose assisted process can emerge as an ecological alternative to the conventional process. Glucose can act as a green alternative reducing agent to the conventional reducing agent like sodium hydrosulphite. The damage to the mechanical properties are less as compared to the conventional and the ozone based process. However, the glucose assisted process utilized high temperatures for efficient color stripping. Finally, the study has highlighted the need of developing novel methods with minimum damage to the quality of the fibers. Amongst all the impact indicators, “Water resource depletion” is the highest for all the ozonation processes since it has the greatest relative value after normalization. It was found that the major contributors to the environmental impacts were Electricity and Oxygen formation. To optimize the impacts, new experimental conditions have been studied. Even, Color stripping of the pigment printed textiles was studied with the ozone assisted process. This study also highlights the need to study presence of contaminants like coatings present on the textiles during their end of life

碩士
國立高雄餐旅大學
餐飲創新研發碩士學位學程
103
Nowadays, food safety has become one of the most important issues of the public concern in modern societies. With a growing consumer demand for high quality baking products, the application of food additives has become more and more popular. Meanwhile, consumers tend to pay special attention to ingredients within baking products. In order to enrich the flavor and taste, different kinds of leavening methods are used to make the baking products more delicate and soft. However, baking powder, the most commonly used leavening agent, is regarded to have the possibility to cause brain disease due to its content of alum. To reduce consumer’s doubt on food safety, aluminum free baking powder is reformed to replace traditional baking powder. Thus, each manufacturer has different method in making aluminum free baking powder in terms of ingredients which leads to different effects in the baking process. This research aimed to investigate the gas amount of each alkaline substances and acidic substance in aluminum free baking powder, found out the best formula of each substance and improve the reaction of aluminum free baking powder in consideration the character of double acting baking powder and neutralization. This study had shown that the best result could be obtained with the baking formula of F21. It also proved that the muffin baked with such formula obtained better result than the muffin baked with the aluminum free baking powder sold in the market in terms of texture analysis and sensory evaluation. Moreover, the storage test showed that the gas amount in the fourth week is higher than 44 cm3 and hence its oxygen-generating effect was better than the aluminum free baking powder sold in the market. It also fit with the trends that consumer demand for healthier baking products.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
100
The present study focuses on the removal of Enrofloxacin (EFA) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) from freshwater by using five agents: humic acid (HA), zeolite (ZEO), pinus extract (PE), activated carbon (AC) and oyster shell powder (OSP) for 14 days. Results showed that zeolite was the best agent to remove EFA and CIP solution. The removal efficiency of agents to remove 1 mg/L EFA and CIP was: zeolite> pinus extract> humic acid> activated carbon> oyster shell powder. Besides, results showed that the removal efficiency increased when the concentration of agent increased. Different concentrations of zeolite (5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg/L) was used to remove 1.0, 0.5 and 0.1 mg/L of EFA and CIP. Results showed that the removal efficiency of zeolite to remove 1 mg/L EFA solution was 19, 28, 42, 80 and 97%; 1 mg/L CIP was 80, 85, 91, 98 and 99%. As for 0.5 mg/L EFA and CIP solution, removal efficiency of zeolite was 100% after two days of treatment. This indicated that zeolite as an agent can be used to remove EFA and CIP. In sequential treatment, zeolite at different concentrations (5, 20 and 50 mg/L) was used to remove 1 mg/L of EFA and CIP where it added in every 3 days. Results showed that EFA and CIP concentrations decreased with the sampling points and the removal efficiency was above 90% after 12 days of treatments. The removal efficiency of zeolite in sequential treatment was better than the removal efficiency in single treatment.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
104
The objective of this study was to understand the situation of chloramphenicol residues in water and sediments and to investigate the effect of three agents (zeolite, oyster shell powder, and activated carbon) on the removal of chloramphenicol in the fresh water and sea water. Experiment consisted of four parts: first was to establish the method for detecting chloramphenicol in water and sediments, and the results showed that specificity, recovery, repeatability, and limits of quantification were in line with the validation of Method of Test for chemistry in foods of Food and Drug Administration. Limits of quantification of chloramphenicol in freshwater, seawater, and sediments were reached 1 ng/mL, and the recovery rate were between 97.02~99.80 %. The second part was to evaluate the reduction of 100 ng/mL chloramphenicol in water and sediments. The results showed that the reduction of chloramphenicol in water and sediments decrease with time. In freshwater and seawater, results showed that chloramphenicol was 73.83 ± 1.76 and 71.40 ± 1.91 ng/mL on the 210 day, and in freshwater sediment and seawater sediment, results showed that chloramphenicol did not detected until 60 and 90 days. This experiment found that the degradation rate of chloramphenicol in water was slower than in sediments. The degradation rate of chloramphenicol in freshwater was slower than in seawater, and the degradation rate of chloramphenicol in freshwater sediment was faster than in seawater sediments. The third part was to investigate the effect of three agents (zeolite, oyster shell powder, and activated carbon) on the removal of 100 ng/mL chloramphenicol in the freshwater and seawater. The results showed that 200 μg/mL zeolite, oyster shell powder, and activated carbon was used to remove 100 ng/mL CAP in 50 mL fresh water, the removal efficiency were 2.00 ± 1.87 %, 100.00 %, and 4.82 ± 2.23 %, respectively. And, 200 μg/mL zeolite, oyster shell powder, and activated carbon was used to remove 100 ng/mL CAP in 50 mL sea water, the removal efficiency were 2.95 ± 0.48 %, 7.10 ± 1.48 %, and 4.99 ± 2.05 %, respectively.This experiment found that only oyster shell powder of three agents could be used to remove chloramphenicol in freshwater, but oyster shell powder could not remove chloramphenicol in the seawater. Zeolite and activated carbon could not remove chloramphenicol both in the freshwater and seawater. The fourth part was to investigate the effect of the different concentrations of oyster shell powder (20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400, 800, 1000, and 1200 μg/mL) was used to remove 100 ng/mL chloramphenicol. The results showed that 20 and 50 μg/mL oyster shell powder treatment group remained 36.70 ± 2.26 and 17.57 ± 3.09 ng/mL CAP on 30 days, the removal efficiency of 100 and 150 μg/mL oyster shell powder treatment groups reached 100.00 % on 30 days, the removal efficiency of 200 μg/mL oyster shell powder treatment group reached 100.00 % on 7 days, the removal efficiency of 400 μg/mL oyster shell powder treatment group reached 100.00 % on 4 days, and the removal efficiency of 800, 1000, and 1200 μg/mL oyster shell powder treatment group reached 100.00 % on 1 day. This experiment results showed that the degradable efficiency of chloramphenicol were less than 30 % after 210 days, and the degradation rate of chloramphenicol in freshwater was slower than in seawater. Chloramphenicol did not detected until 60 and 90 days in freshwater sediment and seawater sediment, respectively. The oyster shell powder could be used to remove chloramphenicol in freshwater, and the higher concentration of oyster shell powder needed less time to removed chloramphenicol in freshwater.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
100
The present study focuses on the removal of inorganic and methyl mercury from freshwater by using five agents: humic acid (HA), zeolite (ZEO), pinus extract (PE), activated carbon (AC) and oyster shell powder (OSP). At the same time, the stability of both inorganic mercury and methyl mercury was also investigated. Results showed that humic acid was the best agent to remove 50 μg/L of inorganic mercury solution whereas zeolite was the best agent to remove 50 μg/L of methyl mercury solution. In addition, removal efficiency of the agents increased when the agent’s dosage increased. The increase of agents dosage increases the removal efficiency of inorganic and methyl mercury. The removal efficiency of 20, 200 and 2000 mg/L humic acid in 50 μg/L at 96 hr was 67.61 %, 82.95 % and 89.31 %. Conversely, in 50 μg/L of methyl mercury solution, 20, 200 and 2000 mg/L zeolite at 96 hr was 85.38 %, 94.97 % and 98.69 %. In sequential treatment, humic acid and zeolite with the concentrations of 2, 20, 200 and 2000 mg/L were used to remove 50 and 500 μg/L of inorganic mercury and methyl mercury, respectively. The agents were added in every 5 days. Results showed that humic acid and zeolite had no significant effects on the removal of both inorganic and methyl mercury solution in sequential treatment. Methyl mercury is more stable than inorganic mercury in the present study. Result showed that the concentration inorganic mercury lost about 78.61 % for 50 μg/L of inorganic mercury solution and 20.84 % for 500 μg/L of inorganic mercury from day 0 to day 20. Conversely, only 19.28 % lost of the concentration of methyl mercury for 50 μg/L of methyl mercury solution and 21.01 % for 500 μg/L of methyl mercury solution from day 0 to day 20.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
105
Sulfonamides are one of the most popular synthetic antibiotics in the world, which have been broadly used in aquaculture for the purpose of treating diseases and promoting growth. Two sulfonamides were investigated in this experiment: sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). This research began with the establishment of method validation for sulfonamides. The purpose of this study was to further understand the fate of sulfonamides in both freshwater and seawater matrices under dark conditions in a laboratory-scale experiment, and the impact of four treated agents (humic acid, zeolite, oyster shell powder, and chlorine dioxide) on the effectiveness of removal on sulfonamides. Results indicated that the SDM and SMX (100 µg/L) were all transformed in a very slow degradation rate in freshwater and seawater under dark conditions during 180 days. For SDM, the degradation efficiency (%) were 6.37 ± 2.56 and 4.38 ± 3.43 in freshwater and seawater respectively. While for SMX, the degradation efficiency (%) were 7.81 ± 2.15 and 6.60 ± 2.69 in freshwater and seawater respectively. For the experiment of adsorptive removal of SDM and SMX (100 µg/L), the removal efficiency of three treated agents (200 mg/L) during 90 days followed the trend: removal efficiency (%) of treatment of humic acid had significant difference to zeolite and oyster shell powder treatments, which were 43.80 ± 1.68 and 20.89 ± 4.81 respectively in freshwater. The removal efficiency (%) between treatments of zeolite and oyster shell powder showed no significant difference, ranging 0.63 - 5.94 in both freshwater and seawater. While for the chlorine dioxide treatment, it reacted faster and with lower concentration to SDM and SMX (100 µg/L) during a 7-day experiment. As in freshwater, chlorine dioxide treatments (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/L) reached 100 % removal efficiency to SDM and SMX at day 7, 2, and 0.5 respectively. While in seawater, removal efficiency of chlorine dioxide treatments (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/L) reached 100 % removal efficiency to SDM at day 7, 0.25, and 0.25 respectively, while at day 4, 0.25, and 0.25 respectively to SMX. Overall, chlorine dioxide would be the most effective treated agent in this study.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
104
The present study focuses on the removal of Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), and Cadmium (Cd) from fresh water and sea water by using three agents: humic acid, zeolite, and oyster shell powder. In the fresh water, three agents (humic acid, zeolite, and oyster shell powder) at concentration 200 mg/L used to remove 1 mg/L Arsenic, Lead, and Cadmium fresh water solution with 336 hours of time interaction. Results showed that oyster shell powder was the best agent to remove 1 mg/L of Arsenic fresh water solution. The others were not effective to remove the Arsenic fresh water solution. Furthermore, zeolite was the best agent to remove 1 mg/L of Lead fresh water solution. The removal efficiency of agents to remove 1 mg/L Lead fresh water solution was: zeolite > humic acid > oyster shell powder. Furthermore, oyster shell powder was the best agent to remove 1 mg/L of Cadmium fresh water solution. The removal efficiency of agents to remove 1 mg/L Cadmium fresh water solution was: oyster shell powder > humic acid > zeolite. In the sea water, three agents (humic acid, zeolite, and oyster shell powder) at concentration 200 mg/L used to remove 1 mg/L Arsenic, Lead, and Cadmium sea water solution with 336 hours of time interaction. Results showed that oyster shell powder was the best agent to remove 1 mg/L of Arsenic, Lead, and Cadmium sea water solution. The removal efficiency of agents to remove 1 mg/L Arsenic, Lead, and Cadmium sea water solution was: oyster shell powder > humic acid > zeolite. In the present study, different concentrations of agents used to remove heavy metals in the water. Results showed that zeolite at concentrations 200, and 400 mg/L used to remove 1 mg/L Lead fresh water solution with 1 days of time interaction, the concentrations of Lead were already less than heavy metals control standards. The removal efficiency was 96.92 ± 0.65 %, and 98.22 ± 0.10 %. Zeolite at concentrations 50 mg/L used to remove 1 mg/L Lead fresh water solution with 4 days of time interaction, the concentrations of Lead were less than heavy metals control standards. The removal efficiency was 93.76 ± 0.85 %. Results showed that the removal efficiency increased when the concentration of agent increased.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
104
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of four agents on the removal of Malachite green (MG) and Leucomalachite green (LMG) in fresh water and sea water. This investigation was conducted into three parts, the first part was to establish the detection method of the MG and LMG in water, and the results presented that specificity, accuracy, precision and limits of quantification were in line with the validation of Method of Test for chemistry in foods of Food and Drug Administration. Limits of quantification of MG and LMG in fresh water and sea water was 0.5 ng/mL, and the recovery rate were between 90.53 ~ 111.93 %. The second part was to investigate the effect of agents, zeolite, oyster shell powder, and humic acid on removal efficiency of the MG and LMG in the fresh water and sea water. Results showed that removal efficiency of MG was that the treatment of zeolite or humic acid in the fresh water environment was up to 100 00 ± 0.00 % after 30 days, and the oyster shell powder was up to 87.52 ± 0.64 % after 90 days. In the sea water environment, treatment of zeolite, oyster shell powder, and humic acid was 95.24 ± 0.03 %, 6.57 ± 1.83 %, and 89.36 ± 1.56 % after 90 days. Removal efficiency of LMG was that the treatment of zeolite or humic acid in the fresh water environment was up to 100 00 ± 0.00 %, and the oyster shell powder was 53.56 ± 2.81 % after 90 days. In the sea water environment, treatment of zeolite, oyster shell powder, and humic acid was 100.00 ± 0.00 %, 62.70 ± 3.87 %, and 84.65 ± 0.48 % after 90 days. The third part was to investigate the effect of various concentration of chlorine dioxide on the MG or LMG remove in the fresh water and sea water environment. The presented data shown that treated with 1 mg/L chlorine dioxide in the fresh water and sea water was up to 100.00 ± 0.00 % of the MG removal efficiency after 14 days. Moreover, the other concentrations of chlorine dioxide treatment were lower than the limits of the quantification after one day in the fresh water and sea water environment. In the observation of the LMG concentration in the fresh water and sea water environment was also lower than the limits of the quantification after one day. Integration of our findings, the treatments of four agents as zeolite, oyster shell powder, humic acid, and chlorine dioxide are capable of removing the MG and LMG in the water and the ability of the removal efficiency was chlorine dioxide > zeolite > humic acid > oyster shell powder.

The fate of antimicrobials entering the aquatic environment is an increasing concern for researchers and regulators, and recent research has focused on antimicrobial contamination from point sources, such as wastewater treatment facility outfalls. The terraccumulation of antimicrobials and mobility in diffuse pollution pathways should not be overlooked as a contributor to the spread of bacterial resistance and the resulting threat to human drug therapy. This review critically examines recent global trends of bacterial resistance, antimicrobial contaminant pathways from agriculture and water treatment processes, and the need to incorporate diffuse pathways into risk assessment and treatment system design. Slow sand filters are used in rural regions where source water may be subjected to antimicrobial contaminant loads from waste discharges and diffuse pollution. A simple model was derived to describe removal efficiencies of antimicrobials in slow sand filtration and calculate antimicrobial concentrations sorbed to the schmutzdecke at the end of a filtration cycle. Input parameters include water quality variables easily quantified by water system personnel and published adsorption, partitioning, and photolysis coefficients. Simulation results for three classes of antimicrobials suggested greater than 4-log removal from 1 ��g/L influent concentrations in the top 30 cm of the sand column, with schmutzdecke concentrations comparable to land-applied biosolids. Sorbed concentrations of the antimicrobial tylosin fed to a pilot filter were within one order of magnitude of the predicted concentration. To investigate the behavior of antimicrobial contaminants during multi-stage filtration, five compounds from four classes of antimicrobials were applied to a mature slow sand filter and roughing filter fed raw water from the Santiam River in Oregon during a 14-day challenge study. Antimicrobial removal efficiency of the filters was calculated from 0.2 mg/L influent concentrations using HPLC MS/MS. and sorption coefficients (K[subscript d], K[subscript oc], K[subscript om]) were calculated for schmutzdecke collected from a mature filter column. Sulfonamides had low sorption coefficients and were largely unaffected by multi-stage filtration. Lincomycin, trimethoprim, and tylosin exhibited higher sorption coefficients and limited mobility within the slow sand filter column. The lack of a significant increase in overall antimicrobial removal efficiency indicated biodegradation is less significant than sorption in multi-stage filtration.
Graduation date: 2004

Access to abstract restricted until December 2014.
Review of relevant literature -- Efficiency of constructed wetlands to remove an antimicrobial agent triclosan from wastewater -- The removal of triclosan from laboratory scale constructed wetlands with four species of wetland plants -- Additional research : determination of the hydraulic retention time in an operational subsurface constructed wetland -- Additional research methods : the evaluation of the subsurface constructed wetland for the treatment of iron, phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, pH and E. coli.
Access to thesis restricted until December 2014
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management

This thesis consists of two projects related to the development of new routes to zeolite films. In an effort to expand the known library of pure-silica zeolites accessible in planar conformation, Part I details the development of a new synthetic technique, the vapor phase transport of fluoride, to produce pure-silica zeolite films with the LTA, CHA, STT, ITW and –SVR topologies. The films are characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive analyses, and mechanical testing. Such pure-silica zeolite films could be useful in a variety of applications, due to their porosity, crystallinity, and general stability. For example, these materials could be employed as low dielectric constant materials, which are needed for microprocessors as the feature size is continually reduced. Upon investigation of the aforementioned zeolite powders and films, we find that the materials with the LTA topology have the lowest dielectric constant of all the pure-silica zeolites. Additionally, all the zeolites investigated, except STT, give k-values lower than predicted from their structures using the Bruggeman effective medium model, which has been commonly employed and found able to predict dielectric constants of amorphous silicas.

The second part of this thesis presents the development of an alternative method to thermal combustion to remove organics from zeolite pores, which can degrade zeolite films, using a photolabile structure-directing agent that can be removed from the zeolite pore space using UV photolysis. Here, the synthesis, photocleavage, and structure-directing ability of two different photolabile molecules (8,8-dimethyl-2-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dioxa-8-azoniaspiro[4.5]decane hydroxide (P-SDA 1) and 1-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1H-imidazole (P-SDA 2)), are presented and discussed. Cleavage of the photolytic P-SDA 1 is demonstrated in a homogeneous solution, and intercalated into a dealuminated zeolite FAU. The structure-directing ability of P-SDA 1 is evaluated via attempts to synthesize silicate and aluminosilicate zeolites, resulting in the formation of amorphous and layered materials. The structure-directing ability of P-SDA 2 is evaluated via attempts to produce aluminophosphate zeolites, resulting in several unknown crystalline phases, in addition to dense and hydrated phases. Lastly, complete photocleavage of P-SDA 2 within the crystalline, aluminophosphate materials is also demonstrated.

碩士
弘光科技大學
職業安全與防災研究所
95
Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) is an optically transparent conductor which is used in the making of thin-film transistor liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD) and photo-voltaic cells. Most of the metal indium and solvents are used in the ITO process and are considered hazard materials that can be carcinogenic. Due to its inexpensive, non-toxic natures and its need for mild operating condition, supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) was utilized in this research as a sample pretreatment step for recovering indium from simulated wastewater of ITO process. After sample pretreatment, the indium concentration in simulated etching wastewater was directly quantified by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer(FAAS). However, direct extraction of metal ions by SF-CO2 is not feasible owing to the requirement of charge neutralization and the weak solvent interactions. One suggested approach for extracting mental ions by SF-CO2 is to convert charged species into metal chelates using chelating agents followed by SF-CO2 extraction of mental complexes. The two goals of the study are as follows: The first is to conduct the syntheses of metal chelating ligands that can be applied in the green chemistry system. The second is to evaluate supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) combined with FAAS to remove the indium ion from simulated waste etchant of optoelectronics. Major advantages of extracting metal Indium using supercritical CO2 include minimization of waste solvent generation and direct removal of metal from etchant waste. The extraction efficiency of the SF-CO2 technology indicated that the performance of the chelating agents is in the following order: C3H6(CO)2NCS(S)H (90.8%)＞PySH(85.4%)＞TTA(75.4%)＞TAA(70.3%)＞C5H10NC(S)SH (69.3%)＞ACAC(45.6%). Therefore, indium ions in simulated etching wastewater can be extracted and spiked with suitable chelating agents such as ACAC、PySH、C3H6(CO)2NCS(S)H. It was also revealed that the optimal extraction efficiency with ACAC、PySH、C3H6(CO)2NCS(S)H were 45.6 % (at 70 ℃and 2000 psi)、85.4 % (at 70 ℃and 2000 psi)、90.9 % (at 60 ℃and 2000 psi), respectively.

Oil contamination of ecosystems and wildlife presents a formidable challenge to environmental remediators, including wildlife rescuers and rehabilitators. Quite apart from the diversity of polluting events, existing clean-up methods and technologies have remained essentially unchanged over the years. For example, the method of choice for the treatment of oiled wildlife is still based on the transportation of affected animals to treatment facilities and the use of surfactants and copius amounts of warm water to remove the contamination. Although such techniques have themselves been developed to a high degree over the years, with a number of notable success stories, such operations are often very labour intensive and, not being portable, cannot be applied to the animals upon first encounter, either at remote locations or in holding bays. This means that victims are often left for long periods of time in contact with toxic and/or corrosive chemicals. In spite of such requirements for improvements in wildlife rehabilitation methods and technologies, there is a paucity of scientific and engineering research into alternatives. This thesis is part of a program that exploits the use of oil ad(b)sorbing magnetic particle technology (MPT) in order to research the best methods and equipment to remove oil from a number of relevant substrates - including feathers, fur and rock surfaces. In this regard, the refinement of portable MPT equipment for the provision of a ‘quick clean’ to contaminated wildlife in the field has been pursued. This includes the development and testing of an optimal magnetic harvesting device, an investigation of the particle characteristics that promote a high initial removal of contaminant and the development, in collaboration with industrial design advisors, of the ‘backpack concept’ for a portable kit. Thus the final iteration of the magnetic harvesting device “the wand” is considered to be perfected and prototype equipment is ready for implementation in the event of an incident. The most appropriate particle size distribution and grade for the most efficient “quick removal” of the most volatile constituents has been established.