Статті в журналах з теми "Relationships to school, schooling category"

The article discusses the relationship between school segregation and the inclusive education related goals, analysing auspices that could lead to the success of educational policies aimed at desegregating schools. It goes in depth with nuances necessary for understanding the school segregation phenomenon and mechanisms for monitoring school segregation as a public policy project stemming from the case of Romania. While previous studies on school segregation have focused on inter-school segregation (the distribution of students from various categories among different schools), we argue that it is equally important to consider the intra-school segregation side (i.e. segregation within the same school learning spaces). Relevant social context elements which are paramount for the success of desegregation policies are also discussed, such as the level of public support granted for such an educational policy, the impact of the "marketization" of educational services (degree of freedom in choosing educational services or the privatization thereof, etc.), awareness of the positive effects of school desegregation both from moral and economic perspective, and the necessity of ongoing monitoring of the phenomenon to prevent school re-segregation. The benefits of school desegregation are analysed from the perspective of different stakeholders, including parents of vulnerable students involved in schooling as well as parents of better-off students, placed at the top of the socioeconomic hierarchy. The conclusion we draw is that providing educational services in a desegregated manner is beneficial not only to society as a whole but also to each category of stakeholders considered separately. The article also suggests new future guidelines for researching and documenting school segregation.

Rural youth is conceived as a specific social category that takes shape in the face of diversity and heterogeneity. In this direction, this theoretical essay aims to discuss the condition of being young in rural areas from the relationship between work and study. It was constituted from a qualitative approach and produced through bibliographical research involving authors such as Bourdieu (2003), Dayrell (2003), Ferreira and Alves (2009), Margulis and Urresti (1996), Moraes, Pasqualli and Spessatto (2021). It was prepared from publications in books, periodicals that address the investigated theme. This manuscript portrays the young people's dilemma between staying in rural areas or migrating to the city and, in some cases, the pressure for family succession in the countryside. It also highlights the differentiated condition of access, permanence and school success among young people of different genders, given the expectations set by families. The search for studies in the urban area and, consequently, the abandonment of the field, creates the expectation of improvement in the living conditions, which, not always, materializes, if not for the advance in the levels of schooling.

Children who come from families of circular migrant workers with separated parents and children have their own challenges in order to continue to be motivated to continue their education. This study aims to analyze the influence of father's perception of children's education, provision of educational facilities, and child-parent communication on adolescents' motivation to continue school in families of circular migrant workers. This research is a quantitative study with a non-probability sampling method through snowball sampling technique. The number of participants in this study were 40 children and 40 fathers. The results showed that the higher the father's last education, the more motivation for children to continue their education. Meanwhile, the greater the number of children can reduce the motivation to continue education. Other results showed that fathers' perceptions were in the moderate category. Provision of children's education facilities and child-mother communication have a significant positive relationship and effect on increasing motivation to continue schooling. Motivation to continue school in both dimensions is in the low category, namely intrinsic motivation (40%) and extrinsic motivation (70%). Future research is expected to examine perceptions of children's education through the perspective of migrant worker family mothers.

This article addresses three questions. First, what is the deep pleasure that humans take from video games? Second, what is the relationship between video games and real life? Third, what do the answers to these questions have to do with learning? Good commercial video games are deep technologies for recruiting learning as a form of profound pleasure, and have much to tell us about what learning could look like in the future should we relinquish the old grammars of traditional schooling. They are extensions of life insofar as they recruit and externalize some fundamental features of how humans orientate themselves in and to the real world when operating at their best. Video games create a projective stance in the sense of a stance toward the world in which we see the world simultaneously as a project imposed on us and as a site onto which we can actively project our desires, values and goals. A special category of games allows players to enact the projective stance of an ‘authentic professional’, thereby experiencing deep expertise of the kind that so widely eludes learners in school.

Parental Involvement in their children's schooling has long been recognized as a critical component of good education. This study aims to find out the relationship between socioeconomic status, interpersonal communication, and school climate with parental involvement in early childhood education. Using survey and correlational research design, data collection was carried out through accumulation techniques with tests and questionnaires. The data analysis technique used statistical analysis and multiple regressions. The findings in the socio-economic context of parents show that the measure of power is an indicator in the very high category with a total score of 5, while the measures of wealth, honour and knowledge are included in the high category with a total score of 4 in relation to parental involvement. The form of interpersonal communication, the openness of parents in responding happily to information / news received from schools about children is a finding of a significant relationship with parental involvement in early childhood education. The school climate describes the responsibility for their respective duties and roles, work support provided, and interpersonal communication relationships, parents at home and teachers at school. Keywords: Socio-economic Status, Interpersonal Communication, Climate School, Parental Involvement, Early Childhood Education References Amato, P. R. (2005). The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation. The Future of Children, 15(2), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2005.0012 Arnold, D. H., Zeljo, A., Doctoroff, G. L., & Ortiz, C. (2008). Parent Involvement in Preschool: Predictors and the Relation of Involvement to Preliteracy Development. 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The ability to predict is one of the important aspects of human mental development. There is a relationship between prognostic competence and the process of socialization. Psychological studies show that children with special educational needs, including children with general speech underdevelopment, when compared with their peers without speech pathology, are more susceptible to impaired socialization and the occurrence of school maladjustment. This affects the success of their schooling. Such children experience difficulties in complying with social norms in the implementation of their goals, since they cannot anticipate the consequences of a certain situation. This can lead to deviant behavior and failure at school. This article examines the features of the structural and functional characteristics of forecasting in preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment. It analyzes the research results given in the scientific literature, presents the results of the authors’ own experimental research conducted using the “Prognostic stories” technique developed by the teachers of the Department of Psychology and Pedagogy of Special Education of the Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, and a comparative analysis of the data obtained during the experiment. The study showed that preschool children with general speech underdevelopment have lower indicators in all predictive characteristics in comparison with normative peers, and also have specific prognosis features due to speech pathology and deficiencies in higher mental functions. The most important of these are the lack of cognitive predictive function and prediction of utterance. The disadvantages of the prognostic ability of preschoolers with speech pathology determine the risk of social maladjustment, which requires the attention of specialists in the field of special education. The results obtained expand the understanding of the state of development of the prognostic competence of preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment. They present a more complete picture of its specific features, and highlight the most significant disadvantages of the forecasting process for this category of children. This indicates the directions of work on the development of prognostic processes in preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment, as well as the prevention or minimization of the outcomes of school maladjustment.

This introduction to the special issue on the role of trust in school relations provides a clear message: Developing trust and trusting relationships within the school community is more important now than ever. It argues that trust and trusting relationships are a necessary component to effective schooling in today’s diverse society, regardless of the school community or the level of schooling considered. After providing a brief overview of each article included in the special issue, the introduction concludes by situating the issue of trusting relationships within the realm of school public relations.

Findings on home-school relationships for 99 parents of severely impaired school children, ages 3 to 8, are presented. An interview was developed to assess parents' satisfaction with schooling, their involvement with it, their communication with the school, and the benefits they as parents believed they derived from schooling. The study also sought to determine relationships among the above four dimensions of schooling and aspects of the family and home environments. Overall, “high” involvement and satisfaction were reported by the majority of parents. Parent involvement correlated significantly with many factors reflecting the home and quality of parenting, including overall family adjustment and level of mother's education.

Background/Context This is the first research study to examine the content basis of Payne's in-service teacher education program, A Framework for Understanding Poverty, though others who have reviewed the book have agreed with our analysis. The study took place within a policy context in which the federal government, with the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act (2002), created a new category of students (economically disadvantaged) whose test scores would be monitored by officials in the U. S. Department of Education. This law ensures that the improvement of poor children's test scores becomes a major concern of every public school in the country. These federal requirements have fueled the demand for professional development programs such as that offered by Ruby Payne and her Aha! Process, Inc. Purpose This article reports on an examination of the content of Ruby Payne's professional development offerings, as represented in A Framework for Understanding Poverty. Given the immense popularity of the program, an assessment of its representations of poor people is warranted and significant. We analyzed the relationship between Payne's claims and the existing research about low-income individuals and families. This study of Payne's work provides administrators and teachers with an evaluation of the reliability of Payne's claims. It also provides scholars in education, anthropology, sociology, and related fields with a description and critique of one of the more common conversations that is engaging teachers about the nature of the lives of many of their students, and the struggle to identify directions in which to improve schooling for the most vulnerable students in the education system. Research Design This is a qualitative research study whose data were derived from an analysis of A Framework for Understanding Poverty. Conclusions/Recommendations Our critical analysis of Payne's characterizations of people living in poverty indicates that her work represents a classic example of what has been identified as deficit thinking. We found that her truth claims, offered without any supporting evidence, are contradicted by anthropological, sociological and other research on poverty. We have demonstrated through our analysis that teachers may be misinformed by Payne's claims. As a consequence of low teacher expectations, poor students are more likely to be in lower tracks or lower ability groups and their educational experience more often dominated by rote drill and practice.

In order to develop a better understanding of the perceptions of educators regarding which forms of childhood trauma most severely impact learning outcomes for their students, this study employed Q-methodology with 351 teachers, school counselors, and school administrators from across North Carolina and Missouri. A four-factor solution emerged, centered around: (1) various forms of abuse from an adult (2) violent and unstable relationships at home (3) negative community and societal factors (4) physical and mental illness. Patterns in perceptions emerged across the school community setting (urban, suburban, rural) of the participants. While educators in rural settings were more likely to perceive abuse and violence in the home as most harmful to students’ academic outcomes, educators in suburban settings felt systemic community and societal traumas as well as physical and mental illness were more detrimental. The findings of this study provide researchers, educator preparation programs, and school leaders with insight into the misconceptions that may persist among subsets of PK-12 educators regarding traumatized children and potential areas of need for further professional training.

Many digital platforms pit consumers or customers and service workers against one another or render human work invisible, concealing human labor for profit and the charismatic allure of automation. When schooling is digitized, what transformations occur to the relationships between teachers, parents, and students, and with what consequences? In pre-pandemic virtual and hybrid schooling, I find that teachers developed alternative strategies to practice caring responsiveness in online environments of low visibility through a process I call "distributed attunement.'' These strategies entailed building holistic relationships, collaborating with student families and fellow teachers, and interpreting student experiences using a combination of platform data and social information. Rather than giving in to digitization as a vehicle for removing or obscuring care work, this study illustrates that teachers centered relationships as core to the virtual schooling experience. The distributed attunement teachers in virtual schools created indicates the impossibility of separating technical and affective labor in a pedagogical context and provide promising sites to develop supports for high-quality online education. Further, teachers' navigation of limited visibility suggests tactics for CSCW researchers concerned with documenting invisible labor in the development of digital systems. Nevertheless, these strategies can be appropriated or undermined by employers in ways that threaten to diminish their efficacy, requiring ongoing advocacy to push for flourishing online schooling options.

Culture and education are inseparable as they are simply two sides of the same coin. In this context, this study focuses to explain how does culture work in schooling of Nepal. In so doing, interpretive research design has been used to determine the relationship between schooling and culture, with the experiences of secondary level teacher. Purposive sampling technique has used to select sample population and schooling inventory practice and culture inventory of a society were supervised to the school teacher through the pen-ended interview. This research found positive and significant relationships between schooling and culture. Culture of society can be used by the educators to select the content of school curriculum, learning materials, and methods for communication to student and education as a supportive role to conservation and reformation of culture to a society. The school education mainly dominated by universal culture what Banks called “popular culture”. Further, the exiting schooling limited to the superficial culture of a society rather than the assumption of critical and social action approach of Banks. Therefore, such kinds of schooling can provide general information about the society but does not empower pupils about why do they are behaving different way to the different group of people. This study suggested that the decision making process concerning to school education should be managed in a way, whereas the school teacher, local people, and local expert can easily participate to take initiative or making school curriculum, learning resources and selecting methods of teaching.

Abstract This is a result of a pilot study undertaken to explore the key influences shaping the schooling and education of Thai ethnic students living in rural mountain villages in one of the poorest and least educated regions of Vietnam. This study used a qualitative multiple case study approach and gathered information using multiple semi-structured interviews with four senior secondary students, their parents and their teachers. Two of these students were males and two were female, and two were achieving high grades while the others were receiving low grades. During the interviews, information was collected on the influence of families, Thai culture and identity, the school, school policies, teaching practices, school resources, the physical environment, weather, and school relationships on student learning and well-being. In relation to school relationships information was collected on teacher-student, student-peer and school-parent relationships. This study took a socio-ecological approach. In analysing the data collected, 15 key influences were identified that shaped the schooling and education of the four study participants. These influences were: economic vulnerability and hardship of families, special challenges for students travelling to and from school, commitment to after school duties on the family farm, the parents lack of education and schooling, problems relating to the national curriculum and how it is taught, lack of special support for students learning Vietnamese as a second language, use of a teacher-centred pedagogy rather than a student-centred one, limited learning support when students had learning difficulties, the impact of grades and level of academic achievement on motivation and engagement, lack of recognition of Thai culture and identity, student perceptions of social difference, impact of teacher-student and student-peer relationships on student learning, students use of coping strategies, limited school facilities and teaching resources, and teachers who have received limited training and professional development.

This paper presents an experimental study of motivation of behavior of elementary school children with auditory sensory deprivation. Hard-of-hearing children with 2-4 degree of deafness were examined in accordance with the strength of their nervous processes. We used the table of behavior features proposed by Гильбух (2009) and a questionnaire to evaluate motivation to attend school. The paper presents correlations between indicators of behavioral responses and motivational sphere for this children’s group according to their strength of nerve processes before schooling start, during school studying and at additional correction implementation. Influence of schooling and additional correction on formation of new correlative relationships was shown, this fact highlighting impact of schooling and additional correction on neural process activation that significantly improves the learning activity states.

Purpose Under-examination of the notion of competition between schools has created a considerable asymmetry between the reality and the literature of schooling. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the validity of school competition and verify the propositions regarding the effects of school marketing practices in literature, particularly Direct Subsidy Scheme (DSS) and aided schools in Hong Kong. Design/methodology/approach It tests the relationships between student intake and school academic performance and school marketing practices. It also compares the pattern of the relationships between the DSS and aided secondary schools. Secondary data from 441 secondary schools were retrieved from a popular secondary school admission magazine in Hong Kong and from the schools’ websites. Findings Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the school’s academic performance was positively related to discretionary student intake. In addition, marketing school academic performance, but not marketing school features, was positively related to student intake. At last, it was found that marketing school academic performance intensified the relationship between the school’s academic performance and student intake in aided schools but not in DSS schools. The results were interpreted as demonstrating that school competition in Hong Kong is a battle of lifting academic performance. Originality/value This study is potential and worthwhile in at least two ways. First, testing the relationships of student intake with academic performance and school marketing practices helps to verify the notion of school competition in the education sector, which, in turn, can bridge the gap between the practice and literature of schooling. Second, examining school competition in Hong Kong can help to identify an important contextual reality for future scholars whose research site is located in Hong Kong.

Background/Context: Black boys’ schooling experiences in the United States are an important area of inquiry, given the ways they are systematically repositioned away from schooling success in dominant narratives about their lives. Scholars suggest that Black boys need to be cared for and nurtured in schools. However, few studies have explicitly explored their subjective experience of care. A cumulative understanding of the educational trajectories of Black boys suggests that their early experiences can influence later schooling years. This exploration considers the role of relationships and contexts across two distinct time periods of development in shaping their educational experiences. Purpose/Research Question/Focus of Study: In this study, we use a relational care framework to investigate how Black boys, during preschool and high school, make sense of their experiences of care within the school context. Based on their relationships with teachers, other adults, and peers, care is discussed through three important constructs: tangible care, time-related care, and personal support. The major questions we explore are: (1) In what ways do Black boys feel cared for in school? and (2) How does being cared for matter in their schooling experiences? Participants: This study comprises two groups of Black boys at different developmental stages. The first group comprised 11 Black boys enrolled in the same state-funded preschool program, and the second group of participants consisted of 20 Black boys who graduated from the same all-male, all-Black secondary school. Research Design: This qualitative investigation explored how Black boys (N = 31) make meanings of their school-based relationships. It was conducted across two distinct time periods within two separate studies, one during preschool and one during high school. Findings/Results: We found that Black boys at both stages of development place primacy on care through school-related relationships with teachers, other adults, and peers. The Black boys in this study delineated distinctions in the dimensions of care, source of care, and their perspectives of the care they received from peers and adults in school. Taken together, caring for others and being cared for were critical to the educational experiences and well-being of Black boys in this study. Conclusions/Recommendations: This research contributes to understandings of Black boys’ school-related needs across two distinct developmental periods. As such, it is important for educators to see relational care as a vital tool for educational success of Black boys during the early years and continuously throughout their educational trajectories. Relatedly, educators must seek to incorporate care within the context of a relationship centered on a unique appreciation of each Black boy and his individual care needs, educational aspirations, and possibilities.

Affirmative action raises the likelihood of getting into college or obtaining a government job for minority social groups in India. I find that minority group students are incentivized to stay in school longer in response to changes in future prospects. To identify causal relationships, I leverage variation in group eligibility, school age cohorts, and state-level intensity of implementation in difference-in-differences and regression discontinuity designs. These estimators consistently show that affirmative action incentivizes about 0.8 additional years of education for the average minority group student and 1.2 more years of education for a student from a marginal minority subgroup.

A body of research has emerged during the past three decades focusing on how students engage in the schooling process and the broader positive developmental outcomes associated with high levels of engagement and lower involvement in high-risk behaviors. This chapter suggests that gratitude might offer a unique contribution for understanding how affective engagement and positive relationships could enhance student school bonding and thereby student social-emotional and academic outcomes.

How can cultural understandings simultaneously diverge from and contribute to aggregate patterns of action? On one hand, shared cognitive associations guide people’s everyday actions, and these actions comprise the behavioral trends that sociologists seek to measure and understand. On the other hand, these shared understandings often contradict behavioral trends. I address this theoretical puzzle by considering the empirical case of sexual relationships and school dropout in Malawi. Moving recursively between longitudinal survey data and in-depth interviews, I compare statistical patterns and cultural beliefs about the relationship between sexual relationships and school dropout. Interviewees emphasized ways that relationships render girls incapable of continuing in school, whereas survey data provide limited support for these posited causal processes. However, these shared beliefs about the detrimental effects of relationships for school performance have real effects: teachers, parents, and students act as if these narratives were true, and these behavioral responses sustain the broader antinomy between sex and schooling. This analysis reveals new insights into how cultural understandings—and the various ways people respond to and enforce them—contribute to the demographic patterns we observe using survey data.

Numerical literacy is an important aspect of schooling. Students must be able to count, relate, and perform arithmetic. The purpose of this study is to know deeply the numeracy literacy competency of private student’s junior high school. The following findings are the result of research employing tests as a data collection instrument. There are two students in the high category, five in the medium group, and nineteen in the low category. Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that children at the research school have poor literacy skills. Furthermore, it is envisaged that schools will seek alternate learning techniques capable of concretizing numeracy literacy principles. Numerical literacy is an important part of the world of education. Students are expected to understand and acquire the competency of numeracy.

Objectives This study examines the relationship between early adolescence school violence victimization, peer relationships, and the moderating effect of school transfer experience. Methods Using panel data from the Korean Educational Development Institute's ongoing Korean Education Longitudinal Study, which has been conducted since 2013, we conducted an analysis of school violence victim-ization experiences, peer relationships, and transfer experiences from elementary 5th grade to high school graduation. For data preprocessing and identifying transfer experiences, we utilized SPSS 27, while for examining moderation effects (multigroup analysis) using structural equation modeling, we employed Mplus 8.3. Results Firstly, experiences of school violence during early adolescence have a negative impact on subsequent peer relationships during the adolescent period. Secondly, transfer experiences moderate the effects of school violence victimization during early adolescence on later peer relationships in adolescence. Conclusions Experiencing school violence during early adolescence had a negative impact on the formation of peer relationships during subsequent schooling. However, it was found that when students transfered schools and joined a new peer group, they experienced less difficulty in forming peer relationships. Therefore, policy alter-natives that allow school violence victims to choose school transfers are needed.

The paper presents a case study whose focus is on examining the relationship among students of one fifth grade class during the period of combined schooling in the school year 2020/2021. This schooling model was introduced in order to enable appropriate physical distance among students in the classroom. Also, this was one of the important preventiv measures of the COVID-19 epidemic. Our intention is to check whether and to what extent the application of this schooling model, which included the division of classes into two groups, reflected on the mutual relations of students. We paid the most attention to friend?s relations. This paper represents an anthropological contribution to the issue of interpersonal relations among children in condition when many relations in society have changed due to the ?new normality?.

Since the creation of the administrative and epistemic category of savage in the late 19th century, the dichotomy of savage- civilised had been an intrinsic part of school education in Adivasi areas. Though, in contemporary academic discourse, the colonial construction of tribe is now considered as myth however, in actual teaching practices education as civilising mission is still constituting educational reality of Adivasi students. Drawing data from ethnographic fieldwork, conducted in rural Bastar, this paper attempt to explore the ongoing conflation between school education and civilising mission from the teacher’s perspective. The paper argues that relegation of teacher professional development in government school system under neoliberal regime draw limitation to visualise their role in broader framework of liberal education. As a result, with all good intension and commitment, they locate the Adivasi community and students in a dominant framework of savage and uncivilised and define school education as civilising mission.

Abstract What impact did distance learning and education have on the most fragile students during the COVID-19 emergency? How is ‘educational fragility’ perceived by teachers and school educators, and how did this concept change during the school closure? How did children and young people perceive their remote learning experiences? The pandemic scenario forced to switch from face-to-face to distance educational relationships, triggering new fragilities and increasing digital inequalities. Therefore, in the digital environment of third space, a qualitative Student Voice research was conducted to collect students’, teachers’ and educators’ perceptions of remote schooling via semi-structured interviews. The study was implemented with working university students and school-going students with special educational needs, aged between 7 and 13 years, pursuing the teacher preparation aspect in the field of social justice. Preliminary results show that distance relationships fostered students’ self-regulated learning and awareness of their own learning processes; however, only in-presence schooling is experienced as a real ‘living-learning space.’ All these aspects and especially the practitioners’ awareness of the outcomes of distance education open up a new perspective towards an ecological theory of educational fragility, which could contribute to define new in-depth knowledge-construction tools in support of the education practice.

This article explores the various ways in which recent Vietnamese immigrant students form cultural and gender identities as they transition to U.S. schooling. Using data from a 2-year qualitative study that tracked the social and academic adjustment processes of recent Vietnamese immigrant youth, this article examines the tensions that students struggle with as they bring their own values and practices into the school site. The findings suggest that gender functions as a complex social category for recent immigrants that shifts across social contexts. The authors argue that accounting for a full picture of gender identity more accurately captures the manner in which recent immigrant students adapt to U.S. schooling.

Increasing wealth provides key motivation for students to forgo earnings and struggle through exams. But, as we argue in this paper, schooling generates many experiences and affects many dimensions of skill that, in turn, affect central aspects of individuals' lives. Schooling not only affects income, but also the degree to which one enjoys work, as well as one's likelihood of being unemployed. It leads individuals to make better decisions about health, marriage, and parenting. It also improves patience, making individuals more goal-oriented and less likely to engage in risky behavior. Schooling improves trust and social interaction, and may offer substantial consumption value to some students. We discuss various mechanisms to explain how these relationships may occur independent of wealth effects and present evidence that nonpecuniary returns to schooling are at least as large as pecuniary ones. Ironically, one explanation why some early school leavers miss out on these high returns is that they lack the very same decision-making skills that more schooling would help improve.

This paper examines the relationships between secondary schools and their local neighbourhoods in the developing urban and suburban contexts of Auckland, New Zealand, during the 20th century. It discusses the problematic and changing characteristics of school neighbourhoods, especially those relating to physical location, transport facilities, and social geography. The construction of school communities and neighbourhoods is seen as political in its character, involving clear awareness of the effects of social class and, more recently, ethnic differences upon the academic attributes and reputation of the school, even when ‘equality of opportunity’ has represented the main official ideal of schooling. Detailed examples of the patterns of secondary education are employed to help explain the ingrained assumptions of schools and local communities and to provide a historical context to major national schooling policy changes in New Zealand in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Background/Context A good deal of research has been written about the problems and challenges facing Black male youth in their educational endeavors, ranging from academic performances, aspirations, and outcomes to student–teacher relationships, social experiences, and identity development. Statements calling for more Black male teachers abound in current educational discourse, and a number of studies have focused on their experiences in teaching, their pedagogical practices, and their role within the school setting. However, little attention has been given to how Black male students experience their learning and relationships with Black male teachers—the very people who are supposed to benefit from this adult presence. The present study investigates Black male students’ experiences with Black male teachers at a single-sex urban secondary school. Purpose The purpose of this study was to understand Black male students’ experiences in an all-male learning environment, with a particular emphasis on the role of Black male adults in their schooling experiences. Participants This study focused on the schooling experiences of 20 college-age Black males who all attended the same single-sex public high school. Research Design Qualitative research methods were used in this study. In particular, data from in-depth interviews explored students’ narratives about how they experienced and made meaning from the all-male schooling environment. Findings Findings suggest that the students conceptualized adult Black males at their school as otherfathers based on their pedagogical practices, care and concern, and support. First, students expressed their need or desire for male teachers in their secondary schooling experiences. Students identified Black male adults as significant contributors to their development. Second, learning from Black male teachers was valued highly by students because these experiences provided them with insider perspectives and key insights on being Black and male. Students were exposed to opportunities to learn about how race and gender could matter in their lives. Finally, engaging with Black male adults in their schooling experiences provided students with unique opportunities to learn more about themselves. Students’ learning enhanced their critical consciousness and connected to their racial and gender identities as well. Students attributed much of their success and personal development to how Black male teachers engaged in otherfathering—expressed as holistic care, support, parenting, modeling, and life coaching. Recommendations Implications and recommendations for educational researchers and practitioners to better understand how Black males matter in the lives and schooling experiences of Black male youth are discussed.

Over 2020 and 2021 we have seen significant disruption to schooling across the world as COVID-19 forces school closures. Education sectors migrated to distance learning arrangements and teachers and students primarily communicated through digital means. Under challenging conditions, school leaders and teachers made rapid changes to pedagogy and curriculum to accommodate their students’ diverse range of learning needs. We present an interview drawn from a qualitative study undertaken in Australia to illustrate (from a teacher’s perspective) how a school response to COVID-19 integrates elements of school connectedness during the shift to distance learning. School connectedness is an umbrella term that has been theorised in many different ways. In this article, we illustrate school bonding, attachment, and engagement as three interrelated aspects of school connectedness that came to the fore during lockdown measures associated with COVID-19. Leaders, teachers, students, and school communities benefit from school connectedness. When adversity is experienced, school connectedness can be seen in the relationships between teachers, the commitment to students, and the all-important pastoral support from school leaders. Strong and supportive relationships develop through practices that support school bonding, school attachment, and school engagement.

Children's treatment in the school environment has barely changed over many decades. Norms of obedience, discipline and control persist to define their 'place' in hierarchies of schooling. This is in direct contrast with freedoms they enjoy outside of school from, for example, their use of information communication technology, use of time and range of choices. This article is an autoethnographic study recounting my experience of working in an urban primary school. Over a two-year period, during which time I held a senior leadership role, I recorded my experiences in a daily journal or diary. My focus was on children, especially children living in areas of intergenerational exclusion. I asked how democratic and therefore inclusive state schooling is. I focused on the experience of children through their interactions and relationships with school structures and its professionalised culture. To that extent their experience was as subordinated social agents of an education policy hinterland whose micro-institutional structures undermine the agency and well-being of unsuspecting working-class children.

The current spread of Covid-19 has forced the government to come up with a policy that forces students to study from home, which was eventually known as school from home. This study was conducted with the aim of knowing the differences in academic stress between male and female students from home schooling. The research method used is quantitative research. The subjects in this study were students of Darut Taqwa High School, which consisted of 30 male students and 30 female students. Data was collected using the academic stress scale. Based on the calculation of the validity test, obtained 30 valid items from the stress scale with an academic reliability coefficient of 0.99. The data obtained showed that the level of academic stress of male students who were in the low category was 30% and the medium category was 70%. Meanwhile, female students have academic stress levels which are in the medium category of 36.6% and the high category of 73.4%. Based on the results of data analysis using the t-test between groups, the results were 2,632 with a t-table of 5%, which was 2,000. This means that the results of this study indicate that there are differences in academic stress between male and female students studying from home.

The article discusses the importance of understanding how the built environment of schools relates to the socialization process of students. School can be affective systems that promote social, emotional and academic skills of children and can foster motivation. The school has become a primary agency of socialization. It is the first large-scale organization of which the child becomes a member and which reflects what is going on in the wider society. The modern school is facing a challenge of creating the educational environment in a modern form which develops both academic and necessary learning skills, allowing looking for what is needed in future work cases. These skills include the ability to recognize and manage emotions, develop feelings of respect and care for others, build positive relationships, make responsible decisions and cope with various challenges. The school’s potential for socialization lies in the amount of times students spend in school and in activities related to the school. During this time the students acquires a lot from teachers and fellow students. To enhance achievement and socialization among students cooperative learning can be used as an effective teaching strategy. It is a social construction where knowledge is negotiated and acquired through social interaction rather than being transmitted by the teacher. Cooperative learning is suitable to promote a social construction of knowledge, mutual learning, personal and social development. It requires students to work in small groups in order to make possible face-to-face interactions between members. Effectiveness of cooperative learning is that every member of the group is involved in the learning process obtaining the experience of interaction. It represents situations in which teachers structure group work with the aim to maximize both social and cognitive outcomes. Consequently, cooperative learning methods can notably improve the process of socialization of students in school.

The normative transition to formal schooling confronts children with social challenges but also opportunities. Longitudinal research on how school entry impacts children’s family and friend-ship relationships is scarce. This study investigated social relationship qualities with parents, siblings, and friends among 1110 children (49.9% female) from the prospective, population-based Bavarian Longitudinal Study at 6 years (before school entry) and 8 years using a forced-choice card-sorting task. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed significant effects of age (i.e., school entry) on social relationship qualities with mothers (Pillai’s Trace (PT) = 0.28, F(9, 1101) = 47.73, p < 0.001), fathers (PT = 0.14, F(9, 1101) = 19.47, p < 0.001), siblings (PT = 0.27, F(9, 1101) = 46.14, p < 0.001), and friends (PT = 0.21, F(9, 1101) = 32.57, p < 0.001). On average, children reported higher levels of parental comfort after school entry. Companionable qualities increased in relationships with friends, whereas sibling relationships became more conflictual from preschool to early school age. Findings provide unique insights into how social relationships develop from preschool to early school age, supporting evidence of the growing importance of friends. Conflict was predominant and increasing in sibling relationships and should be considered more in future research.

Australian public school teachers work some of the longest weekly hours among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, particularly in the state of New South Wales where average hours are officially in, or near, the statistical category of ‘very long working hours’. These reports of a high workload have occurred alongside recent policy moves that seek to devolve responsibility for schooling, augmenting teacher and school-level accountability. This article explores changes in work demands experienced by New South Wales teachers. As part of a larger project on schools as workplaces, we examine teaching professionals’ views through interviews with teacher union representatives. Consistent with a model of work intensification, workload increases were almost universally reported, primarily in relation to ‘paperwork’ requirements. However, differences in the nature of intensification were evident when data were disaggregated according to socio-educational advantage, level of schooling (primary or secondary) and location. The distinct patterns of work intensification that emerge reflect each school’s relative advantage or disadvantage within the school marketplace, influenced by broader neoliberal reforms occurring within the state and nation.

Abstract. Compared to the vast literature on the cross-sectional relationships between cognitive and noncognitive factors and academic performance across all stages of schooling, relatively few studies have explored these relationships longitudinally at the high school level, especially in students who exhibit high academic performance. In this study, surveys of self-efficacy, locus of control, and intrinsic motivation were administered to 8,586 applicants to a prestigious private college-preparatory high school during the admissions process; simultaneously, standardized test scores (SSAT) were obtained. Enrolled and nonenrolled students were compared on prior academic performance and noncognitive measures. Further, noncognitive variables and trajectories of GPA (grade point averages) across 4 years (12 time points) were explored among the enrolled students (n = 818). The enrolled students, compared to the nonenrolled, showed advantageous scores on all measures. Also the relationships between noncognitive measures and academic performance were more weak between the enrolled than the nonenrolled students. Finally, a latent class growth analysis showed four trajectories of academic performance among the enrolled students. The only noncognitive measure distinguishing the students in different trajectories was anxiety about their own self-efficacy. The differences in the relationships between noncognitive measures and academic performance in high-achieving students in a high performance environment will be discussed.

Age and school-type differences (primary school and three types of secondary school) in self-related beliefs about ability, effort, and difficulty were investigated in a study of 1723 Berlin youth. Consistent with selective ability-stratified schooling, multi-group structural equation models revealed: (1) mean-level belief differences reflecting assimilation effects among secondary school students, (2) belief variances were mostly narrower among secondary school students reflecting restricted social comparison opportunities, and (3) school type moderated relationships between beliefs. Primary school students thought ability was fixed, that effort paid off, and they used normative task difficulty for gauging how effortful they were. Haupt-/Realschule and Gesamtschule students thought they were less effortful and put in less effort. Haupt-/Realschule student achievement was unrelated to their agency belief in ability and personal difficulty, reflecting a pattern of educational goal disengagement. Gymnasium school students seemed to maximize the use of their ability through effort.

The relationships among schooling, language, and knowledge—especially through the systematic comparison of the organization, form, function, and acquisition of institutionalized knowledge—in literate and nonliterate societies has hardly been examined. This essay attempts such an analysis, focusing on knowledge acquired through the use of language, because language is the major medium for imparting knowledge in schools and for social reproduction in the larger society, because knowledge acquired through the use of language is readily identifiable and testable, and because language is one of the major terms of the present analysis. The proposed elastic concept of schooling views schooling as a cover term for institutionalized learning in any society, literate or nonliterate. It thus questions the analytical adequacy of the received, Euro-American, concept of schooling as a unitary phenomenon based on the dual assumption that the school specializes in the transmission of literate knowledge and that literacy education is coterminous with formal education.

This article aims to theoretically elaborate a strategy of disseminating peace through peace education and curriculum construction integrated with schooling experiences. Violent behaviors committed by several groups of students have become a reason of why peace dissemination in schools is paramount. The existing curriculum merely concerning its teaching and learning documents has been considered as both insufficient for integrated peace education and inadequate to transform behaviors for peace. This study was conducted through library research on books and journals informing peace education and multidimensional curriculum. This study finds that peace education, which includes building capacities to reduce violence and to sustain cooperative and equal relationships, can be constructed in schooling processes. Moreover, the learning stages need to incorporate various dimensions of peace contents or experiences as planned, acted, evaluated, learned and hidden within the classroom and school interactions. It is suggested that the multi-dimensional curriculum is likely to cohere with a comprehensive school framework for peaceful school life.

The implementation of State educational reforms has sidestepped the reality of a heterogeneous society and Bolivia?s cultural diversity. The pedagogic models of formal schooling have been thrust upon a rural world and fail to respond to the needs and socio-cultural interests of an indigenous peasant youth. As a result, the institutionalized school?an instrument geared toward homogenizing the culture?has failed to be sensitive to diverse indigenous cosmic visions, which has historically and repeatedly resulted in cultural conflicts, bargaining and mediation. This study takes a socio-historical perspective to qualitatively analyze the tensions between the modes of socialization of knowledge?formal schooling vs. peasant community?in the transformative processes of the State education system. From the perceptions and interactions of the educational social actors, the modes of socialization?as cultural and pedagogical phenomena?reveal a complexity of manifestations regarding meaning/significance from the distinct cosmic visions of the different actors. The study reveals and contrasts the characteristics and inter-relationships of the different visions and discourses in the forms of socialization between formal schooling and the peasant community in the context of implementing State educational reform at the municipal level.

This theoretical review builds on the idea that social constructivism offers implications for reshaping schooling in ways that may correct the gap between the literacy achievement of students of diverse backgrounds and that of mainstream students. A diverse social con-structivist perspective may encourage literacy educators to progress from a mainstream orientation toward a serious consideration of the significance of students' ethnicity, primary language, and social class to literacy learning. From a social constructivistperspective, 5 explanations for the literacy achievement gap appear plausible: linguistic differences, cultural differences, discrimination, inferior education, and rationales for schooling. Incorporating these 5 explanations and building on the work of Cummins (1986, 1994), a conceptual framework for addressing the literacy achievement gap is proposed. This framework suggests that the school literacy learning of students of diverse backgrounds will be improved as educators address the goal of instruction, the role of the home language, instructional materials, classroom management and interaction with students, relationships with the community, instructional methods, and assessment.

In this article, Loukia Sarroub explores the relationships between Yemeni American high school girls and their land of origin. She also illustrates the tensions that often arise between immigrant students' lives and the goals of U.S. public schooling. Sarroub begins by providing historical background on Yemeni and Arab culture and international migration. Then, drawing upon a larger ethnographic study set in the Detroit, Michigan, area, she presents a case study of one girl's experiences in the contexts of home, school, and community in both the United States and Yemen. Throughout the study, Sarroub makes thematic comparisons to the experiences of five other Yemeni American high school girls. She uses the notion of the "sojourner" to highlight the fact that many Yemenis "remain isolated from various aspects of American life while maintaining ties to their homeland." Sarroub describes the relationships between Yemen and the United States as social and physical "spaces" from which high school girls' networks and identities emerge. She suggests that in this particular Yemeni community, which was fraught with ritual and sanctioned norms, public schooling was both liberating and a sociocultural threat. This duality sometimes led girls to disengage with home and school worlds and to create "imagined" spaces that could bridge their Yemeni and American lives. Sarroub's study provide a larger lens through which to understand the multiple spaces students must negotiate and the sojourner experience of this Yemeni community in the United States. (pp. 390–415)

In recent years, there has been a rapidly expanding literature on child labour that provides empirical evidence on its nature and determinants. The previous literature on Pakistani child labour includes Khan (1982), Hussain (1985), Ahmed (1991), Khan and Ali (1991) and Weiner and Noman (1995), and recently Addision, et. al. (1997), Burki and Fasih (1998), Ray (2000a), Ray (2000b), Ray (2001) and Ali and Khan (2003). Some studies (see for instance Khan 1982; Ahmed 1991) discuss mainly the qualitative features of child labour. The recent literature has focused attention on the quantitative aspect, taking advantage of the increasing availability of good quality data on child labour. Within the empirical literature on child labour, there has been a shift in emphasis from more quantification to an econometric analysis of its determinants. As child labour is seen to result from the same variables influencing child schooling but in inverse, so school enrolment is strongly correlated with child labour. Child labour commitments are major reasons for children’s non-participation in school. So the literature has moved to incorporate child schooling and child labour and thus analyses schooling and child labour jointly (see for instance, Degraff et. al. 1993; Mahmood et. al. 1994). The present study is one of this category.

To develop a more robust understanding of the relationship between non-formal, school-based STEM activities and students’ success and persistence in STEM fields, this study evaluates how math club participation influences math GPA and how science club participation influences science GPA. Additionally, this study evaluates how math or science club participation associates with the probability of selecting a STEM major in college. Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to examine these relationships, the results suggest that there is a STEM achievement gap in the success and persistence of students who do and do not participate in STEM-related extracurricular clubs. While, for the most part, the results were not differentiated by gender or race/ethnicity per se, they were in fact distinguishable by poverty status and the interaction between race and poverty status.

The study sets out to find out urban Aboriginal children's views of schools and teachers, particularly the things they enjoy and find valuable in their schooling experience and their ideas on what changes they would like to see. Literature indicates that whilst, on the one hand, Aboriginal parents and communities increasingly “want to help my children do better at school” (de Lacy, 1985, p..282), on the other hand very few succeed, especially once they have entered high school. A study by Goodnow and Burns (1985) has shown that primary school children are very discriminating judges of what helps them learn. Thus finding out what Aboriginal children actually say about their school experience may help educators to interpret their behaviour in the school setting more accurately and consequently to communicate with them more effectively. In the fairly extensive literature on Aboriginal children's education a number of relevant themes recur. One is the importance of personal relationships in Aboriginal children's learning. Affiliation is the basis of traditional Aboriginal relationships with individuality of the person secondary to the close knit family group. This is expressed as concern with affectionate relations in Aboriginal children's interactions with teachers and peers. It relates to what Honeyman (1986) calls traditional Aboriginal society's “humane teaching”, where education was through guidance rather than direct instruction. Another theme is the unpredictability of educational outcomes for Aboriginal students, particularly the nature of the acquisition of English literacy. “It is the most puzzling yet most debilitating characteristic of Aboriginal education to be recognised in recent times.” (Willmot, 1989, p.10) There are contradictory findings on Aboriginal adolescents' attitudes to school. Jordan (1984) in her South Australian study found that Aboriginal students had a “positive view of schooling and school personnel” (p.289).

Background/Context This article builds on U.S.-based research on undocumented status and schooling to examine how an elementary school teacher in Mexico successfully integrates transnational students’ experiences related to unauthorized (im)migration into the classroom. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Drawing on a politicized funds of knowledge framework, we focus on an exceptional fifth-grade teacher's curricular, pedagogical, and relational decisions to provide concrete examples of how educators on both sides of the border can carefully integrate students’ politicized experiences into their classrooms. Setting This research took place in a semirural fifth-grade classroom in Central Mexico during the 2016–2017 academic year, when Donald Trump was elected president of the United States. Population/Participants/Subjects This article focuses on the routine educational practices within a single fifth-grade classroom in a highly transnational Central Mexican town. Participants included a binational student who had recently relocated to Mexico because of U.S.-based immigration policies, her peers from transnational families with ties to the United States, and their fifth-grade teacher. Research Design This school-based ethnographic study involved weekly participant observation and video recording of routine activities in Profe Julio's fifth-grade classroom during the 2016–2017 academic year. Observations were triangulated with additional data sources such as interviews (with educators, binational students, and binational caregivers) and artifacts (such as homework assignments and student writing). Findings/Results Through a close examination of a fifth-grade classroom in Mexico, we illustrate how the teacher brought students’ (im)migration experiences into school by leveraging openings in the curriculum, developing interpersonal relationships of care, and engaging in a range of pedagogical moves. Conclusions/Recommendations We discuss how this teacher's educational practices could be carefully tailored to U.S. classrooms within the current anti-immigrant context. These practices include building relationships of care, looking for openings in the curriculum, providing academic distance, prioritizing teachers as learners, and working with school leadership for guidance on navigating politicized topics under the current U.S. administration.

This study examines high school students’ perceptions of school closed-circuit television systems (CCTVs). It draws on interviews conducted with 83 adolescents recruited from 10th- to 12th-grade classes at 39 Israeli schools. The findings indicate that students’ perceptions of CCTVs are embedded in their overall opinions about their school, particularly concerning relationships and trust between students and educators. The various metaphors that students used to describe their relational position regarding school CCTVs highlight that surveillance has become part of the organizational–educational experience. The findings also show that students’ scrutiny of school CCTVs reflects a conflict between privacy and security concerns. Students resolve this conflict by resorting to various balances, which echo general constitutional principles but were also anchored in the students’ personal schooling experiences. While building on Nissenbaum’s framework of contextual integrity for assessing privacy violations, we challenge its assumption of a uniform set of informational norms within a given context.

This article examines the tensions inherent in the relationship between Latino immigrant youth and their teachers at a desegregated urban middle school in Northern California, exploring these tensions from both the students’ and teachers’ perspectives. It is based upon data from a year-long ethnographic study of the school experiences of eight immigrant students from Central America and Mexico, all of whom had older siblings or close friends involved in neighborhood gangs. It also includes interviews with the students’ teachers regarding their perceptions of the students. Significantly, students named teachers’ discrimination against them as Latinos as the primary cause of their disengagement from school, refusing to invest in learning from these teachers. At the same time, these teachers felt they were trying their best to do a good job, responding to the school administration's mandate to invest in other students who were considered most likely to keep standardized test scores high. Thus this article explores how teachers’ attitudes and practices perceived by students as racist may be actually linked to structural conditions within the school, such as tracking and high teacher turnover, that preclude caring relationships with students.

This article investigates the relationships between ethnonational identity and educational level in three West African contexts: Liberia, Ghana, and Côte d’Ivoire. Citizens in these neighboring countries identify with overlapping ethnic groups, but have varied historical experiences, with Americans settling in Liberia; the British colonizing Ghana, and the French colonizing Côte d’Ivoire. In the recent era, Côte d’Ivoire elected an opposition leader at the end of its civil war in 2010; Ghana is considered as the most stable democracy in West Africa; and Liberia experienced two protracted conflicts over the past 30 years and completed its first peaceful transition of power in 2017. We analyze 2014 Afrobarometer data from these three countries to consider if respondents are more likely to value local identities, national identities, or equally value both in each context, and how these valuations vary according to schooling experiences and national context. The findings do not show a linear relationship between education and civic identity, as more respondents who completed only primary school identified primarily with ther national group than those who completed secondary school. Most respondents who completed graduate study in all three countries identified with both their national and ethnic group; none identified primarily with their ethnic groups. In addition, the trends in identity and schooling in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire are more similar to each other than to Liberia.