Книги: "Relational attributes"

1

See me! Hear me!: Divine/human relational dialogue in Genesis. Leuven: Peeters, 2015.

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2

Binggelli, Pierre. Patterns of invasion of sycamore (Acer Pseudoplatanus L) in relation to species and ecosystem attributes. [S.l: The Author], 1992.

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3

Region, United States Forest Service Eastern. Attributes of an organization with an outstanding human resources program. [Milwaukee, Wis.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Eastern Region, 1991.

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4

The fatherhood of God: And its relation to the person and work of Christ and the operations of the Holy Spirit. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1986.

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5

Universal dimensions of Islam: Studies in comparative religion. Bloomington IN: World Wisdom, Inc., 2011.

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6

Habeebi, Syed Mohammed Mohiuddin. Beautiful names of Allah in the Bible. Morrisville, NC: Lulu Enterprises, 2005.

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7

Habeebi, Syed Mohammed Mohiuddin. Beautiful names of Allah in the Bible. Morrisville, NC: Lulu Enterprises, 2005.

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8

(Pakistan), National Book Foundation, ed. Knowledge of God: A comparative study of Christian and Islamic epistemologies. Islamabad: National Book Foundation, 2011.

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9

Jabr, Muḥammad Amīn. Allāh jalla jalāluhu bayna al-tathlīth wa-al-tawḥīd. ʻĀbidīn [Cairo]: al-Nahār lil-Ṭabʻ wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 1999.

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10

Sanson, Henri. Dialogue intérieur avec l'islam. Paris: Centurion, 1990.

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11

Sanson, Henri. Dialogue intérieur avec l'islam. Paris: Centurion, 1990.

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12

1934-, Donnelly John Patrick, Teske Roland J. 1934-, and Bellarmino, Roberto Francesco Romolo, Saint, 1542-1621., eds. Spiritual writings. New York: Paulist Press, 1989.

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13

Münch, Armin. Dimensionen der Leere: Gott als Nichts und Nichts als Gott im christlich-buddhistischen Dialog. Münster: Lit, 1998.

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14

Korpel, Marjo C. A. A rift in the clouds: Ugaritic and Hebrew descriptions of the divine. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1990.

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15

Karnow, Stanley. In our image. London: Century, 1990.

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16

Karnow, Stanley. In our image: America's empire in the Philippines. New York: Random House, 1989.

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17

Bradford, Roger. Children, families, and chronic disease: Psychological models and methods of care. London: Routledge, 1997.

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18

Rushton, Cynda Hylton. Conceptualizing Moral Resilience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.003.0007.

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Moral resilience, the ability of an individual to preserve or restore integrity in response to moral adversity, draws on targeted scholarship of the broader concept of resilience in other contexts. This chapter builds on definitions in the literature and qualitative analysis of clinicians’ definitions of moral resilience in order to outline the key attributes of moral resilience. The foundation of moral resilience is personal and relational integrity. The attributes of self-regulation and self-awareness, such as mindfulness, buoyancy, moral efficacy, and self-stewardship, support the preservation or restoration of integrity. These attributes are defined and illustrated with quotes from clinicians. Taken together, these attributes constitute a conceptual basis for moral resilience.

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19

Rice, Ronald E., and Ryan Fuller. Theoretical Perspectives in the Study of Communication and the Internet. Edited by William H. Dutton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589074.013.0017.

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This chapter exposes the prominence of different theoretical perspectives on the Internet. A broad scope of primary and secondary theories has been increasingly used to understand the social and communicative aspects of the Internet and the increasingly specialized areas being developed by Internet researchers, such as around social media. The chapters published in the first half of the period (2000–04) are compared to those in the second period of the sample (2005–09). It is observed that the media attributes, the public sphere, and community have been the most popular theory themes. There are also opportunities for further theoretical development in the areas of credibility/trust, participatory media/users, relational management, and cultural differences.

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20

Relational attribute blocks activity book: Grades 1-6. Learning Resources, 1993.

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21

Gil, Nuno, Jeffrey Pinto, and Hedley Smyth. Trust in Relational Contracting and as a Critical Organizational Attribute. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199563142.003.0019.

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22

Bright, Candace Forbes. Conceptualizing Deviance: A Cross-Cultural Social Network Approach to Comparing Relational and Attribute Data. Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2016.

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23

Norris, John. An Account of Reason and Faith: In Relation to the Mysteries of Christianity (Thoemmes Press - Thoemmes Library of British Philosophers). Thoemmes Continuum, 1990.

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24

Wolff, J. E. The Metaphysics of Quantities. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837084.001.0001.

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This book articulates and defends a new and original answer to two questions: What are physical quantities and what makes them quantitative? This novel position—substantival structuralism—says that quantitativeness is an irreducible feature of particular attributes, and quantitative attributes are best understood as substantival structured spaces. Physical quantities like mass, momentum, or temperature play an important role in formulating laws of nature and in testing scientific theories. It is therefore important to have a clear philosophical understanding of what makes these attributes special. Traditional views of quantities have either suggested that quantities are determinables, that is, attributes that require determination by magnitudes, or that quantities are in some sense numerical, but neither view is satisfactory. The book shows how to use the representational theory of measurement to provide a better, more abstract criterion for quantitativeness: only attributes whose numerical representation has a high degree of uniqueness are quantitative. The best ontology for quantities is offered by a form of sophisticated substantivalism applied to quantities as structured spaces. Substantivalism, because an infinite domain is required to satisfy the formal requirements of quantitativeness; structured spaces, because they contain fundamental relations; sophisticated substantivalism because the identity of positions in such spaces is irrelevant. The resulting view is a form structuralism about quantities. The topic of the book falls squarely in the metaphysics of science, with contributions to general metaphysics and philosophy of science.

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25

La plus belle histoire de Dieu. Seuil, 1999.

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26

Page, Kelly Garnette. An empirical analysis of the influence of perceived attributes of publics on public relations strategy use and effectiveness. 2002.

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27

Ünal, Ercenur, and Anna Papafragou. The relation between language and mental state reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses how children’s conceptual representations of the mind make contact with language. It focuses on two domains: the understanding of the conditions that lead to knowledge, and the ability to attribute knowledge to oneself and others. Specifically, it asks whether language provides the representational resources necessary for representing mental states and whether cross-linguistic differences in encoding of mental states influence sensitivity to the features that distinguish the conditions that allow people to gain knowledge. Empirical findings in these domains strongly suggest that language scaffolds the development of these cognitive abilities without altering the underlying conceptual representations of mental states.

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28

Dowe, Phil. Causal Process Theories. Edited by Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0011.

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If the core idea of process theories of causation is that causation can be understood in terms of causal processes and interactions, then the approach should be attributed primarily to Wesley Salmon (1925–2001). Salmon takes causal processes and interactions as more fundamental than causal relations between events. To express this Salmon liked to quote John Venn: ‘Substitute for the time honoured “chain of causation”, so often introduced into discussions upon this subject, the phrase a “rope of causation”, and see what a very different aspect the question will wear’. According to the process theory, any facts about causation as a relation between events obtain only on account of more basic facts about causal processes and interactions. Causal processes are the world-lines of objects, exhibiting some characteristic essential for causation.

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29

Sinclair, Alan, and Tam Baillie. Early human relations set the foundation for adult health and working life. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747109.003.0009.

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Investing in early years is close to magic, without being magic. The United Nations has given greater prominence to the early years through a General Comment on the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Health research is gravitating to a view that adult physical and mental conditions have their origins in the womb and the earliest months and years of life. More than any other skills, employers want people who can talk, listen, and work with others: attributes that are largely picked up before school. Economists have demonstrated that the best return on investment in ‘education’ is in supporting parents and children, in the years before school. While evidence, analysis, and experience, which we review, points in one direction, it leads to three questions. Where are we now in child well-being and supporting parents and their very young children? Why are we not doing better? What can be done?

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30

Shammas, Carole. Household Formation, Lineage, and Gender Relations in the Early Modern Atlantic World. Edited by Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0021.

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Households did not figure prominently in the early Atlantic migration to the Americas. The opportunity for innovation in household structure, given the ethnicities, economies, and colonial regimes involved, was great. Large portions of the Americas diverged from the prescribed patterns of marriage in the Western European empires that had laid claim to the territory. The potential for differing versions of the early modern American family can be grasped best by looking at how the population had evolved towards the end of the colonial period. This article explores household formation, lineage, and gender relations in the early modern Atlantic world, as well as differences in the household organisation of Atlantic migrants and Native Americans, household and land, and whether creole women's advantage can be attributed to an African woman's later age at birth of first child or her higher probability of being a sugar-field worker.

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31

Voltaire and Rousseau Against the Atheists: Or Essays and Detached Passages from Those Writers, in Relation to the Being and Attributes of God. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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32

Akerly, J. Voltaire and Rousseau Against the Atheists; or Essays and Detached Passages from Those Writers, in Relation to the Being and Attributes of God. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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33

Voltaire and Rousseau Against the Atheists: Or Essays and Detached Passages from Those Writers, in Relation to the Being and Attributes of God. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2015.

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34

Boucher, Anna. Female High-Skilled Migration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.003.0004.

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States and employers are increasingly selecting highly skilled immigrants according to labour market qualifications and broad human capital attributes. This chapter considers the gender implications of the focus on skills through an examination of the different career trajectories of men and women. In particular, it considers the acknowledgement of part-time and non-continuous work in skilled immigration policy design as well as the potentially discriminatory effects of age limits. In doing so, it applies feminist theories from industrial relations and economics to the examination of skilled immigration policies in twelve countries, demonstrating variation across countries in their awareness to gender concerns.

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35

O’Brien, Laurie T., and Patricia N. Gilbert. Ideology: An Invisible yet Potent Dimension of Diversity. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0008.

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Recently, ideology has emerged as an important topic of inquiry among social, personality, and political psychologists as research has shown a link between people’s ideological belief systems and their attitudes toward, and evaluations of, others. This chapter will examine theory and research concerning the structure, content, and functions of ideological beliefs. In addition, the effects of such beliefs on diversity attitudes and intergroup relations will be considered. Directions for future research on ideology or worldview as an attribute of diversity will be offered.

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36

Mendelovici, Angela. Functional Role Theories and Tracking Theories Again. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863807.003.0004.

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This chapter considers functional role theories of intentionality, on which original intentionality is a matter of a representation's functional roles. According to short-arm functional role theories, these functional roles only include functional relations between representations, while according to long-arm versions of the theory, the relevant functional roles can include relations to items in the external environment. This chapter argues that short-arm theories face in-principle difficulties: they cannot attribute content determinately, and it is not clear why functional roles should give rise to intentionality in the first place. This motivates long-arm versions of the theory. However, these versions inherit the tracking theory's mismatch problem. The chapter closes by arguing that the fundamental problem with both tracking and functional role theories is that neither tracking relations nor functional roles are sufficient for giving rise to intentionality.

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37

Weiss, Meredith L. The Roots of Resilience. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750045.001.0001.

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This book examines governance from the ground up in the world's two most enduring electoral authoritarian or “hybrid” regimes—Singapore and Malaysia—where politically liberal and authoritarian features are blended to evade substantive democracy. Although skewed elections, curbed civil liberties, and a dose of coercion help sustain these regimes, selectively structured state policies and patronage, partisan machines that effectively stand in for local governments, and diligently sustained clientelist relations between politicians and constituents are equally important. While key attributes of these regimes differ, affecting the scope, character, and balance among national parties and policies, local machines, and personalized linkages—and notwithstanding a momentous change of government in Malaysia in 2018—the similarity in the overall patterns in these countries confirms the salience of these dimensions. As the book shows, taken together, these attributes accustom citizens to the system in place, making meaningful change in how electoral mobilization and policymaking happen all the harder to change. This authoritarian acculturation is key to the durability of both regimes, but, given weaker party competition and party–civil society links, is stronger in Singapore than Malaysia. High levels of authoritarian acculturation, amplifying the political payoffs of what parties and politicians actually provide their constituents, explain why electoral turnover alone is insufficient for real regime change in either state.

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38

Bennett, David. The Muʿtazilite Movement (II). Редактор Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.32.

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This chapter examines the theology of the early Muʿtazilites. First we consider the state of the sources in which their positions are preserved, the individual figures involved, and their historical context. We indicate the relation of Muʿtazilites to their contemporaries, orthodox and heretical, and enumerate the central tenets of their theology. Then we consider the outstanding features of early Muʿtazilite theology in practice, beginning with its grounding in the philosophy of nature and the various physical theories associated with the school, together with speculation concerning their provenance. Finally we examine various aspects of the philosophical system in detail, including the divine attributes, the nature of God, philosophical anthropology, and free will.

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39

Herborth, Benjamin, and Oliver Kessler. The Public Sphere. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.426.

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The term “public” is predominantly used in International Relations (IR), often appearing as an attribute in collocations such as “public goods” or “public opinion.” The study of public spheres can be meaningfully situated within the scope of the emerging field of International Political Sociology (IPS). At the heart of the study of public spheres as an integral part of IPS is the challenge of theorizing the relations between public spheres and an emerging postnational political order. One perennial concern of IPS that can be addressed through the study of public spheres is the relation between empirical and normative inquiry. In addition, the study of public spheres constitutes an interdisciplinary arena that contributes to the process of opening up IR to the theoretical and methodological toolkit of adjacent intellectual fields. In this context, the study of social movements comes to mind, especially when it directly tackles processes of “contentious politics.” An analysis of the way in which the term “public” is used in IR can offer important insights into the social-theoretical presuppositions and implicit concepts of social and international order that go along with it. The study of public spheres is not confined to the study of a set of firmly delineated empirical phenomena, which may or may not be observed. It can also be used to elucidate the oft-neglected problem of how political authority is constituted in terms of both theoretical and empirical inquiry.

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40

Barkawi, Tarak. Empire and Order in International Relations and Security Studies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.164.

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International relations (IR) and security studies lack a coherent and developed body of inquiry on the issue of empire. The central focus of IR situates discussion of imperialism and hierarchy outside the core of the discipline, and on its fringes where scholars from other disciplines engage with IR and security studies literature. Similarly, security studies focus on major war between great powers, not “small wars” between the strong and the weak. The general neglect of empire and imperialism in IR and security studies can be attributed to Eurocentrism, of the unreflective assumption of the centrality of Europe and latterly the West in human affairs. In IR this often involves placing the great powers at the center of analysis, as the primary agents in determining the fate of peoples. Too easily occluded here are the myriad international relations of co-constitution, which together shape societies and polities in both the global North and South. In 1986, Michael Doyle published Empires, a thoughtful effort to systematize the historiography of empire and imperialism with social science concepts. It is rarely cited, much less discussed, in disciplinary literature. By contrast, the pair of articles he published in 1983 on Kant and the connection between liberalism and peace revived the democratic peace research program, which became a key pillar of the liberal challenge to realism in the 1990s and is widely debated. The reception of Doyle’s work is indicative of how imperialism can be present but really absent in IR and security studies.

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41

Goldschmidt, Tyron. The Argument from (Natural) Numbers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842215.003.0004.

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This chapter considers Plantinga’s argument from numbers for the existence of God. Plantinga sees divine psychologism as having advantages over both human psychologism and Platonism. The chapter begins with Plantinga’s description of the argument, including the relation of numbers to any divine attribute. It then argues that human psychologism can be ruled out completely. However, what rules it out might rule out divine psychologism too. It also argues that the main problem with Platonism might also be a problem with divine psychologism. However, it will, at the least, be less of a problem. In any case, there are alternative, possibly viable views about the nature of numbers that have not been touched by Plantinga’s argument. In addition, the chapter touches on the argument from properties, and its relation to the argument from numbers.

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42

Higgins, Luke B. From Manipulation to Co-creation: Whitehead on the Ethics of Symbol-Making. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429566.003.0010.

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This chapter asks whether there is a third way beyond the two deeply problematic options of either 1) allowing ourselves to be the manipulated objects of a transcendent symbolism (whether ‘projected’ onto a traditionally conceived divinity, or cynically attributed to the ruthless hands of politico-economic power); or 2) appointing ourselves the quasi-divine rulers of a world whose mastery is predicated on the reducibility of the latter to a set of abstract, manipulable symbolic units, i.e. the ‘laws of nature,’ or – as the case may be – the laws of economics, which is every bit as ruthless in its exploitive logic of value-extraction. It suggests that there isindeed a third role for us in relation to symbolism besides being an object of symbolic manipulations or a manipulator of objects through symbols—a unique mode of symbol-making (or symbol-revision) emergent in the harmonized interstices between our inner and outer realities. It would aim at both experiencing and transmitting the power of something like what Gilles Deleuze calls ‘a life’ – that unique quality of the living that is universal in its singularity. Symbols are not merely fabulations of our imagination, but are produced through the indeterminate and dynamically ecological relations of creative becoming.

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43

Clark, Gordon L., and Ashby H. B. Monk. Production of Investment Returns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793212.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 introduces the ways in which institutional investors produce investment returns over time and space. In doing so, the chapter considers the 1937 theory of the firm by Coase and reviews the theory’s relevance in today’s environment. It then outlines the three building blocks underpinning the ways in which financial institutions produce investment returns in the context of spatially extensive financial markets: ecology of finance, managers and workers, and coordination. The chapter also demonstrates the distinctive attributes of financial institutions, especially vis-à-vis the power and authority of senior managers in relation to the institution’s goals and objectives. The chapter explores other influential factors, such as the ways in which location, particularly in large urban centres with extensive financial networks, can make a difference.

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44

Garrett, Don. Spinoza’s “Ontological” Argument. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195307771.003.0003.

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Proposition 11 of Part 1 of Spinoza’s Ethics states that God necessarily exists. Although his demonstration of the proposition is often said to constitute his ontological argument for the existence of God, and to report an essentially private “rational perception” of God’s existence, he provides four distinct “proofs” for the proposition. This chapter analyzes the four proofs and the relations among them. Like ontological arguments, they depend crucially on a definition of God that is intended, when grasped, to show that God necessarily exists; but like most cosmological arguments, they also depend crucially on a principle of sufficient reason. The last two proofs can be seen to address an objection, concerning the principle that substances cannot share attributes, that might otherwise be raised to the first two proofs.

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45

Smith, Leonard V. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199677177.003.0001.

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Tomáš Masaryk, the first president of Czechoslovakia, described the Paris Peace Conference as a “laboratory built over a vast cemetery.” The introduction explains why histories of the conference grounded in realist and liberal schools of international relations theory do not tell us everything we need to know about it. The loci and attributes of sovereignty formed the central questions of the conference. Sovereignty can be considered as a series of riddles, that is, questions without apparent answers, about political rule in the broadest sense. At the heart of the riddles lay a profound Wilsonianism challenge to existing understandings of the international system. The American president had proposed, and the allies accepted, a radicalized liberal notion of sovereignty. Answers to the riddles of sovereignty at the Paris Peace Conference would revolve around trying to reconcile old and new political identities.

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46

Lonie, Douglas. Measuring Outcomes and Demonstrating Impact. Edited by Brydie-Leigh Bartleet and Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.24.

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This chapter explores approaches to evaluation and measurement in community music, within a policy environment increasingly focused on establishing the impact of public investment on individuals, communities, and society as a whole. It seeks to critically engage with terminology and appraise common models of evaluation and measurement advocated by a range of funders of community music by reviewing policy documents and evaluation approaches promoted across the public and third sectors, using recent history in the United Kingdom as a case study. Drawing on published examples of community music evaluations, a variety of methods are discussed including quantitative studies, interpretative and qualitative approaches, and standardized tools. These are examined in relation to their ability to convey project learnings, as well as the extent to which ‘impact’ can be attributed and claimed. The findings are then discussed in relation to the broader literature relating to the impact of community music, and an emerging field of applicable methods is proposed.

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47

Kaufman, Emma. Death and Dignity in American Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199385997.003.0018.

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Dignity serves many purposes in American law, but the concept is perhaps most vital in decisions on the death penalty. Since 1972, when the Supreme Court briefly banned capital punishment, American jurists have debated whether death sentences violate “the dignity of man.” These legal debates describe dignity as an innately human attribute and a core feature of human nature. In practice, however, courts employ dignity to instantiate a particular model of democratic governance. Legal cases on the death penalty treat dignity as a fundamentally relational concept, less a characteristic of personhood than a state of existing in dialogue with the law. This vision of dignity is more institutional and alienable than conceptions that emphasize unwavering worth. Ultimately, the approach to dignity in death penalty cases displaces an individuated account of the term and raises a basic question about whether dignity can exist in the absence of the law.

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48

Tzohar, Roy. It’s a Bear . . . No, It’s a Man . . . No, It’s a Metaphor! Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664398.003.0004.

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This chapter deals with the Yogācāra understanding of metaphor as expressed in one of the school’s earliest sources: the Tattvārthapaṭalaṃ chapter of the Bodhisattvabhūmi (BBh), along with its commentarial sections in the Viniścayasaṃgrahaṇī (VS), both ascribed to Asaṅga. The analysis of the metaphor-related passages in both texts—some of which are translated here into English for the first time—serves to present a unique Buddhist understanding of the performative philosophical role of figurative language and of its relation to the possibility of the ineffable. The chapter demonstrates that the writings attributed to Asaṅga put forth an influential philosophy of language that anticipates and lays the foundation for the school’s subsequent pan-metaphorical claim.

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Gorham, Geoffrey. Hobbes’s Embodied God. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190490447.003.0008.

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17th-century natural philosophy placed God directly at the foundations of both the Cartesian and the Newtonian programs in physics. But Hobbes’s somewhat neglected “corporeal deity”—derived from the ancient Stoics—offered at least as compelling a conception of God’s immanent relation to the world as Descartes or Newton. While undeniably heterodox, Hobbes’s embodied God possessed the traditional divine attributes, including infinity, omnipotence, omniscience, and simplicity. Furthermore, the corporeal God solved an important problem at the foundation of Hobbesian physics: accounting for the origin of motion and diversity. Given the rise of deism and materialism in France and England at the turn of the eighteenth century, one might have expected a welcome reception for Hobbes’s corporeal deity (which was certainly well known). But in fact even radical authors like Toland—an avowed pantheist—rejected the corporeal god doctrine.

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Flood, Dawn Rae. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036897.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter examines the scope of sexual violence, rape trials, and criminal jurisprudence in an Anglo context through the familiar adage that rape is “an accusation easily to be made and hard to be proved and harder to be defended against by the party accused, tho [sic] never so innocent.” This statement, attributed to seventeenth-century British jurist Matthew Hale, speaks to the prevailing conceptions of rape in the United States today, at the same time that it captures myriad assumptions about sex and gender relations in modern society. This chapter is thus a brief exploration of what it means to be victimized or accused of rape, albeit updated to include more recent social justice concerns such as racism and feminism.

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