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1
Kelvin Oghenerukevwe, Medu. "An Examination of Nigeria and United States Relations: A Theoretical Perspective." African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration 7, no. 1 (March 6, 2024): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajlpra-bfpat2oa.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The diplomatic relations between Nigeria and the United States over the years have been marred by ups and down, progressive and regressive character. This paper examined the diplomatic relations between both countries under the Goodluck Jonathan and General Buhari’s administration (2011-2021). The paper focused on both countries diplomatic relations specifically on pandemic response and health, bilateral economic engagement, educational and cultural exchanges and peace and security engagement. Anchoring the paper’s theoretical review on trait theory of the leadership, the paper reviewed the collected historical data and conducted a comparative analysis of Goodluck’s administrations’ foreign relations with the United States (2011-2015) and that of his successor, President Muhammadu Buhari (2015-2021). The review revealed that Goodluck and Buhari shuttle diplomacy is yet to achieve a convincing impact on the international community in terms of establishing a strong foreign relation with the U.S and the challenges of Nigeria's foreign relations is how to overcome its integrity crisis, and thereby securing the desired respect for its citizens internationally. This paper further revealed that Buhari's foreign relation with the United States has more impact on Nigeria's economy than that of Goodluck administration, even though the challenges are still present in the Buhari administration such as the Boko-Haram insurgency, unemployment, farmers-headmen crises, kidnapping, police brutality, and so on. The paper recommended that for Nigeria to promote a viable national interest it must pursue and promote a dynamic and assertive foreign relation with the United States and other big nations of the world.
2
Romero Somme, G. "Expropriation and consequence: Peru-United States relations (1963–1975)." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 9, no. 4 (May 11, 2022): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2021-9-4-34-52.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article studies the nature of Peru-United States relations during the period 1963–1975 through an analysis of the dispute over the potential expropriation of the US-owned International Petroleum Company. The United States government implemented a tough policy towards the first government of Fernando Belaúnde – who sough a “special” relation with the Unites States –characterized by the threat of economic sanctions if the Peruvian government did not solve the issue in favor of the company. The threat of the Hickenlooper Amendment, which sought to penalize countries that expropriated American owned businesses, was a clear sign of this. Once the company was expropriated by the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces in 1968 the American government was ironically forced to follow a more flexible approach, as the new military regime sought to diversify its bilateral relations in the bipolar context of the Cold War. The American policy of supporting the IPC had negative long-term effects fo American interests in the region, as it accelerated the overthrown of Belaúnde and ushered in the arrival of a military junta which sought a more independent foreign policy. A country that had been solid American ally camp since the end of World War II had become a nonaligned nation.
3
Zhu, Qingqing, Shengen Liao, Xinyi Lu, Shi Shi, Dexing Gong, Iokfai Cheang, Xu Zhu, Haifeng Zhang, and Xinli Li. "Cobalt exposure in relation to cardiovascular disease in the United States general population." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 31 (March 31, 2021): 41834–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13620-3.
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4
Davydov, A. "Vote for aid? How economic interaction with the United States affects countries’ voting patterns at the UN General Assembly." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2023): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2023-2-25-41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article investigates how the dynamics of economic aid from the United States and its trade and investment relations with a country affect the latter’s voting solidarity at the United Nations General Assembly. First, the approaches of Democrats and Republicans to financing the UN in connection with voting in the General Assembly are delineated. It is worth noting that Democrats tend to support multilateral institutions and policies, while Republicans have historically favored unilateral foreign policy. Still, both parties consistently prioritize allocating the U.S. funding for the United Nations to certain countries. The author uses data on financial flows directed toward multilateral institutions, along with other U.S. bilateral foreign aid, trade, and investment statistics, to explore whether economic interconnectivity affects the degree of the UN member states’ solidarity with the United States’ voting patterns at the General Assembly. It is concluded that economic relations with the United States do not significantly determine the increase in voting solidarity at the General Assembly. A group of 58 states is identified that, over a 25-year period (from 1996 to 2021), displayed a growing alignment with the United States in situations where it voted differently from the majority of other UN members. However, the increase in aid, trade, and investments from the United States to this group is primarily driven just by 13 major U.S. economic partners and aid recipients. Remarkably, the voting behavior of this select group of 13 states mirrors that of the remaining members of this focus group of 58 states.
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Hakim, Peter, and Michael Shifter. "United States-Latin American Relations." Current History 94, no. 589 (February 1, 1995): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1995.94.589.49.
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Doran, Charles F. "Les relations canado-américaines dans une ère d'incertitude." Études internationales 27, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703597ar.
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The following treatment of U.S.-Canada relations begins with the Ottawa-Quebec nexus and its impact upon the connection with the United States. Then the analysis proceeds through bilateral relations. The essay concludes with a look at multilateral interactions from the focus of both Canada and the United States. Thus the analysis proceeds from the most specific to the most general, and from the most internalized to the most external. Concluding with a paradox, the argument of the essay is that despite the end of the Cold War and the disappearance of imminent external threat, uncertainty has never loomed larger in the relation of Canada to its southern neighbor, for all parts of Canada including Quebec, and for the Canadian polity as a whole.
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Howard, Patrick, and Joe Deutsch. "Fitness motivations in United States Airmen." Journal of Human Sciences 19, no. 3 (August 21, 2022): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v19i3.6275.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increased consumer use of wearable fitness trackers which began in the early 2010s, has provided researchers with the opportunity to better understand human motivations for fitness. While physical fitness remains vital to health and is recognized as a predictor of long-term healthcare cost, it is crucial to better understand how to influence lasting changes in behavior and how those changes are associated with different motivation. The United States Air Force requires members to adhere to certain fitness standards as a means to measure mission readiness as well as in consideration of healthcare costs throughout an Airmen’s career and into their retirement. Wearable fitness trackers offer an opportunity for the Air Force to increase physical fitness among Airmen by tailoring motivation tactics to fit their individual needs. This article will review the differing types of human motivation that drive fitness by examining them in relation to self-determination theory and exploring how wearable fitness trackers can be utilized in conjunction with this to improve fitness among Airmen.
8
Lee, Tae Ho, and Daniel Riffe. "Business News Framing of Corporate Social Responsibility in the United States and the United Kingdom: Insights From the Implicit and Explicit CSR Framework." Business & Society 58, no. 4 (March 1, 2017): 683–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650317696314.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to contribute to the understanding of business news coverage of corporate social responsibility (CSR) within a comparative international context by investigating two business newspapers, The Wall Street Journal from the United States and The Financial Times from the United Kingdom. Drawing on the news framing research and the implicit and explicit CSR framework of Matten and Moon, this content analysis shows that business news coverage of CSR in the United States and in the United Kingdom differs in terms of news framing (thematic vs. episodic), motive attributions of CSR as a concept, motive attributions of referenced companies in relation to CSR, general tone toward the concept of CSR, and the general tone toward referenced companies in relation to CSR. Most significantly, findings suggest that business news plays different roles in constructing and legitimizing CSR in the two countries. In the United States, CSR’s legitimacy and its conceptual positivity may be more implied through the coverage of singular events or actors (episodic framing), whereas in the United Kingdom, CSR’s illegitimacy and its conceptual negativity may be more exposed for further discussion through the coverage of larger societal contexts (thematic framing). Other theoretical as well as practical implications are also discussed.
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Panke, Diana. "The institutional design of the United Nations General Assembly: an effective equalizer?" International Relations 31, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817690567.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Most international organizations are based on the principle of equality of states. Their institutional design grants all member states the same formal rights. Although formally equal, states differ immensely concerning their power capacities and size. Can institutional designs of international organizations mitigate real-world power- and size-related differences between member states, and if so, to which extent? To provide an answer, this article focuses on the United Nations General Assembly, which combines an equalizing institutional design with a large very heterogeneous membership. It shows that the strength of the equalizing effect varies across stages of the policy cycle. It is the weakest in the negotiation stage and the strongest in the final decision-making stage, while institutional design of international organizations has a de facto equalizing effect of medium strength in the agenda setting stage. Thus, while power and capacity differences matter, larger powerful states are not systematically better off throughout the entire policy cycle.
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Clarizio, Lynda M. "United States v. Yunis." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 1 (January 1989): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202796.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Defendant Fawaz Yunis, a Lebanese resident and citizen, was charged for his alleged involvement in the 1985 hijacking of a Jordanian civil aircraft in the Middle East. Defendant moved to dismiss the indictment on the ground that, under general principles of international law, the court lacked subject matter and personal jurisdiction over a crime committed by a nonresident alien on foreign soil and that federal law provided no independent basis for such jurisdiction. The United States District Court for the District of Columbia (per Parker, J.) denied the motion to dismiss in part and granted it in part, and held: (1) that those counts of the indictment charging the defendant with violation of section 32(a) of the Destruction of Aircraft Act (18 U.S.C. §32(a) (1986)) (Aircraft Piracy Act) should be dismissed on the ground that this section provided no jurisdiction over aircraft piracy offenses having no connection to U.S. territory; (2) that traditional principles of international law provided sufficient grounds for asserting both subject matter and personal jurisdiction over the other crimes charged; and (3) that the Act for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Hostage Taking (18 U.S.C. §1203 (1986)) (Hostage Taking Act) and section 32(b) of the Aircraft Piracy Act imposed liability for the offenses allegedly committed by the defendant.
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Marthaller, Jarrad. "The Impact of NAFTA on Australia’s Trade and the Implications of Preferential Trade." Political Science Undergraduate Review 2, no. 1 (October 15, 2016): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/psur67.
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This article will be exploring and evaluating trade relations between Australia and The United States of America, with a particular focus on the effects of NAFTA (North American Free Trade agreement) on the amount of trade between these two countries. I used trade data available over a narrow span of several decades in order to create several tables that document the change in volume of trade between Australia and The United States in an attempt to demonstrate that NAFTA and Preferential Trade Agreements in general run contrary to the principles of free trade that the World Trade organization espouses. By showing a strong relation between a downturn in the demand for Australian exports and the timing of the NAFTA’s signing, I show that Preferential Trade Agreements such as NAFTA and more recently, the Trans-Pacific Partnership may be leading to protectionist regional blocs.
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Schrum, Ethan. "Establishing a Democratic Religion: Metaphysics and Democracy in the Debates Over the President's Commission on Higher Education." History of Education Quarterly 47, no. 3 (August 2007): 277–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2007.00101.x.
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World War II stands as a defining moment for American higher education. During the crisis of international relations that existed by the late 1930s, American thinkers of various stripes felt compelled to mobilize the country's intellectual and educational resources in defense of democracy, thus creating “a great ideological revival of democracy that accompanied the war.” The war aims of the United States—as enunciated in the Atlantic Charter and popular portrayals of the “good war” in which the United States fought to free the world from the grips of evil dictatorships—gave tremendous legitimacy to these efforts, which built into a national discussion on the goals of higher education. Between 1943 and 1947, at least five major reports on general education or liberal education appeared, three of which explicitly treated the relation of such education to “democracy” or “free society.”
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Xiaochen, Shen. "On the issue of changes in the strategic perception of the United States in relation to Central Asia." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 11-2 (November 1, 2023): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202311statyi57.
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The “United States Strategy for Central Asia 2019-2025” which enacted on February 5th 2020, the latest one of five strategic documents, was essentially a fundamental change of the strategic perceptions of United States toward the Central Asia. Two critical variables the new strategy states as vital for US in the Central Asia since 2015, which are the new prospect for the Central Asia integration since Uzbekistan reform and the intensifying new Great Game among Eurasian powers, were the main reasons for the strategic update or renewal.
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Baev, Aleksandr, and Daler Ëkubdzhonovich Rakhimov. "Quantitative Analysis of the Impact of Official Development Assistance of the United States and China on the Voting of Sub-Saharan Africa in the UN General Assembly." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 2 (February 2023): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2023.2.39841.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The subject of the study is the development assistance of the United States and China to Sub-Saharan states and its impact on the voting of recipient countries in the UN General Assembly.The object of the study is the relations of the United States and China with Sub-Saharan Africa. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as development assistance, as well as voting in the UN General Assembly. Particular attention is paid to the impact of development assistance from donor States represented by the United States and China on the voting in the UNGA of recipient states on key issues of interest to China and the United States. The main conclusions of this study are the following: the more African countries receive more aid from the United States, the more they tend to vote for the same opinion as the United States in the UN General Assembly. On the other hand, China's assistance did not have a significant impact on the similarity of foreign policy between China and the recipient African States. The novelty of the study lies in the regression analysis. In addition to the amount of aid to African countries in the United States and China, the work includes variables that may influence the UN General Assembly vote on African recipient States in the statistical model as control variables based on existing research.
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Tal. "United States—Israel Relations (1953–1957) Revisited." Israel Studies 26, no. 1 (2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.26.1.02.
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Junko, Kitagawa. "Some aspects of Japanese popular music." Popular Music 10, no. 3 (October 1991): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000004669.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 1959, the Conlon report, a presentation of United States government policies in relation to Asian cultures, stated the following about Japanese culture (in a section titled ‘Social change’):Developments within and among the various Japanese social classes suggest the dynamic, changing quality of modern Japan … No area of Japan, moreover, is beyond the range of the national publications, radio, and even TV. New ideas can be quickly and thoroughly disseminated; it is in this sense that Japanese culture can become more standardised even as it is changing. Many of the changes look in the direction of the United States; in such diverse fields as gadgets, popular music, and fashions. American influence is widespread. And this is but one evidence of the general desire to move away from the spartan, austere past toward a more comfortable, convenient future.
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Minat, V. N. "DYNAMICS OF HEALTHCARE DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." Vestnik of Samara State University of Economics 4, no. 198 (April 2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/1993-0453-2021-4-198-9-16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The novelty of the work is seen in the combination of theoretical and comparative historical analysis with the cyclical socio-economic development of American society, in relation to the subject of this study – the evolution of US healthcare. The identification and justification of trends in the evolution of American healthcare in terms of ensuring the effectiveness, safety, quality and availability of medical services is based on the traditional methodological basis of statistical and economic analysis of the average annual growth of the main indicators of the development of American healthcare during the formation of its modern institutional, managerial and organizational-functional structure in 1951–2020. The results reflect the general direction of the evolution of US healthcare as a haphazard complex mechanism that functions in direct resonance with the socio-economic cycle.
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Khan, Tehmina. "The initiation of environmental auditing in the United States." Managerial Auditing Journal 32, no. 8 (September 4, 2017): 810–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-06-2016-1393.
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Purpose The main purpose in this article is to highlight civil society activism that resulted in the inception of environmental auditing in the United States in the 1970s. The General Motors (GM) campaign which is discussed in this article led towards major institutional changes for the implementation of corporate social responsibility (environmental) reporting originally referred to as social (environmental) auditing. The Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) role and actions are analysed in detail in order to highlight the direction of this Federal Agency in relation to the implementation of social (environmental) auditing. Design/methodology/approach A detailed analysis of literature from the early 1970s is undertaken in order to identify the inception of environmental auditing and the types of environmental auditing as social auditing in its early stages. The case of the GM campaign is analysed in order to highlight the forms of historical institutionalism relevant to the critical stage of exogenous influences on companies to undertake social (environmental) auditing. Findings It is found that in the early 1970s companies resisted the incorporation of corporate social responsibility initiatives and actions as part of their agendas. Environmental Auditing as a type of social auditing at that time referred to corporate social responsibility disclosures that included environmental disclosures. Due to public pressure and civil society activism companies had to adopt and undertake social (environmental) auditing. The initial stages of environmental disclosures included reporting on environmental expenses and liabilities of the companies. The SEC imposed minimal disclosure requirements for environmental auditing, which were nevertheless adequate to undertake action against companies found to be providing misleading environmental information in their publicly available disclosures. The 1970s served as a critical juncture for the inception and development of mandatory and voluntary environmental reporting (auditing) in the United States. Originality/value This is an original research article.
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Evans, Wyatt R., Sebastian J. Bliss, Christina M. Rincon, Scott L. Johnston, Jagruti P. Bhakta, Jennifer A. Webb-Murphy, Peter Goldblum, and Kimberly F. Balsam. "Military Service Members’ Satisfaction With Outness: Implications for Mental Health." Armed Forces & Society 45, no. 1 (January 18, 2018): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17751111.
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This study is among the first examining lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) service members in the United States following the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy repeal. Higher levels of outness predict better mental health among general LGB populations. The military environment, like other traditional/conservative settings, may alter this relation; however, no data are available on outness among LGB service members in the United States. We examined 236 service members’ level of outness and satisfaction with outness in relation to depression and anxiety symptoms. Results revealed greater level of outness was related to higher satisfaction with outness, with each variable related to better mental health. Importantly, satisfaction fully mediated the relation between level of outness and mental health, indicating satisfaction to be a more salient predictor than level alone. Findings relevant to military policy makers and health-care providers are discussed along with recommendations for advancement of research into outness among LGB people.
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STEZHKO, S., and T. SHEVCHENKO. "Current US experience in cyber security." INFORMATION AND LAW, no. 2(37) (June 23, 2021): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2021.2(37).238349.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The content and key aspects of the US Cyber Security Strategy are considered. The principles of the state cyber security policy of the USA are defined. Typical threats to the United States in cyberspace are outlined. The state priorities for strengthening the components of cyber defense in the United States are summarized. The issue of financing cyber security in the United States in 2021 is detailed. The principles of joint activities of American-Ukrainian relations in the field of cyber security are specified. The list of measures implemented in the United States to strengthen the state's capabilities in the field of cyber security has been identified.
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Mourão, Patrícia. "Jonas Mekas underground." Revista Laika 2, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-4077.v2i3p203-218.
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In Lost Lost Lost, Jonas Mekas, the filmmaker, critic and underground cinema advocate, retraces his first years in the United States. Starting at a sequence in the last reel of film that symbolizes his adaptation to the new world, we would like to investigate the consolidation, in the 1960s, of the avant-garde cinema culture in New York in its relation with the art system, that has moved after the post war from Europe to the United States.
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Ali, Hassam, Rahul Pamarthy, Nicole Leigh Bolick, Karissa Lambert, and Maliha Naseer. "Relation between inflammatory bowel disease, depression, and inpatient outcomes in the United States." Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 35, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2022.2028344.
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Angell, J. K., and J. Korshover. "Variability in United States Cloudiness and its Relation to El Niñ." Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 26, no. 5 (May 1987): 580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1987)026<0580:viusca>2.0.co;2.
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Karim, Kaleh, Sujata Guha, and Ryan Beni. "Comparative Analysis of Water Quality Disparities in the United States in Relation to Heavy Metals and Biological Contaminants." Water 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040967.
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Drinking water quality can be compromised by heavy metals, such as copper and lead. If consumed raw, water can pose a health burden to the general population. In this study, the roles of heavy metals and biological contaminants have been explored in determining the quality of drinking water available to consumers of various socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States. In an effort to gain an understanding of possible social disparities in drinking water, a quantitative analysis was conducted to examine whether vulnerable populations are disproportionately impacted by drinking water contaminants. Our data indicated that states with middle-average household incomes were statistically more susceptible to higher levels of lead in drinking water. The states with higher-average household incomes demonstrated lower copper levels compared to those with lower incomes, although a direct correlation was not present. No statistical significance was observed in the total coliform and turbidity levels in correlation to the average household incomes. In general, more violations in water quality were prevalent in middle-income states when compared to the states with lower-average household incomes.
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Kuznets, Paul W. "Trade, policy, and Korea-United States relations." Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 8, no. 4 (December 1989): 24–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03025178.
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Russi, Luigi, and Federico Longobardi. "A Tiny Heart Beating: Student-Edited Legal Periodicals in Good Ol' Europe." German Law Journal 10, no. 6-7 (July 2009): 1127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200001516.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From the perspective of a non-American jurist, student-edited law reviews seem to be one of the most distinctive features of the United States legal education system. The development of law reviews in the United States has been particularly sustained in more recent years, with a literal proliferation of law (schools and law) reviews, both of general focus and subject-specific. With student-edited law journals making up the largest share of the legal periodical “market,” publication in highly ranked student-edited law reviews has come to acquire great significance also in relation to the law faculty selection and tenure-granting mechanism.
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Pérez, Orlando J. "Public Opinion and the Future of U.S.-Panama Relations." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41, no. 3 (1999): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166157.
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Using survey data and interviews, this study examines Panamanian attitudes toward the United States and toward the central issues in US.- Panama relations. It also compares Panamanian attitudes with opinions toward the United States in the rest of Central America. The study finds that nationalism, system support, anticommunism, and, for the mass public, ideology are the most important variables in determining support for the United States. Elites are more nationalistic and less accommodationist toward the United States than the mass public. Concern about the politicization and misuse of the Panama Canal and adjacent lands has led many in the general public to support a continued US. military presence on the Isthmus of Panama.
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Хлопов, Олег. "The modern US policy towards Latin America and the Caribbean." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 12 (2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0023420-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the problems facing the US foreign policy under Joseph Biden administration in relation to the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, reveals the nature of the strategy of the D. Trump administration, that was aimed at curbing the illegal immigration to the United States from Latin American countries. The author considers the results of the 9th Summit of the Americas in 2022, the attempts by the United States to maintain their influence, expand interaction throughout the Western Hemisphere against the background of China's foreign economic strategy, which largely coincides with the interests of the LAS countries. The author argues that the excessive geo-political ambitions of the United States and their course for global leadership, do not taking into account the interests and characteristics of the states of Latin America, contradict with the possibilities of the United States in solving the variety of problems in the region. To maintain US positive image, american policymakers must recognize that their international initiatives to implement their foreign policy initiatives in the Wertern Hemisphere are severely limited.
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Halberstam, Malvina. "In Defense of the Supreme Court Decision in Alvarez-Machain." American Journal of International Law 86, no. 4 (October 1992): 736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203790.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In United States v. Alvarez-Machain, the Supreme Court sustained the jurisdiction of a U.S. court to try a Mexican national, charged with various counts of conspiracy, kidnaping and the murder of a U.S. drug enforcement agent in Mexico, even though his presence in the United States was the result of abduction rather than extradition pursuant to the Extradition Treaty between the United States and Mexico. The Court did not hold, as widely reported in the media, that the Treaty permits abduction, that abduction is legal, or that the United States had a right to kidnap criminal suspects abroad. On the contrary, the Court acknowledged that the abduction may have been a violation of international law. It stated, “Respondent and his amici may be correct that respondent’s abduction was ’shocking’ and that it may be in violation of general international law principles.”
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Manukhin, Alexey. "The Mexico-US Border during the Mexican Revolution in the Context of the Issue of Compliance with the Principle of Neutrality." Latin-American Historical Almanac 41, no. 1 (March 27, 2024): 117–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2024-41-1-117-148.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the involvement of the United States in the events of the Mexican Revolution in relation to the situa-tion on the border of the two countries. Based on archival and published sources, it shows how socio-economic, legal and military factors influenced the decision-making process by officials in Mexico City and Washington, as well as non-state forces represented by rebel groups. It is noted that among the tools for achieving foreign policy goals and gaining ad-vantages over opponents during the revolutionary struggle, there was a constant appeal to the concept of “neutrality.” The rapprochement of the United States with the constitutionalist movement in 1913–1914 and the search for reducing the risk of war between the two countries in 1916 stand out as hall-marks. It is emphasized that due to this, Mexican-American relations were a complex combination of conflict and mutual interests.
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Lewlandy, Lewlandy, Ibra Fulenzi Amri, Nadya Christina, and Josua Bona Pangaribuan. "Analisis Perspektif Hukum Internasional Terkait Willow Project yang Berdampak Bagi Iklim Dunia." Journal on Education 5, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 16494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/joe.v5i4.2812.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Each country in carrying out its government must have certain goals, in general countries are oriented and focused on national interests that lead to the welfare and prosperity of the country. an agenda carried out by the United States (United States of America) as a national strategic project, namely the Willow Projects, this is a domino effect from Saudi Arabia (Kingdom Saudi Arabia) joining an association of multilateral cooperation of countries in various fields that are developing and leading namely BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Saudi Arabia, which is the main partner in relation to the U.S. oil trade as a provider of oil trade, is now turning around to cooperate with BRICS. The impact of this happening was that the United States cheated by becoming the Willow Projects to be the solution to this problem in the midst of an international political dilemma. The Willow Projects is a United States drilling project carried out in the state of Alaska, this has an impact on the international world environment, if it is not governed by appropriate environmental law regulations. In conducting a scientific research, researchers use a method, namely the Empirical Normative method using a statutory approach.
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Jabur shayal, Prof Dr Azeez, and Mustafa Jafaar Safih. "The impact of regional and international variables on the Russian-Ukrainian war 2022." International and Political Journal, no. 57 (February 15, 2024): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/ipj.i57.277.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Russian-Ukrainian war was not a momentary and instantaneous result, but rather goes back to historical roots and military, economic, and political causes and motives. Relations that historically extend over hundreds of years have witnessed many tensions and lulls at different points in time. Perhaps the most prominent stages of lulls are the relations that existed during the days of the Cold War between the United States and the Union. The Soviet Union had on its territory the largest nuclear arsenal of the Soviet Union when it was part of it. However, this calm in relations did not last long. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine quickly sought to join NATO. This was considered by Russia to be a return to the containment policy pursued by the United States during that period, and it repeatedly stated that Ukrainian joining NATO represented a threat to its vital and national security.The war affected the reality of the world in general and Europe in particular. The world today operates in a very interconnected manner. Russia and Ukraine, the largest food exporters in the world, were negatively affected by the war. Which led to the European decision being politically dispersed, militarily tense, and economically damaged.As a result, the above-mentioned reasons led to war, and since war often affects the security, safety, and interests of surrounding and even distant regions; The positions of countries regarding the war varied as a result of different points of view, especially between those that insinuate Russia’s right to maintain its security from NATO and the United States’ encirclement of it. These countries often seek in one way or another to change the form of the existing international order, such as China, and on the other hand, those countries Which tends to maintain the existing international system in its current form, such as the United States of America. Moreover, the positions of some countries have fluctuated as a result of their exposure to economic pressure due to their close economic relations with Russia on the one hand, and political pressure from the United States on the other hand.
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BUTOROV, ALEXEY. "Features of US foreign policy in the South Caucasus at the present stage." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 3 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760026336-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article examines the foreign policy, the main priorities and the economic direction of the United States in the South Caucasus region. The geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economic role of the South Caucasus in the general system of international relations is highlighted. The article analyzes the current state of bilateral political and economic relations between the United States and Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia.
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Bogumil, David Daniel. "THE UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA IN THE NEW WORLD ORDER: THE DYNAMICS OF RECIPROCITY AND THE ATTRIBUTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOR." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 30, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.2.169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
International relations research has examined the relationship of the United States and Russia using a theoretical framework of reciprocity. The reciprocity research has subsumed the attributional characteristics of these actions and events that have shaped this relationship. This study evaluates the relationship between the United States and Russia. This dyadic relationship is examined by a reconceptualization of the character of reciprocal interaction between the United States and Russia. Reciprocity and attribution theory provide a heuristic to elucidate the transition to a New World Order. The international relations research on reciprocity reveals the general case for reciprocity between the United States and Russia. Attribution theory permits the decomposition of the perceptual and behavioral states of dyadic interactants.
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Smith, Erin R., Paul B. Perrin, Carmen M. Tyler, Sarah K. Lageman, and Teresita Villaseñor. "Parkinson’s Symptoms and Caregiver Burden and Mental Health: A Cross-Cultural Mediational Model." Behavioural Neurology 2019 (December 1, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1396572.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Informal caregivers are critical in the care of individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and spend substantial time providing care, which may be associated with negative caregiver outcomes such as burden and mental health issues. Although research in the United States and Europe has generally supported these relations, there is very limited research on PD caregiving in Latin America. The current study examined the following connections in a sample of PD caregivers from the United States (N=105) and Mexico (N=148): (a) PD-related impairments (motor and nonmotor symptoms) and caregiver burden, (b) caregiver burden and caregiver mental health, and (c) PD-related impairments and mental health through caregiver burden. Study results uncovered significant relations among PD-related impairments, caregiver burden, and caregiver mental health. Further, caregiver burden fully mediated the relation between PD-related impairments and caregiver mental health at both study sites. Findings highlight a number of important intervention targets for caregivers and families, including caregiver burden and mental health.
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Wielechowski, Michał. "General government deficit and public debt in EU member states." Oeconomia Copernicana 2, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2011.016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this article is the presentation and the attempt to analyse such phenomena as: an excessive general government deficit and public debt in EU Member States over the past 3 years. For the European Union the years 2008-2010 were the time when public finances of most member countries worsened dramatically. The average budget deficit in the EU increased during that period to a value of almost 7% compared to gross domestic product and public debt reached almost 80% of GDP. Referring the numbers to the principles of the budgetary policy in the Treaty on the European Union (the deficit should not exceed 3% in relation to GDP and public debt – 60% of GDP), the observance of budgetary discipline has been significantly violated. In consequence, the excessive deficit procedure has been initiated. in relation to almost all the countries of the EU, Its purpose was to force the member countries to take concrete actions to stabilize public finances. The economic crisis that began in the second half of 2007 in the United States of America which resulted in a significant deterioration of the finances of all the EU member countries might be regarded as the major source of violation of their budgetary discipline. The reactions of most governments TO the harmful effects caused by the financial crisis were to stimulate national economies and stem the decline of domestic demand. The higher level of public expenditures was simultaneously the cause of increased budget deficits,. To develop and present the problem of an excessive budget deficit and public debt in the EU countries some statistical methods were used and the data source statistics were mainly carried out by the European Commission and the European Statistical Office.
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Finkelstein, MD, Stan N., Kallie J. Undergraduate Student, Julia A. Hopkins, Undergraduate Student, Sahar Hashmi, MD, and Richard C. Larson, PhD. "Vaccine availability in the United States during the 2009 H1N1 outbreak." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2011.0041.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: After initial flu cases are reported, months elapse before vaccine becomes available. The authors report the experience of US states during the fall of 2009 on H1N1 vaccine availability in relation to the occurrence of disease.Design: The authors used data from the Centers for Disease Control and prevention and state health departments to approximate second wave H1N1 epidemic curves. The authors compared these curves to two sources of vaccine distribution data—shipment and administration.Results: Ten states received their first shipments of vaccine after the epidemic peaked, four states during the week of the peak, and 10 states only 1 week prior to the peak. In nearly half of all states, the epidemic had already begun to decline before any individuals could have been protected.Conclusions: A sensible approach would be to highlight the importance of diligent hygienic behavior and to reduce the rate of human-to-human contacts before vaccine is available.
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Brazys, Samuel, and Diana Panke. "Why do states change positions in the United Nations General Assembly?" International Political Science Review 38, no. 1 (June 22, 2016): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512115616540.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many international organizations deal with repeated items on their agendas. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) is no exception as many of its resolutions reoccur over time. A novel dataset on UNGA voting on repeated resolutions reveals considerable, but variable, amounts of change on resolutions by states over time. To shed light on underlying causes for voting (in)consistency, this paper draws on IR literature on negotiations and foreign policy changes to develop hypotheses on the role of domestic and international constraints. Our findings suggest that states with limited financial capacity cannot develop their own, principled, voting positions on all norms on the negotiation agenda. Consequently, these states can be more flexible in adjusting their voting position for reoccurring IO norms and are more prone to change their positions over time. Moreover, states with constrained decision-makers change position less frequently due to pluralistic gridlock. Finally, while large and rich states make a small number of purposive vote shifts, poor and aid-recipient states engage in ‘serial shifting’ on the same resolutions, a finding suggestive of vote-buying. The prevalence of position changes suggests that the international norm environment may be more fragile and susceptible to a revisionist agenda than is commonly assumed.
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Brewin, Christopher. "The United States and human rights." Review of International Studies 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021050011438x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
These excellent books mark the reception in American thinking of the doctrine that economic and social rights (Shue, Brown/Maclean, Hoffmann, Vogelgesang, Falk) are at least as important as the civil and political rights of Henkin's ‘International Bill of Rights’. The English contribution to this literature, the collection of documents edited by Brownlie, makes no distinction between sets of rights; and by reprinting work by Prebisch and Figueres, Brownlie promotes the thesis that development and human rights go together. However, it is worth noticing that all these authors ignore the efforts by the majority of countries in the UN General Assembly and the Commission on Human Rights to assert the related concept of rights to development, notably in GA Resolution 32/130 (1977).
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Veefkind, J. P., K. F. Boersma, J. Wang, T. Kurosu, N. Krotkov, and P. F. Levelt. "Global analysis of the relation between aerosols and short-lived trace gases." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2010): 18919–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-18919-2010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The spatial and temporal correlations between concurrent satellite observations of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and tropospheric columns of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and formaldehyde from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) are used to infer information on the global composition of aerosol particles. When averaging the satellite data over large regions and longer time periods, we find significant correlation between MODIS AOT and OMI trace gas columns for various regions in the world. This suggests that enhanced aerosol and trace gas concentrations originate from common sources, such as fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, and organic compounds released from the biosphere. This leads us to propose that satellite-inferred AOT to NO2 ratios for regions with comparable photochemical regimes can be used as indicators for the relative (local) efficiency of combustion processes. Indeed, satellites observe low AOT to NO2 ratios over the eastern United States and western Europe, and high AOT to NO2 ratios over comparably industrialized regions in eastern Europe and China. Emission databases and OMI SO2 observations over these regions suggest a much stronger sulfur contribution to aerosol formation than over the well-regulated areas of the eastern United States and western Europe. Furthermore, satellite observations show AOT to NO2 ratios are a factor 100 higher over biomass burning regions than over industrialized areas, reflecting the unregulated burning practices with strong primary particle emissions in the tropics compared to the heavily controlled combustion processes in the industrialized Northern Hemisphere. Simulations with a global chemistry transport model (GEOS-Chem) capture most of these differences, providing some confidence in our understanding of aerosol sources, formation mechanisms, and sinks. Wintertime aerosol concentrations show strongest correlations with NO2 throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere. During summertime, AOT is often (also) correlated with enhanced HCHO concentrations, reflecting the importance of secondary organic aerosol formation in that season. We also find significant correlations between AOT and HCHO over biomass burning regions, the tropics in general, and over industrialized regions in southeastern Asia. The distinct summertime maximum in AOT (0.4 at 550 nm) and HCHO over the southeastern United States strengthens existing hypotheses that local emissions of volatile organic compounds lead to the formation of secondary organic aerosols there. GEOS-Chem underestimates the AOT over the southeastern United States by a factor of 2, most likely due to too strong precipitation and too low SOA yield in the model.
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Pidbereznykh, Inna. "US-Brunei cooperation in the 2000s: an analysis." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 71 (November 30, 2023): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.71.11.18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the main aspects of relations between the Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam, which is located in Southeast Asia, and the United States. The relevance of the study is related to the strengthening of diplomatic ties between different states and the need for a comprehensive analysis of their various aspects. The reason for the study was to explore a relatively new area of diplomatic relations between the United States and Brunei. The scientific value and novelty lie in the complex analysis of relations between the mentioned states during the given historical period. General scientific methods of research were used, and due to the fact that the studied issue is at the junction of several sciences, methods of historical, political science and the study of diplomatic relations were used. The study found that the diplomatic relations of the United States and Brunei are influenced by the geopolitical competition between the United States and China in Southeast Asia, revealing Washington's desire to subordinate the countries of the region to its influence and establish hegemony in opposition to China. For this purpose, the US is trying to find geopolitical allies among the countries of the region, with Brunei being one of them.
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Mora, Jhon J., and Juan Muro. "Wage–employment elasticity: a meta-analysis referring to Colombia." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 6 (April 2, 2020): 1495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2019-0151.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThe article clarifies the wage–employment relation in a developing country. Several years ago, many articles in the United States indicated that the relation between increasing wages and increasing unemployment is unclear. These articles from the United States are insufficient to be applicable to all countries, especially developing countries such as Colombia where institutions and the wage–employment relation differ from those in the United States.Design/methodology/approachA meta-analysis methodology was used as 28 estimates of long-run wage–employment elasticity in Colombia from 1998 to 2016 were analyzed.FindingsThis article provides insights into how real wages affect employment. Despite publication biases, results showed that a 1% increase in wages results in a 0.11% decline in employment in the long run.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the publication bias, it is not considered how variables such as sectors, estimation strategies (panel data, partial adjustment, cointegration and non-linear least squares, among others), formal/informal urban sectors, government services and transportation, and qualified and unskilled workers affect the true elasticity value.Practical implicationsThis paper includes implications for public policy because the results are important to minimum wages policy in a developing country.Originality/valueThere are no studies regarding the wage–employment relation in a developing country. The empirical results obtained in this article are useful for regulators, policy makers and researchers to understand whether employment is affected by real wages.
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Stecula, Dominik A., Ozan Kuru, Dolores Albarracin, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. "Policy Views and Negative Beliefs About Vaccines in the United States, 2019." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 10 (October 2020): 1561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305828.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objectives. To determine whether holding vaccine misconceptions, in the form of negative beliefs about vaccines, correlates with opposing governmental action at all levels designed to increase vaccination (e.g., removing personal belief and religious vaccine exemptions). Methods. Drawing on data from a nationally representative survey of 1938 US adults, we assessed the relation between negative beliefs about vaccines and provaccination policies. Results. Beyond sociodemographic and policy-relevant variables, such as gender and partisan affiliation, questionable negative beliefs about vaccines are the strongest predictor of opposition to policies designed to increase vaccination. Conclusions. Negative beliefs about vaccines in the general population may thwart the passage or implementation of policies designed to increase vaccination. Implementing strategies that reduce these negative beliefs should be a priority of educators and public health officials.
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Chiş-Manolache, Diana, and Ciprian Chiş. "Removal of a General – The Rebirth of a Latent Conflict Between Two Sovereign States: USA and Iran." Land Forces Academy Review 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2020-0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractGenerally speaking, the relations between different states of the world, but especially between the states that represent world powers or have a certain type of arsenal, are able to influence the stability and the state of calmness from a certain region of the world, but also the notion of peace at the globally level. The 2020 year began with such a situation, in the sense that United States of America and Iran, which have been for a long period in relations not among the most well, have arrived at a moment that could represent, to a very large extent, the starting point of a conflict that will enter in the world history. The elimination of a very important Iranian general by US troops in early January 2020, by a surprise attack amonk Iraqian teritory, markedly aggravated relations between the United States of America and Iran, but also between the great world power and Iraq or other major global players who have harshly criticized the US attack.
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Burmester, Nicolas, and Michael Jankowski. "One voice or different choice? Vote defection of European Union member states in the United Nations General Assembly." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 20, no. 3 (May 30, 2018): 652–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369148118768184.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Existing research suggests that European Union member states are increasingly able to act in concert in the United Nations General Assembly. Based on several hundred co-ordination meetings per year, the European Union ‘speaks with one voice’ on most of the resolutions voted upon in the United Nations General Assembly. However, little is known about instances where the European Union member states do not vote coherently. Three questions remain unanswered. First, what factors determine deviating voting behaviour of European Union member states? Second, who are the most frequent defectors from the European Union’s majority position? Third, which voting blocs within the European Union can be identified? The article answers these questions in a quantitative design by controlling for domestic factors, issues of resolutions and the position of the United States. The results suggest that domestic factors determine deviating voting behaviour far less than agenda-related issues and the position of the United States.
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Movilla Pateiro, Laura. "MISCELÁNEA: ¿HACIA UN CAMBIO DE PARADIGMA EN EL DERECHO DEL ESPACIO ULTRATERRESTRE?: LOS ACUERDOS ARTEMISA." Revista española de derecho internacional 73, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 285–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.17103/redi.73.2.2021.1b.04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The current state of development of outer space law faces significant challenges arising from new space exploration and exploitation activities. In this context, several States, under the auspices of the United States, signed in October 2020 the «Artemis Accords. Principles for cooperation in the civil exploration and use of the Moon, Mars, comets and asteroids for peaceful purposes». This paper examines the possible contribution of these Accords to the consolidation of a paradigm shift in the Law of Outer Space, especially in relation to two aspects. On the one hand, with respect to their own development, as they were adopted outside the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), the forum in which space law has historically been configured. Second, in relation to the legal regime of space resources, by consolidating an interpretation of the principle of non-appropriation that legitimizes their exploitation.
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Filho, Tarcísio M. Rocha, Marcelo A. Moret, and José F. F. Mendes. "A Transnational and Transregional Study of the Impact and Effectiveness of Social Distancing for COVID-19 Mitigation." Entropy 23, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23111530.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We present an analysis of the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and a social distancing metric from data for all the states and most populous cities in the United States and Brazil, all the 22 European Economic Community countries and the United Kingdom. We discuss why the infection rate, instead of the effective reproduction number or growth rate of cases, is a proper choice to perform this analysis when considering a wide span of time. We obtain a strong Spearman’s rank order correlation between the social distancing metric and the infection rate in each locality. We show that mask mandates increase the values of Spearman’s correlation in the United States, where a mandate was adopted. We also obtain an explicit numerical relation between the infection rate and the social distancing metric defined in the present work.
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Veefkind, J. P., K. F. Boersma, J. Wang, T. P. Kurosu, N. Krotkov, K. Chance, and P. F. Levelt. "Global satellite analysis of the relation between aerosols and short-lived trace gases." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 3 (February 14, 2011): 1255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1255-2011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The spatial and temporal correlations between concurrent satellite observations of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and tropospheric columns of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) are used to infer information on the global composition of aerosol particles. When averaging the satellite data over large regions and longer time periods, we find significant correlation between MODIS AOT and OMI trace gas columns for various regions in the world. This shows that these enhanced aerosol and trace gas concentrations originate from common sources, such as fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, and organic compounds released from the biosphere. This leads us to propose that satellite-inferred AOT to NO2 ratios for regions with comparable photochemical regimes can be used as indicators for the relative regional pollution control of combustion processes. Indeed, satellites observe low AOT to NO2 ratios over the eastern United States and western Europe, and high AOT to NO2 ratios over comparably industrialized regions in eastern Europe and China. Emission databases and OMI SO2 observations over these regions suggest a much stronger sulfur contribution to aerosol formation than over the well-regulated areas of the eastern United States and western Europe. Furthermore, satellite observations show AOT to NO2 ratios are a factor 100 higher over biomass burning regions than over industrialized areas, reflecting the unregulated burning practices with strong primary particle emissions in the tropics compared to the heavily controlled combustion processes in the industrialized Northern Hemisphere. Simulations with a global chemistry transport model (GEOS-Chem) capture most of these variations, although on regional scales significant differences are found. Wintertime aerosol concentrations show strongest correlations with NO2 throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere. During summertime, AOT is often (also) correlated with enhanced HCHO concentrations, reflecting the importance of secondary organic aerosol formation in that season. We also find significant correlations between AOT and HCHO over biomass burning regions, the tropics in general, and over industrialized regions in southeastern Asia. The distinct summertime maximum in AOT (0.4 at 550 nm) and HCHO over the southeastern United States strengthens existing hypotheses that local emissions of volatile organic compounds lead to the formation of secondary organic aerosols there. GEOS-Chem underestimates the AOT over the southeastern United States by a factor of 2, most likely due to too strong precipitation and too low SOA yield in the model.
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Zorrilla Noriega, Ana María. "Mexican Structural Reforms and the United States Congress." Mexican Law Review 1, no. 18 (December 14, 2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2017.18.10776.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Diverse structural reforms were enacted in Mexico during 2013 and 2014. Since these reforms were made on the constitutional level, they must be translated into specific laws and regulations; and more importantly, they must be implemented in an efficient manner. As Mexico is experiencing this transformation, its relations with United States are also evolving. This transition will probably imply new challenges with regard to different aspects of the bilateral relationship. Considering that the U.S. Congress plays a significant role in shaping those relations, the purpose of this article is to analyze some significant issues that have received or are likely to receive special attention in the U.S. Congress. This article is divided into seven sections. The first one presents an analysis of the complexity of U.S.-Mexico relations. The second part includes an explanation regarding Mexican reforms of 2013 and 2014, as well as the resulted transition in the bilateral relationship. The next four sections address significant pillars of this relationship: security, economy, migration, and energy. Each of these parts comprises a general overview of the U.S.-Mexico relations in that specific matter; a description of the views of the Mexican government and reforms of its constitutional and legal framework; and an analysis of the most relevant legislative actions that have recently taken place or are likely to receive attention in the U.S. Congress. The seventh section addresses other relevant aspects that should be taken into account in the policyand law-making processes.
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Aiyub Kadir, M. Yakub. "Reconstructing Economic Self-Determination from the Third World Approach to International Law." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 7, no. 1 (March 16, 2023): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v7i1.1103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
International Law governing the relationship between states has been considered failed in reformatting the principle of economic self-determination (ESD) as a continual link of political self-determination in the post decolonisation era. Such situation has placed the principle to be a vague concept in terms of its meaning and application in current international law. Such situation has contributed to continual economic dependency of the Third World (TW) states on the first world as considered the more developed states. TW states face difficulty to develop their argument to demonstrate people national interest in current international economic context. Having utilised doctrinal and TWAIL approach, this paper argues that there has been a potential meaning of ESD which can be developed from fragmentation of documents in international law, particularly in the United Nations General Assembly Resolutions (UNGA resolutions), the Law of State Succession and the International Human Rights law. This meaning then shapes the fragmented sources to be a principle for TW to be used in their international economic relation, particularly in settling economic dispute relations with Western states.