Статті в журналах: "Reinforced Soil Slopes"

1

Huang, Liang, Weili He, Yujie Hou, Dun Liu, Bo Wang, Jiahua Zhu, and Junjie Wang. "Seismic Behavior of Flexible Geogrid Wrap-Reinforced Soil Slope." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (February 22, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8833662.

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In this study, the failure mode of flexible reinforced soil slopes under earthquake action was investigated by shaking table tests. The distribution law of a potential failure surface of a flexible no-faceplate reinforced soil slope under earthquake action was obtained based on the analysis results. A simplified trilinear failure surface suitable for flexible reinforced soil slopes without faceplate was proposed. Subsequently, based on the upper-bound theorem of limit analysis, we derived the formula for calculating the yield seismic acceleration coefficient of a flexible no-faceplate reinforced soil slope under a seismic load. The main parameters that affect its seismic performance were determined. The flexible geogrid reverse-packed reinforced earth structure can effectively limit the fracture of a slope body and improve the stability of the slope. This provides a theoretical basis for facilitating the engineering of flexible reinforced soil slopes.

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2

Porbaha, A., and D. J. Goodings. "Centrifuge modeling of geotextile-reinforced steep clay slopes." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 5 (November 6, 1996): 696–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-096-317.

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When on-site soil is not granular, substantial cost savings can be achieved if a stable, steeply sloped, reinforced retaining system, backfilled with on-site fill can be sustituted for a vertical retaining wall with granular fill. Centrifuge modeling was used in this work to investigate the failure and prefailure behaviour of 14 reduced-scale geotextile-reinforced steep model slopes of 45, 63.4, 71.6°, backfilled with cohesive soil and constructed on either firm or rigid foundations. The overall performance of model slopes on firm foundations was found to be better than that of similar models on rigid foundations. A stability analysis, using the Bishop simplified method incorporating reinforcement, was found to be a good predictor of the behaviour of models. Key words: reinforced soil, centrifuge modeling, geotextile, retaining structure, slope stability.

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3

Sonnenberg, R., M. F. Bransby, P. D. Hallett, A. G. Bengough, S. B. Mickovski, and M. C. R. Davies. "Centrifuge modelling of soil slopes reinforced with vegetation." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 12 (December 2010): 1415–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-037.

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This paper reports a series of geotechnical centrifuge model tests conducted to investigate the mechanical reinforcement of slopes by vegetation. Some of the model slopes contained young willow trees, which were grown in controlled conditions to provide different root distributions and mechanical properties. Slopes were brought to failure in the centrifuge by increasing water pressures. The failure mechanisms were investigated photographically and using post-test excavation. By measuring the soil properties and pore pressures in each test when failure occurred, slope stability calculations could be performed for each slope failure. These back-calculations of stability suggest that only a small amount of reinforcement was provided by the root system even when it was grown for 290 days before testing. In contrast, the use of the measured root properties and a commonly used root reinforcement model suggests that significant reinforcement should have been provided by the roots. This disparity is probably due to either inappropriate assumptions made in the root reinforcement model or soil alteration produced by root growth. Such disparities may exist in the application of root reinforcement models to full-scale slopes and therefore require additional study. The modelling technique outlined in this paper is suitable for further investigation of root mechanical interactions with slopes.

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4

Chalaturnyk, R. J., J. D. Scott, D. H. K. Chan, and E. A. Richards. "Stresses and deformations in a reinforced soil slope." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t90-026.

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Nonlinear finite element analyses were performed on a nonreinforced embankment and a polymeric reinforced embankment, with 1:1 side slopes, constructed on competent foundations. The nonreinforced and reinforced embankment analyses are compared to examine the influence of polymeric reinforcement within a soil slope. It is shown that significant reductions in the shearing, horizontal, and vertical strains within the slope occur because of the presence of the reinforcement.The finite element analysis of the reinforced embankment construction gives the magnitude and distribution of load within the reinforcement. For all embankment heights, the maximum reinforcement load did not occur in the lowest reinforcing layer but in the reinforcing layer placed 0.4H above the foundation, where H is the height of the slope. The displacement patterns and surface deformations of the nonreinforced and reinforced slopes are compared to show the marked reduction in slope movements resulting from the presence of the reinforcement.The location and shape of potential shear surfaces within the homogeneous reinforced slope are examined. The position of the maximum load in each reinforcing layer within the reinforced slope indicates that, for the example studied, a circular-shaped slip surface represents a probable failure mechanism within the slope. Key words: soil reinforcement, geotextiles, finite element, slope stability, geogrids, limit equilibrium, reinforced slope.

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5

Song, Xiaoruan, Miansong Huang, Shiqin He, Gaofeng Song, Ruozhu Shen, Pengzhi Huang, and Guanfang Zhang. "Erosion Control Treatment Using Geocell and Wheat Straw for Slope Protection." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 10, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5553221.

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Slope failure triggered by soil erosion under rainfall remains one of the most difficult problems in geotechnical engineering. Slope protection with planting vegetation can be used to reinforce the soil and stabilize the slope, but the early collapse of the planting soil before the complete growth of plants becomes a major issue for this method. This paper has proposed a composite soil treatment and slope protection method using the geocell structures and the wheat straw reinforcement. The geocell structures improve the stability of the planting soil and provide a stable and fixed environment for the vegetation, while the wheat straw reinforces the soil and also increases the fertility. The authors have performed a total of 9 experiments in this work that are classified into three groups, i.e., the unsupported slopes, the geocell reinforced, and the geocell and wheat straw composite reinforced with a consideration of three different rainfall intensities. The progressive slope failure development during the rainfall was assessed, as well as the soil erosion, the slope displacement, and the water content. The results show that the slope failure increases as the rainfall continues, and the soil degradation increases with the intensity of rainfall. The soil treatment using geocell improves the slope stability, but the geocell and wheat straw composite reinforcement has the best erosion control and slope protection.

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6

Altalhe, Enas B., Mohd Raihan Taha, and Fathi M. Abdrabbo. "BEHAVIOR OF STRIP FOOTING ON REINFORCED SAND SLOPE." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 21, no. 3 (February 26, 2015): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.890646.

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This study evaluated the effects of single, double, and triple reinforcing layers on the bearing capacity ratio (BCR) of strip footing on a sand slope system. Seventy-two laboratory-loading tests were conducted on a stripfooting model on a reinforced sand slope. Moreover, this study illustrated the effects of the different parameters of two reinforcing layers on the bearing capacity of a double-reinforced sand slope. The BCR increased from 1.06 to 3.00 for single-reinforced slope soils, 1.09 to 7.73 for double-reinforced slope soils, and up to 8.00 for three-layered reinforced systems. For double-reinforced soil slopes, the most effective spacing between the two reinforcing layers is 0.3 B.

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7

Song, Gaofeng, Xiaoruan Song, Shiqin He, Dezhong Kong, and Shuai Zhang. "Soil Reinforcement with Geocells and Vegetation for Ecological Mitigation of Shallow Slope Failure." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911911.

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Soil reinforcement using geocells and vegetation is one of the best forms of soil protection for shallow slope failure control. The geocell supports the vegetation growth and the vegetation cover provides protection against the surface erosion. This work proposed a soil treatment method using geocells for supporting the vegetation growth and stabilizing the shallow slope. A step-by-step installation of the geocells in the field and the development of vegetation growth were also described. The authors developed nine physical models that were reinforced with different sized geocell structures (no reinforcement and small and large geocell reinforcement). The models were placed under three rainfall intensities (50, 75, and 100 mm/h). The stability of the slope under the rainfall and the performance of the geocell reinforcement were assessed from the the development of slope failures, the soil erosion and the slope displacement. The results showed that the stability of geocell reinforced slopes were better off than the unsupported slope. The small geocell-reinforced slopes showed less measured soil erosion and also smaller slope displacement. In general, small geocells outperformed large geocells in terms of the erosion control and slope stabilization. The rainfall intensity dramatically increased the soil erosion on slopes. The geocell- and vegetation-treated slope in the field showed good resistance against the surface erosion.

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8

Keshavarz, Amin, Habibeh Abbasi, and Abdoreza Fazeli. "Yield acceleration of reinforced soil slopes." International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 14, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2017.1404736.

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9

Tang, Xian Yuan, and Yong Peng Li. "Treatment Technology for Embankment Landslide Caused by Expansive Soil Foundation Instability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3035–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3035.

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The embankments built on expansive soil foundation with a transverse are prone to crack and slide failure. In this paper, the embankment in a certain section of Bailong highway destroyed due to cracks and rainfall. A group of steel piles and reinforced concrete beams is used to strengthen the toe of slopes, and steel piles and reinforced concrete framework beams is utilized to strengthen embankment slopes, then pressure chemical grouting is used to reinforce soil. The treatment effect is good.

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10

Wang, Liping, and Ga Zhang. "Pile-Reinforcement Behavior of Cohesive Soil Slopes: Numerical Modeling and Centrifuge Testing." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/134124.

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Centrifuge model tests were conducted on pile-reinforced and unreinforced cohesive soil slopes to investigate the fundamental behavior and reinforcement mechanism. A finite element analysis model was established and confirmed to be effective in capturing the primary behavior of pile-reinforced slopes by comparing its predictions with experimental results. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the stress-deformation response was obtained by combining the numerical and physical simulations. The response of pile-reinforced slope was indicated to be significantly affected by pile spacing, pile location, restriction style of pile end, and inclination of slope. The piles have a significant effect on the behavior of reinforced slope, and the influencing area was described using a continuous surface, denoted asW-surface. The reinforcement mechanism was described using two basic concepts,compression effectandshear effect, respectively, referring to the piles increasing the compression strain and decreasing the shear strain of the slope in comparison with the unreinforced slope. The pile-soil interaction induces significantcompression effectin the inner zone near the piles; this effect is transferred to the upper part of the slope, with theshear effectbecoming prominent to prevent possible sliding of unreinforced slope.

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11

Markovic, Mladen, Nikola Zivanovic, and Grozdana Gajic. "Stability analysis of slopes along roads in bio-reinforced soil conditions." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 119 (2019): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1919091m.

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Root system has ability to stabilize slopes, improving physical and mechanical properties of soil on which it develops. Morphology and tendency of root system to compose soil particles into one monolithic mass, which we call bio-reinforced soil, contribute to increasing the resistance of soil to shearing. In this paper, is presents a comparative analysis of slope stability along roads without and with the influence of root system. The analyzes were made for the needs of defense of roads, finding most optimal types of root system as an alternative solution for stabilization of the slopes along roads. ?n the slope model was simulated influence of four groups of vegetation, based on morphology of root system (plate, heart, tap and undefined). For each selected species, value of root cohesion (cr) has been adopted. Software for geotechnical numerical modeling-GeoStudio 2007, was used for all slope stability analyzes. Analyzing stability of the slope model without influence of vegetation, slope is unstable. By calculating stability of slope model with vegetation groups, an increase in stability of the slope model is achieved. The greatest influence on stability of the slope model has group 2.- vegetation with a tap root system, followed by group 1. - with a heart root, while group 3, plate root, and group 4, undefined types of root system, gave at least the values. The results from this paper, represent a contribution to choice of solutions for stabilization of slopes along roads and the prevention of erosion processes.

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12

Levkevich, Viktor, Aleksandr Buzuk, Ivan Kirvel, and Sergey Parfomuk. "Deformations of upper soil slopes of retaining structures and shores with violated reinforced concrete fastening in riverbed reservoirs in Belarus." Limnological Review 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2021-0003.

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Abstract The conditions of wind waves influence on the ground upper soil slopes of retaining structures and natural shores that are fixed in the form of reinforced concrete fastening with deformations are considered. The results of modeling the regime of intra-water currents and field surveys of artificial water bodies are shown. A criterion for assessing the stability of ground slopes and coastal slopes with reinforced concrete fastening with a broken structure is proposed and the conditions for its applicability are determined. Measures for engineering protection of the reservoir shores are proposed via using a criterion for the stability of fixed slopes Пк. It is assumed that at Пк ≥ 1 the slope profile with fastening plates deformed during operation acquires the contour of the dynamic equilibrium profile adopted for the calculated type of soil as a result of the destruction of the slope by waves.

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13

Zhao, A. "Limit Analysis of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Slopes." Geosynthetics International 3, no. 6 (January 1996): 721–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gein.3.0082.

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14

Sawicki, Andrzej, and Danuta Leśniewska. "Stability of fabric reinforced cohesive soil slopes." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 10, no. 2 (January 1991): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-1144(91)90025-r.

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15

Barker, D. H., and R. I. Woods. "Vertically reinforced soil slopes: theory and application." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 28, no. 6 (November 1991): A383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(91)91545-3.

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16

Hasan, Suhad Abdulsattar. "DESIGN OF GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCED WALLS AND SLOPS BY TERRAM PROGRAM." Kufa Journal of Engineering 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2014): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/511239.

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This research deals with the design of geosynthetic reinforced walls and slopes subjected to series of static compressive loading tests by the present TERRAM program. The objectives of this study are suggesting an optimum geometry of reinforcement placement to lessen the width of the side slope ofslopes.The effects of the following variables were taken into account: the angles of slope,wall or slope height, surcharge, strength parameters (cohesion and friction angle) and unit weight for all soils involved in the problem (fill, natural soil and foundation soil), friction angle for reinforcement-soil and fill-foundation interfaces, as well as internal and external factors of safety are calculatedfordifferent distributions of tensile force in the reinforcement layers according to the different arrangements of reinforcement layers in terms of number, length, and spacing.

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17

Bull, D. J., J. A. Smethurst, I. Sinclair, F. Pierron, T. Roose, W. Powrie, and A. G. Bengough. "Mechanisms of root reinforcement in soils: an experimental methodology using four-dimensional X-ray computed tomography and digital volume correlation." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2237 (May 2020): 20190838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0838.

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Vegetation on railway or highway slopes can improve slope stability through the generation of soil pore water suctions by plant transpiration and mechanical soil reinforcement by the roots. To incorporate the enhanced shearing resistance and stiffness of root-reinforced soils in stability calculations, it is necessary to understand and quantify its effectiveness. This requires integrated and sophisticated experimental and multi-scale modelling approaches to develop an understanding of the processes at different length scales, from individual root–soil interaction through to full soil-profile or slope scale. One of the challenges with multi-scale models is ensuring that they sufficiently closely represent real behaviour. This requires calibration against detailed high-quality and data-rich experiments. This study presents a novel experimental methodology, which combines in situ direct shear loading of a willow root-reinforced soil with X-ray computed tomography to capture the three-dimensional chronology of soil and root deformation within the shear zone. Digital volume correlation (DVC) analysis was applied to the computed tomography dataset to obtain full-field three-dimensional displacement and strain information. This paper demonstrates the feasibility and discusses the challenges associated with DVC experiments on root-reinforced soils.

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18

Bhat, Ilyas, S. Rupali, Arvind Kumar, and K. Senthil. "Numerical Analysis of Behavior of Geo-Synthetically Reinforced Slopes Under Seismically Active Conditions." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2022): 1563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.689.

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Slopes are the unsupported inclined soil mass. Stability of slopes has always been a governing factor for carrying out construction on slopes. Both static and dynamic loads can cause failure to a slope yet there are considerate methods to determine the bearing capacity and factor of safety for slopes under static loads while as dynamic loads specifically earthquake loads are generally unpredictable. This paper checks effect of installation of geogrid layers in soil slopes under seismic loads. This study has been carried out using Finite Element Based Software PLAXIS incorporating CD-ROM (SMC) file of WNW OF FERNDALE, CA on 10th March 2014.The model was scaled as 1x .5 x .5 m with slope angle of 32? and a model footing of 50 mm which was loaded suitably. During the study numerical results of deformation compared with experimental results. It was found that addition of geogrid layers enhanced the factor of safety upto appreciable extent. Optimum depth and optimum number of geogrid layers were also determined. The percentage increase in factor of safety at different levels of installation was also recorded.

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19

Al-Baghdadi, Nadher Hassan. "STABILIZATION OF EARTH SLOPES BY USING SOIL NAILING." Kufa Journal of Engineering 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/511237.

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The basic concept of soil nailing is to reinforce and strengthen the existing round by installing closely spaced steel bars, called “Nails”, into a slope as construction proceeds from “top-down”. This process creates a reinforced section that is in itself stable and able to retain the ground behind it. Soil nailing technique is used to support new very steep cuts with advantage of strengthening the slope with excessive earth works to provide construction access and working associated with commonly used retaining systems. In the present research work a parametric study has been made using commercial computer program “Slide 6“, which utilize different methods for solving slope stability problem, Bishop method has been used herein to analyze un nailed and nailed slopes with granular soil, different slope heights and angles have been considered. Some of nails parameters have been studied herein, positions of nail, length of nail, angle of nail inclination, and nail spacing. The optimum length of nail depends on height and angle of slope. The optimum angle of nail is found to be ranged between (10-25) degree down from the horizon, but it’s also relates with the angle of slope. The spacing of nail was found to be (1 m) to give the best improvement of F.S.

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20

Li, Jiu Ming, Xiao Bo Xiong, and Ai Hua Tao. "The Application and Analysis of Reinforcing Mechanism with Vet. for Slope Ecological Protection in Highway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.423.

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Slope biotechnique has become a significant method to protect slopes. Vetiveria zizanioides has many biological characteristics, such as resistance to overhead flooding injury; withstand drought, pain resistance and tachyauxesis. The root system has high tensile strength, well adaptability and other features. Through the joint effects of root system and micro-ecological environment, the slope can be well reinforced and protected. This paper studies the basic properties of vetiveria zizanioides and the principle of water and soil maintenance. The tensile strength of single root and the force mechanism of eco-reinforced slope are analyzed. Research shows that vetiveria zizanioides also has many excellent engineering parameters, such as tensile strength and shear strength. With the large and deep pierced root system, the soil mass is effectively fixed, which limits the shift of shallow soil of slopes. Vetiveria zizanioides is easy to grow. Meanwhile, it can control soil erosion effectively and maintain the stability of the highway slope. Therefore, this plant has a greater value in the field of highway slope protection.

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21

Sun, Shu-Wei, Fu Zhao, and Kui Zhang. "Stability of Slopes Reinforced with Truncated Piles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1570983.

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Piles are extensively used as a means of slope stabilization. A novel engineering technique of truncated piles that are unlike traditional piles is introduced in this paper. A simplified numerical method is proposed to analyze the stability of slopes stabilized with truncated piles based on the shear strength reduction method. The influential factors, which include pile diameter, pile spacing, depth of truncation, and existence of a weak layer, are systematically investigated from a practical point of view. The results show that an optimum ratio exists between the depth of truncation and the pile length above a slip surface, below which truncating behavior has no influence on the piled slope stability. This optimum ratio is bigger for slopes stabilized with more flexible piles and piles with larger spacing. Besides, truncated piles are more suitable for slopes with a thin weak layer than homogenous slopes. In practical engineering, the piles could be truncated reasonably while ensuring the reinforcement effect. The truncated part of piles can be filled with the surrounding soil and compacted to reduce costs by using fewer materials.

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Keskin, Mehmet Salih, and Sedat Kezer. "Stability of MSW Landfill Slopes Reinforced with Geogrids." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 11866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211866.

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Slope stability is one of the main problems encountered in MSW (municipality solid waste) landfill designs. Slope stability calculations become difficult due to the heterogeneous structure of MSW landfills and leachate, and therefore, slope geometries are formed by choosing low slope angles for safe designs. This causes less waste to be stored on site. This study presents slope stability analyses of MSW landfills. Numerical analyses were performed using finite element and limit equilibrium methods. The stability behavior of landfill slopes was analyzed for both unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced conditions in order to investigate the effects of shear strength parameters, the unit weight of soil waste, and material model parameters. It has been seen that the stability of landfill slopes can be increased significantly using geogrid materials. When the optimum geogrid parameters obtained from the numerical analysis results are used, it has been observed that the safety factor of the slope can be increased by up to approximately two times. Slopes in landfills reinforced with geogrid reinforcements can be formed steeper, allowing more solid waste to be stored. Considering the high initial investment cost of MSW landfills, it has been concluded that storing more solid waste with the use of geogrids will provide significant economic gains. Based on the results, the optimum values of geogrid parameters were determined and suggested for maximum reinforcing effects in MSW landfill slopes.

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23

Madhavi Latha, G., and A. M. Nandhi Varman. "Shaking table studies on geosynthetic reinforced soil slopes." International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 8, no. 3 (February 8, 2014): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1939787914y.0000000043.

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24

Ghazavi Baghini, Emad, Mohammad Mohsen Toufigh, and Vahid Toufigh. "Mesh-free analysis applied in reinforced soil slopes." Computers and Geotechnics 80 (December 2016): 322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.09.001.

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25

Xia, Zhen Yao, Wen Xiao, Yan Fang, and Yan Bin Wen. "The Affecting Factors of Soil-Reinforcement by Plant Roots." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.237.

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Now, with the large-scale of various projects constructed, a lot of the original vegetation were destroyed and formed a large area of bare slope. The existence of slopes increased the occurrent intensity of soil erosion, landslides and debris flow, and also caused local ecological disasters of the deterioration of the microclimate and the destruction of the biological chain. Based on this situation, this article discussed the reinforced soil reinforcement of shallow fine roots and deep rough roots, and generalized comprehensively the root factors on the impact of the reinforced soil, and explored the lack of research and development trends of vegetation slope protection.

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26

Wang, Li, and Shi Mei Wang. "Stability Analysis of a Reinforced Soil Slope Based on the Strength Reduction Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3031.

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Apply large general-purpose finite element analysis software ABAQUS as a platform, The criterion of iteration non-convergence conventionally used for assessing the instability state of slopes,and an example is given to the following conclusions: The strength reduction method based on ABAQUS simulate anti-slide pile slope stability analysis that has a true reflection of the elastic-plastic deformation in geotechnical engineering,it can be widely used in elastic-plastic deformation problems in geotechnical engineering. The anti-slide pile can effectively improve the stability of slopes, setting up anti-slide pile egitimately in the soil plays an important role at the safety of slope stability.

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27

Hu, Qizhi, Yong Zhou, and Gaoliang Tao. "Study on the Stability of Slopes Reinforced by Composite Vegetation Combined with a Geogrid under Rainfall Conditions." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (August 19, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8058009.

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The planting of shrubs and trees on geogrid-reinforced slopes is an important ecological slope protection method that is frequently implemented in the rainy areas of southern China. First, this paper analyzes the soil-fixing principle of the geogrid and root system and demonstrates the feasibility of using composite vegetation of shrubs and trees to reinforce the slope with a geogrid. Using the Yushi Expressway project in Guizhou, we conducted a stability analysis of slopes under different working conditions and different reinforcement modes. We determined that the ecological protection method of combining composite vegetation with a geogrid can effectively increase the stability of slopes. The maximum displacement of the ecological slope under rainfall conditions was reduced by 82% compared with the original slope, and the overall stability was improved by 35%. Four factors affect the slope stability: the depth of shrub reinforcement, depth of anchorage of trees, distribution of trees, and spacing of the geogrids. An orthogonal analysis considering these 4 factors with 3 levels was implemented. The following optimal combination was obtained to ensure ecological protection under rainfall conditions: a shrub reinforcement depth of 0.6 m, a tree anchorage depth of 3 m, a grid spacing of 0.4 m, and a top-sparse and bottom-dense tree distribution. The combined slope protection schematic was applied to the Yushi Expressway project in Guizhou, and a strong reinforced slope protection effect was observed.

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Sagybekova, Akmaral, Nauruzbayev Kabdullagazy, Dinara Orazbayeva, and Pana Alimtaikyzy. "Experimental justification of the use of synthetic products for strengthening soils of buildings and structures." Innovaciencia 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/2346075x.2966.

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Introduction: The purpose of the research of the scientific article is to study the stability of slopes and their reinforced with synthetic materials and the influence of reinforcement elements on the stress and deformation of joint soil massifs. Materials and Methods: At article are given: the tests were carried out in the task of the head of the tray with the use of synthetic materials. Results and Discussion: The use of technical materials for solving the issues of strengthening slopes and slopes is very relevant today. Synthetic geosynthetics of various production methods are required to perform the following functions in combination: reinforcement - reinforcement with materials of slopes, walls of pits and slopes of embankments, bases as a result of the redistribution of stresses arising in soil materials, and the soil mass under the action of loads from vehicles and its own weight; protection - prevention, exclusion or slowdown of the process of soil erosion, prevention of interpenetration of products of contacting layers; filtration - prevention, exclusion (slowdown), solution of the process of penetration of pound particles into drainages (filter) or their removal (reverse filter); drainage - acceleration, slowing down the arrival, removal of water filtration; waterproofing - reduction or diversion, exclusion of water inflow into the soils of the working layer of the subgrade. Conclusions: In tests, synthetic meshes are used to ensure the strength of the edge of the slope at loads of 100 kPa, 200 kPa, 300 kPa: a method for applying the method of strengthening the edge of the slope, with the most compacted base soil and the use of reinforcement elements, is proposed, which leads to an increase in the strength of subsiding soil bases and the edge of the slope during the construction of buildings and structures.

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29

Hou, Shi Wei, Shi He Ma, Xu Li Liu, and Ying Liu. "Progressive Deformation on Defective Pile Reinforced Slope." Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (November 2017): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.248.

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The slopes reinforced by anti-slide piles were simulated in this paper. The setting position, pile spacing and anchorage depth of integrated piles were discussed with strength reduction method. The results show that the pile position should depart slope into two stages, and the further strain would be limited. When the spacing of the anti-slide piles is 2-3 times of pile diameter, it has a soil arching effect to wedge the soil. The anchorage depth can affect the form of the potential sliding surface. Three kinds of defective piles were studied to research deformation of slope reinforced by defective piles. The defective piles were namely expanded pile, necking pile and segregationpile. The equivalent plastic strain zone was used to judge the slope failure, and then the stability and deformation process of the three-dimensional slope were simulated. By comparing the plastic strain, safety coefficient curve and pile-soil stress curve, between the defective pile and integrated pile, the progressive failure process of the reinforced slope was analyzed, including the formation process of the macroscopic shear zone.

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30

Naredla, Pooja, and S. Sangeetha. "A Study on the Influence of Vegetation Growth on Slope Stability." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1032, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1032/1/012003.

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Abstract Vegetation plays a major role in terms of slope stability. Roots of grass and trees can increase the strength properties of soil which improves the stability of slope. A natural slope consists of grass and infinite number of trees inclined in different directions along with inclined roots. The aim of the paper is to study the effects of vegetation growth on slope stability for different root reinforced soil depth by varying tree inclination (along with roots), root spread and tree spacing for different slope geometry. The study involves determination of safety factor (FOS) of natural slope existing with and without vegetation growth (such as only grass, grass and trees). GeoStudio Slope/w software with limit equilibrium method was used for stability analysis of different slope inclinations. A tree was modelled as a point load and its roots were represented as reinforced soil properties with anchors and only as root reinforced soil. When compared to the bare slope, it was observed that there was an increase in FOS of slope on both the models of vegetation. Variations in FOS by varying root reinforced soil depth, tree inclinations and spacings were reported for different slope geometry and compared. Considering all these parameters, an empirical corelation for computation of vegetation influenced FOS has been developed. This study provides a mechanical accountability of vegetation cover on the stability of slopes.

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31

Meijer, Gerrit, Glyn Bengough, Jonathan Knappett, Kenneth Loades, and Bruce Nicoll. "Measuring the Strength of Root-Reinforced Soil on Steep Natural Slopes Using the Corkscrew Extraction Method." Forests 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121135.

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Roots can help to stabilise slopes against landslides and anchor trees against wind loading, but their mechanical contribution to the strength of soil is difficult to rapidly quantify under field conditions. A new field measurement method, quantifying the shear strength of rooted soil by measuring the resistance against extraction of soil cores using a large corkscrew device, was tested across three heterogeneous slopes (unforested, forested and clearfelled) in Scotland. The presence of roots significantly increased the measured shear strength in the surface layer of the Sitka spruce forested slope. Differences in strength between the three areas were however not significant. This could be attributed to the large variation in the soil component of the combined root–soil shear strength, which was strongly affected by variations in both soil density and gravel content. Measured strength on these natural slopes were much more variable compared to previously investigated sites. These results highlight the importance of investigating the variation in soil strength during root-reinforcement measurements, and furthermore demonstrate the need for a sufficiently large number of tests to address this variation. The corkscrew provides rapid estimation of root-reinforced soil shear strength on sites with difficult accessibility. Compared to the more conventional shear vane method, which yielded comparable soil strength results, the corkscrew proved more suitable in stony soil layers and has the additional benefit of simultaneously extracting small (rooted) soil samples that could be used for further root and soil analysis. It therefore proved a useful and effective field tool for use when a rapid estimation of root-reinforced soil shear strength is required.

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32

Yang, K. H., J. G. Zornberg, C. N. Liu, and H. D. Lin. "Stress distribution and development within geosynthetic-reinforced soil slopes." Geosynthetics International 19, no. 1 (February 2012): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gein.2012.19.1.62.

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33

Shinoda, Masahiro, Katsumi Horii, Toyoji Yonezawa, Masaru Tateyama, and Junichi Koseki. "Reliability-Based Seismic Deformation Analysis of Reinforced Soil Slopes." Soils and Foundations 46, no. 4 (August 2006): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf.46.477.

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34

JAHANANDISH, M., and A. KESHAVARZ. "Seismic bearing capacity of foundations on reinforced soil slopes." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 23, no. 1 (February 2005): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2004.09.001.

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35

ZEQO, Aurela. "New concepts in geosynthetic - Reinforced soil (Slopes basic concepts)." ce/papers 2, no. 2-3 (June 2018): 1051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.811.

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36

Song, Pengyan, Shuang Guo, Wenao Zhao, and Qin Xin. "Seismic Response Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures Considering Slope Effects." Applied Sciences 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2023): 5149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13085149.

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According to the seismic damage due to past events, buildings located on slopes can present a worse seismic performance. To explore this, this study established a finite element model based on a 6-story RC frame structure and soil models based on a practical slope using OpenSees software. Combining the superstructure model with the soil model through soil spring elements, three soil-structure interaction systems with different slope rates were set up. Twenty near-field seismic actions were used as input loads for dynamic time–history analysis. The analysis shows that in the process of seismic action, the deformation tendency of the structure is affected by the slope. There is a clear tendency for lateral displacement towards the slope, and it is more obvious with a greater slope ratio. Meanwhile, the slope has no impact on the shear force at the base of the structure or at the bottom of the column. In addition, there is no correlation between the degree of impact and the slope gradient on the peak value of internal forces and deformations of structure.

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37

Świtała, Barbara. "Strength Reduction Method in the Stability Assessment of Vegetated Slopes." Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acee-2023-0024.

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Abstract The thoughtful design and mitigation of ecological slope stabilization measures rely heavily on the reliable assessment of the stability of vegetated slopes. This is a complex problem due to the many aspects of vegetation presence that must be taken into account. The numerical model should be able to consider mechanical root reinforcement and root water uptake, which can lead to soil desaturation. This paper presents the application of the strength reduction method to the Modified Cam-Clay model for unsaturated, root-reinforced soils, which allows for the quantitative estimation of slope stability. The technique is implemented in finite element software and tested using several numerical examples. Firstly, the sensitivity of the factor of safety to changes in root constitutive parameters is investigated. In the second example, the stability of the modelled slope is assessed under rainfall of a certain duration followed by progressively modifying soil strength parameters until failure occurs. Furthermore, slope stability is assessed for various durations of the rainfall period.

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38

Cheng, Y. M., S. K. Au, and Albert T. Yeung. "Laboratory and field evaluation of several types of soil nails for different geological conditions." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53, no. 4 (April 2016): 634–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0267.

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For steep slopes with difficult access or slopes in a corrosive environment, there are various problems associated with the use of conventional steel reinforcement bars as soil nails. For loose-fill slopes or clay slopes, the development of adequate nail bond strength is another practical issue that should be considered. Carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) in several forms and installation methods have been studied as the alternatives to the classical steel bar. Extensive laboratory tests on the materials and field tests on different types of soil nails with various methods of installation have been carried out in Hong Kong, Korea, and Australia. Test results support the use of these materials with an innovative installation method as soil nails under different geological conditions, and the suitability and performance of these materials under different conditions are assessed in the present study.

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39

Latha, N. Sri. "Numerical Studies on Stability of Sand Slopes." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 15309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.15309ecst.

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Stability analysis of slopes is generally performed to assess the safe design of man-made or natural slopes. Choice of analysis depends on both site conditions and the probable mode of failure with consideration being given to the varying strengths and limitations involved in each method. Numerical techniques provide an approximate solution to field problems which otherwise cannot be solved by conventional methods due to complex geometry, anisotropic material, non-linear behavior, and in-situ stresses. Present study presents results of stability of unreinforced and reinforced model slopes using GEOSTUDIO 2020 and stability calculations were performed using SLOPE/W module and factor of safety of slopes with and without reinforcement is computed by considering various methods. Soil is modeled as a Mohr-Coulomb material in the analysis. The soil properties obtained from laboratory investigation was given as input parameters and analysis was carried out for different types of model slopes. The results from analysis are presented and discussed in detail.

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40

Chegenizadeh, Amin, and Hamid Nikraz. "Investigation on Compaction Characteristics of Reinforced Soil." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 964–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.964.

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Composite soils have been widely used in civil engineering applications, especially in slopes, embankment dam and landfills. This paper aims to investigate effect of fiber inclusion on compaction characteristic of composite soil (i.e. clay composite). A series of laboratory tests carried out to evaluate fiber effect on optimum water content and maximum dry unit weight of composite soils. Clay was selected as soil part of the composite and plastic fiber was used as reinforcement. The fiber parameters differed from one test to another, as fiber length varied from 10 mm to 35mm and fiber content were selected as 0.1% and 0.4%. For each test, compaction curved derived and the results were compared. The results proved that inclusion of fiber affected compaction behaviour of samples so that increasing in fiber content and length caused increasing in Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and slightly decreased maximum dry unit weight.

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41

Zhang, Xijun, Liang Huang, Yujie Hou, Bo Wang, Binghan Xue, and Mingsheng Shi. "Study on the Stability of the Geogrids-Reinforced Earth Slope under the Coupling Effect of Rainfall and Earthquake." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (October 20, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5182537.

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This paper focuses on understanding the dynamic response problem of flexible wrapped reinforced Earth slope under the coupling effect of earthquake and rainfall; a numerical calculation model of reinforced Earth slope considering the coupling effect of earthquake and rainfall was established. The dynamic response, pore pressure, and tensile stress distribution of the reinforcement under the rainfall before earthquake, the rainfall after the earthquake, and earthquake-rainfall are studied. The results show that the coupling effect of earthquake and rainfall is an influential factor in the dynamic analysis of reinforced Earth slopes, the analysis of which should be paid attention to and researched in the future. The combination of geogrid and soil effectively improves the deformation of the slope and the overall stability, reduces the secondary disaster of the slope, and provides a reference for the seismic construction design of the reinforced Earth slope.

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42

Liu, Qiu Sheng, and Dong Feng Liu. "Study on Embedded Pile Length in Slope Reinforced." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 1497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.1497.

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The embedded length of anti-slide piles reinforcing slopes is analyzed by three-dimensional elasto-plastic shear strength reduction finite difference method. The effect of embedded pile length on safety factor and pile behavior, and the effects of the pile spacing, pile head conditions, bending stiffness and soil style on pile length and pile behavior are analyzed. The results show that the pile spacing and the pile head conditions have significant influence on the critical pile length. The critical pile length is seen to increase with decreasing pile spacing, and smaller pile spacing tends to increase the integrity of the piled slopes. A theoretical analysis of the slip surface is also described, and the slip surface determined by the pressure on piles considering the influences of both soil and the piles of slopes is in agreement with previous researches.

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43

Khan, Mohammad Sadik, Masoud Nobahar, and John Ivoke. "Numerical Investigation of Slope Stabilization Using Recycled Plastic Pins in Yazoo Clay." Infrastructures 6, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6030047.

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Geographically, at the center of Mississippi is a concentration of High Plastic Yazoo Clay Soil (HPYCS). Shallow landslides frequently occur in embankments constructed with HPYCS caused by rainfall-induced saturation of the embankment slope. The traditional methods are becoming expensive to repair the shallow slope failure. The use of Recycled Plastic Pins (RPPs) to stabilize shallow slope failures offers a significant cost and construction benefit and can be a useful remedial measure for these types of failures. The current study investigates the effectiveness of RPP in slopes constructed with HPYCS, using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The FEM analysis was conducted with the PLAXIS 2D software package. Three uniform and varied RPP spacings were investigated to reinforce 2–4H:1V slopes. Reinforced slope stability analyses were performed to investigate the applicability of RPP in HPYCS. The FEM analysis results indicated that RPP provides shear resistance for the sloping embankment constructed of HPYCS. Uniform spacing of RPP provides sufficient resistance that increases the Factor of Safety (FS) to 1.68 in 2H:1V slopes with deformation of RPP less than 15 mm. The uniform spacing and varied spacing combination of RPP increase the FS to 2.0 with the deformation of RPP less 7 mm.

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44

Dastpak, Pooya, Reza Jamshidi Chenari, Brigid Cami, and Sina Javankhoshdel. "Noncircular Deterministic and Stochastic Slope Stability Analyses and Design of Simple Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Slopes." International Journal of Geomechanics 21, no. 9 (September 2021): 04021155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0002116.

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45

Zhu, D. Y., C. F. Lee, D. H. Chan, and H. D. Jiang. "Evaluation of the stability of anchor-reinforced slopes." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 1342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-060.

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The conventional methods of slices are commonly used for the analysis of slope stability. When anchor loads are involved, they are often treated as point loads, which may lead to abrupt changes in the normal stress distribution on the potential slip surface. As such abrupt changes are not reasonable and do not reflect reality in the field, an alternative approach based on the limit equilibrium principle is proposed for the evaluation of the stability of anchor-reinforced slopes. With this approach, the normal stress distribution over the slip surface before the application of the anchor (i.e., σ0) is computed by the conventional, rigorous methods of slices, and the normal stress on the slip surface purely induced by the anchor load (i.e., λpσp, where λp is the load factor) is taken as the analytical elastic stress distribution in an infinite wedge approximating the slope geometry, with the anchor load acting on the apex. Then the normal stress on the slip surface for the anchor-reinforced slope is assumed to be the linear combination of these two normal stresses involving two auxiliary unknowns, η1 and η2; that is, σ = η1σ0 + η2λpσp. Simultaneously solving the horizontal force, the vertical force, and the moment equilibrium equations for the sliding body leads to the explicit expression for the factor of safety (Fs)or the load factor (λp), if the required factor of safety is prescribed. The reasonableness and advantages of the present method in comparison with the conventional procedures are demonstrated with two illustrative examples. The proposed procedure can be readily applied to designs of excavated slopes or remediation of landslides with steel anchors or prestressed cables, as well as with soil nails or geotextile reinforcements.Key words: slopes, factor of safety, anchors, limit equilibrium method.

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Chen, J., W. Zhang, and J. Xue. "Zoning of reinforcement forces in geosynthetic reinforced cohesionless soil slopes." Geosynthetics International 24, no. 6 (December 2017): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgein.17.00023.

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47

Lee, Seung-Hyun. "Comparison of Behavior of Earth Slopes Reinforced with Soil Nail." Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 11, no. 4 (August 31, 2011): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2011.11.4.137.

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48

Yang, Tao, Jin-Feng Zou, and Qiu-Jing Pan. "Three-dimensional seismic stability of slopes reinforced by soil nails." Computers and Geotechnics 127 (November 2020): 103768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103768.

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49

O'Shaughnessy, Vince, and Vinod K. Garga. "Tire-reinforced earthfill. Part 2: Pull-out behaviour and reinforced slope design." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-085.

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The disposal of scrap tires has become a major environmental concern. The reuse of scrap tires in the reinforcement of earth structures can provide an attractive solution in reducing the number of used tires disposed in overcrowded landfills. This paper, the second in a series of three papers, discusses the behaviour of slopes reinforced with scrap tires and proposes design recommendations. A mat-reinforced slope can either fail by pull-out of the reinforcement or due to rupture of the attachment tying the tires. A large number of pull-out tests were performed on whole tires and tires with one sidewall removed embedded in sand and cohesive backfill. The pull-out resistance of tire mat reinforcement was primarily governed by the effective shear strength of the soil, and therefore it can provide an efficient means of reinforcement. However, large displacements were required to fully mobilize the ultimate pull-out capacity which must be considered in design.Key words: pull-out tests, scrap tires, reinforced slope, performance, design guidelines.

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Kumar, Saurabh, and Lal Bahadur Roy. "Investigating the Slope Stability and Factor of Safety Properties of Soil Reinforced with Natural Jute Fibers under Different Rainfall Conditions." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 1 (February 5, 2023): 9919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5481.

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Heavy rainfall is often responsible for embankment failures. During intense rainfall, the embankment slope inclination is vital for slope stability. Some failures occur in the slope due to heavy rainfall and sudden change in the matric suction. Jute fiber is a reinforcing material that is added to improve soil strength. In this research, in order to explore the effects of slope inclination on soil stability, soil samples were collected and exposed to artificial rainfalls. This study presented various tests performed on the soil samples. Different tests like sieve analysis, permeability test, Direct Shear Test (DST), liquid limit, plasticity limit, and numerical modeling were conducted in the laboratory. The study's findings revealed that the failure is caused by a soil suction loss when the inclination of the slope is higher than the soil friction angle and the collapse is caused by the positive water pressure at the slope's toe when it is lower than the soil's friction angle. Furthermore, when the slope angle increases, the slopes are becoming increasingly vulnerable to rapid collapse. After that, jute fibers were combined with the soil to improve its performance. Samples of 2, 3, and 4 rows of jute fibers were tested. These jute fiber samples performed better than the ones without fibers under different rainfall conditions. The distribution of jute fibers had a favorable influence on both strength measurements and safety aspects. Utilizing the factor of safety and matric suction, the performance of jute fiber samples is superior to those without jute fibers. Consequently, by adding jute fibers the stabilization of the soil is significantly improved along with its factor of safety.

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