Статті в журналах: "Reinforced Rammed Earth"

1

Mileto, Camilla, Fernando Vegas, Francisco Javier Alejandre, Juan Jesús Martín, and Lidia García Soriano. "Lime-Crusted Rammed Earth: Materials Study." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.9.

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This study analyses the durability of rammed-earth wall construction techniques. The analysis focuses on three medieval masonry types from the Castle of Villavieja (Castellón, Spain) using two variations of lime-reinforced rammed earth in its walls: lime-crusted rammed earth and brick-reinforced rammed earth. Materials analysis reveals the good properties of the materials used in the outer wall facing despite its age. It also clearly shows how deterioration depends more on the construction technique (construction of the wall with a base, cornice, facings, core; on-site installation, bonds, etc.) than on the material itself. These two types of lime-reinforced rammed earth (lime-crusted rammed earth and brick-reinforced rammed earth) are the most common kinds of fortified architecture in the Iberian Peninsula as well as in northern Africa and the Middle East. The case presented herein is therefore highly relevant as it advances our knowledge of the behaviour of the materials comprising these walls and lays the foundations for suitable future conservation works of a vast array of architectural heritage.

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2

Raj, Shubham, Sher Mohammad, Rima Das, and Shreya Saha. "Coconut fibre-reinforced cement-stabilized rammed earth blocks." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-10-2016-0101.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the optimum proportion of coconut fibre and cement suitable for rammed earth wall construction. Coconut fibres and cement can be easily incorporated into the soil mixture which adds strength and durability to the wall. This paper highlights the salient observations from a systematic investigation on the effect of coconut fibre on the performance of stabilized rammed earth blocks. Design/methodology/approach Stabilization of soil was done by adding Ordinary Portland Cement (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 per cent by weight of soil), whereas coconut fibre in length about 15 mm was added (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 per cent by weight of soil) as reinforcement. Thirty types of mixes were created by adding different proportions of cement and fibre to locally available soil and compacting the mix at constant compaction energy in three layers with Proctor rammer. Findings Samples were tested for compressive strength and tensile strength, and failure patterns were analysed. The use of cement and fibre increases ultimate strengths significantly up to an optimum limit of 0.8 per cent fibre content, provides a secondary benefit of keeping material bound together after failure and increases residual strength. Benefits of fibre reinforcement includes both improved ductility in comparison with raw blocks and inhibition of crack propagation after its initial formation. Originality/value After analysing the results, it is recommended to use 0.8 per cent fibre and 5-10 per cent cement by weight of soil to achieve considerable strength. This research may add a value in the areas of green and sustainable housing, waste utilization, etc.

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3

Zhou, Tiegang, Bo Liu, Xiang Zhao, and Jun Mu. "Experimental testing of the in-plane behavior of bearing modern rammed earth walls." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 13 (April 10, 2018): 2045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218764978.

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With the introduction of the modern rammed earth technique, a large number of modern rammed earth buildings were constructed in China Mainland. China has a vast territory, which faces the Circum-Pacific seismic belt on the east and the Eurasian seismic belt on the south; earthquake has constantly threatened the safety of people’s lives and property. Consequently, it is necessary to probe in the seismic performance of rammed earth buildings. Two un-stabilized rammed earth specimens, one un-stabilized rammed earth reinforced with geogrid sheets’ specimens, and four stabilized rammed earth specimens were built for obtaining a better insight on the behavior of un-stabilized rammed earth/stabilized rammed earth walls under cyclic in-plane loads. Testing results are discussed in terms of failure mode, shear capacity, hysteretic curve, stiffness degradation, and total energy dissipation to provide comparisons of the seismic performance between un-stabilized rammed earth and stabilized rammed earth specimens. Different failure modes indicated that the cohesion between particles and the bond strength between layers are the two key parameters for the shear capacity of rammed earth buildings. It is also demonstrated that stabilized rammed earth specimens have higher shear and energy dissipation capacity but weaker deformation capacity than un-stabilized rammed earth.

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4

Tripura, D. D., and K. D. Singh. "Mechanical behaviour of rammed earth column: A comparison between unreinforced, steel and bamboo reinforced columns." Materiales de Construcción 68, no. 332 (September 14, 2018): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2018.11517.

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This paper presents an experimental study on the behavior of cement stabilized rammed earth (CSRE) column reinforced with steel under axial loading and its comparison with unreinforced and bamboo reinforced columns. Effects of structural parameters such as tie / stirrup spacing on the failure pattern, lateral and axial deformation of columns are studied. Test results show that the load-capacity of columns increases with increase in lateral / tie reinforcement ratio. Maximum axial and lateral deformations occur in columns with least tie spacing. Behavior of CSRE columns reinforced with close tie spacing is characterized by gradual spalling of cover at the failure zone. Steel reinforced columns perform better than other column types in terms of load-capacity; hence it may be used as structural member adjacent to walls for low-rise rammed earth houses. Proposed reinforcement technique can be adopted in the field for enhancement of greater strength and performance of columns.

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5

Giuffrida, Giada, Rosa Caponetto, Francesco Nocera, and Massimo Cuomo. "Prototyping of a Novel Rammed Earth Technology." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 11948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111948.

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Buildings of the future are called to meet increasingly high-performance requirements and to ensure adequate environmental sustainability of the production and construction chain. This issue has stimulated a keen interest in the use of natural materials in construction. Among these, raw earth has proved to be particularly interesting for its intrinsic availability, sustainability, and recyclability. In Europe, the spread of raw earth building technologies has often been hindered by the lack of specific legislation regulating its use for load-bearing structures, even if in many countries, it can be noticed a widespread and well-established constructive tradition. Some transoceanic research experiences attest that unfired earth can be used, together with different types of reinforcements, to create seismic-resistant buildings. After presenting a review of the main raw earth reinforced technologies, the present study focuses on a novel reinforced and modular rammed earth construction made with natural or recycled materials, developing a technology with low energy consumption and low environmental impact, specifically designed for areas with high seismic risk. In particular, the work presents the results of a prototyping procedure aiming at developing a new seismic-resistant construction system that combines rammed earth with timber reinforcement elements and nylon/polyester ropes. These elements have a dual function: (1) they are fundamental components of the construction process (as they integrate the formwork system), and (2) they act as seismic-resistant devices once the structure is completed. In line with the performance-based approach required by the construction sector, the study aims at defining a controlled and standardised supply chain for rammed earth construction.

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6

Moya-Muñoz, J., A. Gonzalez-Serrano, and F. Pinto-Puerto. "PRELIMINARY STUDIES TO VALUE ENHANCEMENT OF THE OLD CITADEL IN ORIA, ALMERIA, SPAIN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-389-2020.

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Abstract. During the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, the alcazaba of Oria (Old citadel) was considered one of the most outstanding medieval defensive ensembles in the province of Almeria. This defensive complex, located in the Almanzora Valley at an altitude of over a thousand metres, was built around the 12th-14th centuries and has been registered as an Asset of Cultural Interest since 1985. Nevertheless, unfortunate decisions to intervene in the monument and lack of maintenance facilitated the loss of most of its wall, which had been preserved until the twentieth century. Despite the critical situation of the complex, two sections of the rammed-earth wall are currently identified as standing. This study represents an opportunity to broaden the knowledge of this relevant wall structure and the characterisation of the rammed-earth reinforced wall with lime mortar layers. As a preliminary step towards the rammed-earth walls analysis, the graphic representation of wall elevations by photogrammetry tools is proposed. This technique allows to graphically define the morphology of the rammed-earth wall, to perform its typological analysis and constructive characterisation; and furthermore, to evaluate the state of constructive elements conservation by means of the identification of its damages. The information and results obtained will allow to establish the appropriate laboratory tests for the rammed-earth materials characterisation and to define a report that justifies the inexcusable need to consolidate and preserve them.

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7

Shrestha, Kshitij C., Takayoshi Aoki, Mitsuhiro Miyamoto, Phuntsho Wangmo, and Pema. "In-Plane Shear Resistance between the Rammed Earth Blocks with Simple Interventions: Experimentation and Finite Element Study." Buildings 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10030057.

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The paper presents experimental and numerical works to assess the in-plane shear characteristics of rammed earth (RE) structures in Bhutan. The material characterization works involve compressive and tensile splitting strength tests on extracted cylindrical core samples. The effects of the RE layer thickness and drying period in the strength characteristics of the rammed earth is presented. The main experimental part reports in-plane shear tests on 3 test specimens, 1200 mm long, 1200 mm high, and 600 mm wide. The test matrix has unreinforced and reinforced specimens with variable RE layer thicknesses. For the reinforced RE specimen, the effectiveness of a simple intervention with insertion of reinforced concrete dowel at the RE block interface as a strengthening measure is discussed. Furthermore, corresponding finite element models were developed to verify the test observations. Both the experimental observations and numerical computations showed the effectiveness of proposed intervention technique in enhancing the shear strength and delaying the slip along the RE joint interface. The results showed that the shear strength of the reinforced specimen increased by 12.3% over the benchmark specimen.

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8

Giuffrida, Giada, Maurizio Detommaso, Francesco Nocera, and Rosa Caponetto. "Design Optimisation Strategies for Solid Rammed Earth Walls in Mediterranean Climates." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020325.

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The renewed attention paid to raw earth construction in recent decades is linked to its undoubted sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and low embodied energy. In Italy, the use of raw earth as a construction material is limited by the lack of a technical reference standard and is penalised by the current energy legislation for its massive behaviour. Research experiences, especially transoceanic, on highly performative contemporary buildings made with natural materials show that raw earth can be used, together with different types of reinforcements, to create safe, earthquake-resistant, and thermally efficient buildings. On the basis of experimental data of an innovative fibre-reinforced rammed earth material, energy analyses are developed on a rammed earth building designed for a Mediterranean climate. The paper focuses on the influences that different design solutions, inspired by traditional bioclimatic strategies, and various optimised wall constructions have in the improvement of the energy performance of the abovementioned building. These considerations are furthermore compared with different design criteria aiming at minimising embodied carbon in base material choice, costs, and discomfort hours. Results have shown the effectiveness of using the combination of massive rammed earth walls, night cross ventilation, and overhangs for the reduction of energy demand for space cooling and the improvement of wellbeing. Finally, the parametric analysis of thermal insulation has highlighted the economic, environmental, and thermophysical optimal solutions for the rammed earth envelope.

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9

Giuffrida, Giada, Maurizio Detommaso, Francesco Nocera, and Rosa Caponetto. "Design Optimisation Strategies for Solid Rammed Earth Walls in Mediterranean Climates." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020325.

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The renewed attention paid to raw earth construction in recent decades is linked to its undoubted sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and low embodied energy. In Italy, the use of raw earth as a construction material is limited by the lack of a technical reference standard and is penalised by the current energy legislation for its massive behaviour. Research experiences, especially transoceanic, on highly performative contemporary buildings made with natural materials show that raw earth can be used, together with different types of reinforcements, to create safe, earthquake-resistant, and thermally efficient buildings. On the basis of experimental data of an innovative fibre-reinforced rammed earth material, energy analyses are developed on a rammed earth building designed for a Mediterranean climate. The paper focuses on the influences that different design solutions, inspired by traditional bioclimatic strategies, and various optimised wall constructions have in the improvement of the energy performance of the abovementioned building. These considerations are furthermore compared with different design criteria aiming at minimising embodied carbon in base material choice, costs, and discomfort hours. Results have shown the effectiveness of using the combination of massive rammed earth walls, night cross ventilation, and overhangs for the reduction of energy demand for space cooling and the improvement of wellbeing. Finally, the parametric analysis of thermal insulation has highlighted the economic, environmental, and thermophysical optimal solutions for the rammed earth envelope.

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10

Pang, Miao, Shuai Yang, and Yongqiang Zhang. "Experimental Study of Cement Mortar-Steel Fiber Reinforced Rammed Earth Wall." Sustainability 4, no. 10 (October 15, 2012): 2630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su4102630.

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11

Bernat-Maso, Ernest, Lluís Gil, and Christian Escrig. "Textile-reinforced rammed earth: Experimental characterisation of flexural strength and thoughness." Construction and Building Materials 106 (March 2016): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.139.

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12

Morris, Hugh, Richard Walker, and Thijs Drupsteen. "Observations of the performance of earth buildings following the September 2010 Darfield earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.4.393-403.

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A reconnaissance survey of earth walled buildings in the Canterbury area was carried out in mid October 2010 following the Darfield Earthquake. Fifteen earth walled buildings were inspected during the survey including historic earthbuildings and recently constructed reinforced earthbuildings. Reinforced earth houses constructed since the 1990s performed well provided the overall wall bracing was adequate and detailing of the reinforcement and connections was generally in accordance with the NZ Earth Building Standards. Several unreinforced earth buildings constructed before 1930 (or reconstructed historic buildings) suffered significant structural damage and will require reconstruction or substantial repair. Unreinforced rammed earth buildings, and reinforced cinva ram brick buildings, constructed between 1930 and 1990 with reinforced concrete foundations and bond beams and adequate overall wall bracing generally performed moderately well given the level of shaking they experienced. Minor cracking was observed in all but one of modern houses, performance was good where reinforcement and construction complied with the New Zealand Standards. Where buildings did not comply the damage could have been prevented by following the Standards.

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13

Tripura, Deb Dulal, and Konjengbam Darunkumar Singh. "Axial Load-Capacity of Bamboo-Steel Reinforced Cement Stabilised Rammed Earth Columns." Structural Engineering International 29, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168664.2019.1528705.

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14

Morris, Hugh, and Richard Walker. "Observations of the performance of earth buildings following the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.358-367.

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A reconnaissance survey of earth walled buildings in the Christchurch area was carried out following the February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake. Twenty six earth buildings were inspected during the survey including historic earth buildings and recent reinforced earth buildings. Some of these buildings had previously been inspected following the September 2010 Darfield Earthquake. The February 2011 Earthquake caused comparable patterns of damage to earth buildings as the September 2010 Darfield earthquake except for unreinforced pressed brick buildings which performed particularly badly. Reinforced earth buildings constructed since the 1990’s performed well during the February 2011 earthquake provided the overall wall bracing was adequate and detailing of the reinforcement and connections were generally in accordance with the NZ Earth Building Standards. Some older unreinforced rammed earth buildings constructed between 1950 and 1980, all of which had reinforced concrete foundations and bond beams, performed relatively well with only minor cracking. Unreinforced cob and adobe buildings in the area of strong shaking suffered significant damage and will require reconstruction or repair of the walls and strengthening of the upper floor or ceiling diaphragms. The performance of six houses are discussed as case studies that cover the range of buildings observed.

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15

Narani, Shayan Sheikhi, Pouria Zare, Mohsen Abbaspour, Ahmad Fahimifar, Sumi Siddiqua, and Seyed Majdeddin Mir Mohammad Hosseini. "Evaluation of fiber-reinforced and cement-stabilized rammed-earth composite under cyclic loading." Construction and Building Materials 296 (August 2021): 123746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123746.

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16

Oliveira, Daniel V., Rui A. Silva, Cristina Barroso, and Paulo B. Lourenço. "Characterization of a Compatible Low Cost Strengthening Solution Based on the TRM Technique for Rammed Earth." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.150.

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Rammed earth constructions are widely found worldwide, but they are endangered by their recognised high seismic vulnerability. As compatible and affordable reinforcement approaches are important requirements for these constructions, a strengthening solution based on low cost textile reinforced mortars (LC-TRM) is proposed here, within the framework of a large research project. This paper presents the results of an experimental program aimed at characterising low cost meshes available in the market (glass fibre, plastic, metallic and nylon) and at assessing possible mortars (unstabilised earth, stabilised earth, commercial earth and cement-based) capable of integrating the LC-TRM strengthening system. In general, the results obtained seem to indicate that the glass fibre meshes and the earth mortar are good options.

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17

Rathod, R. Sri Bhanupratap, and B. V. Venkatarama Reddy. "Behaviour of plain and fibre reinforced cement stabilised rammed earth under compression, tension and shear." Construction and Building Materials 344 (August 2022): 128125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128125.

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18

Zhou, Tiegang, and Bo Liu. "Experimental study on the shaking table tests of a modern inner-reinforced rammed earth structure." Construction and Building Materials 203 (April 2019): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.070.

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19

Tripura, Deb Dulal, Satish Gupta, Bandana Debbarma, and Raavi Satya Sai Deep. "Flexural strength and failure trend of bamboo and coir reinforced cement stabilized rammed earth wallettes." Construction and Building Materials 242 (May 2020): 117986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117986.

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20

Bui, Q. B., T. T. Bui, R. El-Nabouch, and D. K. Thai. "Vertical Rods as a Seismic Reinforcement Technique for Rammed Earth Walls: An Assessment." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (March 19, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1285937.

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Rammed earth (RE) is a construction material which is manufactured by compacting soil by layers within a formwork to build a monolithic wall. RE material is the subject of numerous scientific researches during the last decade because of the significant heritage of RE buildings and the sustainable properties of this material: low embodied energy, substantial thermal inertia, and natural regulator of moisture. The seismic performance of RE buildings is an interesting topic which needs to be thoroughly investigated. This paper presents a numerical study which assesses the relevancy of a seismic reinforcement technique for RE walls by using two vertical steel rods installed at two extremities of the walls. The discrete element method (DEM) was used to model unreinforced and reinforced RE walls. These walls were first loaded with a vertical stress on the top to simulate the vertical loads and then submitted to a horizontal loading on the top to simulate the seismic action. Two current cases of RE buildings were investigated: one-storey and two-storey buildings. The results showed that the reinforcement technique enhanced the maximum horizontal force about 25% and 10%, respectively, for the cases of one- and two-storey buildings. Higher effectiveness of this reinforcement technique is expected for RE materials having higher compressive strength, for example, stabilized RE.

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21

Raavi, Satya Sai Deep, and Deb Dulal Tripura. "Predicting and evaluating the engineering properties of unstabilized and cement stabilized fibre reinforced rammed earth blocks." Construction and Building Materials 262 (November 2020): 120845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120845.

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22

Kuzhakhmetova, Elvira R. "Influence of constructive solutions on the stiffness characteristics of the rammed monolithic reinforced concrete cone-shaped piles with side and bottom forms from crushed stones." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 17, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 500–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2021-17-5-500-518.

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Relevance. The article discusses the design solutions of a new pile structure, which is a monolithic reinforced concrete cone-shaped pile, enclosed in a crushed stone shell and resting on a spherical crushed stone broadening. In the course of a numerical study, carried out using the finite element method, the influence of the geometric parameters of the crushed stone formations of the pile foundation, such as the wall thickness of the crushed stone shell and the radius of the crushed stone broadening, on its bearing capacity was revealed. The aim of the study is to perform a comparative numerical analysis of the stressstrain state of a pile structure with different design solutions, operating as part of a soil massif. Materials and methods. Numerical static analysis of the structure of a monolithic reinforced concrete pile foundation operating in a soil massif was carried out using a spatial finite element model in the CAE-class software package. The article presents the results of a numerical analysis of the stress-strain state of a rammed monolithic reinforced concrete cone-shaped pile with different wall thicknesses of the crushed stone shell and different diameters of the lower spherical crushed stone broadening. The analysis showed that changes in the specified geometric parameters of the pile foundation have a significant impact on its bearing capacity under external forces. The rational choice of these parameters allows you to economically use the concrete mixture and reinforcing rods intended for the manufacture of monolithic reinforced concrete rammed piles, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in financial costs for the manufacture of the pile foundation and the entire building as a whole. The next research is supposed to carry out a comparative analysis of the numerical results with experimental data obtained in laboratory and field conditions.

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23

Ruiz, Daniel M., Juan C. Reyes, Cristian Bran, Manuela Restrepo, Yezid A. Alvarado, Natalia Barrera, Camila Laverde, and Daniel Suesca. "Flexural behavior of rammed earth components reinforced with steel plates based on experimental, numerical, and analytical modeling." Construction and Building Materials 320 (February 2022): 126231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126231.

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24

Ciancio, Daniela, and Sarah Robinson. "Use of the Strut-and-Tie Model in the Analysis of Reinforced Cement-Stabilized Rammed Earth Lintels." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 23, no. 5 (May 2011): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000215.

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Raavi, Satya Sai Deep, and Deb Dulal Tripura. "Compressive and shear behavior of cement stabilized rammed earth wallettes reinforced with coir, bamboo splints and steel bars." Structures 53 (July 2023): 1389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.05.005.

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Kuzhakhmetova, Elvira R. "Research of stress-deformed state of the rammed monolithic reinforced concrete cone-shaped piles with side and bottom forms from crushed stones." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 17, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2021-17-4-335-356.

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Relevance. In the construction of buildings and structures, driven piles with a square cross section are most widely used. To install them in the working position, the percussion method is used. However, in cramped conditions, shock loads can lead to dangerous conditions and destruction of structures of nearby buildings. In such a situation, it is necessary to use rammed piles, since technological solutions for their construction are not associated with shock effects on the soil. One such solution is the new rammed cone-shaped pile design, which is installed without excavation. The aim of the study is to analyze the influence of the geometric parameters of the pile on its bearing capacity under the action of external loads, in particular, the angle of its taper. Methods. The results of a numerical analysis of the stress-strain state of a pile operating in a soil massif were obtained by the finite element method. Results. In the computational study, a comparative analysis of the state of piles of different lengths and geometries under the action of external loads was carried out. The influence of the angle of inclination of the lateral surface of the pile on its bearing capacity is considered. Rationalization of the pile design was carried out taking into account the total costs of building materials. Variants of geometric and design solutions for piles with a length L from 1 to 10 m are proposed. In subsequent articles, it is proposed to consider the effect on the bearing capacity of the pile of the geometric parameters of the crushed stone shell and the lower crushed stone spherical expansion, as well as to carry out a comparative analysis of the numerical results with experimental data obtained in laboratory and field conditions.

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Vegas, Fernando, Camilla Mileto, Adolfo Alonso-Durá, and Artur Martínez. "Structural Restoration of Historical Constructions Built with Gypsum Pillars and Floors for New Standards of Living." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.175.

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: Tía Cayetana’s inn is an old road motel erected at the end of the 19th Century at Torrebaja (Spain). This inn was built using local vernacular construction techniques, i.e., with a structure made of gypsum pillars, and floors built with beams and gypsum vaulting. The facades and interior walls were built in a combination of stone masonry for the basement and either rammed earth walls or thin stone slabs wall for the upper parts. The local city hall bought the building and entrusted the rehabilitation of the building to the authors of this paper for its future use as a four-star hotel, i.e., the same use for the building more than one hundred years after its original completion. The authors of this paper made an exhaustive study of the fabrics of this building, its construction, material pathologies… and, taking into account these data, elaborated the restoration project for the building that previewed the use of the same original structure made of gypsum to be reinforced with compatible techniques. This article introduces the analysis of the local constructive technique based on the general use of gypsum for the vertical and horizontal structure, the bonding of fabrics and the external and internal coatings, and their structural performance. It also describes the reasoning that took the authors to respect the existing structure in its original condition and the reinforcements made mainly at the foundations and at the floors to assume the new weight of a four-star hotel.

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28

Hu, Rong Rong, Yu Jiang Dong, and Xing Hu Zhang. "Analysis for the Shake Table Test of Rammed Earth Wall Panels." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.21.

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Traditional Rammed earth houses are still widespread in rural areas of western China. However, the seismic damage of earth houses is usually serious due to its poor seismic resistance and little research has been conducted on dynamic tests of rammed earth structure. A simple and low-cost method to reinforce the rammed earth wall is put forward in the paper. The shake table testing for both the wall panels with and without reinforcements has been carried out. The test results are analyzed from the aspects of damage phenomenon, dynamic behavior, and acceleration and displacement responses of both specimens. The results show the effectiveness of the reinforcement method on improving the seismic capacity of the rammed earth wall.

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Liu, Kai, Ya An Wang, and Ming Wang. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Enhancing the Seismic Behavior of Rammed Earth Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.925.

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Rammed earth structures are widely used as farmers dwellings in the southwest of China, however, they are extremely vulnerable to earthquake loadings. An economic, environmental-friendly and less-intervention seismic retrofitting technique is required to reinforce these dwellings so as to increase regional seismic capability. A preliminary laboratory testing was conducted to investigate the enhancement of the seismic behavior of the rammed earth wall with externally bonded fibers. Different retrofitting materials and adhesives were tested to characterize their mechanical properties and bonding performance when externally glued on rammed earth blocks. The most suitable and practical retrofitting material and adhesive were chosen based on the experimental results. Furthermore, a numerical analysis was performed to investigate the improvement of the shear capacity of the rammed earth wall with the proposed technique. It was verified that the proposed retrofitting technique is a promising option for seismic retrofitting of rammed earth walls.

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Gonzalez-Calderon, Héctor, Gerardo Araya-Letelier, Sabine Kunze, Claudia Burbano-Garcia, Úrsula Reidel, Cristián Sandoval, Rodrigo Astroza, and Fernando Bas. "Biopolymer-Waste Fiber Reinforcement for Earthen Materials: Capillary, Mechanical, Impact, and Abrasion Performance." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081819.

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The poultry industry, highly prevalent worldwide, generates approximately 7.7 × 106 metric tons of chicken feathers (CFs), which become a major environmental challenge due to their disposal when considered waste or due to their energy transformation consumption when considered by-products. CFs are mainly composed of keratin (approximately 90%), which is one of the most important biopolymers whose inherent characteristics make CFs suitable as biopolymer fibers (BPFs). This paper first assesses the morphological and chemical characteristics of these BPFs, through scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and then evaluates the waste valorization of these BPFs as a sustainable alternative for fiber-reinforcement of earthen mixes intended for earthen construction, such as adobe masonry, rammed earth, and earthen plasters. In particular, four earthen mixes with increasing doses of BPFs (i.e., 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% of BPFs by weight of soil) were developed to evaluate the impact of BPF-reinforcement on the capillary, mechanical, impact, and abrasion performance of these earthen mixes. The addition of BPFs did not significantly affect the mechanical performance of earthen mixes, and their incorporation had a statistically significant positive effect on the impact performance and abrasion resistance of earthen mixes as the BPF dose increased. On the other hand, the addition of BPFs increased the capillary water absorption rate, possibly due to a detected increment in porosity, which might reduce the durability of water-exposed BPF-reinforced earthen mixes, but a statistically significant increment only occurred when the highest BPF dose was used (1%).

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Hu, Rong Rong, and Yu Jiang Dong. "Shake Table Test on Rammed Earth Wall Panels." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.795.

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Traditional Rammed earth houses, which possess people traditional cultures, are still widespread in rural areas of western China. However, the earth houses damage is usually serious due to its poor seismic resistance. A simple and low-cost method to reinforce the rammed earth wall is put forward in the paper. In order to test the reinforcement effectiveness, shake table testing for both the wall panels with and without structural reinforcements have been carried out. The performances of the wall panels during dynamic testing are presented and discussed briefly. The result of the test demonstrated the effectiveness of the reinforcement method on improving the seismic capacity of the rammed earth wall. The reinforcement can restrain the crack development and increase the structural integrity of the wall panels. The method can be applied to both existing and new building rammed earth houses.

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Li, Qifeng, Bing Dang, Chuipeng Kong, Erxing Peng, Wei Cao, Xiaoying Hu, and Dandan Li. "Research on properties of solidified loess with calcined ginger nuts in rammed earth for sapping area of earthen sites." E3S Web of Conferences 269 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126901005.

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As a non-toxic and pollution-free curing agent, calcined ginger nuts is introduced to protect rock soil cultural relics recently. In order to study the weatherability, chroma and mechanical properties of solidified loess with calcined ginger nuts, based on the reinforcement project of sapping area of Niutoucheng site in Lintan County of China, a series of tests were conducted at different ages. The results show that the properties of solidified loess are related to the dosage and curing ages. With the increase of dosage and ages, the anti disintegration and anti shrinkage properties are improved, and the mechanical properties are also improved. This study validates that as a new material, calcined ginger nuts is an effective curing agent for rammed earth to reinforce earthen sites. Moreover, the study provides support for its application in earthen sites and reveals its potential engineering practical value.

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"Material characterization and structural response under earthquake loads of hakka rammed earth buildings." Sustainable Structures 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.54113/j.sust.2021.000003.

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Hakka Tulou are rammed earth buildings that have survived material aging, natural weathering and earthquakes for hundreds of years. Previous paper has reported our observations and findings from nondestructive evaluations in field with focus on the integrity of the rammed earth outer walls and inner timber structures as well as the thermal comfort of living in these buildings [1]. This paper presents the structural response of Tulou buildings under earthquake loads using material data from field and employing finite element (FE) analysis program. The material characterization included scanning electron microscopy and compression strength/modulus of rammed earth samples and wall reinforcements, revealing their high strength and durability. The FE analyses were conducted on unreinforced Huanji Tulou as per the simplified lateral force analysis procedure defined by the Code ASCE-7 under three types of wall conditions: 1) unreinforced rammed earth outer wall only, 2) reinforced rammed earth outer wall without inner wooden structures, and 3) unreinforced rammed earth outer wall with inner wooden structures. The FE modeling revealed that the existing large crack in the outer earth wall of Huanji Tulou would not have developed under a strong earthquake load if the earth walls were reinforced. Furthermore, the high volume rammed earth wall integrated with inner timber structures would have offered the building unique earthquake resistance.

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Kandamby, G. W. T. C. "Use of Cement Stabilized Rammed Earth for Load Bearing Wall with Appropriate Finishes-Case Study." International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 8, no. 02 (April 3, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/v.8.2.18.

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Rammed earth is one of the traditional technology used for putting up houses in most parts of the world and it is being now rapidly developed through researches due to its valuable qualities especially strength, durability, environmental friendly and affordability. As a result, cement has been introduced as a stabilizer to gain high strength and durability. Local building codes and guidelines have been established to design and construct rammed earth walls successfully in buildings. Aim of this paper is to demonstrate the application of cement stabilized rammed earth for making load bearing walls of two storey house combining with reinforced cement concrete beams, lintels, slab and stairway. These walls have been structurally designed by following the code of engineering design of earth buildings NZS 4297:1998 published by New Zealand and applying strength parameters derived for local soils. House construction was totally completed in 2015 with smooth and rough wall finishes for internal and external surfaces of walls to get the good appearance to the house.

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"Influence of Sisal Fibers on the Properties of Rammed Earth." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 9S2 (August 31, 2019): 663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.i1136.0789s219.

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The use of rammed earth has been increasing widely during recent years in many countries as an alternative material for building houses due to its valuable characteristics such as affordability, environment friendly, comfort, strength and durability. This thesis presents the result of an experimental study to evaluate the compressive strength and bond strength properties of untreated, treated bamboo splints and steel reinforced cement stabilized rammed earth blocks. To overcome the deficiencies of blocks, sisal fibers are added to improve the performance of CSRE blocks. Fibers are secondary reinforced materials and acts as crack arresters which improves the strength of cement stabilized rammed earth blocks. In this experimental study, red soil is mixed by adding four different percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of OPC and sisal fiber with 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0% by weight of soil respectively. The bamboo splints were treated by soaking them in chemical solution of boric acid, Copper -Sulphate and Potassium Di-chromate (1.5:3:4).The resin-based adhesive with coarse sand will be applied to the top of bamboo splints. After 28days of curing period the cubes were tested for compressive strength, pull-out test is done for a series of CSRE blocks in which Bamboo splints and steel bars are embedded to find out its bond strength.

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Raavi, Satya Sai Deep, and Deb Dulal Tripura. "Predicting the effect of weathering and corrosion on the bond properties of bamboo- and steel-reinforced cement-stabilized rammed earth blocks." Advances in Structural Engineering, June 15, 2021, 136943322110262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13694332211026222.

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In this article, the effect of weathering and corrosion on the bond properties of bamboo- and steel-reinforced cement-stabilized rammed earth blocks was investigated. The treated, untreated bamboo and steel reinforcement types were considered under regular and weathered categories. Reinforcement of 8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm diameters were used along with 10% of cement as stabilizer. A total of 90 reinforced cement-stabilized rammed earth blocks were prepared and tested for bond strength. The investigation shows that the bond force and bond strength of all the blocks reduced due to weathering and corrosion of reinforcement. In case of blocks with bamboo reinforcement only, a minor reduction in bond properties (bond force and bond strength) was identified, but in case of blocks with steel reinforcement, a major reduction in bond properties was identified. All the blocks failed by either lateral splitting, pullout or pullout along with lateral splitting. However, the pullout failure was observed only in the blocks with weathered or corroded reinforcement, making it clear that the mode of failure was influenced by the type and physical condition of the reinforcement. Based on the results obtained, it was not advisable to use of corroded steel (CS) bars as reinforcement in rammed earth. However, considering the bond properties, treated bamboo can be a potential and economical alternative to CS. A series of statistical analysis was performed using the test data to predict the bond properties correlating perimeter, diameter, type and condition of reinforcement. The regression equations generated from statistical analysis represent a strong correlation between the actual and predicted values and can be used for predicting the bond properties of rammed earth accurately.

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Sri Bhanupratap Rathod, R., and B. V. Venkatarama Reddy. "Strength and stress–strain characteristics of fibre reinforced cement stabilised rammed earth." Materials and Structures 54, no. 2 (February 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-021-01640-x.

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Nouri, H., M. Safehian, and S. M. M. M. Hosseini. "Rammed earth structures reinforced by waste tire textile fibers as an attempt to reduce the environmental impacts." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, September 28, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04534-9.

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Raavi, Satya Sai Deep, and Deb Dulal Tripura. "Evaluating the flexural strength and failure patterns of cement stabilized rammed earth wallettes reinforced with coir, bamboo and steel." Materials and Structures 55, no. 2 (February 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-01896-x.

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