Дисертації з теми "Région sahélienne"
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Gruhier, Claire. "L’humidité du sol par télédétection micro-ondes en région sahélienne." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066435.
Повний текст джерелаMengue-Mbom, Alex. "Projet et réalisation d'un aménagement en région soudano-sahélienne : le cas de Lagdo (Nord-Cameroun)." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040098.
Повний текст джерелаBenech, Vincent, and Jacques Quensière. "Dynamique des peuplements ichtyologiques de la région du lac Tchad (1966-78) : influence de la sécheresse sahélienne." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10173.
Повний текст джерелаIssa, Miko. "Dynamique saisonnière des tiques en zone sahélienne (Région de Toukounous, Niger) : relations avec les hôtes vertébrés domestiques et sauvages." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112189.
Повний текст джерелаSanfo, Zakaria. "Histoire des champs latéritiques aurifère de la région d'Aribinda (Nord Burkina Faso) : application à la prospection en zone sub-sahélienne." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30051.
Повний текст джерелаOuedraogo, Boureima. "Productivité des forages sur socle cristallin et cristallophyllien en région sub-sahélienne : exemple du bassin versant de la Bomboré (Burkina Faso)." Le Mans, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LEMA1013.
Повний текст джерелаDiarra, Wamian. "Connaissance et contrôle des "rongeurs nuisibles" par les villageois en région soudano-sahélienne : test de l'efficacité des méthodes locales de contrôle." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11069.
Повний текст джерелаThis essay is a first attempt to assess scientific efforts to improve the fight against rodent pests in Mali. On the one hand, it tries to identify knowledgeable farmers, and on the other hand it details traditional means of village populations to fight harmful rodents. There are two different approaches : the local and the scientific knowledge, each of them tries to solve the problem of rodent pests by its own means. The last part of this essay addresses comparisons and discussions about synergetic or antagonistic relationships between these two value systems in order to inform the reader about inadequacies and results on the struggle against rodents vermins
Mouhouyouddine, Ali Houmadi. "Analyse piézométrique et modélisation des signaux hydrologiques et gravimétriques dans les aquifères du socle en région soudano-sahélienne : cas de Ouagadougou." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS254/document.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the 70s the water level in basement aquifers of the city of Ouagadougou underwent large level fluctuations. In this PhD thesis 1) we set up a local piezometric network around the so called CIEH piezometer in the University of Ouagadougou, 2) observe the fluctuations of the water level in this piezometric network during one hydrologic year, 3) model, using a 1D simplified box model the water level in the piezometric network, 4) assess the capability of gravimetric measurement to measure water level fluctuations during a 7 days aquifer test, 5) measure the variability of major chemical species in our piezometric network between the end of the dry season and the end of the rain season.The 1D box model is derived from the GARDENIA model of BRGM. It involves three compartments, the first ones describes the first few centimeters of soil, from which evapotranpiration is supposed to take place; the second one buffers the input of water to the third one which the aquifer. Modeling the whole piezometric network during one hydrological year allows to compute a rainfall budget. The results correspond the land occupation of each well, old suburb; natural area, and recently urbanized area. An attempt to model the whole piezometric record, lasting since 1978 at CIEH was unsuccessful and this is interpreted as an effect of land use change, combined to the need of different coefficients for a dry year and a very wet year. As the hydrological parameters are drifting as function of climate and of land use changes near the CIEH well, the usual method using the first years of the record for calibration of the model and the following years for its assessment cannot therefore be applied.The theoretical 7 days aquifer test experiment was modeled using MODFOW/PMWIN and a variable spacing grid with a mesh size of 0.2 m near the pumped borehole increasing progressively to nearly 2 km at the border of the modeling box. This model is calibrated along analytic and numerical solutions published in the literature and is combined with a gravimetric model operating on the same grid. The gravity results were once again validated against published literature. Three cases of aquifer test were considered : 1) pumping in the laterite layer, 2) pumping in the horizontally fissure medium below the laterites, 3) pumping in a fracture where the fissured medium is deepening. The hydraulic properties of laterite were supposed to be known, while the hydraulic conductivity of the fissured medium was unknown. For the case of the fracture, it is shown that with present days accuracy gravity data are not able alone to constrain the unknown conductivity of the fissured layer. However leveling data on the subsidence of laterites during pumping when combined with gravity data allow recovering this parameter with a reasonable accuracy.Our chemical analyses were of poor quality. However focusing on sulfides and nitrates, which should not be strongly affected with errors confirm 1) that there are still inside Ouagadougou groundwater of potable quality (to be confirmed with more extensive analyses), 2)high sulfide and nitrate levels can be reached during the rain season (this is probably linked the water level rising near the surface).It is suggested in conclusion that valuable results could be obtained in Ouagadougou by long term monitoring of a few piezometers both for water level and for water quality
Derive, Gaël. "Estimation de l'évapotranspiration en région sahélienne : synthèse des connaissances et évaluation de modélisations (SISVAT, Ritchie) ; application à la zone d'HAPEX-Sahel (Niger)." Grenoble INPG, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPG0052.
Повний текст джерелаEbrahimi-Yeganeh, Fatemeh. "Les problèmes alimentaires dans la région soudano-sahélienne de l'Afrique occidentale : les cas du Burkina-Faso, du Mali, du Niger et du Sénégal." Bordeaux 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR30055.
Повний текст джерелаMarega, Oumar. "Changements socio-environnementaux et évolution des pratiques agropastorales en Afrique sahélienne : étude comparée entre le Ferlo (Sénégal), le Gourma (Mali) et le Fakara (Niger)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC228/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn a biophysical context characterized by important socioenvironmental changes, the main objective of this PhD is to understand how much agropastoral practices modulatein space and time the vulnerability and adaptability of agroecosystems and sahelians agropastoral societies. To reach this target, this question has been applied at macro-regional scale, relying on three micro-regional study areas: Ferlo (Senegal); Gourma (Mali) and Fakara (Niger) in which perceptions and representations of societies have been studied in a sample of villages and camps. The method developed in this PhD has two components: 1) remote sensing mapping based on satellite image processing, and 2) geo-textual analyses based on lexicometry from semi-structured interviews. The remote sensing mapping allowed to diagnose micro-regional and local scales on land cover change since the 70s until 2010. The diagnosis, based on a multiscale approach, shows intra and inter regional contrasts in the evolution of soil cover by vegetation that invite to nuance observations indicating a greening of Sahel. The articulation of remote sensing with field investigations helped to understand, first the evolution of plant resources, then to consider the variety of responses from the Sahel rural societies to the 70’s and 80’s climate crisis, and to the recent socio-economic changes experienced by sahelian countries. Through lexicometry, geo-textual analysis based on semi-structured interviews allowed to approach the livestock farmer’s perception about the vulnerability and resilience of natural resources. Thanks to the expressed perceptions, the adaptive practices were identified in their variety. It enabled to show the sociospatial reconfigurations in the trajectories of agricultural and pastoral activities that partly explain the contrasts within and between regions observed in Ferlo, Gourma and Fakara
Diallo, Mamadou Cellou Bogoma. "Etude de la composition botanique des régimes alimentaires des ruminants domestiques (bovins, ovins et caprins) en région soudano-sahélienne par analyse histologique des fèces : approche méthodologique." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20200.
Повний текст джерелаMarteau, Romain. "Cohérence spatiale et prévisibilité potentielle des descripteurs intrasaisonniers de la saison des pluies en Afrique Soudano-Sahélienne : application à la culture du mil dans la région de Niamey." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00556514.
Повний текст джерелаKlutsé, Amah. "Epuration des eaux usées domestiques par lagunage en zone soudano-sahélienne : Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20217.
Повний текст джерелаCarrière, Marc. "Les communautés végétales sahéliennes en Mauritanie (région de Kaédi) : analyse de la reconstitution annuelle du couvert herbacé." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112227.
Повний текст джерелаPierre, Caroline. "Variabilité interannuelle des émissions d'aérosols minéraux en zone semi-aride sahélienne." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921688.
Повний текст джерелаSy, Oumar. "Problématique de la dynamique et de l'aménagement de la zone fluvio-lacustre du Sénégal : un espace rural sahélien." Bordeaux 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR30031.
Повний текст джерелаThis work synthesizes but supplements also our work on the problems of installation and development in Senegal north: hydro-agricultural and pastoral spaces. This area is characterized by the brittleness of its landscapes, but also by its important potential of development, therefore of development. To study such a space and the raised problems, we specified the variables to be collected and used suitable protocols. The study showed the dominating role of water in the configuration of the landscapes, in particular that of the pond in the installation of the campings, but also of the river through the choices of installation. In the wetlands, the changes relate to the extent of the degradation of the grounds, the weak rate of development and the production. In the dry lands, the strong concentration of the animals around drillings, the improvement of the capacity of the containers and of the performance of the means of transport, beside a space saturated by increasingly important animals, but also nibbled by the cultures, were observed. The land insecurity, the difficulty of access to the credit, the fall of the fertility of the grounds, etc threaten survival of the family small-scale farming. Individual and endogenous strategies are developed. The irregularity and the difficulties of access to water and the variability of the pastures oblige a greater pastoral mobility. Thus, we proposed solutions according to spaces characteristic and a better space distribution of the pressures
Djiteye, Mahalmadane. "Composition, structure et production des communautés végétales sahéliennes : application à la zone de Niono (Mali)." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112218.
Повний текст джерелаLavigne, Delville Philippe. "Migrations internationales, restructurations agraires et dynamiques associatives en pays soninké et haalpulaar (1975-1990), essai d'anthropologie du changement social et du développement." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00913481.
Повний текст джерелаAudoux, Thomas. "Approches expérimentales pour l’étude et la caractérisation des dépôts humides d’aérosols atmosphériques par les précipitations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UNIP7332.
Повний текст джерелаIn the work conducted for my thesis, I studied atmospheric aerosols and their transfer from the atmosphere to the surface by precipitation. The main strategy I followed is based on the observation of wet deposition on different time scales, interannual on one hand and intra-event on the other. It also relies on their observation in environments marked in terms of aerosol load and composition, but also in terms of atmospheric dynamics and precipitation. Combining measurements on both atmospheric and wet deposition compositions allows to identify the characteristics of the deposition (intensity, composition, source and origin) and to explain the phenomena involved in the deposition. This requires the complete documentation of different parameters (aerosols, dynamics, rainfall, deposition) over the same periods of time, which is nevertheless complex to implement. The two axes of my work deal with distinct and complementary issues in the study of wet deposition.The first focus has been on wet deposition in the Sahel, a semi-arid region where the scavenging of mineral dust from the atmosphere is a key process to constrain the atmospheric mass balance of these compounds. In this region marked by the presence of numerous convective systems controlling annual precipitation amounts, the question of the links between atmospheric dynamics and deposition was addressed. The long-term observation strategy implemented at stations in the Sahel as part of the INDAAF network, with a synergy of meteorological measurements, aerosol concentrations and deposition, has enabled the creation of a very complete database. From this multi-year dataset at Banizoumbou (Niger) and Cinzana (Mali) stations from 2007 and 2015, the identification of cold pools phenomena from surface meteorological data and their link with mineral dust deposition are discussed. Washout ratios have been calculated for cold pool events and vary over several orders of magnitude depending on the dilution effect which differs according to the levels of atmospheric aerosol concentrations. The most convective events associated with high concentrations have a less scattered range of values (319 – 766) that does not depend on the amount of precipitation.The second axis focused on the intra-event study of wet deposition in urban areas for various rainfall situations, aerosol concentration and composition. The question is: what can we learn from the monitoring of deposition during a rain event? To answer this, I first participated in the development of a collector allowing me to collect wet deposition in successive fractions during the rain event. Complemented by a set of co-located measurements on aerosols and atmospheric dynamics acquired in the field for 8 study cases, the chemical analyses of dissolved and particulate deposition allowed me to discuss both the origin of the aerosols and processes involved. I was able to quantify the decay of concentrations, even of trace compounds, in the deposits during rainfall. I was also able to document the evolution of solubility for chemical species in the deposition and discuss the relative contribution of the rainout and washout mechanisms. The variability of deposition observed during an event is actually as significant as that observed between rain events
Baup, Frédéric. "Apport des données ENVISAT/ASAR pour le suivi des surfaces continentales : application à la zone Sahélienne." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30083.
Повний текст джерелаThe international project AMMA, in which this work of thesis is linked, aims to improve comprehension of the phenomena related to monsoon in West Africa, and in particular, exchanges of energy between continental, oceanic surfaces and the atmosphere. Concerning continental surfaces, these exchanges are mainly controlled by vegetation quantity and soil moisture. In this context, the use of radar sensors, sensitive to these two factors, appears useful in areas where the cloud cover is often marked. However, no sensors used up to now (Wind SCatterometers and SAR) offers at the same time a wide spatial cover combined to high space and temporal resolutions. The SAR of second generation, such as the one on board ENVISAT, offers an interesting compromise between spatial and temporal resolutions. This work is based on the use of ENVISAT/ASAR data and is organized around three complementary axes: (1) Treatment and analyzes data acquired in Global Monitoring and Wide Swath modes. This study showed a stronger aptitude of this last one for the estimations of the soil moisture at kilometric scales, while keeping a large space cover. The use of radar data in a bi-objective assimilation algorithm, associated with optical data, helped to improve biomass and LAI estimation. (2) Acquisition of ground data (soil roughness and soil moisture) allowed us to determine, via radar models, that the radar signal is mainly controlled soil characteristics. (3) Empirical estimate and cartography of the soil moisture from radar signal. .
Fall, Ababacar. "Le Ferlo sénégalais : approche géographique de la vulnérabilité des anthroposystèmes sahéliens." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA131028.
Повний текст джерелаThe pastoral anthroposystem of Senegalese Ferlo evolves in an environment historically neglected by agricultural policies because of its characteristics particular biophysics, unfavorable to the agriculture and to the shape of development other than the extensive breeding. This primacy of the itinerant breeding is nowadays more and more disputed by the development of the farming in a context marked by the improvement of the conditions of the rainfall in West-African Sahel, soil depletion in the Groundnut Basin and the multiplication of agricultural development at the valley of the Senegal River. By combining the analysis of remote sensing imagery for mapping land cover changes by the vegetation cover, the study of flora and vegetation landscape and the exploitation of the investigations in villages and camps, this thesis attempts to define the geography of the vulnerability of rural populations and ecosystems which they use. So, pastoralists evolve with daily adaptation strategies in these circles inside Senegal marked by deep ecological instability and by the transformations at work in the Senegalese rural society. These socio-environmental changes contribute to the dynamics of plant landscapes and raise the question of ecosystem degradation
Thiam, Sidy. "Suivi des écosystèmes sahéliens à partir de la télédétection satellitaire : application au delta intérieur du Niger (Mali) et à la région du lac de Guiers (Sénégal)." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010696.
Повний текст джерелаBalme-Debionne, Maud. "Analyse du régime pluviométrique sahélien dans une perspective hydrologique et agronomique : étude de l'impact de sa variabilité sur la culture du mil." Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPG0126.
Повний текст джерелаAssessing the influence of the climatic variability on water resources and agriculture is a crucial scientific issue, especially for the Sahel. The difficulty lies in the gap between the scales of the climatic model outputs and those of the hydrological and agronomical applications. The Sahelian rainfall regime and its variability are described here by using both the daily rainfall data registered in Niamey Airport (Niger) from 1950 to 2002 and a high space-time resolution data set in the area of Niamey, namely the AMMA-CATCH Niger observatory, from 1990 to 2002, stressing the event scale and the rain intensity scale, which are rarely well-documented. Next, the influence of the rainfall variability on millet yields is studied by using an agronomical model. It is shown that the rainfall fields are strongly marked by the rainfall variability at convective scale, even at yearly scale. Agricultural yields are very sensitive to this variability