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Статті в журналах з теми "Refuse and refuse disposal Antarctica"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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1

Deprez, Patrick P., Michael Arens, and Helen Locher. "Identification and assessment of contaminated sites at Casey Station, Wilkes Land, Antarctica." Polar Record 35, no. 195 (October 1999): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400015655.

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Анотація:

AbstractIn December 1993 a study of contaminated sites at Casey Station, Wilkes Land, Antarctica, was undertaken. The preliminary assessment of these contaminated sites is presented here. A register of contaminated sites for Casey Station was developed, based on a survey of past Antarctic expeditioners, relevant literature, and in-house reports relating to site usage and history. On this basis a sampling strategy was devised for the highest priority, potentially contaminated sites at Casey Station. Samples were collected from the refuse disposal site (tip site) at Thala Valley and the mechanical workshop/powerhouse areas of ‘Old’ Casey. The results indicated that copper, lead, and zinc were leaching from the tip site into adjacent Brown Bay, with ‘hot spots’ of high petroleum hydrocarbon levels. The mechanical workshop/powerhouse area was also shown to be contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals such as copper, lead, and zinc. Several recommendations were made, including the removal of rubbish mixed with soil at the bottom end of Thala Valley in such a manner as to prevent any further release of contaminants, with subsequent site monitoring to verify effective removal of contaminants to acceptable environmental levels. It was also recommended that further investigations be carried out on the ecosystem of Brown Bay, the large fuel spill site, the upper and lower fuel-storage areas, and the area around the incinerator. There is scope for monitoring the natural breakdown and migration of contaminants at the mechanical workshop/powerhouse site. This should include studies on bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Mechanisms for arresting surface migration should be investigated in those sites identified. In addition to meeting some of the international obligations of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, this work also contributes towards the development of an approach to assessment and management of contaminated sites that is uniquely adapted to the Antarctic environment and could be applied at other Antarctic stations. to the assessment and management of contaminated sites that is uniquely adapted to the Antarctic environment. This approach could be utilised for site assessments at other Antarctic stations.

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2

Goldstein, L. "Refuse disposal." Analysis 62, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/62.3.236.

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3

Horn, Marguerite E. "“Garbage” In, “Refuse and Refuse Disposal” Out." Library Resources & Technical Services 46, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/lrts.46n3.92.

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4

Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane. "Constructing Community Through Refuse Disposal." African Archaeological Review 31, no. 2 (June 2014): 339–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437-014-9159-2.

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5

NAGATA, Katsuya, Ryouhei KAIDUKA, Tomohide OSHIO, and Morihiro OSADA. "Life Cycle Assessment for the New Refuse Disposal Technology : Assessment for the Combination of New Refuse Disposal Technology." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2000.10 (2000): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2000.10.188.

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6

Yola, I. A., and I. S. Diso. "Compost making from refuse sourced from Kano Metropolitan, Kano State, Nigeria." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i2.5.

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Анотація:

Municipal-solid waste (MSW) in towns and cities of Nigeria are either allowed to rot or burnt which causes the release of greenhouse gases in the process. The heap of uncollected refuse in Kano municipal causes serious health hazards and menacing public disorder. This research investigated the Kano municipal refuse for compost making, instead of using waste disposal technique such as landfilling. Refuse samples from Dorayi/Zage and Rimin Kira refuse dumping sites Kano Municipal, Kano State Nigeria were collected. The refuse samples were sorted and all the non-biodegradables materials were removed. A compost was made from Sample N in 20 days while 9 days was required to produce a compost from sample P. Kjeldahl Nitrogen determination method and simple procedure for total carbon determination method were used to determine the percentages of nitrogen and carbon in the samples. The results have shown that, the percentages of nitrogen in the samples were found to be 1.64% for sample N and 1.71% for sample P. The percentages of carbon in the samples are 6.8% for sample N and 6.3% for sample P. The C/N ratio for sample N was 4.15:1 and that of sample P was 3.69:1.Kano municipal refuse contains a lot of organic wastes which are very difficult to incinerate. Therefore, Composting method is the best option for the disposal of the refuse rather than directly dumped in the streets.

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7

Sun, Xiaojie, Yingjie Sun, Youcai Zhao, and Ya-Nan Wang. "Leachate recirculation between alternating aged refuse bioreactors and its effect on refuse decomposition." Environmental Technology 35, no. 7 (November 4, 2013): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.852625.

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8

Verbruggen, Aviel. "Pooling domestic refuse incineration plants." Journal of Environmental Management 34, no. 4 (April 1992): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(11)80006-x.

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9

Sufiyan, Ibrahim. "ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ON SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN SOUTHERN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Wastes and Biomass Management 2, no. 1 (July 23, 2020): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.01.2020.15.18.

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Solid waste comprises all specks of dirt discarded which are unwanted be human as well as harmful to our environment. There is a rapid increase in the generation and disposal of solid waste such as refuse, garbages, dry leaves, old irons aluminum and many more. The southern Kaduna is a region with rapid growth in population. The rise in the per capita income of the individual increases the rate of their consumption. The rate of population growth also escalates the disposal of solid waste. The human health is in danger of communicable diseases, air and waterborne diseases because of the reckless disposal of solid waste in Southern Kaduna; (Sanga, Jemaa and Kaura Local Government area). The public sector participation is low which increases refuse dumpsite that affects the environment. The blockage of the street by the heap of refuse, the bad smile or odour, the groundwater contamination and spoil soil structure and it affluent. The use of statistical methods of correlation analysis proves that there is a significant relationship between public participation and waste dumping in the study area. About 330 samples of respondents were taken and the result of 0.97 correlation of weekly waste disposal, 0.96 correlation of monthly disposal and 0.98 correlation coefficient of annual solid waste disposal waste was obtained.

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10

Sung, Hsin-Chen, Yiong-Shing Sheu, Bing-Yuan Yang, and Chun-Han Ko. "Municipal Solid Waste and Utility Consumption in Taiwan." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 3425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083425.

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In Taiwan, 3,130,735 t of refuse for disposal and 4,113,808 t of recycled recyclable waste were generated in 2017. The government of Taiwan has been actively promoting a resource recycling program since July 1998. To pursue sustainability and locate waste minimization opportunities, the correlation between utility consumption and population and the quantity of refuse and recyclable waste from municipalities in Taiwan was studied. There are six special municipalities and 16 cities and counties covering a great variety of urbanization and settlement characteristics, such as registered populations, electricity, and water consumption. The above parameters of the municipalities were correlated with the quantities of refuse and recycled urban waste. Residential electricity consumption, overall population, and business electricity consumption were found to be major parameters correlating the generation of refuse and recycled urban waste. Due to their higher levels of business activities, the waste generation behaviours of these six special municipalities are more diverse than those of the 16 municipalities. Due to the discrepancy of the registered population system, the utility consumption values within administrative boundaries can better predict municipal solid waste, (MSW) generation than utility consumption at a per capita. Utility consumption within administrative boundaries is more convenient as a measure to predict refuse and recycled urban waste than other complex social–economic indicators.

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11

Rich, D. H., and K. R. Hutchinson. "Coal Refuse Disposal Using Engineering Design and Lime Chemistry." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1994 (1994): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr94010392.

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12

Zhou, Ke, Wen Qiang Fan, Yang Fu, Wen Pu Yuan, and Xiao Xiao Lin. "The Innovation of Miniaturized Continuous Efficient Refuse Disposal System." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 1400–1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.1400.

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Анотація:

There are mainly three measures for waste disposal: combustion, landfill and composting. Among them, combustion is believed to be the most efficient way. It is the most convenient way to reduce the amount of waste at utmost. Meanwhile, it is not only harmless, but contributes useful heat source. Therefore, most of developed countries employed combustion in waste disposal. Today, China is contributing 30 percent of the waste in the world; however, landfilling is still the most common way for waste disposal. To change this situation, the government of China has taken steps to generalize the use of combustion in waste disposal. Besides the policies by the government, another exciting thing is that the Beijing Honyuanmao CO. Ltd. Of environmental protection machinery successfully invented an advanced miniaturized continuous efficient refuse disposal system. after three years investigation. This invention finds a new way to develop environment friendly society, green economics and cyclic economics.

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13

Watson-Craik, Irene A., and Eric Senior. "Treatment of phenolic wastewaters by co-disposal with refuse." Water Research 23, no. 10 (October 1989): 1293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(89)90191-7.

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14

Hull, Kathleen L. "Identification of Cultural Site Formation Processes through Microdebitage Analysis." American Antiquity 52, no. 4 (October 1987): 772–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281385.

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Methods for recognition of site formation processes are slowly being developed. Ethnoarchaeological data on refuse disposal suggest that comparison of the distribution of large and small objects across a site may be an interpretive method because size is often a factor in determining whether an object becomes primary or secondary refuse. To test this in the field, I carried out microdebitage analysis on soil samples from a stone circle site in the Northern Plains. Comparison of the microdebitage and macroflake distributions indicates the utility of microdebitage analysis for study of use and disposal in lithic tool manufacture areas.

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15

BRUNTON, DEBORAH. "Regulating filth: cleansing in Scottish towns and cities, 1840–1880." Urban History 42, no. 3 (December 29, 2014): 424–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926814000765.

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ABSTRACTAlthough little explored, regulations – in the form of laws and byelaws – formed an important technique of nineteenth-century government. This article explores the implementation and enforcement of two sets of regulations regarding the keeping and disposal of dirt imposed by Scottish local authorities: one on behaviours around the disposal of domestic refuse, the other on the keeping of dung – a form of property. While behaviours around refuse were more stringently policed than those affecting property, in both cases regulations were not the basis of a strict disciplinary regime, but a means of informing, educating and persuading residents into cleanly habits.

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16

Gu, An Qi, Guo Qing Shi, and Yu Qi Lou. "From the Perspective of Social Stratification: Social Assessment Research on Waste Incineration BOT Projects." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.746.

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With acceleration of urbanization, BOT project on waste incineration in China has been developing rapidly in recent years. Starting from present situation of waste disposal, and combining generating electricity through refuse incineration in a city, this paper analyzes content and characteristics of social risk assessment on waste incineration project and further draws the frame of social risk assessment on waste incineration BOT project. Accordingly, put forward risk response suggestions on generating electricity project through refuse incineration of urban solid waste.

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17

Janes, Robert R. "A Comment on Microdebitage Analyses and Cultural Site-Formation Processes among Tipi Dwellers." American Antiquity 54, no. 4 (October 1989): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280693.

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Анотація:

A recent report by Hull (1987) on the microdebitage analysis of soil samples from a stone-circle site in the Northern Plains indicates the utility of such analyses for the study of use and disposal in lithic-tool-manufacture areas. Its value could have been heightened through greater awareness of recent research on the ethnoarchaeology of tipi use and of site-formation studies in general. Various factors were overlooked in Hull's analysis, including the intentional disposal of refuse away from the place of use, the widespread distribution of secondary refuse as a result of smearing and blending, the distinction between occupation and abandonment refuse, and the effects of rodent disturbance within tipis. The fact that these factors were not considered weakens the applicability of Hull's site-formation model. Research among the Slavey Dene of the western Canadian Subarctic suggests that tipis are better viewed as generalized activity centers, embracing a variety of human activities and events, none of which have strict spatial definition. This helps to explain the weak or nonexistent patterning noted by Hull.

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18

Stevens, P. L., J. S. Henderson, and R. Tulli. "Indianapolis Resource Recovery Facility: Community Efforts and Techology Required for a Successful Project." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906474.

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There are many community needs. Refuse is an abundant byproduct of our civilization. The disposal of this byproduct has become a major problem for our cities. This paper describes one community’s efforts to turn a community problem, refuse disposal, into a community asset. The paper describes the many aspects of effort and technology required to develop the Indianapolis Resource Recovery Facility. This facility required the cooperation of the public and private sectors to blend technology into a successful project. Special efforts were required to match appropriate technology to specific community needs and produce a successful and economically sound project. Five basic activities are presented. The first four activities are essential steps for any community to assure the right project fit to community needs. The areas presented are: (1) defining community needs, (2) technology evaluation (approaches evaluated), (3) feasibility studies (economic studies), (4) project implementation (bids and contracts), and (5) a description of the Indianapolis Resource Recovery facility. A review of these five areas places a real world perspective on refuse as an alternative fuel and source of resource recovery.

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19

Pohland, F. G., and J. P. Gould. "Co-Disposal of Municipal Refuse and Industrial Waste Sludge in Landfills." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0173.

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The results of a 2-year pilot-scale investigation on the codisposal of heavy metal sludge with municipal refuse, under the influence of leachate containment and recycle, are used to illustrate and describe the effects of various metal loadings on the normal progress of waste stabilization and to assess associated assimulative capacity. Evidence of metal precipitation as sulfides or hydroxides and subsequent removal by filtration and sorption in the refuse mass was demonstrated. Conversely, the mobilization of heavy metals was shown to be enhanced by complexation with humic-like substances which also tended to reduce overall toxic effects. Whereas, high heavy metal loadings exhibited a clear inhibitory effect, a definite capacity for assimilation and acclimation at low to moderate levels was established.

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20

Oleabhiele, E. J., and D. E. Dotimi. "INDISCRIMINATE REFUSE DUMPING AND FLOODING IN AMASSOMA COMMUNITY, NIGERIA." African Journal of Health, Safety and Environment 1, no. 1 (March 9, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ajhse.v1i1.28.

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Appropriate waste disposal is crucial for a healthy environment and avoidance of health hazards. Environmental problems arising from indiscriminate dumping of refuse needs urgent attention, control and management in Nigeria. This study sought to examine the relationship between indiscriminate refuse dumping and flooding in Amassoma community of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study was anchored on structural-functionalist theory. The study engaged the survey research design and its population comprised residents of Amassoma community and staff of Bayelsa State Environmental Sanitation Authority. A triangulation of both quantitative and qualitative method of data collection was used. Quantitatively, a sample size of 378 were administered closed ended structured questionnaires which elicited information based on the study’s objectives, while qualitatively, 5 respondents participated in the study’s in-depth interview which allowed for participants to disclose their feelings and attitude more readily about the subject matter. The non-probability sampling technique involving the use of accidental sampling was employed in selecting the study respondents. Quantitative data were analyzed using the non-parametric method of Chi-square, while qualitative data was content analyzed using verbatim quotations. The study findings revealed that there was a significant relationship between the waste disposal habit of the people and flooding and also, between poor waste management and flooding in the study area. It also revealed a significant relationship between drains blocked by refuse dumping and flooding in Amassoma community. The study therefore recommends a communal orientation on the need for proper waste disposal for residents of Amassoma community to ensure positive attitude towards waste management and, effective control of indiscriminate refuse dumping in drains, so as to reduce the incidence of flooding in the community.

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21

Kwawe, D. B. "Refuse treatment options: a case study." Journal of Environmental Management 66, no. 4 (December 2002): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.2002.0554.

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22

Stanton, Travis W., M. Kathryn Brown, and Jonathan B. Pagliaro. "Garbage of the Gods? Squatters, Refuse Disposal, and Termination Rituals among the Ancient Maya." Latin American Antiquity 19, no. 3 (September 2008): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1045663500007938.

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Differentiating the material patterning between domestic refuse from squatters and ceremonial trash generated from termination rituals has been difficult for Maya archaeologists. Rich floor assemblages, especially from elite contexts, have been interpreted as “decadent” squatter refuse by some researchers and the remains of abandonment rituals by others. The identification and separation of these classes of behavior are essential for interpretations of floor assemblages. In this paper, we examine data from numerous contexts, in order to contextualize the debate over the interpretation of these two models. Ethnoarchaeological, ethnohistoric, and archaeological data indicate that close scrutiny of the context and material composition of such deposits are needed to distinguish these very different classes of behavior.

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23

Law, I. B. "Refuse, Recycling and Resource Recovery in Industrial Applications." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0038.

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Growing environmental pressures and escalating intake water costs are causing an increasing number of industrialists to reappraise their effluent treatment facilities with a view to effluent recycle and/or resource recovery. In certain instances industrialists have opted for treated sewage effluent as a water source for their process. Water Management Schemes are being, or have been, implemented at a number of industrial concerns in order to rationalise overall water intake and effluent disposal costs.

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24

OHNISHI, Takashi, Yoshikazu AKAIZAWA, Toshimasa SHIMIZU, and Tomimasa YONEZAWA. "Detection System of Explosive Substances for Bulky Refuse Disposal Facilities." Journal of the Japan Society of Waste Management Experts 6, no. 5 (1995): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/jswme.6.180.

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25

Colten, Craig E. "Chicago's waste lands: refuse disposal and urban growth, 1840-1990." Journal of Historical Geography 20, no. 2 (April 1994): 124–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhge.1994.1011.

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26

Sulisti, Irene A. Watson-Craik, and Eric Senior. "Studies on the co-disposal ofo-cresol with municipal refuse." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 65, no. 1 (January 1996): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4660(199601)65:1<72::aid-jctb410>3.0.co;2-8.

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27

Kapetanios, E. G., M. Loizidou, and G. Valkanas. "Compost production from Greek domestic refuse." Bioresource Technology 44, no. 1 (January 1993): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(93)90201-l.

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28

Nagase, Hisamitsu, Youki Ose, Takahiko Sato, and Masahide Yamada. "Mercury methylation by ash from refuse incineration." Science of The Total Environment 53, no. 1-2 (August 1986): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(86)90096-3.

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29

Powell, G. E., and T. Y. Irfan. "Geotechnical design for a controlled tip in Hong Kong." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4, no. 1 (1987): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1987.004.01.63.

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AbstractAs a result of the rapid expansion of the population of Hong Kong, and a chronic shortage of land close to, or within, urban areas, sites for the controlled disposal of refuse often involve major earthworks on steep slopes and encroachment of the tip site into the sea. The particular project described will infill a complete valley of approximately 20 ha with an average height of 80 m of refuse fill. The front of the tip will be up to 200 m from the existing shore and is supported by a permanent seawall. Filling over marine sediments wil be necessary.

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30

Shah, Khant, and Devanshu Pandit. "Factors Affecting Productivity of Refuse Compactor Vehicles in India." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.529.

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Анотація:

Shift towards mechanization in the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is aimed at improving health wellbeing of the workers who are manually handling waste. With huge investment and operating costs, proper evaluation and monitoring of the performances of these equipment is essential. Identifying and rating the factors which impact the performance of equipment is the first step towards improving efficiency of a system. This research identifies the critical factors and issues in the operation optimization of refuse compactor vehicles. Interviews with experts and field studies helped in identification of 30 factors which were divided in five categories. The research uses analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for finding out the priority vectors of thus identified factors and categories. The study also highlights equipment selection parameters for the best suited model and make.

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31

Rotheut, Martin, and Peter Quicker. "Energetic utilisation of refuse derived fuels from landfill mining." Waste Management 62 (April 2017): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.002.

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32

Fu-min, Ren, Yue Feng, Gao Ming, and Yu Min. "Combustion characteristics of coal and refuse from passenger trains." Waste Management 30, no. 7 (July 2010): 1196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.12.023.

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33

Lou, Ziyang, Youcai Zhao, Xiaoli Chai, Tao Yuan, Yu Song, and Dongjie Niu. "Landfill Refuse Stabilization Process Characterized by Nutrient Change." Environmental Engineering Science 26, no. 11 (November 2009): 1655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2008.0128.

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34

Friedler, Eran, David M. Brown, and David Butler. "A study of WC derived sewer solids." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 9 (April 1, 1996): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0166.

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Анотація:

Little is currently known about the nature, quantity or variability of WC derived sewer solids. This work describes results of a one week domestic WC usage survey in the UK. Specific attention is paid to solid production including faecal matter, toilet paper and sanitary refuse. Significant quantities of solids were found to be produced. The results illustrate distinctive diurnal usage patterns including the surprisingly low evening faecal related flush usage. Weekend usage exceeded week day usage on average, but with reduced morning peaks. Differences between males and females usage were also noted, in particular the much larger toilet paper usage and sanitary refuse disposal associated with females.

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35

Metcalfe, Duncan, and Kathleen M. Heath. "Microrefuse and Site Structure: The Hearths and Floors of the Heartbreak Hotel." American Antiquity 55, no. 4 (October 1990): 781–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281250.

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Анотація:

This paper presents the results of a research project investigating the types, frequencies, and spatial distribution of small items of refuse on and in floors of a prehistoric structure–the Heartbreak Hotel–excavated in central Utah. Excavation and analytical procedures specifically were designed to recover microrefuse–refuse with a minimum dimension of less than .25 cm. There is strong empirical support for the proposition that microrefuse recovered from such contexts will be found in its area of production, and that patterning in its spatial distribution will, other things being equal, indicate spatial patterning in the performance of the activities that produced the microrefuse. We demonstrate that there is rather dramatic patterning in the types and frequencies of microrefuse between and within rooms of the structure and discuss possible explanations for the character of that patterning. We conclude with a discussion of the present limitations of our understanding of refuse disposal and suggest avenues of ethnoarchaeological inquiry likely to produce better archaeological and behavioral expectations relating to spatial patterning of microrefuse.

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36

Xiaoli, Chai, and Zhao Youcai. "Adsorption of phenolic compound by aged-refuse." Journal of Hazardous Materials 137, no. 1 (September 2006): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.015.

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S, Dalzero. "The Destiny of “Refuse” in a Impure Society." Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 5, no. 2 (August 5, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000172.

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Анотація:

We want to be even too angelis: our city wants to get rid of odors, bad or good ones in every way possible…dirty is politics: politics is shame, but the degree of shame varies from culture to culture, from one historical moment to another. An objective condition however, is the existence of the need to dispose waste and this is why I believe it is a reality we need to accept and take advantage of, not to battle against and see as a shame and, therefore, need to “hide”. According to Godard, history today is contained in the history of cinema and the rest exists in the images we have. Our eyes are compelled to see through lenses of those that have already taken the picture, filmed, documented. In effect, I have no choice: form and direction are already embedded in the territory, and my task is only to reveal them, by building little by little the inner structure: the rhythm, the melody and harmony, the out of key places, subjected to my study. I find myself in the conditions of the founders when they had to domesticate an uninhabited place or a place inhabited before. A territory, for those who have just arrived is actually caos, a land that has to be acknowledged for its power, and to work with it by looking for it or avoiding it, strenghtening it or weakening it. Cities are scattered by buidings that do not belong to us, shored up by questionable, ambiguous, insignificant, indifferent architectures.Consider in this case the different incinerators, the fenced in places for waste disposal waiting to be treated to later reach other contexts, other dumps and consider all those spaces that interest the theme, object of this study. The environment is just not a figure. In it there are objective physical conditions and proportions of hygeine, climate, and of pollution. What do we feel in observing the magma of waste invading the earth sometimes in a respectful way, controlled, and sometimes completely free imposing without respect? The landscape continuously modifies to accomodate disposal and collection of waste but how aware are we that it’s a reality that will always accompany our life and how much are we willing to accept it and see it as an opportunity to plan and not as a problem to battle? In particular, this article is part of a more integrated study on the subject of waste, which has now descripted through the eyes of artists who have looked for the material, the feeling… of their works in the waste.

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Akindutire, Isaac Olusola, and Eunice Oluyemisi Alebiosu. "Environmental Risk-Factors of Indiscriminate Refuse Disposal in Ekiti State, Nigeria." IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME) 4, no. 5 (2014): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/7388-04525459.

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WOODWARD, G. "MUNICIPAL ELECTRICITY SUPPLIES AND REFUSE DISPOSAL IN MERSEYSIDE AND NORTH WALES." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 115, no. 1 (March 1996): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/imuen.1996.28189.

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O. Adeyemo, Joke, Oludayo O. Olugbara, and Emmanuel Adetiba. "Development of a Prototype Smart City System for Refuse Disposal Management." Mathematics and Computer Science 4, no. 1 (2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.mcs.20190401.12.

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URABE, Takeo, and Motoko MINAMOTO. "Development of CO_2 Emission Calculation Software of Municipal Refuse Disposal System." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2000.1 (2000): 731–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2000.1.0_731.

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Rahim, R. A., and I. A. Watson‐Craik. "The co‐disposal of a model brewery wastewater with domestic refuse." Letters in Applied Microbiology 24, no. 4 (April 1997): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.1997.00132.x.

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Jones, M., and D. Probert. "UK government policy for refuse disposal: Actions as well as words!" Applied Energy 41, no. 4 (January 1992): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-2619(92)90009-z.

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Bertolini, Gerard E. "Household refuse: recovery or disposal? Research for a new economic optimum." Conservation & Recycling 10, no. 4 (January 1987): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-3658(87)90063-4.

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Daneel, Richard A., and Eric Senior. "Phenol and refuse catabolism: the effects of different co-disposal strategies." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 73, no. 2 (October 1998): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4660(1998100)73:2<119::aid-jctb938>3.0.co;2-a.

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Lodenius, Martin, and Hannu Braunschweiler. "Volatilisation of heavy metals from a refuse dump." Science of The Total Environment 57 (December 1986): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(86)90027-6.

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Sarc, R., and K. E. Lorber. "Production, quality and quality assurance of Refuse Derived Fuels (RDFs)." Waste Management 33, no. 9 (September 2013): 1825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.004.

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Liu, Qingmei, Qibin Li, Ning Wang, Dan Liu, Li Zan, Le Chang, Xuemei Gou, and Peijin Wang. "Bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil using aged refuse from landfills." Waste Management 77 (July 2018): 576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.010.

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McCoy, Curtis. "Colluvial deposition of anthropogenic soils at the Ripley site, Ripley, New York." North American Archaeologist 42, no. 1 (October 4, 2020): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197693120963244.

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The Ripley site is a Late Woodland through Historic period Iroquoian site located on a bluff overlooking the southern shore of Lake Erie in Western New York in the town of Ripley. Numerous authors have mentioned the presence of a midden along the eastern slope of the site, where prehistoric inhabitants cast refuse down the slope toward Young’s Run. The primary focus of this research is to examine the soils along the eastern slope to determine the origins of those deposits. This research will further reconstruct the depositional processes along the backslope, footslope, and toeslope of the eastern bluff, as well as determine if cultural refuse disposal from the prehistoric occupation of the Ripley site occurred along the eastern slope.

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McOmish, David. "East Chisenbury: ritual and rubbish at the British Bronze Age—Iron Age transition." Antiquity 70, no. 267 (March 1996): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00082892.

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The repertoire of site-types for later English prehistory has not changed for a generation. Now, from East Chisenbury on Salisbury Plain, a new type is defined, a midden of refuse so large and strange it re-defines the concept of ‘rubbish’ and its ‘disposal’.

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