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1
Hendri, Zendri, and Rahmad Dandi. "Tinjauan Historis Pengungsian Vietnam di Pulau Galang 1979-1996." Takuana: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains, dan Humaniora 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56113/takuana.v1i1.24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Vietnam's long history starts from the effort to gain independence from France, the prolonged civil war between Communist North Vietnam and nationalist South Vietnam, to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which led to the massive migration of Vietnamese people to various countries using boats so that refugees This Vietnamese, known as the "Boat People." This study provides a comprehensive explanation of the background of the migration of Vietnamese refugees to Galang Island, the role of UNHCR and the Government of Indonesia in overcoming these problems, and their lives on Galang Island. This historical research was carried out successively from the heuristic process taken from the Vietnam-camp refugee document and observations on Galang Island. The data is then verified, interpreted analytically and synthetically, and presented in descriptive-explanative historiography. Apart from the pluses and minuses of various aspects of the history of Vietnamese refugees on Galang Island from 1979 to 1996, the Indonesian government has been maximal in overcoming the problem of Vietnamese refugees.
2
Husin, Ahmad Zainudin. "Krisis Pelarian dalam Hubungan Vietnam Utara dengan Thailand, 1954-1975." SEJARAH 31, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol31no2.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article aims to analyse the issues following the presence of Vietnamese refugees in Thailand during the War (1954–1975). The focus of the analysis is on Thailand’s attitude towards Vietnamese refugees as well as the steps taken to return the refugees to Vietnam. This research uses qualitative methods, particularly document analysis, emphasising the use of British official government documents, newspapers that were published in South Vietnam and Thailand, books, and scientific articles. The findings of this study show that the presence of Vietnamese refugees during the Vietnam War created restlessness among the leaders and people of Thailand. Apart from security issues, their presence also invites social problems in Thailand. At the time, the refugee repatriation effort was carried out successfully. Still, it was thwarted by the presence of a second more enormous wave following the failure of South Vietnam to defend its country. This caused the issue to continue until the 1990s, despite Thailand’s involvement in helping the United States army defend South Vietnam during the Vietnam War 1964-1975, efforts to resolve the refugee issue are still overshadowed by the country’s cold relationship with Vietnam.
3
McKelvey, Robert S., and John A. Webb. "A Prospective Study of Psychological Distress Related to Refugee Camp Experience." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 4 (August 1997): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709065077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: Previous reports have suggested a direct relationship between refugee camp experience and levels of psychological distress among refugees. Specifically, it has been postulated that refugee camps with harsh conditions and low levels of social support foster high levels of psychological distress. The present study was designed to assess the relationship between camp conditions and social support within a refugee camp and refugees' levels of psychological distress. Unlike previous reports, which were based on retrospective data, the present study evaluated psychological distress among a group of Vietnamese refugees both prior to departure from Vietnam and during their refugee camp experience. Method: A group of 101 Vietnamese Amerasians was assessed at a transit centre in Vietnam and subsequently at a refugee camp in the Philippines. Assessment instruments were the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and a Camp Comparison Questionnaire. Results: There were significant decreases in symptom levels of anxiety and depression between the transit centre in Vietnam and the refugee camp in the Philippines. However, these changes were not related to changes in refugee camp conditions or social support within the camp. Conclusions: Contrary to previous reports, levels of psychological distress among this group of Vietnamese refugees were not related to either refugee camp conditions or levels of social support within the camp.
4
Ima, Kenji, Carol Dalglish, and James M. Freeman. "Refugees from Vietnam." Contemporary Sociology 19, no. 5 (September 1990): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2072353.
Повний текст джерела
5
ASZLAN SELAMAT. "PELARIAN VIETNAM DAN PENGARUHNYADALAM HUBUNGAN MALAYSIA–AMERIKA SYARIKAT (AS), 1975-1990-AN." MANU Jurnal Pusat Penataran Ilmu dan Bahasa (PPIB) 33, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/manu.v33i1.3549.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Artikel ini membincangkan pengaruh isu pelarian Vietnam di Malaysia dalam hubungan Malaysia-Amerika Syarikat (AS) dari tahun 1975 hingga 1990-an. Artikel ini turut menyentuh peranan media khususnya laporan surat khabar dalam mencorakkan hubungan kedua-dua buah negara. Isu pelarian Vietnam di Malaysia bermula selepas kekalahan AS dalam perang Vietnam pada tahun 1975. Hal ini menyebabkan kejatuhan kerajaan Demokratik Vietnam Selatan yang kemudiannya dikuasai oleh kerajaan Komunis Vietnam Utara. Layanan yang teruk oleh kerajaan Komunis Vietnam telah menyebabkan ramai rakyatnya melarikan diri dan meninggalkan negara tersebut. Sebilangan besar telah menuju dan mendarat di Malaysia. Oleh itu, AS memohon kepada Kerajaan Malaysia agar memberi perlindungan sementara kepada pelarian Vietnam sebelum diproses dan dipindahkan ke negara ketiga. Malaysia menerima permohonan AS dengan syarat kesemua pelarian Vietnam mesti diproses dan dipindahkan dengan segera. Artikel ini menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan sejarah iaitu penelitian ke atas data primer dan sekunder. Selain itu, sesi temu bual bersama Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad turut diadakan bagi mendapatkan data yang tepat mengenai pengaruh isu pelarian Vietnam dalam hubungan Malaysia-AS. Berdasarkan analisis sejarah, didapati bahawa tuduhan yang dikenakan ke atas Malaysia terhadap pelarian Vietnam seperti menolak mereka kembali ke laut telah mengeruhkan hubungan Malaysia-AS. Tambahan pula, laporan surat khabar turut memainkan peranan mengapi-apikan isu ini sehingga Kongres AS mengambil keputusan menggantung bantuan ketenteraan kepada Malaysia dari tahun 1991 hingga 1993. Walau bagaimanapun, Malaysia masih meneruskan usaha mengurus dan memberi layanan yang sewajarnya kepada pelarian Vietnam yang berada di Malaysia sebelum dihantar pulang dan dipindahkan ke negara ketiga. This article discusses the impact of Vietnamese refugee issuein Malaysia on the Malaysia-United States(US) relations from 1975 to the 1990’s. This article also touches the role of the media especially the newspapers report in shaping the relations between both countries. The issue of Vietnamese refugees in Malaysia began after the US was defeated in the Vietnam war in 1975. This led to the collapse of the South Vietnamese Democratic government and was later controlled by the North Vietnamese Communist government. Poor treatment by the Vietnamese government had caused many of its people to leave the country. Most of them landed in Malaysia. The US had asked the Malaysian government to provide temporary refuge to Vietnamese refugees before they were processed and transferred to the third countries. Malaysia accepted US request with the condition that all Vietnamese refugees must be relocated immediately. This article used the historical research method on primary and secondary data. In addition, an interview with Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad was also conducted to obtain accurate data on the impact of Vietnamese refugees on Malaysia-US relations. Based on historical analysis, it was found that the accusation of Malaysia’s actions on Vietnamese refugees such as pushing them back to the sea had shaken Malaysia-US relations. In addition, newspaper reports also played a role in addressing the issue. Then, the US Congress decided to suspense military assistance to Malaysia from year 1991 to 1993. However, Malaysia continued its efforts to manage and provide appropriate treatment to Vietnamese refugees before deporting and transferring them to the third countries.
6
Haines, David W. "Binding the Generations: Household Formation Patterns among Vietnamese Refugees." International Migration Review 36, no. 4 (December 2002): 1194–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00123.x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Much of the analysis of refugee and immigrant adaptation has stressed the interaction of prior experience with the requirements of life in a new country. For refugees, that interaction has often been jarring because of the after-effects of their flight and their relative inability to prepare for a new life in a new country. Yet refugees have often done rather well in economic terms in that new country. The reasons for that relative success have been phrased in cultural terms {e.g., the predisposition toward education) and in general socioeconomic terms (e.g., refugees as educated and skilled). This article examines a set of factors that lie between these customary cultural and socioeconomic categories. Specifically, the paper examines key features of household formation among Vietnamese refugees. An examination of historical data from southern Vietnam indicates patterns in household formation that appear durable over time yet are not shared across the breadth of Vietnam and cannot thus be viewed as “cultural” in the usual sense. A comparison of the historical data with recent national survey data on refugees in the United States indicates that these patterns continue among Vietnamese refugees and are - as compared to other refugees - distinctive to them. These patterns of household formation provide Vietnamese refugees with important options in adaptation to a new country.
7
Xiaorong, Han. "From Resettlement to Rights Protection: The Collective Actions of the Refugees from Vietnam in China since the Late 1970s从安家到维权：二十世纪七十年代末以来在中国的越南难民的集体行动". Journal of Chinese Overseas 10, № 2 (26 листопада 2014): 197–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341281.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article provides a general survey and some brief case studies of the collective actions of the refugees from Vietnam in China. The author argues that the collective actions of the refugees fall into two major categories — those aimed at reaching an ideal site of resettlement; and those caused by social and economic discontent. The article presents the collective actions of the refugees as a result of interactions between some peculiar features of the refugee community and the general conditions of China during the reform era, and an important aspect of the refugees’ adaptation in China.
8
Koh, Priscilla. "The Stories They Carried: Reflections of Vietnamese-Canadians 40 Years after That War." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 32, no. 2 (September 2, 2016): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40277.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article explores the narratives of former refugees from Vietnam who resettled in Canada. Each of these stories highlights the profound dilemmas, motivations, and experiences of Vietnamese refugees. Collectively, they demonstrate the remarkable resilience of this community, and their determination to survive and remake themselves in Canada. The discussion illuminates the diversity and complexity of my respondents’ senses of belonging, homes, and homelands, and how such notions and ties are continually evolving. The research aims to contribute to the postwar/refugee discourse, and to move the field beyond the parameter of the war and exodus from Vietnam, in order to study Vietnamese in all their complexities—in a new locale.
9
Lai, Ada Pui Yim, and Kerry J. Kennedy. "Refugees and civic stratification: The “Asian rejection” hypothesis and its implications for protection claimants in Hong Kong." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 26, no. 2 (May 25, 2017): 206–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196817706173.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hong Kong is not a signatory to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees yet, it has historically attracted refugees from Mainland China and, in the 1970s, from Vietnam. Today, there is a refugee flow from different parts of Southeast Asia. This paper highlights the plight of refugees in an environment where there are no legal frameworks for managing refugees, where there is a deliberate policy of not settling refugees, irrespective of the validity of their claims, and where minimal support is provided for claimants waiting to have their claims assessed. Civic stratification is advanced as a theoretical framework for understanding the status of refugees in Hong Kong and the extent to which resistance is possible within this framework is demonstrated.
10
Choi, Won Geun. "China and its Janus-faced refugee policy." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 26, no. 2 (April 26, 2017): 224–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196817703759.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research aims to identify the motivations behind China’s refugee policy through a comparative historical analysis of the mass influx of refugees from two neighboring states: Vietnam, starting in the late 1970s, and North Korea starting in the 1990s. The study argues that similar motivations, grounded in China’s concerns regarding sovereignty, national security and the regional balance of power, generated contrasting responses to the two groups of refugees. This research briefly reviews the causes, development and nature of the two refugee crises, and then analyzes China’s Janus-faced refugee policy with its two different responses. Last, this research indicates China’s recent positive engagements with refugee issues and emphasizes the significance of China’s role in regional refugee protection.
11
Gonzalez, Elwing Sương. "No “Little Saigon” in L.A." California History 98, no. 4 (2021): 30–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2021.98.4.30.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Starting in 1975, Los Angeles attracted what would become, within a decade, the largest concentration of resettled Vietnamese refugees in the United States. A combination of legacies led to the concentration of Vietnamese in Los Angeles: decades of U.S. involvement in Vietnam; Cold War foreign policy; domestic urban planning; and public housing policies born of the city’s history of racial segregation. These structural forces also drew many other immigrant groups to Los Angeles during the same period, as Koreans, Thais, Mexicans, and Central Americans likewise concentrated in L.A., each developing their own distinctive enclaves in the same districts and neighborhoods as the Vietnamese refugees. Refugee resettlement in Los Angeles in the 1970s and ’80s meant that the Vietnamese benefited from services and institutions established earlier for prior immigrant and refugee groups who had made their way to L.A., but also competition and conflict over space, markets, services, and resources, as well as cross-cultural cooperation and convergence. However, unlike some other newcomer groups, Vietnamese refugees had access to specific government-funded resources and opportunities, in addition to personal, professional, and military-related connections, that stemmed from the United States’ decades-long imperialist project in Vietnam. This article examines the settlement and placemaking experiences of Vietnamese refugees among other immigrant groups—overlap, similarities, and differences—in Los Angeles in this era.
12
Baharuddin, Syahrul Alim, and Azlizan Mat Enh. "PELARIAN VIETNAM : SATU ISU GLOBAL DALAM SEJARAH HUBUNGAN LUAR MALAYSIA[VIETNAMESE REFUGEES : A GLOBAL ISSUE IN THE HISTORY OF MALAYSIA FOREIGN AFFAIRS]." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 3, no. 1 (June 27, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol3iss1pp1-18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper aims to provide insights into the issue related to Vietnamese refugees in Malaysia which became a global issue from 1975 to 1991. The study addresses major factors that contribute to the problem, and diplomatic relation between Malaysia and Vietnam that influences Malaysian government to assist in resolving the issue of Vietnamese refugees. Data were generated through the analysis of documents obtained from primer sources including reports from United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), official records from Malaysian government such as Official Statement of Parliament, and Report of Bidong Island Submission Ceremony to Terengganu Government as well as secondary sources (i.e. scholars’ studies on Vietnam). The findings suggest that the Vietnamese refugees issue occurred due to domestic factors that prompt the Vietnamese to flee to neighbouring countries in the region. In particular, political, economy and social factors are inter-related in disrupting the stability and peace of the country. The presence of refugees in Malaysia is a serious matter as it challenges sovereignty and national security of Malaysia.Keywords: refugees, Vietnam, Malaysia, global issue, factor, history.Cite as: Baharuddin, S.A & Mat Enh, A. (2018). Pelarian Vietnam: Satu isu global dalam sejarah hubungan luar Malaysia [Vietnamese refugees: A global issue in the history of Malaysia foreign affairs]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 3(1), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol3iss1pp1-18 AbstrakKertas kerja ini bermatlamat memahami isu pelarian Vietnam yang pernah melanda Malaysia dan menjadi isu global bermula dari tahun 1975 hingga 1991. Tumpuan utama penganalisaan dan penelitian diberikan terhadap faktor yang membawa kepada berlakunya masalah pelarian Vietnam serta hubungan yang terjalin antara Malaysia dan Vietnam sehingga mendorong Malaysia membantu menyelesaikan masalah pelarian Vietnam. Bagi menghuraikan persoalan ini, pendekatan analisis digunakan dengan merujuk kepada sumber primer iaitu laporan daripada United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), rekod-rekod rasmi Malaysia seperti Penyata Rasmi Parlimen dan Laporan Majlis Penyerahan Balik Pulau Bidong kepada Kerajaan Terengganu selain sumber sekunder iaitu kajian para sarjana mengenai negara Vietnam. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa isu pelarian Vietnam berlaku disebabkan oleh faktor dalam negara itu sendiri yang mempengaruhi rakyat untuk lari ke negara jirannya di rantau ini. Faktor politik, ekonomi dan sosial saling berkait antara satu sama lain yang mengganggu kestabilan dan keamanan di negara itu. Sehubungan itu, kehadiran pelarian di Malaysia adalah isu yang serius kerana ia menyumbang kepada masalah kedaulatan dan keselamatan Malaysia.Kata kunci : Pelarian, Vietnam, Malaysia, isu global, faktor, sejarah.
13
Lam, Andrew. "Give Me the Gun." Boom 4, no. 1 (2014): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2014.4.1.18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using his family’s experience of coming to the United States as refugees from Vietnam, Andrew Lam meditates on the history and future of children who come to the United States as refugees from violent places. In addition to examining the writer’s own life, the essay discusses Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the brothers responsible for the bombs at the 2013 Boston marathon, and considers how success and failure in the United States shapes the refugee children who come to this country.
14
Hing, Bill Ong. "Deporting Cambodian Refugees: Justice Denied?" Crime & Delinquency 51, no. 2 (April 2005): 265–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128704273468.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Until recently, the United States did not deport refugees convicted of crimes to the communist-dominated countries of Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. After all, these refugees had fled persecution, and diplomatic ties between the United States and these countries are not particularly strong. But in March 2002, the United States convinced Cambodia to each month accept the repatriation of a few of its nationals who have been convicted of aggravated felonies. These individuals have served their sentences in the criminal justice system, and the vast majority either fled the killing fields of Cambodia as toddlers or were born in Thai refugee camps. Is justice really being served by their deportation?
15
Mossaad, Nadwa, Jeremy Ferwerda, Duncan Lawrence, Jeremy M. Weinstein, and Jens Hainmueller. "Determinants of refugee naturalization in the United States." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 37 (August 27, 2018): 9175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802711115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The United States operates the world’s largest refugee resettlement program. However, there is almost no systematic evidence on whether refugees successfully integrate into American society over the long run. We address this gap by drawing on linked administrative data to directly measure a long-term integration outcome: naturalization rates. Assessing the full population of refugees resettled between 2000 and 2010, we find that refugees naturalize at high rates: 66% achieved citizenship by 2015. This rate is substantially higher than among other immigrants who became eligible for citizenship during the same period. We also find significant heterogeneity in naturalization rates. Consistent with the literature on immigration more generally, sociodemographic characteristics condition the likelihood of naturalization. Women, refugees with longer residency, and those with higher education levels are more likely to obtain citizenship. National origins also matter. While refugees from Iran, Iraq, and Somalia naturalize at higher rates, those from Burma, Ukraine, Vietnam, and Liberia naturalize at lower rates. We also find naturalization success is significantly shaped by the initial resettlement location. Placing refugees in areas that are urban, have lower rates of unemployment, and have a larger share of conationals increases the likelihood of acquiring citizenship. These findings suggest pathways to promote refugee integration by targeting interventions and by optimizing the geographic placement of refugees.
16
Renkens, José, Els Rommes, and Maria van den Muijsenbergh. "Refugees' Agency: On Resistance, Resilience, and Resources." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020806.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study set out to answer the question ‘Which kinds of agency do refugees perform when dealing with mental health problems of themselves and their children?’. Aiming to gain more insight in why it seems harder for refugee parents and minors than for the native population to talk to health professionals about their mental health and wellbeing, we combined two theoretical notions of agency to investigate a broad spectrum of informants’ behaviour. We conducted 25 interviews with 30 refugees from 8 countries (Syria, Yemen, Iran, Afghanistan, Armenia, Eritrea, Turkish Kurdistan, Vietnam), whose Dutch residence permit varied from 26 years to less than one year. Data were analysed through open and axial coding, followed by pattern analyses. Although sometimes refugees seek (mental) healthcare, at other times they show agency by doing ‘nothing’ or by deliberately using distracting activities to deal with severe stress. Making use of resources available to them, oftentimes refugees show agency in ways that are less visible to healthcare professionals, by surviving, showing resilience, and suffering. In these cases, we think healthcare for refugees should intervene in a non-medical way, e.g., by supporting them to obtain resources that help refugees to (re)gain agency.
17
Goyal, Yogita. "Un-American: Refugees and the Vietnam War." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 133, no. 2 (March 2018): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2018.133.2.378.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Viet thanh nguyen always insists that he is a refugee, not an immigrant, and that his novel the sympathizer is a war novel rather than an immigrant story (“Viet Thanh Nguyen”). In an era when the refugee has become the epicenter of debates about extreme nationalism and closed borders, the distinction between refugee and immigrant demands further parsing. Nguyen states the difference clearly when he contrasts the refugee, rendered stateless and vulnerable by persecution or catastrophe, to the immigrant, whose mobility reaffirms existing narratives of bounded territories. “Immigrant studies,” he writes, “affirms the nation-states the immigrant comes from and settles into; refugee studies brings into question the viability of the nation- state” (“Refugee Memories” 930).
18
Nguyen, Vinh. "America’s Encounters with Vietnam: Empire, Refugees, Diasporas." Diaspora 20, no. 2 (April 2019): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.20.2.007.
Повний текст джерела
19
Han, Xiaorong. "EXILED TO THE ANCESTRAL LAND: THE RESETTLEMENT, STRATIFICATION AND ASSIMILATION OF THE REFUGEES FROM VIETNAM IN CHINA." International Journal of Asian Studies 10, no. 1 (January 2013): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591412000228.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on published sources as well as information gathered through observations and interviews, this article intends to provide a general account of the adaptation of the Vietnamese refugees in China since the late 1970s. The description and analysis are focused on three aspects of the social-political life of this community, namely, its initial resettlement, its subsequent division, dispersion and stratification, and the process, problems and prospects of its assimilation. The article argues that whereas Western countries adopted the International Refugee Regime – primarily a European product – in resettling the Vietnamese refugees, China's resettlement policies reflected her experience in handling the returned overseas Chinese from Southeast Asia in the 1950s and 1960s. Although the relocation temporarily reduced all migrants to refugees, the diverse nature of the migrant community, the different local conditions in China, as well as China's official policies contributed to the reemergence of social-economic stratification among the migrants, and this was accompanied by their geographic dispersion. Though assimilation has been going on ever since they entered China, the migrants have managed to maintain their group identity, which, however, is not sustainable.
20
August, Lynn R., and Barbara A. Gianola. "Symptoms of War Trauma Induced Psychiatric Disorders: Southeast Asian Refugees and Vietnam Veterans." International Migration Review 21, no. 3 (September 1987): 820–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100320.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article compares the symptomatology of Southeast Asian refugees suffering from mental health disorders with that of Vietnam veterans suffering from psychiatric disorders related to war trauma. Both of these groups share common unresolved feelings and have similar clinical manifestations resulting from the intensity of wartime atrocities. Similarities in the symptoms presented by these two groups suggest the Southeast Asian refugees may also suffer from the same type of war trauma induced psychiatric disorder as the Vietnam veterans.
21
Gonzalez, Elwing Su’o’ng. "Creating and Contesting Refugee Spaces." Southern California Quarterly 103, no. 1 (2021): 99–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/scq.2021.103.1.99.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite a federal resettlement policy of dispersing Vietnamese refugees entering the United States after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, refugees resisted and resettled elsewhere. Within the first decade of settlement, the largest concentration of the refugees had formed in the Los Angeles area. This article identifies a number of factors in the rise of Vietnamese communities in Los Angeles, its San Gabriel Valley suburbs, and adjoining Orange County.
22
Gordon, Linda W. "The Missing Children: Mortality and Fertility in a Southeast Asian Refugee Population." International Migration Review 23, no. 2 (June 1989): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research presents the age-sex structures of the refugee populations that arrived in the United States from Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam from 1975 through 1986. All three populations are young, but their age-sex structures vary in ways that confirm what is known anecdotally about their experiences before and during flight and in the refugee camps awaiting resettlement. Over time, the age-sex composition of the arriving refugee cohorts has shifted in ways that may indicate changes in factors influencing their migration. In the United States, available data indicate very high fertility in the early years after arrival. Even if their fertility falls rapidly, the refugees’ age structure will lead to a generation of rapid growth.
23
Khoo, Siew-Ean. "Correlates of Welfare Dependency among Immigrants in Australia." International Migration Review 28, no. 1 (March 1994): 68–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article examines the role of a number of factors, including migration category, birthplace, period of arrival, age, gender, educational background and employment status, in explaining immigrants’ dependence on government pensions and benefits. Significant differences in welfare dependency were observed by birthplace and migration category even after controlling for age, education and employment status. Immigrants from Vietnam, Lebanon and Turkey were more likely than others to be dependent on welfare. Refugees were also more likely than other immigrants to be dependent on welfare; however the effect of refugee status on welfare dependency diminished with duration of residence in Australia.
24
Stevens, Christine A. "The Illusion of Social Inclusion: Cambodian Youth in South Australia." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.4.1.59.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As a result of the turmoil in Cambodia during the 1970s, traditional Cambodian society was fundamentally altered: Cambodians were uprooted, and after the Vietnamese invasion in 1978, thousands fled to camps on the Thai-Cambodian border, where many sought and were selected for resettlement in other countries. Approximately 12,000 Cambodians were accepted for resettlement in Australia as refugees in the period 1975-85, with approximately 2,500 settling in South Australia. The emigrants to South Australia were youthful, with 51% of all arrivals in the period 1979-85 aged 19 years or less (Stevens). Since this period when refugees first arrived in Australia from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, the social adaptation of refugee youth has been little researched. Generally, young people have been but one of the age groups included in large-scale surveys or in-depth studies, such as those by Wendy Poussard, Nancy Viviani, and others, that focused on the early stages of resettlement. The research that has focused on refugee youth has concentrated on educational achievement (Spearritt and Colman; Kelly and Bennoun; Chan; Mundy) or mental health status and adjustment (Krupinski and Burrows). At a time of ongoing debate about the size and nature of the immigrant intake, and concern that the resulting cultural diversity may foster ethnic conflicts and endanger social cohesion, this lack of research on the social aspects of the settlement process young refugees from Southeast Asia undertake is a significant omission.
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Catton, Philip E. "The Royal Navy's Vietnam War: H.M.S.Warriorand the evacuation of refugees from North Vietnam, September 1954." Historical Research 83, no. 220 (May 2010): 358–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2281.2008.00479.x.
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LAM, T. "The Exodus of Hoa Refugees from Vietnam and their Settlement in Guangxi: China's Refugee Settlement Strategies." Journal of Refugee Studies 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 374–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/13.4.374.
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Hardy, Andrew. "From a Floating World: Emigration to Europe from Post-War Vietnam." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 11, no. 4 (December 2002): 463–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680201100406.
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This article aims to explain the origins and formation of Europe's Vietnamese communities. It argues that emigration from post-war Vietnam (1975–1995) was a result of the dismantling of two models of Vietnamese society — the southern regime and the structures of socialism. However, the migration routes owe much to Vietnam's international relations in the Cold War. Isolation by western countries led to the formation of a Vietnamese community in Western Europe, consisting of refugees. At the same time, ties with the Soviet Union led to the formation of a community in Eastern Europe, consisting of guest workers. Two case studies present contrasting approaches to integration, and suggest possible alternate futures for Vietnamese communities in Europe.
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Vuong, Martina. "The Impact of the Anti-Chinese Páihuá Policy in Vietnam after Reunification: the Refugees’ Perspective." Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjeas-2011-0012.
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Abstract In 1978–1979 the news reporting on the Vietnamese boat people attracted attention from the whole world. Not only the media but also scientific researchers were interested in these mass refugees. However, this phenomenon has been detached from its context and perceived as a self-contained event on many occasions. Furthermore, most people were not aware of the fact that the main body of these refugees were ethnic Chinese, known as the Hoa. The study presented in this paper takes this as its starting point and focuses on the question of the motivations of the Hoa in leaving North Vietnam. It takes the historical, internal and foreign political context into consideration and identifies a political atmosphere extremely hostile to the ethnic Chinese.The páihuá policy drove them to leave behind what they had built up and led to the mass exodus of 1978–1979, but also gave the Hoa hope for a new and better life for themselves and especially for their future descendants outside of Vietnam.
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Whiteford, Michael, Martha Stewart, and Sue Bell. "Health Care Practices and Dietary Habits Among Tai Dam Refugee Women in Iowa." Practicing Anthropology 9, no. 4 (September 1, 1987): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.9.4.54m58341250m2200.
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Following the changes of governments in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia a decade ago, the state of Iowa, like much of the rest of the United States, became home to a number of Asian refugees. In September, 1975, the Governor's task force for Indochinese resettlement was created; over the next couple of years, thousands of displaced citizens from Southeast Asia settled in this midwestern state. Unlike the west coast of the United States, Iowa has never had a very large Asian population. As anthropologists, we were interested in studying the process of culture change and adjustment facing these new residents. During the summer of 1982, we visited the Iowa Refugee Service Center to explain who we were and what we were interested in doing.
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Hayes, T. J., D. Thomas, and E. P. Dewar. "The Boat People of Vietnam. Rescue on the South China Sea." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 76, no. 1 (March 1990): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-76-49.
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AbstractPoor economic conditions in Vietnam have encouraged large numbers of people seeking a better life in the West to join the flow of political refugees leaving the country as “boat people”. We report the events surrounding one such group of people who were rescued from the South China Sea by the Outback 88 Task Group.
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Blackwell, M. J. "Meetings for the relatives of refugees from Vietnam suffering from schizophrenia." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 9 (September 1990): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.9.533.
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The problems of diagnosis in transcultural psychiatry and the ideological and anthropological questions raised have received much attention in the psychiatric literature over the last 15 years. Even when the diagnosis is not in dispute, specific problems are encountered in the delivery of psychiatric care to patients from ethnic minorities (Littlewood & Lipsedge, 1989; Rack, 1982). Different explanatory models of illness and treatment, linguistic and cultural misunderstandings and numerous, apparently minor, practical difficulties bedevil treatment. Contributions to the psychiatric literature of practical use in management and service designs have been sparse.
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Hauff, Edvard, and Per Vaglum. "Organised Violence and the Stress of Exile." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 3 (March 1995): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.3.360.
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BackgroundThe prevalence and course of mental disorders among Vietnamese refugees were studied, using a model including variables from different research traditions.MethodA consecutive community cohort of 145 Vietnamese boat refugees aged 15 and above were personally interviewed on their arrival in Norway and three years later.ResultsThree years later, there was, unexpectedly, no decline in self-rated psychological distress (SCL-90-R), almost one in four suffered from psychiatric disorder and the prevalence of depression was 17.7% (Present State Examination). Female gender, extreme traumatic stress in Vietnam, negative life events in Norway, lack of a close confidant and chronic family separation were identified as predictors of psychopathology.ConclusionsThe effects of war and persecution were long-lasting, and compounded by adversity factors in exile. A uniform course of improvement in mental health after resettlement cannot be expected in all contexts. The affected refugees need systematic rehabilitation.
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Hauff, Edvard, and Per Vaglum. "Integration of Vietnamese Refugees into the Norwegian Labor Market: The Impact of War Trauma." International Migration Review 27, no. 2 (June 1993): 388–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700206.
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One hundred forty-five Vietnamese boat refugees were interviewed on arrival and after three years in Norway. The integration into the labor market was poor and the rate of unemployment was relatively high (16%). Eighty-two (63%) were members of the labor force, the rest being students (n=41) or housewives (n=6). Both loss of social status in Vietnam in 1975 and experiences of war trauma were independently related to labor force participation, when age, sex and mental health were controlled for. The risk of unemployment was increased among men and among refugees with low formal education and with no accompanying spouse. The results indicate that war trauma may have an impact on career choice and integration into the labor market which is independent of mental health. Future immigration policies should probably improve the refugees’ opportunities to establish intraethnic social networks to facilitate job finding and entrepreneurship.
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Chong, Sylvia Shin Huey. "Vietnam, the Movie: Part Deux." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 133, no. 2 (March 2018): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2018.133.2.371.
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“They cannot represent themselves; they must be represented” (nguyen, sympathizer 179). and so viet thanh nguyen's The Sympathizer invokes Karl Marx's “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” although the reference is just as likely to be Edward Said's Orientalism, since Marx was concerned with political representation (608), whereas Said was concerned with discursive representation (21). These words frame the important middle act of The Sympathizer, one that focuses on the filming of The Hamlet, a mash-up of Hollywood's sins against not only Vietnamese but also Asians and Asian Americans at large. Reading like a morality play crossed with a backstage musical, this section draws on thinly veiled references to Francis Ford Coppola (the Auteur), Marlon Brando (the hespian), and Martin Sheen (the Idol), who drag the narrator from his newly formed Southern Californian refuge and round up a bunch of stray boat people milling around in the Philippines to put on a movie about the Vietnam War. From the recycling of American military equipment originally sold to Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines to the reuse of Vietnamese bodies recently shot at and now en route to the United States as refugees, every aspect of the making of The Hamlet illustrates the dangers of allowing oneself to be represented by others. More subtly, The Sympathizer shows how difficult it is to intervene in this regime of representation, especially in the name of authenticity, as it is often deployed by protestors against stereotypes in the media. But if we situate the section on The Hamlet within the overall narrative of The Sympathizer and also in Nguyen's larger critique of memory industries as war industries, we must also understand that the content of the ilm is less important than the dynamics of spectatorship. By linking the narrator's quixotic quest to subvert this film with his repression of his complicity in the rape and torture of a communist agent during the narrator's days as a mole in the South Vietnamese police, Nguyen suggests that watching the Vietnam War is potentially as dangerous as ighting in (or misrepresenting) the war.
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Arianto, Tomi, and Septriani Septriani. "YOUNG GENERATION CHARACTERS ENHANCEMENT FROM HISTORICAL EVENTS OF VIETNAM VILLAGE IN GALANG ISLAND." eScience Humanity Journal 1, no. 2 (May 22, 2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37296/esci.v1i2.13.
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This study aimed to trace the historical events of Kampung Vietnam related to character education of the young generation on the island of Batam and what values can be taken from the historical events of the Vietnamese Village of Galang Island in developing character education for the millennial generation. Using the concept of ethnocentrism, researchers try to trace historical events and patterns of ethnicity in the Galang community in accepting refugees from Vietnam. The existence of Kampung Vietnam on Galang Island should not only be preserved physically, but also the history of the event itself. The aim is that not only tourism (economic) benefits can be taken, but more important than that are values that are useful for character education for the younger generation. . With the historical events of Kampung Vietnam on the island of Galang, it can help improve the quality of the character education formation process for today's young generation. The values that can be taken from the historical events of the Vietnam Village of Galang Island in building the character of the younger generation include the attitude of nationalism, help, tolerance, and empathy for others.
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Truitt, Allison. "Quán Thế Âm of the Transpacific". Journal of Vietnamese Studies 12, № 2 (2017): 83–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jvs.2017.12.2.83.
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Bodhisattvas are an essential element of the Pure Land branch of Mahayana Buddhism practiced in Vietnam and its diaspora. Many Vietnamese lovingly refer to Bodhisattva Quán Thế Âm as a “gentle mother,” and the circulation of her name and image constitutes a spiritual geography of the transpacific in distinctly Buddhist terms. Through a reading of two miracle tales, I argue that Quán Thế Âm mediates the divergent histories of Vietnamese refugees without dissolving the historical structures of difference that separate the diaspora from the homeland. Devotion to the bodhisattva should thus not be seen only in terms of Mahayana doctrine but also as the embodiment of an alternative ethics of how Vietnamese refugees make sense of their place in the aftermath of war.
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Grant, Karen J., Maureen Mayhew, Lorena Mota, Michael C. Klein, and Arminée Kazanjian. "The refugee experience of acquiring a family doctor." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 11, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-12-2013-0047.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore refugees’ experiences of the barriers and facilitators involved in finding a regular family doctor. Design/methodology/approach – Hermeneutic phenomenology was used to produce an integrated description sensitive to the lifeworlds of refugees who came from multiple cultural perspectives. Participants consisted of refugees from Iran, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Latin America who arrived in Canada between 2005 and 2007. Texts for analysis came from first language focus group discussions and interviews with the interpreters for those groups. Findings – The principal themes that emerged from the experience of barriers were “futility,” “dependence,” and “relevance.” Themes related to the experience of facilitators were “inclusion,” “congruence,” and “benefit to family.” These themes provide key messages about sources of patient decisions to seek or not seek care, not comply, attend irregularly, and not disclose symptoms, which can be used by doctors and other health providers to enhance care planning. Practical implications – The factors that facilitate refugees’ access to a regular family doctor have implications for the development of culturally appropriate healthcare information, policies that support adequate interpreter services, and cultural sensitivity training for physicians. Originality/value – Previous research documents barriers such as lack of language access, differences in health beliefs, and lack of knowledge about western healthcare systems. However, little is known about how refugees experience these barriers, nor how they overcome them. This study contributes a rich and deeper understanding of how refugees experience these barriers and elucidates factors that facilitate their process of obtaining a regular family doctor.
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Taylor, K. W. "The Literati Revival in Seventeenth-century Vietnam." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 18, no. 1 (March 1987): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400001223.
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Modern Vietnamese history is generally considered to begin with the seventeenth century. The final destruction of the Cham kingdom and the concurrent territorial expansion presided over by the Nguyễn lords of Hue increased the visibility of the Vietnamese people along the South China Sea and attracted the attention of refugees, merchants, and missionaries from China, Japan, and Europe. These foreign contacts were symptomatic of basic changes occurring in Vietnam; they were not the cause. From the decline of the Lê dynasty early in the sixteenth century, political life was dominated by militarized family alliances. By the second quarter of the seventeenth century, the two most successful families in the competition for power were locked in a grim testing of wills. Mutually aggressive policies remained inconclusive after half a century of warfare, however, and were eventually abandoned by both parties. This resulted from the rise of new interests tied to the internal social, political, and economic conditions of Vietnam. The rise of these new interests was the most significant development in the seventeenth century.
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Wu, Chung-Tong, and Christine Inglis. "Illegal Immigration to Hong Kong." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 3-4 (September 1992): 601–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100310.
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Illegal migration from China is contrasted to that from Vietnam to highlight Hong Kong's unique place in such flows. Political upheavals in China, economic recessions and labor shortages in Hong Kong have caused waves of legal and illegal Chinese migration into Hong Kong which have been effectively contained through the vigilance of border patrols, police checks for identity cards, fines on employers of illegals, and cooperation from China. The increased numbers of Vietnamese boat people from 1988 led to a hardening in government and public attitudes, resulting in the reclassification of refugees as illegal migrants. The key difference in Hong Kong's effectiveness at stemming these two illegal migrant streams has been bilateral cooperation, which has been achieved with China but lacking in the case of Vietnam.
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August, Lynn R., and Barbara A. Gianola. "Symptoms of War Trauma Induced Psychiatric Disorders: Southeast Asian Refugees and Vietnam Veterans." International Migration Review 21, no. 3 (1987): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546624.
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Nguyen, Phi Vân. "Fighting the First Indochina War Again? Catholic Refugees in South Vietnam, 1954–59." Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 31, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 207–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/sj31-1f.
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HINTON, W. LADSON, QUYEN TIET, CAROLEE GIAOUYEN TRAN, and MARGARET CHESNEY. "Predictors of Depression Among Refugees from Vietnam: A Longitudinal Study of New Arrivals." Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 185, no. 1 (January 1997): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199701000-00007.
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Nguyen, Phi Vân. "Fighting the First Indochina War Again?: Catholic Refugees in South Vietnam, 1954–59." Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 31, no. 1 (2016): 207–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/soj.2016.0007.
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Nguyen, Thai-Huy, and Marybeth Gasman. "Cultural Identity and Allegiance among Vietnamese Students and Their Organizations at the University of California, Irvine: 1980–1990." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 117, no. 5 (May 2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811511700503.
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Background Within the canon of Asian American histories and histories of student activism, little attention is given to the Vietnamese students at the University of California at Irvine, who came together to advocate for the well-being of Vietnamese refugees after the end of the Vietnam War. This study examines this history and discusses the implications for understanding the unique histories that shape the lives of our increasingly diverse student populations. Purpose The objective of this study is to unearth and examine the experiences of Vietnamese students at the University of California at Irvine after the Vietnam War, between 1980 and 1990, and how their student organizations functioned to help them make sense of their personal losses as well as mobilize their efforts to highlight the plight of Vietnamese refugees. Research Design Primary and secondary sources were used to support this historical analysis. Data Collection Archival material came from the University of California at Irvine's Southeast Asian Archive. Conclusions This study pushes back against popular historical narratives that either ignore or blur the distinct experiences, traditions, and political and economic statuses among the U.S. Asian population. We demonstrate how Vietnamese students were active in their pursuit to improve the social and political conditions for their community. Moreover, this history brings forward very critical issues of student organizing and civic engagement and immigration.
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최호림. "Return Migration and Identity Shifting:A Case Study of the Ethnic Chinese Refugees in Vietnam." Southeast Asian Review 27, no. 2 (May 2017): 77–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.21652/kaseas.27.2.201705.77.
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KELLY, GAIL P. "Coping with America: Refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the 1970s and 1980s." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 487, no. 1 (September 1986): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716286487001009.
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Ninh, Thien-Huong. "Holy Mothers in the Vietnamese Diaspora: Refugees, Community, and Nation." Religions 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9080233.
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Holy mothers, specifically the Vietnamese-looking Our Lady of Lavang and Caodai Mother Goddess, are the crucibles of faith for many Vietnamese Catholics and Caodaists. Based on ethnographic data collected in California, which has the largest overseas Vietnamese population, I argue that Vietnamese refugees and their US-reared descendants have been able to re-centralize their fragmented communities through the innovative adaptation of holy mother worship. In particular, Vietnamese Catholics in the US have transformed the European image of Our Lady of Lavang into a Vietnamese woman and exported it to the rest of the world. Meanwhile, Vietnamese American Caodaists have revived traditional religious rituals for the Caodai Mother Goddess which were repressed and prohibited for many years under communism in Vietnam. Through their shared devotion to holy mothers, these Vietnamese American faithful have also rebuilt relations with co-ethnic co-religionists living throughout the world. For both the Vietnamese Catholic and Caodai groups, holy mothers have emerged as emblems of their deterritorialized nation in the diaspora.
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Churgin, Michael J. "Mass Exoduses: The Response of the United States." International Migration Review 30, no. 1 (March 1996): 310–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000120.
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The focus of this article is on mass immigration to the United States and the country's response to various groups of immigrants. After presenting historical background dating back to the pre-Civil War era, attention is given to the Cuban and Haitian mass movements of recent years and to the refugees coming from Vietnam, the former Soviet Union, and Latin American countries. The article concludes that the United States has utilized international agreements regarding the settlement of large numbers of people only when they facilitate government action.
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Wheeler, Charles. "Interests, Institutions, and Identity: Strategic Adaptation and the Ethno-evolution of Minh Hương (Central Vietnam), 16th–19th Centuries." Itinerario 39, no. 1 (April 2015): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115315000169.
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Minh Hương—often translated as ‘Ming Refugees’, became a powerful interest group in Vietnamese commerce, colonization, and politics between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Curiously, they remain understudied and misunderstood by both Vietnamese and Overseas Chinese specialists. This results from confusion about Minh Hương identity and origins, which this article addresses by analyzing the evolution of the group’s identity and the interests and institutions that shaped it. Far from static, Minh Hương identity formed, metamorphosed, and all but disappeared due to the interplay between changing circumstances and adaptive responses that continually reshaped the content of Minh Hương identity whenever “outside” circumstances challenged them. In this way, the Minh Hương evolved from its merchant diaspora origins into a powerful merchant-bureaucratic class that exploited the institutions that Vietnamese matrilineage and Chinese patrilineage afforded them in order to advance its commercial and political interests. When their status eroded in the nineteenth century, the Minh Hương redefined their group as a minority ethnicity in defense of diminishing rights. Far from the powerless refugee minority image their name implies, their behaviour so reminiscent of merchant cultures from the Sogdians to the Swahili, the Minh Hương deserves greater consideration in the literature on merchant cultures in world history.
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Miyawaki, Christina E., Nai-Wei Chen, Oanh L. Meyer, Mindy Thy Tran, and Kyriakos S. Markides. "HEALTH STATUS OF OLDER VIETNAMESE REFUGEES: RESULTS FROM THE VIETNAMESE AGING AND CARE SURVEY (VACS)." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S375—S376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1376.
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Abstract Over 1.3 million Vietnamese including refugees migrated to the U.S., after the Vietnam War. Vietnamese are the 4th largest Asian ethnic group in the U.S. Despite the number, little is known about their health conditions. To fill this gap, the Vietnamese Aging and Care Survey (VACS) was developed, and sociodemographic and health data on 132 refugees (≥65 years) were collected in Houston, Texas. They were on average 75.4 years-old, retired (77%), married (58%), female (55%) with less than high school education (86%) in poor/fair health (76%). They immigrated around age 49 years-old, and have hypertension (74%), arthritis (48%), and diabetes (41%). They manage their lives by living in a multi-generation tightly-knit enclaves, and show resilience to their low sociodemographic status (≤25K, 94%). Findings suggest healthcare professionals to introduce more social services such as adult daycare programs in culturally-sensitive ways to ease their transition to new lives in the U.S.