Статті в журналах: "Refractory ceramic"

1

Du, Weiliang, and Shengli Jin. "Discrete Element Modelling of Cold Crushing Tests Considering Various Interface Property Distributions in Ordinary Refractory Ceramics." Materials 15, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 7650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217650.

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The microstructures and local properties of ordinary refractory ceramic materials are heterogeneous and play a role in the fracture behavior of ordinary refractory ceramic materials. It is important to consider them in numerical modeling. Herein, the discrete element (DE) method was applied to determine the influences of heterogeneity of ordinary refractory ceramic materials by applying statistically distributed interface properties (uniform, Weibull), as opposed to constant interface properties, among the elements. Uniaxial cold crushing tests were performed as a case study. A reasonable loading strain rate for receiving quasi-static loading conditions and computation efficiency was evaluated. The loading wall displacement was recorded to present the stress–strain curves of cold crushing tests. Furthermore, the effects of the interface property distributions on the load/displacement curve, fracture energy, cold crushing strength, and fracture events were investigated. The results reveal that the DE method is a promising method for visualizing and quantifying the post–peak fracture process and crack events in ordinary refractory ceramics. Different interface property distributions contribute to significant variances in the load/displacement curve shape and fracture pattern. The heterogeneity of ordinary refractory ceramics can be further determined by comparing the experimental curves and fracture propagation along with an inverse identification approach.

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2

Ergashev, M. M. "EXPLORING CERAMIC REFRACTORY MATERIALS: CLASSIFICATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS." International Journal of Advance Scientific Research 4, no. 11 (November 1, 2024): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-11-04.

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The article explores the primary types of ceramic refractory materials, focusing on their properties and applications in high-temperature industrial processes. Key technological advancements in refractory manufacturing are discussed, with an emphasis on enhancing material strength, chemical resistance, and durability. The analysis highlights the specific characteristics of each refractory type, including fireclay, magnesite, corundum, and silicon carbide, and their utilization across various industries such as metallurgy, energy, and glass production. Modern production and modification methods for refractories are presented, aimed at improving thermal resistance and reducing the operational costs of equipment.

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3

Vakhula, Orest, Myron Pona, Ivan Solokha, Oksana Koziy, and Maria Petruk. "Ceramic Protective Coatings for Cordierite-Mullite Refractory Materials." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 15, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht15.02.247.

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The issue of cordierite-mullite refractories protection from the influence of aggressive factors is considered. The interaction between the components of protective coatings has been studied. It has been investigated that in the systems based on poly(methylphenylsiloxane) filled with magnesium oxide, alumina and quartz sand, the synthesis of cordierite (2MgO•2Al2O3•5SiO2), mullite (3Al2O3•2SiO2) or magnesium aluminate spinel (MgO•Al2O3) is possible. The basic composition of the protective coating, which can be recommended for the protection of cordierite-mullite refractory, is proposed.

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4

Shevtsov, S. V., I. A. Kovalev, and A. S. Chernyavskii. "High-temperature nitridization of zirconium, production of ceramic and metal-ceramic refractory structures." Transaction Kola Science Centre 12, no. 2-2021 (December 13, 2021): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2021.2.5.055.

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Based on the results of the work performed, the nature of the phase distribution in the resulting material, structural and morphological differences between the layered metal-ceramic and ceramic structures were established. The temperature range of zirconium nitride synthesis from 1500 to 2400° C is investigated, and the possibility of successful synthesis of nitride ceramics by the indicated method at temperatures significantly exceeding the melting point of the metal is shown.

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5

Dudnik, E. V., A. V. Shevchenko, A. K. Ruban, Z. A. Zaitseva, V. M. Vereshchaka, V. P. Red’ko, and A. A. Chekhovskii. "Refractory and ceramic materials." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 46, no. 7-8 (July 2007): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-007-0055-z.

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6

Kusiorowski, Robert. "Effect of titanium oxide addition on magnesia refractories." Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society 56, no. 4 (July 20, 2020): 1583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41779-020-00502-z.

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AbstractThis work contains the results of investigations into the influence of titanium oxide (TiO2) addition on the properties of refractory magnesia ceramics. The presented research involved adding titanium oxide in a classic way, i.e. directly to the ceramic mix. The conducted laboratory tests revealed a significant impact of this oxide on the properties of refractory materials. Addition of a small amount of TiO2 favoured the ceramic mix sintering whereas adding a bigger amount—more than 10 wt% resulted in the formation of refractories characterised by considerable porosity and low mechanical strength. Addition of this oxide also slightly improves the corrosive resistance of refractories.

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7

Jiao, Lei, and Bai Yang Jin. "Ceramic Fiber Application Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.102.

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Ceramic fiber is a kind of fibrous lightweight refractory with many advantages of light weight, thermostability, good heat stability, low thermal conductivity, small specific heat, and resistance to mechanical vibration and so on. As a result of them, it has been used widely in lots of fields, such as machinery, metallurgy, chemical industry, oil, ceramics, glass and electron. From the aspect of the ceramic fiber development, in this essay, the types and preparation methods of ceramic fiber have been listed one by one, and the author focused on analyzing the development trend of ceramic fiber and the application in papermaking industry.

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8

Seli, Hazman, Japri Bujang, and Zainal Arifin Ahmad. "Preliminary Identification of Silantek Clay as Potential Refractory." Materials Science Forum 840 (January 2016): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.840.124.

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Silantek clay deposits were characterized and evaluated for their potential as structutral ceramic products raw materials through chemical, mineralogical and refractory (1250 to 1600o C) properties determinations. Results show that the main oxides in the samples were SiO2 and Al2O3, whereas the other oxides present only in small quantity. Kaolinite(Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and quartz(SiO2) present as dominant mineral phases and the minor phases of mullite(Al6Si2O13) and zeolite(Na2Al2Si3O10·2H2O) also appeared in the samples. From the results of the refractoriness tests up to 1600°C, samples ST11, ST23A, ST31A, ST31B, ST33 have potential for refractory products as they demonstrated high thermal resistance properties(over 1600°C). Silantek clay potential to be used as raw materials mainly for refractory, structural ceramics and other common ceramic products

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9

Vakalova, T. V., N. P. Sergeev, D. T. Tolegenov, D. Zh Tolegenova, and N. A. Mitina. "Red mud in high-strength ceramics production." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 26, no. 2 (April 22, 2024): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2024-26-2-171-184.

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The work is devoted to the creation of high-strength ceramic materials with technogenic waste fillers.Purpose: Investigation of the ceramic and composite production based on chemical and metallurgical wastes to create new types of high quality constructional ceramics.Methodology/approach: The use of refractory clay with the addition of high-iron bauxite sludge as the main raw material. Bauxite sludge functions in compositions with aluminosilicate raw materials at burning at 1100 to 1200 °С, reduce to sintering due to its melting at 1150 °С.Research findings: Refractory clay compositions with red mud in the amount of 20 to 50 % at the burning temperature of 1050 °С, provide the ceramic formation possessing the compressive strength 1.3 to 1.5 times higher than that of clay samples without additives, i.e., 91 and 122–132 MPa, respectively.Value: The obtained ceramic compositions based on red mud determine a production of high-strength anorthite and anorthite-helenite ceramics using dry pressing.

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10

Varfolomeev, M. S., and G. I. Shcherbakova. "The refractory compositions designing for the highly-heat-resistant ceramic products in the foundry practice." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 6 (July 26, 2018): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2018-6-18-23.

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The sintering peculiarities of the ceramic materials which had been prepared by means of semidry pressing are investigated in the article. The fillers were the yttrium oxide Y2O3 and the fused corundum α-Al2O3, the bonding phase was the aluminoxane addition either pure or modified by the yttrium and magnesium compounds. We investigated the processes occurring at the examined ceramics sintering at different temperatures and their influence on the obtained ceramics properties. The phase composition, the thermal and mechanical properties of the test samples at 1500 °C are presented. The produced test ceramic crucibles have advanced thermal resistance and stability against the thermal cycling. The possibility is regarded to use the developed ceramic crucibles for melting and casting of the chemically reactive highly-heat-resistant metals and alloys.

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11

Coupland, D. R., R. B. McGrath, J. M. Evens, and J. P. Hartley. "Progress in Platinum Group Metal Coating Technology, ACT™." Platinum Metals Review 39, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214095x39398107.

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Refractory ceramics have long fonned a vital part of the glass making and glass processing industries. Due to market pressures these industries are moving towards increasingly higher quality products and progressively improved plant efficiency. However, significant improvements to the refractory ceramics are difficult because of the range of properties which they are required to have. This second paper on ACT™ (Advanced Coating Technology) using platinum group metals, describes the latest developments and advantages conferred by ACT™ coatings to the various ceramic forehearth components.

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12

Leikauf, G. D., S. P. Fink, M. L. Miller, J. E. Lockey, and K. E. Driscoll. "Refractory ceramic fibers activate alveolar macrophage eicosanoid and cytokine release." Journal of Applied Physiology 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.1.164.

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Refractory ceramic fiber has been developed for industrial processes requiring materials with high thermal and mechanical stability. To evaluate the biological activity of this fiber, rat alveolar macrophages were exposed for < or = 24 h to 0–1,000 micrograms/ml of refractory ceramic fiber, crocidolite asbestos, silica (fibrogenic particles), or titanium dioxide (a nonfibrogenic particle), and eicosanoid, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), and lactate dehydrogenase release were measured. Particle dimensions were determined by electron microscopy. Radioactivity coeluting with leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and immunoreactive LTB4 and TNF release increased after refractory ceramic fiber and were similar in magnitude after asbestos but less than after silica. For example, the total [3H]eicosanoid release increased 3.9-fold after refractory ceramic fiber, 4.6-fold after asbestos, and 8.7-fold after silica. Refractory ceramic fiber and asbestos also have similar particle dimensions (diameter, length, and surface area). Inasmuch as macrophage-derived LTB4 and TNF are potent mediators in inflammatory events, including migration and activation of neutrophils, these findings suggest that refractory ceramic fiber can activate macrophages in vitro to release mediators relevant to in vivo findings of inflammation and fibrotic lung disease in laboratory animals.

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13

Mamalis, Athanasios G., Edwin Gevorkyan, and S. N. Lavrynenko. "Features of Sintering of ZrO₂ Nanopowders and Composition with Different Content of Al₂O₃." Materials Science Forum 856 (May 2016): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.856.92.

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An actual problem is the synthesis of ceramic composite materials based on refractory compounds to produce nanostructured materials with high mechanical strength, namely, flexural strength, fracture toughness, hardness, heat resistance and thermal strength. Of particular interest is the transformational-reinforced ceramic, which is not inferior in strength characteristics of conventional structural alloys. Particularly noteworthy are composites based on the composition ZrO2 / Al2O3, which have high strength and toughness in comparison with monozirconium or monocorundum ceramics.

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14

Stepanova, E. V., V. G. Maximov, and Yu A. Ivakhnenko. "Surface defects and shape defects of ceramic fibers from refractory oxides." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 6 (November 30, 2023): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2023-6-62-66.

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The present article discusses ceramic fibers of refractory oxides used as the main components of heat-resistant refractory materials. Obviously, external defects affect the mechanical characteristics of refractory oxide ceramic fibers. In this regard, using optical and electron microscopy, the morphology of the surface of ceramic fibers was investigated, defects were classified, analysis was carried out, the causes of their occurrence were established and methods for their elimination were proposed.

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15

Acimovic-Pavlovic, Zagorka, Aurel Prstic, and Ljubisa Andric. "Cordierite ceramics for applications in foundry practice." Chemical Industry 61, no. 1 (2007): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0701039a.

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The research of new ceramic coatings has an important role in the improvement and development of new casting methods, especially casting with meltable and evaporable patterns. The selection of ceramic materials to be used as refractory fillers, materials for the binding system and additives for maintaining suspension stability, will be carried out in accordance with the casting method selected for the actual alloys and types of castings. The actual importance of these problems is reflected in the fact that the application of quality coatings increases the production efficiency by producing high quality castings, increases the metal yield and eliminates the expensive casting operations-cleaning and machining. Cordierite ceramic are of great importance in modern technology. Standard raw materials, kaolin, talc, MgO, alumina, feldspar were used in the synthesis of cordierite ceramics. Sintered cordierite of the composition 2MgO ? 2Al2O3 ? 5SiO2 was used as a refractory filler in a ceramic coating for evaporative polystyrene patterns in a new casting technology, the EPC Method. Cordierite characterization was carried out by means of X-ray diffraction. The characteristic temperatures for carrying out solid state reactions in the three component system 2MgO ? 2A12O3 ? 5SiO2 were determined by differential thermal analysis in the range from ambient temperature to 1100 ?C. In order to realistically evaluate possible cordierite application in the production of evaporative pattern ceramic coatings, concurrent analyses with a talc-based coating were carried out. Cordierite ceramics have not yet been used in casting.

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16

Tijjani, Y. "High temperature applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [v]: thermal conductivity of CNTs reinforced silica nanocomposite." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 15, no. 1 (December 9, 2022): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v15i1.19.

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Consolidated functionalized carbon nanotubes/silica refractory ceramic nanocomposites (FCNTs/silica) were fabricated by pressureless sintering technique. Thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites with various amounts of carbon nanotubes (0, 1, and 4 wt.%) were investigated. The thermal conductivity increases with temperature, 1 wt. % FCNTs/silica nanocomposite gave the highest thermal conductivity. Therefore, it can be concluded that the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising reinforcement for improving thermal conductivity of the silica refractory ceramics.

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17

Khater, Gamal A., Maximina Romero, Aurora López-Delgado, Isabel Padilla, Amany A. El-Kheshen, Mohammad M. Farag, Mohammad S. Elmaghraby, Hussain Shendy, and Naglaa H. S. Nasralla. "Utilizing Ceramic Factory Waste to Produce Low-Cost Refractory Ceramics." Recycling 9, no. 5 (October 14, 2024): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling9050098.

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The use of solid waste such as ceramic sludge, ceramic rollers, and magnesite was studied to obtain cheap refractory ceramics at temperatures of 1300 °C based on XRF, XRD SEM, EDX, bending strength, and dielectric properties. The prepared samples were examined. The results showed that the significant crystalline phases formed were mullite, spinel, and corundum. They also showed that mullite hindered the formation of cordierite and enhanced spinel formation. With increased cordierite content, the microstructure varied from fine grained to coarse grained. Bending strength increased with increasing mullite content and bulk density, ranging from 10.80 to 13.50 MPa. Bulk density increased with the increase in mullite content and sintering temperature and ranged from 1.99 to 1.94 g/cm3, while the percentage of porosity and water absorption decreased and ranged from 29.40 to 38.83, respectively. To examine the effect of the produced phases on the dielectric characteristics, the permittivity (ε′), dielectric loss (ε″), and AC conductivity (σac) were measured in the frequency range of 10−1 Hz to 106 Hz. As the concentration of cordierite increased, there was a noticeable drop in ε′ from 35.6 to 8.2 and σac from 10−8 s/cm to around 10−11 s/cm and high values of resistivity from 108 cm/s to about 1010 cm/s, suggesting that this material might be an excellent insulator.

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18

Li, Hong, Jin Shu Cheng, and Xin Jiang Long. "Study on Corrosion Mechanism of CAS Glass-Ceramic to Refractories by EPMA." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1663.

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CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CAS) glass-ceramic is a novel material developed in recent years. It has a number of excellent properties, such as shining appearance, high strength, and good erosion resistance. So its practical prospect is wide. Many glass and ceramic scientists have studied this glass-ceramic, but there have been no publication made regarding corrosion mechanism. In order to choose the most suitable refractory materials for melting furnace for this glass-ceramic system, the corrosion and erosion mechanism must be investigated. The results can then be used to design the furnace and predict the life of the melting furnace. Also such investigation will reveal the extent of contamination of the final glass-ceramic product. According to the experiment that the glass liquid corrodes refractory materials in static condition, various effective material test method were used, especially Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA). Using EPMA, the chemical species, morphology, size and distribution of refractory materials corroded can be observed, so we know the microstructure of refractory materials prior to and after being corroded as well as the features of changing. In this paper, the authors present the features of refractory materials microstructure prior to and after being corroded by means of analyzing these pictures, which is very useful to provide the reliable theory to establish the mechanism that CAS glass-ceramic liquid corrodes the refractory materials.

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19

Azevedo Cubas, Gloria Beatriz de, Sílvia Terra Fontes, Guilherme Brião Camacho, Flávio Fernando Demarco, and Tatiana Pereira-Cenci. "The Effect of Investment Materials on the Color of Feldspathic Ceramics." European Journal of Dentistry 05, no. 04 (October 2011): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698916.

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ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of investment type on the color of feldspathic ceramics. Methods: Ceramic specimens were constructed using the refractory die technique, using four investments (i.e., Vitadurvest, Duravest, Duceralay Superfit, and Fortune) to observe their effect on the color of five commercially available ceramics (i.e., Super Porcelain EX-3, Vision Esthetic, Vintage Halo, IPS Classic, and Vitadur Alpha). The color analysis of the ceramics was performed with a colorimeter using the CIE L*a*b* color coordinates. Results: The investments produced significant alterations on a*, b*, and L* color parameters of the ceramics tested. The ceramic Vision Esthetic was influenced by the type of investment in all color parameters (P<.05). Two investments (Duravest and Fortune) produced alterations in color parameters with three of the five ceramics tested. Conclusions: The investment materials produced alterations on the ceramic color parameters, resulting in unacceptable chromatic alterations (ΔE*). (Eur J Dent 2011;5:433-440)

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20

Gu, Hua Zhi, Ao Huang, and Hou Zhi Wang. "Finite Element Analysis on Temperature-Stress of Permeable Refractory Ceramic under Working Process in Ladle." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.154.

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According to the practical physical dimension and processing parameters of ladle with bottom gas blowing in a factory, a geometrical model was established and mesh structure was completed, Eulerian multiphase model and porous media model were adopted for the two-phase flow in ladle, which was coupled, the effect of temperature field and thermal stress in course of working process of permeable- gas refractory ceramic was studied by finite element approach. The correlations between processing, structure, and high-temperature mechanical properties were discussed, and the material and structure of permeable-gas ceramic were designed to optimum. The results show that: The steady gas flow rate can avoid wearing of permeable-gas refractory ceramic from cataclysm of temperature-stress; After the material and structure of permeable-gas refractory ceramic are optimized, the effect on ceramic wearing of temperature-stress in condition of oxygen washing is weakened. It is an important guiding for prepara- tion of permeable-gas refractory ceramic with long life, which will make for highly active refining ladle.

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21

Nikitin, K. V., A. V. Sokolov, V. I. Nikitin, and N. V. D’yachkov. "THE USE OF ALUMINUM SLAG RECYCLING PRODUCTS IN INVESTMENT CASTING TECHNOLOGIES." Izvestiya Vuzov Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Proceedings of Higher Schools Nonferrous Metallurgy, no. 6 (December 14, 2018): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-58-71.

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The studies of fractional, chemical and phase compositions of aluminum-containing slags of different origin found that slags are multi-component systems consisting of metal and non-metal parts. The non-metal part contains water-soluble and water-insoluble components. A practical scheme for recycling aluminum-containing slags was proposed in order to isolate the water-insoluble component to be further used a secondary refractory dusting material. It was found that the secondary refractory dusting material has a positive effect on the quality of refractory ceramic molds in investment casting and the surface finish of experimental aluminum castings. This material improves the strength of refractory ceramic molds by 9 times in comparison with silica sand molds and increases gas permeability by 15 % to 33 % in comparison with fused alumina and silica sand molds, respectively. The study covers the processes used to produce refractory ceramic molds based on the secondary refractory dusting material. The mechanism of interaction between dusting material particles and suspension is theoretically justified in terms of colloid chemistry. Negatively charged aluminum hydroxide micelles appear when ceramic mold layers are formed using the secondary refractory dusting material. Interaction between differently charged Al(OH)3 and SiO2 micelles makes secondary refractory dusting material particles come in close contact with each other. The theoretically justified processes of ceramic mold layer formation with the secondary refractory dusting material make it possible to explain the reduction in the surface roughness of castings made of AK9ch aluminum casting alloy using investment casting by 3.7 times compared with standard production processes.

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22

Rodin, A. I., A. A. Ermakov, V. M. Kyashkin, N. G. Rodina, and V. T. Erofeev. "WOLLASTONITE CERAMICS FROM CHALK AND DIATOMITE FOR REFRACTORY INSULATION." Steklo i Keramika, no. 7 (July 2022): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/glc.2022.07.pp.029-042.

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Wollastonite ceramics was obtained from chalk and diatomite by the method of solid-phase synthesis of components. The influence of charge composition, modes of its mechanochemical activation and temperature-time modes of heat treatment on the phase composition, physical-mechanical and thermophysical properties of ceramic materials is studied. As a result of the joint mechanochemical activation of the charge components (chalk + diatomite), the temperature of the solid-phase synthesis of wollastonite ceramics was reduced to 900 °C. After firing for 2 hours, ceramic samples were obtained almost 90 % consisting of the mineral wollastonite. The compressive strength of the samples is 22 – 23 MPa at an average density of 1270 – 1300 kg/m3. The material has a stable thermal coefficient of linear expansion (TCLE) under 7.76?10–6 K–1. It can be operated at temperatures up to 1100 °C inclusively. Thermal insulation samples with an average density of 435 kg/m3, compressive strength of 2.2 MPa, thermal conductivity of 0.099 W/(m °C) and the limiting operating temperature under 1050 °C were obtained from the prepared charge mixture and foamed perlite. The resulting materials can be used as thermal insulation for industrial and civil facilities, refractory insulation of industrial furnaces, equipment, etc.

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23

Nguyen, Martin, and Radomír Sokolář. "Influence of Fly Ash on Corrosion Resistance of Refractory Forsterite-Spinel Ceramics." Solid State Phenomena 325 (October 11, 2021): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.325.181.

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This article examines the influence of fly ash on corrosion resistance of refractory forsterite-spinel ceramics by molten iron as a corrosive medium. Fly ash in comparison with alumina were used as raw materials and sources of aluminium oxide for synthesis of forsterite-spinel refractory ceramics. Raw materials were milled, mixed in different ratios into two sets of mixtures and sintered at 1550°C for 2 hours. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal dilatometric analysis. Crucibles were then made from the fired ceramic mixtures and fired together with iron at its melting point of 1535°C for 5 hours. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy on the transition zones between iron and ceramics. Mixtures with increased amount of spinel had higher corrosion resistance and mixtures with fly ash were comparable to mixtures with alumina in terms of corrosion resistance and refractory properties.

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24

Carthew, P., RE Edwards, BM Dorman, RC Brown, J. Young, JJ Laskowski, and JC Wagner. "Intrapleural administration of vitreous high duty ceramic fibres and heated devitrified ceramic fibres does not give rise to pleural mesothelioma in rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 14, no. 8 (August 1995): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719501400806.

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In order to determine whether they are potentially car cinogenic to the pleural mesothelium, three samples of ceramic fibre have been administered to rats by the intrapleural route. These samples were a high-duty grade refractory ceramic fibre (manufactured by Thermal Ceramics Ltd) in the as-manufactured vitreous state and two devitrified samples produced by heating the same fibre for 2 weeks at 1200°C and for two weeks at 1400°C. The mean lifespans of the groups of rats treated with vitri fied and devitrified ceramic fibres were not significantly different from that of the control rats. In these studies none of the treated or control rats developed pleural mesothelioma, making it unlikely that ceramic fibres of this type, whether vitreous or devitrified, are potentially carcinogenic to the pleural mesothelium.

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25

Usseinov, Abay B., Zhakyp T. Karipbayev, Juris Purans, Askhat B. Kakimov, Aizat Bakytkyzy, Amangeldy M. Zhunusbekov, Temirgali A. Koketai, Artem L. Kozlovskyi, Yana Suchikova та Anatoli I. Popov. "Study of β-Ga2O3 Ceramics Synthesized under Powerful Electron Beam". Materials 16, № 21 (1 листопада 2023): 6997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16216997.

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The synthesis of β-Ga2O3 ceramic was achieved using high-energy electron beams for the first time. The irradiation of gallium oxide powder in a copper crucible using a 1.4 MeV electron beam resulted in a monolithic ceramic structure, eliminating powder particles and imperfections. The synthesized β-Ga2O3 ceramic exhibited a close-to-ideal composition of O/Ga in a 3:2 ratio. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed a monoclinic structure (space group C2/m) that matched the reference diagram before and after annealing. Photoluminescence spectra revealed multiple luminescence peaks at blue (~2.7 eV) and UV (3.3, 3.4, 3.8 eV) wavelengths for the synthesized ceramic and commercial crystals. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the bonding modes in the synthesized ceramic. The electron beam-assisted method offers a rapid and cost-effective approach for β-Ga2O3 ceramic production without requiring additional equipment or complex manipulations. This method holds promise for fabricating refractory ceramics with high melting points, both doped and undoped.

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Rodríguez-García, José Amparo, Carlos Adrián Calles-Arriaga, Ricardo Daniel López-García, José Adalberto Castillo-Robles, and Enrique Rocha-Rangel. "Chemical Interaction between the Sr4Al6O12SO4 Ceramic Substrate and Al–Si Alloys." Eng 5, no. 1 (March 5, 2024): 461–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng5010025.

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Samples of Sr4Al6O12SO4 are obtained through a solid-state reaction of Al2O3, SrSO4, and SrCO3. The samples are then made into 1 and 4 cm pellets by compacting them at 100MPa and sintering them at 1400 °C for 4 h. The compound is analyzed using X-ray diffraction. Static immersion and wettability tests are carried out to evaluate corrosion resistance in contact with Al–Si. Corrosion tests are conducted by immersing the samples at 800, 900, and 1000 °C for 24, 50, and 100 h, while wettability is studied at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C for 2 h. Afterwards, the samples are subject to metallographic preparation. The samples are then analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and image analysis. In general, reaction products consisting of alumina, spinel, oxides, and sulfates are found. The contact angles obtained are between 124° and 135°. It is concluded that the Sr4Al6O12SO4 ceramic substrate is resistant to corrosion by the Al–Si alloy because of the slight thickness of the reaction products found in the samples (73 μm), considering the severe conditions of the experiment: 1000 °C and 100 h of isothermal temperature. Furthermore, Sr4Al6O12SO4 is not wettable by Al–Si alloys. These results suggest that the ceramic substrate could be used in the refractory industry, possibly as an additive to commercial refractory ceramics. For future work, it is recommended to carry out the same study with the aluminum–magnesium alloy and as an additive in commercial refractory ceramics.

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Joaquín-Morales, Ma G., G. Vargas-Gutiérrez, J. L. Rodríguez-Galicia, G. I. Vazquez-Carbajal, and J. López-Cuevas. "Ceramic Refractory Compositions with Biosolubility Characteristics." MRS Proceedings 1765 (2015): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.809.

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ABSTRACTIn this work, we studied the dissolution of three different refractory compositions belonging to the ternary system SiO2-CaO-MgO into two Simulated Lung Fluids (SLF). The initial powder mixtures were uniaxially pressed and then sintered at 1300-1400 °C. The sintered samples were immersed for times from 1 to 21 days into a given SLF at 37 °C. The samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The dissolution of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Si4+ into the SLF was quantified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The in vitro studies suggested that all the considered materials had a potential to show a diminished biopersistence in vivo, due to reasons that depended on their chemical and phase composition.

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28

Plankenhorn, W. J. "REFRACTORY CERAMIC BASE COATS FOR METAL*." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 31, no. 6 (June 2, 2006): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1948.tb14283.x.

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29

Volosova, M. A., A. A. Okunkova, S. V. Fedorov, N. V. Kolosova, and K. I. Gkhashim. "Technological principles for microtexturing the operating surfaces of ceramic cutting inserts by electrical discharge machining." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2573, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2573/1/012020.

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Abstract The article describes the technological principles of electrical discharge machining of the surface layer of SiAlON dielectric ceramics based on the artificial creation of conductive conditions of the ceramics’ surface layer, making it possible to form microtextures such as microgrooves and microwells/holes. It has been established that the processing stability between the electrode tool and the ceramic insert is increased by the deposition of electrically conductive coatings to ceramic inserts and supplying finely dispersed ZrO2 and TiO2 assisting powders into the interelectrode gap merged in a dielectric medium. The resistance tests carried out have shown that the use of compounds based on hard thermostable nitrides of refractory metals (AlCrTiNbSi)N and TiN-(AlCrTi)N as coatings with subsequent microtexturing provides a mutually reinforcing effect and makes it possible to increase the wear resistance of ceramic inserts up to 2.6 times when turning an Inconel 718 heat-resistant nickel alloy.

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30

Dunyushkina, Liliya A. "Field-assisted sintering of refractory oxygen-ion and proton conducting ceramics." Electrochemical Materials and Technologies 3, no. 3 (Special Issue) (2024): 20243040. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/elmattech.2024.3.040.

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Solid oxides with high oxygen-ion and proton conductivity have been extensively studied for applications in electrochemical devices such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, sensors, hydrogen separators, etc. However, the preparation of high-density ceramic electrolytes is often complicated by the exceptional refractoriness of most oxygen-ion conducting solid oxide phases. Therefore, conventional sintering of these materials is very energy consuming and low effective. In recent years, non-conventional field-assisted sintering technologies (FASTs) such as spark plasma sintering, flash sintering and microwave sintering, have been developed and applied for sintering dense ceramic electrolytes at reduced temperatures. In this article, the applications of FASTs for densification of refractory oxygen-ion and proton conducting ceramics are reviewed, while the mechanisms, advantages and limitations of these technologies are discussed, with special emphasis on the effects of FASTs on the microstructural and transport properties of sintered materials, and the performance of FAST-processed electrochemical cells.

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31

Matrenin, S. V., Boris Ovechkin, and R. V. Tayukin. "An Application of Spark Plasma Sintering for Compaction of Refractory Oxides and Nitrides." Applied Mechanics and Materials 756 (April 2015): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.756.225.

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The results of investigation of physical and mechanical properties of ceramic materials manufactured by compaction of alumina, zirconia, and aluminum oxynitride powders using spark plasma sintering (SPS) are presented. It is found out that the ceramics thus produced exhibit improved density and microhardness compared to the materials sintered at high temperature in a resistance furnace.

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32

Balinova, Yu A., D. V. Graschenkov, A. A. Shavnev, V. G. Babashov, A. S. Chaynikova, E. I. Kurbatkina, and A. N. Bolshakov. "High-temperature heat-shielding, ceramic and ceramic-metal composite materials for new-generation aviation equipment." Journal of «Almaz – Antey» Air and Defence Corporation, no. 2 (July 19, 2020): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.38013/2542-0542-2020-2-83-92.

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This paper describes achievements of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Aviation Materials in the field of creating high-temperature heat-shielding, ceramic and metal-ceramic composite materials. The advantages and prospects of applying the developed materials in the manufacturing of structural elements of aircraft and friction joints are discussed. The synthesis features and basic properties of metal-ceramic composite materials based on light alloys, refractory metal matrices, ceramic composite materials for use in heavily loaded structural elements of modern aircraft are presented. The main achievements in the field of heat-shielding materials based on refractory oxide fibres are presented, along with their properties and application in new-generation aircrafts.

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Fényi, B., N. Hegman, F. Wéber, P. Arató, and Cs Balázsi. "DC conductivity of silicon nitride based carbon-ceramic composites." Processing and Application of Ceramics 1, no. 1-2 (2007): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac0702057f.

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The silicon nitride ceramics are usually known as strongly refractory and enduring materials and have typical electrically insulating properties. If the reinforcing phase of ceramic composite (that is mainly put in the material to improve mechanical properties) is a good electrical conductor, it is worth to investigate the composite in electrical aspect. In this work carbon nanotubes, black-carbon and graphite were added to the basic silicon nitride ceramic and the electrical conductivity of the prepared carbon-ceramic composites was determined. The conductivity of the ceramic composites with different type and concentration of the carbon additives was observed by applying four point DC resistance measurements. Insulator and conductor composites in a wide conductivity range can be produced depending on the type and quantity of the additives. The additive types as well as the sintering parameters have influence on the basic electrical properties of the conductor composites.

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34

Dyatlova, E. M., F. I. Panteleenko, R. Ju Popov, A. N. Shimanskaya, I. V. Kavrus, A. S. Samsonova, and O. M. Diakonov. "Processes occurring during the synthesis of wollastonite‑containing refractory used in non‑ferrous metallurgy." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 2 (June 11, 2024): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2024-2-44-48.

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This article presents the results of research on the processes occurring during the synthesis of wollastonite‑containing ceramics obtained from various clay components. The peculiarities of crystalline phase formation in the material are described. The obtained information lays the foundation for the organization of ceramic production that is in demand in the metallurgical industry.

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35

Fiorin, Livia, Guilherme Teixeira Theodoro, Izabela Cristina Maurício Moris, Renata Cristina Silveira Rodrigues, Ricardo Faria Ribeiro, and Adriana Cláudia Lapria Faria. "Fracture toughness of three heat pressed ceramic systems." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 17 (April 3, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v17i0.8651897.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate fracture toughness by indentation method of three dental ceramics processed by heat pressing. The ceramics evaluated were fluorapatite glass ceramic (ZIR), glass ceramic containing leucite (POM) and leucite-reinforced glass ceramic (EMP). Materials and methods: Ninety disks (13mm of diameter x 4mm of thickness) and nine rectangular specimens (25x4x2mm) were made to evaluate, respectively, microhardness/fracture toughness (n=30) and elastic modulus (n=3). Samples were obtained by pressing ceramic into refractory molds. After polishing, Vickers microhardness was evaluated under 4,904N load for 20s. Elastic modulus was measured by impulse excitation technique. Data from microhardness and elastic modulus were used to calculate fracture toughness, after measuring crack length under 19,6N load applied for 20s. Results were evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey´s test. Results: Microhardness (VHN) of POM (637.9±53.6) was statistically greater (p<0.05) than ZIR (593.0±14.3), followed by EMP (519.1±21.5); no significant difference (p=0.206) was noted for elastic modulus (GPa) (ZIR: 71.5±9.0; POM: 67.3±4.4; EMP: 61.7±2.3). Fracture toughness (MPa/m) of POM (0.873±0.066) was statistically lower (p<0.05) than ZIR (0.977±0.021) and EMP (0.965±0.035). Conclusion: The results suggest that fluorapatite glass ceramic (ZIR) and leucite-reinforced glass ceramic (EMP) processed by heat pressing presented greater fracture toughness, improving clinical prognosis of metal free restorations.

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36

Ikeda, Yoshinori, Hideki Tamura, and Akira B. Sawaoka. "Refractory Boride and Nitride Ceramic Coatings Sprayed by the Ceramic Jets." REVIEW OF HIGH PRESSURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 7 (1998): 1472–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.7.1472.

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37

Popov, R. Yu, E. M. Dyatlova, A. S. Samsonava, and H. M. Shymanskaya. "SYNTHESIS OF WOLLASTONITE-CONTAINING CERAMICS FROM NATURAL RAW MATERIALS OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS." Steklo i Keramika, no. 16 (April 2023): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/glc.2023.04.pp.012-021.

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Compositions of ceramic masses for obtaining wollastonite-containing ceramics using domestic carbonate and siliceous raw materials were developed. The features of the formation of the structure and phase composition of synthesized ceramic materials in connection with the physicochemical properties and operational characteristics were established. The influence of a mineralizing additive (naturally occurring wollastonite) on the processes of sintering and phase formation was determined, the relationship between the physical-technical and thermophysical properties, the firing temperature and the amount of additive introduced was revealed. The results of the research are of theoretical and practical interest in organizing the production of refractory products based on wollastonite.

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38

Krasnyi, B. L., N. A. Makarov, K. I. Ikonnikov, D. D. Bernt, A. S. Sizova, A. L. Galganova, and O. I. Rodimov. "Technology of manufacturing large-format ceramic refractory products of different composition and structure by 3D printing. Part 1. The principle of form building." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 7 (November 30, 2023): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2023-7-12-16.

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The technology of 3D printing of large-format ceramic refractories used in thermal units and in refractory equipment has been developed. The proposed technology makes it possible, due to the capillary effect at the grain boundary in printed layers, to achieve very high interlayer cohesion and thereby obtain ceramic refractory products not limited by geometric dimensions and shape, including the finished lining of any thermal units.

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39

Terzic, Anja, Milica Vasic, Jovica Stojanovic, Vladimir Pavlovic, and Zagorka Radojevic. "Application of pyrophyllite in high-temperature treated building materials." Science of Sintering, no. 00 (2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos220610014t.

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Phyllosilicate mineral pyrophyllite is predominantly used in the ceramic industry because it exhibits high refractoriness. Due to its thermal transformation into mullite, pyrophyllite is stable at elevated temperatures, making it a suitable mineral additive for refractory non-shaped materials and various ceramic shaped products. In this study, pyrophyllite is employed as 50 % clay replacement in the ceramics and up to 30 % cement replacement in mortars. Physico-mechanical properties were investigated. The firing shrinkage in the ceramics treated at 1200?C was reduced by pyrophyllite addition. Pyrophyllite acted as additional pozzolana during cement hydration. Within the microstructure, it formed micro-reinforcement in the shape of crystalline folia, which improves the mechanical properties of ordinary Portland cement, high aluminate cement, and blended cement mortars. The investigation proved the efficiency and suitability of pyrophyllite employed as a substitution for clay in ceramics and a cement replacement in mortars.

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40

Sreeja, R., P. V. Prabhakaran, Sushant K. Manwatkar, and S. Packirisamy. "Adhesive Joining of Metal to Metal and Metal to Ceramic by Ceramic Precursor Route." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.656.

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Inorganic ceramic adhesives (geopolymers) based on aluminosilicate matrix are versatile candidates for bonding metals to metals or metals to ceramics. On curing, they result in an amorphous, crosslinked, impervious, acid resistant 3D-structures. Alkali activated aluminosilicate based ceramic adhesive was developed for bonding metals to ceramics and metal to metal, for high temperature applications. The bonding is achieved at 175°C for 3 hrs, by solid state reaction of alkaline solution of allkalisilicate precursor with the refractory filler, contributing to the bulk aluminosilicate matrix. Lap shear strength of 2-4 MPa was obtained for bonding stainless steel. The XRD patterns show the amorphous nature of the aluminosilicate matrix, with mullite formation at higher temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the weight loss is only due to the removal of water from the system by means of evaporation and polycondensation of Si-OH groups and Al-OH groups. This is followed by structural reorganisation in which aluminium ions are incorporated into the silicate chains forming the Si-O-Al network resulting in the bonding with the metallic surface. The system can withstand the maximum operational temperatures of the substrates and can be used for bonding different metallic or ceramic, joints/interfaces for RLV-TD/TSTO.

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41

MacKinnon, Paul A., Thomas J. Lentz, Carol H. Rice, James E. Lockey, Grace K. Lemasters, and Peter S. Gartside. "Electron Microscopy Study of Refractory Ceramic Fibers." Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 16, no. 10 (October 2001): 944–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/104732201300367191.

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42

Lockey, J., G. Lemasters, C. Rice, K. Hansen, L. Levin, R. Shipley, H. Spitz, and J. Wiot. "Refractory ceramic fiber exposure and pleural plaques." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 154, no. 5 (November 1996): 1405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.154.5.8912756.

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43

Marotta, E. E., and L. S. Fletcher. "Thermal contact conductance of refractory ceramic coatings." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 10, no. 1 (January 1996): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.746.

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44

Shelaeva, T. B., N. Yu Mikhailenko, V. F. Solinov, and P. D. Sarkisov. "Mechanical activation of refractory glass-ceramic batches." Doklady Chemistry 447, no. 2 (December 2012): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s001250081212004x.

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45

Mahnicka-Goremikina, Ludmila, Ruta Svinka, Visvaldis Svinka, Vadims Goremikins, Svetlana Ilic, Liga Grase, Inna Juhnevica, Maris Rundans, Toms Valdemars Eiduks, and Arturs Pludons. "Porous Mullite Ceramic Modification with Nano-WO3." Materials 16, no. 13 (June 27, 2023): 4631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134631.

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Mullite and mullite–alumina ceramics materials with dominance of the mullite phase are used in different areas of technology and materials science. Porous mullite ceramics materials can be used simultaneously as refractory heat insulators and also as materials for constructional elements. The purpose of this work was to investigate the WO3 nanoparticle influence on the evolution of the aluminum tungstate and zircon crystalline phases in mullite ceramics due to stabilization effects caused by different microsize ZrO2 and WO3. The use of nano-WO3 prevented the dissociation of zircon in the ceramic samples with magnesia-stabilized zirconia (MSZ), increased porosity by approximately 60 ± 1%, increased the intensity of the aluminum tungstate phase, decreased bulk density by approximately 1.32 ± 0.01 g/cm3, and increased thermal shock resistance by ensuring a loss of less than 5% of the elastic modulus after 10 cycles of thermal shock.

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46

Gómez-Rodríguez, Cristian, Linda Viviana García-Quiñonez, Josué Amilcar Aguilar-Martínez, Guadalupe Alan Castillo-Rodríguez, Edén Amaral Rodríguez-Castellanos, Jesús Fernando López-Perales, María Isabel Mendivil-Palma, Luis Felipe Verdeja, and Daniel Fernández-González. "MgO–ZrO2 Ceramic Composites for Silicomanganese Production." Materials 15, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072421.

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The deterioration of the refractory lining represents a significant problem for the smooth operation in the ferroalloys industry, particularly in the production of silicomanganese, due to the periodic requirements of substitution of the damaged refractory. Within this context, magnesia refractories are commonly employed in the critical zones of the furnaces used in silicomanganese production since the slag involved in the process has a basic character. The behavior of MgO–ZrO2 ceramic composites with different ZrO2 nanoparticles (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt.%) contents in the presence of silicomanganese slags is proposed in this manuscript. XPS, XRD and SEM–EDX were used to evaluate the properties of the ceramic composite against the silicomanganese slag. The static corrosion test was used to evaluate the corrosion of the refractory. Results suggest that corrosion is controlled by the change in slag viscosity due to the reaction between CaZrO3 and the melted slag. Besides, ZrO2 nanoparticles located at both triple points and grain boundaries act as a barrier for the slag advance within the refractory. The utilization of MgO refractories with ZrO2 nanoparticles can extend the life of furnaces used to produce silicomanganese.

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47

Yurkov, Andrey. "Silicon Carbide–Silicon Nitride Refractory Materials: Part 1 Materials Science and Processing." Processes 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2023): 2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11072134.

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Silicon carbide and silicon nitride materials were intensively studied in the end of the past century, yet some aspects of its physical chemistry require investigation. The strength characteristics of Si3N4-SiC refractories are moderate; however, these materials sometimes demonstrate “stress–strain” behavior, more typical for composite materials than for the brittle ceramics. These materials may be considered to be ceramic composites because they consist of big grains of silicon carbide surrounded by small grains of silicon nitride, with strict interfaces between them. There is no direct certainty whether Si3N4-SiC compositions may be called composite materials or brittle ceramic materials from the viewpoint of mechanics and strength. The balance of α/β modifications of silicon nitride in Si3N4-SiC composite material and, the occurrence and the role of silicon oxynitride Si2ON2 are also a matter of scientific interest in processing of Si3N4-SiC composite material. The same may be said about the particles of silicon nitride between the grains of silicon carbide—there is no direct understanding whether silicon nitride grains will be isometric grains or needle-like crystals.

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48

de Aguiar, Mariane Costalonga, Lara Pessin Rodrigues, Flaviane Helena Guedes, Jonas Alexandre, Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Banana Aqueous Extract as a Potential Addition to Clay Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.246.

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Clays mined in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, are basically kaolinitic with refractory behavior. Sintering of these clays for the fabrication of red ceramic products such as bricks, tiles and structural blocks usually requires addition of fluxing agents to consolidate the ceramic structure. The banana plant has potassium as one of its major nutrients, which exists in a relatively higher amount associated with the plant lignocellulosic constitution. Since potassium compounds are also fluxing agents for clay ceramics, the present work evaluates the effect of an aqueous extract obtained from the banana plant, for plastic behavior, into a clayey mixture before firing at conventional temperatures of 700 and 900°C. The results of this banana aqueous extract addition revealed that, within standard deviations of the evaluated properties, there was no apparent improvement but only a slightly tendency of undesirable increase in the ceramic linear shrinkage at 900°C firing temperature.

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49

Babahanova, Z. A., and M. N. Aripova. "Highly-refractory spinel-bonded aluminapericlase-carbonaceous ceramic materials." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 9 (December 29, 2018): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2018-9-23-27.

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The slag-resistant highly-refractory alumina-periclase carbonaceous ceramic materials were synthesized out of the Kazogneupor's electro-cast corundum, Zinel'bulaksk's (Uzbekistan) talc, and enriched graphite concentrate (Uzbekistan). The crystal structure of the materials is formed of corundum and spinel. The refractoriness of the ceramic samples is higher than 1800 °C, the density is 2520‒2880 kg/m3, the water absorption is 6,75‒11.71 %, open porosity is 16‒21 %, and the ultimate compression strength is 100‒120 MPa.Ill. 3. Ref. 9. Tab. 2.

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50

Seifert, Severin, Sebastian Dittrich, and Jürgen Bach. "Recovery of Raw Materials from Ceramic Waste Materials for the Refractory Industry." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020228.

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Products of the refractory industry are key for the production of heavy industry goods such as steel and iron, cement, aluminum and glass. Corresponding industries are dependent on thermal processes to manufacture their products, which in turn would not be possible if there were no refractory materials, such as refractory bricks or refractory mixes. For the production of refractory materials, primary raw materials or semi-finished products such as corundum, bauxite or zircon are used. Industrial recycling of refractory raw materials would reduce dependencies, conserve resources and reduce global CO2 emissions. Today, only a small quantity of the refractory materials used can be recycled because raw materials (regenerates) obtained from end-of-life materials are of insufficient quality. In this study, regenerates from different refractory waste products could be obtained using the innovative processing method of electrodynamic fragmentation. It was shown that these regenerates have a high chemical purity and are therefore of high quality. It could be confirmed that the use of these regenerates in refractory materials does not affect the characteristic properties, such as refractoriness and mechanical strength. Thus, electrodynamic fragmentation is a process, which is able to provide high-quality raw materials for the refractory industry from used materials.

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