Статті в журналах: "Reformatories"

1

Tsui, Brian. "Reforming Bodies and Minds." positions: asia critique 28, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 789–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10679847-8606497.

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This article revisits reformatories set up under Nationalist China from 1928–37 to transform former Communists into loyal nationalist subjects. By examining confessions attributed to inmates and scandalous tales of Communists published by reformatories, it argues that these institutions were more than devices to suppress political dissent. Instead, reformatories played productive functions for the Guomindang state. First, reformatories’ in-house magazines conjured up an anticommunist figure of the Communist that combined the excesses of urban capitalism and the residues of China’s “superstitious” sect. Communist cadres, articles written by political converts suggested, were puerile, capricious, and alienated from traditional moral norms. At the same time, the Communist movement was attributed qualities of an evil cult preying on the ignorant and the irrational. Second, by publicizing the overcoming of the sins attributed to Communists, the reformatories created, with contributions by former Communists, a textual economy in which the Chinese populace as a whole turned away from left-wing politics and acquired a new subject position. More than converting individual Communists into “proper” nationalists, reformatories were supposed to bring about, if only in allegorical terms, mass conversion to the sobriety, obedience, hierarchical order, and organic unity that the nation was supposed to entail.

2

Belova, Nadezhda A. "Vologda reformatories for juvenile delinquents (1918 – the 1920s)." Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history 5, no. 4 (2021): 1143–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2021-5-4-3.

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Based on the analysis of archival documents and scientific literature, the article discusses issues related to the formation and functioning of various types of reformatories for juvenile delinquents (school and shelter, probation and supervision station for morally defective children, reception center, children’s home, juvenile colony for difficult children, et al.) that operated in the territory of Vologda Governorate during the initial period of the Soviet era. The data on the location of these institutions, specific features of their management, and the number, composition and confinement conditions of the inmates were clarified. When characterizing the activities of these institutions, along with positive experience, the problems, difficulties and shortcomings in their work were considered and attention was paid to the measures taken to eliminate the latter. The author came to the conclusion that the history of the Vologda juvenile reformatories in 1918 – the 1920s was a reflection of the national policy of the Bolsheviks implemented at the regional level that was aimed at combating homelessness, neglect, and juvenile delinquency, at developing effective measures to eradicate and prevent these negative phenomena, and at searching for an optimal model of an institution for correcting difficult teenagers.

3

Ericsson, Kjersti. "The Punitive Repertoire of Children's Homes and Reformatories." Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 13, no. 2 (December 2012): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2012.729354.

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4

Kumar, Sanjay. "Performing on the Platform: Creating Theatre with India's Platform Children." TDR/The Drama Review 57, no. 4 (December 2013): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00305.

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Young, trained, middle-class facilitators from pandies' theatre of Delhi enable impoverished boys—rescued from India's railway platforms and incarcerated in NGO-run shelters or state reformatories—to create theatre based on their lives. The resulting performances—which re-perform sagas of violence, rape, drug abuse, prostitution, and death—question the very premises of social amelioration.

5

Tremblay, Pierre, and Guy Therriault. "La punition commune du crime : la prison et l’amende à Montréal de 1845 à 1913." Criminologie 18, no. 1 (August 17, 2005): 43–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017207ar.

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Common jails “produce” more punishment than either penitentiaries or reformatories for juvenile delinquents. Students of incarceration, however, have hitherto overlooked the significance of what could be called “petty” or minor punishment. Montreal's penal archives (1845-1913) have been systematically analyzed so as to permit a preliminary theory of such petty punishment institutions, their junction in the general penal economy and their evolution over time.

6

Mayernick, Jason. "Segregated Young Men's Reformatories in Maryland during the Great Depression." Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 15, no. 1 (2022): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2022.0001.

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7

Vehkalahti, Kaisa, and Susanna Hoikkala. "Gender and Discipline in the Finnish Reformatories of the 1920s." Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 6, no. 3 (2013): 457–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2013.0044.

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8

Kim, Hyeok. "Treatment of Juvenile Reformatories and Protection of Human Rights in Japan." Korean Juvenile Protection Review 35, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35930/kjpr.35.1.1.

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9

Park, Jeong-Mi. "When Women Encountered Protection: Exploring Female Reformatories Through Documents and Testimony." Journal of Asian Women 60, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 41–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14431/jaw.2021.04.60.1.41.

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10

Sangster, Joan. "Reforming Women's Reformatories: Elizabeth Fry, Penal Reform, and the State, 1950-1970." Canadian Historical Review 85, no. 2 (June 2004): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.85.2.227.

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11

Hunt, G., J. Mellor, and J. Turner. "Wretched, Hatless and Miserably Clad: Women and the Inebriate Reformatories from 1900-1913." British Journal of Sociology 40, no. 2 (June 1989): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/590271.

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12

Sokalska, O. "The transformation of carceral practices in Pennsylvania: from William Penn's Great Law to the Penitentiary House at Walnut Street Prison." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 74 (January 31, 2023): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.74.7.

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The article analyzes the transformation of carceral practices in Pennsylvania (1682–1790) in the context of changes in criminal laws: from the formal consolidation in the Code of Laws of 1682 of reformatories with hard labor to the organization in Philadelphia in 1790 of the first penitentiary house with a regime of solitary confinement. It is defined that before the states gained independence, correctional houses, if they functioned in some cities, then as institutions of forced labor and the purpose of correction was not before them. The Revolutionary War for Independence had a decisive impact on the reform of the penal system, which resulted in the adoption of the state constitution, which contained a prescription to revise the penal system. The Criminal Law of 1786 established the main punishment for serious crimes as imprisonment combined with hard labour, but the regime of imprisonment did not change in any way, and public hard labour was recognized as ineffective. It is established that the main actors in the further search for a model of serving a sentence of imprisonment in Pennsylvania were members of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons. The main steps of the reformers in 1788-1790 were aimed at introducing legislative changes in the field of execution of punishments with an emphasis on solitary confinement based on the practical experience of reformatories in England and prison theory. As a result of the Society's initiatives, in 1790, An Act to reform the penal laws of the state was adopted, in which the main elements of the sentencing regime were hard labor and unremitted solitude in order to correct criminals and prevent new crimes. For this purpose, it was prescribed to build a separate building with single cells in the yard of Walnut Street Prison for the detention of dangerous criminals. The law established a mechanism for control and supervision of the prison, as well as regulated the regime principles of serving the sentence, which were largely borrowed from the experience of English workhouses.

13

Van Ruyskensvelde, Sarah, and Laura Nys. "Folded Files, Unfolding Narratives: Psycho-Pedagogical Observation in the Belgian Juvenile Reformatories, 1912–1945." History of Education 49, no. 3 (May 3, 2020): 398–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0046760x.2020.1739757.

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14

Wan, Sim Hinman. "Disciplining Otherness in the Tropics." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 81, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 420–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2022.81.4.420.

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Abstract During the seventeenth century, philanthropy offered the Dutch a self-disciplinary opportunity to expend their globally attained fortunes. As Janus-faced emblems of the wealth and poverty generated by a merchant society, monumentally scaled almshouses, hospices, orphanages, and reformatories in both the Dutch Republic and its colonies commemorated leadership that privileged moderation over extravagance. In Disciplining Otherness in the Tropics: Dutch Philanthropic Sites and the Urbanization of Indonesian Ports, 1640–1730, Sim Hinman Wan considers buildings for organized philanthropy as integral to the Dutch settlement of Batavia and Amboina in Indonesia, arguing that the presence of philanthropic establishments in the peripheral territories of Asian inhabitants served to subject these neighborhoods to colonial power. Dutch builders configured architecture and urban space in these cosmopolitan port cities to reinforce an ethnoculturally determined social hierarchy.

15

Kealey, Linda. "Shaped By Silence: Stories from Inmates of the Good Shepherd Laundries and Reformatories. Rie Croll." Canadian Historical Review 102, no. 2 (June 2021): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-102-2-br15.

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16

Dekker, Jeroen J. H. "THE ROLE OF TEMPORARY MARGINALIZATION. REFORMATORIES AND INSANE ASYLUMS: THE NETHERLANDS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY." Paedagogica Historica 26, no. 2 (January 1990): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0030923900260207.

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17

Curtin, Geraldine. "‘The Child Condemned’: The Imprisonment of Children in Ireland, 1850–19081." Irish Economic and Social History 47, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 78–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0332489320934588.

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In the 1850s, tens of thousands of children were imprisoned in Ireland. At that time there was a growing concern internationally that incarceration of children with adult criminals was inappropriate. This concern resulted in the passage of legislation in 1858 which facilitated the opening of reformatory schools in Ireland. By 1870, ten reformatories had opened, yet, as this article argues, three quarters of children given custodial sentences in that year were sent to prison and not to the new institutions. In the second half of the nineteenth century, there were attempts to improve conditions for children in prison; however, as the century drew to a close, there was a general agreement that any form of imprisonment was unsuitable for children. New laws, culminating in the Children Act of 1908, gradually brought about the removal of children from prisons, so that by 1912 there were only five children imprisoned in Ireland.

18

Ludbrook, Robert. "Juvenile Justice - New Zealand’s Family Oriented Approach." Children Australia 17, no. 4 (1992): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200012657.

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Our perceptions of children tend to vacillate between a romanticised view of them as young innocents whose unacceptable behaviour should be excused because of their youth, immaturity and impressionability and the contrasting view that they are uncivilised barbarians who, for their own good, must be treated firmly, even severely, so they may leam to distinguish right from wrong and to behave properly.The ‘child correction’ approach was favoured by the early British settlers in Aotearoa New Zealand. Soon after colonisation there were moves to establish child reformatories on the English model and children were often more harshly treated than adults. It was accepted that the most effective way of correcting children was to hit them with a cane or a whip. Some early observers noted the warmth and affection with which the indigenous Maori people treated their children and contrasted this with the stern and strict attitudes of the Anglo-Saxon colonisers.

19

Carpenter, Peter K. "Rev Harold Nelson Burden and Katherine Mary Burden: Pioneers of Inebriate Reformatories and Mental Deficiency Institutions." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89, no. 4 (April 1996): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689608900409.

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20

Myers, Martha A., and Mark Colvin. "Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America." American Journal of Legal History 42, no. 4 (October 1998): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/846058.

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21

Glenn, Myra C., and Mark Colvin. "Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America." American Historical Review 103, no. 5 (December 1998): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650127.

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22

Donnelly, Michael, and Mark Colvin. "Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America." Social Forces 77, no. 4 (June 1999): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3005902.

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23

Keve, Paul W., and Mark Colvin. "Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America." Journal of American History 85, no. 2 (September 1998): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567830.

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24

Strange, Carolyn. "The Undercurrents of Penal Culture: Punishment of the Body in Mid-Twentieth-Century Canada." Law and History Review 19, no. 2 (2001): 343–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/744133.

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In the wake of Foucault's provocative philosophical contributions to the study of discipline and punishment, social and legal historians no longer narrate penal history as a straightforward tale of moral and political progress. In its place is a schematic picture of a large-scale retreat from the body to the prison as the prime site of punishment. Historiographical proclivities perpetuate that image: early modernists tend to concentrate on the Bloody Code and similar régimes of terror, whereas historians of the twentieth century specialize in studies of regulatory modes of punishment and “normalization.” These latter works include histories of reformatories, family courts, social workers, psychiatric experts—in short the institutions and agents that best instantiate the reorientation toward disciplining the soul and governing the self. Scholars who study corporal and capital punishment in the twentieth century would seem to have nothing to add, other than to remark that there were exceptions in the wider history of penal change.

25

Smith, Aminda M. "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China." Journal of Asian Studies 72, no. 4 (October 15, 2013): 937–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813001654.

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This essay explores records from Beijing's efforts to intern and reform the city's “lumpenproletariat” after 1949. Connecting these reports to central government directives about national thought reform policy, I show that reeducators and their superiors discoursed in detail about the existence of resisters, who opposed and defied the government, but whom reformatory staff explicitly labeled as non-enemies. The case of Beijing reformatories suggests that anti-state, but non-counterrevolutionary resistance was an important symbolic and rhetorical category, central to the Chinese Communist Party's articulation of its own purpose. In the context of reeducation, opposition to the party-state constituted evidence of a founding “truth”: feudal, imperialist, and capitalist oppression had so damaged the Chinese nation that only a radical and revolutionary transformation could save it. Over the course of the 1950s, reading and analyzing resistance in this way led policy makers to redefine “The People” as well as the social place of individuals accused of activities like prostitution, begging, and petty crime.

26

Baka, Lukasz, Romuald Derbis, and Molly Maxfield. "The Anxiety-Buffering Properties of Cultural and Subcultural Worldviews: Terror Management Processes among Juvenile Delinquents." Polish Psychological Bulletin 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-012-0001-x.

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The Anxiety-Buffering Properties of Cultural and Subcultural Worldviews: Terror Management Processes among Juvenile Delinquents Terror management research indicates that people reminded of mortality strongly affirm values and standards consistent with their cultural worldview and distance themselves from values and standards inconsistent with it. However, limited research has addressed how individuals holding beliefs inconsistent with the dominant worldview cope with death-related anxiety. The present article aims to determine which worldview subcultural groups rely on when reminded of mortality: mainstream or subcultural? Juvenile delinquents living in residential reformatories in Poland were invited to participate in a terror management study examining the anxiety-buffering strategies of individuals belonging to a group largely outside mainstream culture. Following reminders of mortality, juvenile delinquents increased support for values consistent with the mainstream cultural worldview and decreased support for values consistent with the subcultural worldview, as compared to control conditions. The present results suggest that when faced with existential threat, the subcultural worldview does not provide an adequate anxiety buffer, leading members of this subcultural group to display increased identification with mainstream cultural values. Additionally, participants' state anxiety following death reminders was mediated by mainstream cultural worldview defense.

27

Wan, Sim Hinman. "A Spectral Spectacle." Early Modern Low Countries 5, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 332–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51750/emlc11337.

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After Amsterdam’s late medieval Catholic monasteries were surrendered to the Protestant government in 1578, four of these properties were converted into an orphanage, mental asylum, and gender-specific reformatories respectively before the turn of the century. Portals with Dutch Mannerist expressions were installed at the principal entrances as a publicly visible feature of modernisation for the repurposed complexes. This essay is a study of these architectural objects and their socio-political value for the city’s philanthropic campaign that affirmed middle-class power. It argues that the portals, completed with narrative relief panels and didactic inscriptions, were a means for Amsterdam’s authorities to redefine the spectacle of social marginality. Once a concrete sight of panhandlers and vagrants occupying the urban landscape, to the general population underclass visibility became an abstract image of civic discipline. Such an image enabled sequestered and disappeared lives to reappear, with a spectral quality integral to Foucault’s analysis of modern society’s compulsion to stow away indigent bodies. Considering the seventeenth-century Dutch moral geography of moderating wealth through philanthropy, such a ‘spectral spectacle’ paralleled the Baroque theatricality of Counter-Reformation Rome as a spatial experience that advanced a more secular mode of devotion to the community.

28

Sheley, Joseph F. "Drug Activity and Firearms Possession and Use by Juveniles." Journal of Drug Issues 24, no. 3 (July 1994): 363–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269402400301.

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Despite considerable public attention to the issue, little has occurred in the way of a systematic assessment of the gun-possession and gun-use profiles of young persons involved in the use and distribution of drugs. This article reports the results of an analysis of survey data collected from juveniles incarcerated in maximum security reformatories. The data pertain to firearms possession, carrying, and use, use of heroin, cocaine, and crack, the sale of drugs, and involvement in armed robbery. The findings offer no evidence of a progressive, linear relationship between level of drug use and gun possession (including number of guns owned and the routine carrying of guns) and use. However, disregarding level of drug use, when nonusers were compared with users who did not sell drugs, significant differences in involvement in gun possession and use did appear. Also, when we separated users who did not sell drugs from users who did, the latter generally displayed higher involvement in gun possession and use. Drug selling clearly increased gun-related behavior. Finally, drug users who also committed robberies exceeded drug users who did not in involvement in gun possession and use. Drug sellers who robbed similarly were higher in the same activities than sellers who did not.

29

MACRAILD, DONALD M., and FRANK NEAL. "Child-stripping in the Victorian city." Urban History 39, no. 3 (June 13, 2012): 431–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926812000211.

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ABSTRACT:During the nineteenth century, police, magistrates, reformers and the press noticed a rising tide of juvenile crime. Child-stripping, the crime of stealing young children's clothes by force or deception, was an activity of this type which caused alarm among contemporaries. As the century progressed, improved policing, urbanization and Irish migration, allied to growing social concern, caused more cases of child-stripping to be noticed. Accounts by Dickens, Mayhew and others characterized child-stripping as an activity indulged in by old women who were able to make money by victimizing the weakest strata of society. However, research in the British Library's digitized newspaper collections as well as in parliamentary papers conclusively demonstrates that child-stripping, far from being the domain of Dickensian crones, was actually perpetrated by older children, notably girls, against children even younger than themselves. Despite widespread revulsion, which at times approached a ‘moral panic’ prompted by the nature of the crime, progressive attitudes largely prevailed with most child-stripping children being sent to reformatories or industrial schools in the hope of reforming their behaviour. This article thus conforms with Foucauldian notions of the switch from physical to mental punishments and aligns with the Victorians’ invention of children as a category of humanity that could be saved.

30

Le, Ha Thi Thu, Truong Vuong Vu, Long Thanh Phan, and Hang Thi Thuy Vu. "Investigating the elements influencing the psychological issues of reform school students." Journal of Education and e-Learning Research 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2023): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/jeelr.v10i2.4485.

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Reformatory students are those whose deviant behaviors and habits prevent them from receiving education under normal educational conditions. These students frequently lead a careless, undisciplined lifestyle, being unwilling to work and learn eager to play and demanding. Therefore, when they are admitted to reformatories with severe study and lifestyle requirements, they have great psychological difficulty adjusting to their new environment. Students’ psychological issues in adapting to reformatory learning and living regimes are difficult and psychological deficits make it challenging for students to adapt to reformatory learning and living conditions. In Vietnam, 665 students from reformatory schools were polled to determine the causes of psychological issues. According to the findings, a variety of elements contribute to students’ psychological difficulties. Individual student conditions such as health, awareness, attitudes and actions as well as inappropriate habits, living without goals or aspirations, etc. are on the subjective side of the equation. On the objective side are the students’ conditions, family, education and psychological obstacles brought on by less-than-ideal circumstances which will make it more difficult for community students to adapt. Both the new school and society must pay more attention to reformatory students in order to establish the conditions necessary for successful integration into the new school and ultimate readmission into society for these students.

31

Urbonavičius, A. "Žmogaus „antrojo sukūrimo“ programa Oksfordo reformatorių filosofijoje." Problemos 48 (September 29, 2014): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.1995.48.7021.

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Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Anglijos renesansinės filosofinės minties raida aptariant Oksfordo universiteto humanistų (J. Coleto, Erazmo Roterdamiečio, T. More‘o) kūrybą. Oksfordo reformatoriai, norėdami pagrįsti klasikiniame Renesanse sukurtą antropocentrinį mitą, vieni pirmųjų atgaivino patristinę filosofiją. Aiškinant pasaulio sandarą, grįžtama į teocentrizmą. Žmogui skiriama vieta paskutinėje hierarchiškai griežtai sutvarkytos būties pakopoje, bet jis apdovanojamas dieviškosiomis galiomis – laisva valia ir protu. J. Coletas, pagrįsdamas savo mokymą apie pasaulio sąrangą, suformulavo žmogaus „antrojo sukūrimo“ programą: ja vadovaudamasis, nuolat tobulindamasis ir puoselėdamas savo dvasią, žmogus galįs atgimti. Iš tokių pasikeitusių, dvasingų žmonių atsirasianti galimybė sukurti naują, dvasingą, socialiai pertvarkytą, netradicinę žmonių bendriją, idealų mistinį kūną. Ši programa sujungė visas atskiras kryptis, kurias netrukus išplėtojo Oksfordo reformatorių krikščioniškasis humanizmas. Aptariama Erazmo Roterdamiečio naujos humanistinės bendruomenės (Kristaus kariaunos, t. y. idealios žmonijos) samprata. T. More‘as projektavo pakeistos žmonių bendrijos idėją socialinėje idealios valstybinės santvarkos plotmėje.

32

Chacón-Jara, Lauro Aquilino, Cecilia Ivonne Narváez-Zurita, Juan Carlos Erazo-Álvarez, and Diego Fernando Trelles-Vicuña. "Derecho a la igualdad de los extranjeros residentes en el Ecuador." IUSTITIA SOCIALIS 5, no. 2 (June 13, 2020): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.35381/racji.v5i2.747.

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Ecuador es un Estado constitucional; en su carta magna consagra la equidad, igualdad y no discriminación, en los últimos años a consecuencia del flujo migratorio de los países andinos se ha evidenciado la transgresión de estos derechos en el país de manera particular con las personas extranjeras, siendo el objetivo de investigación proponer una reformatoria a la Ley Orgánica de Movilidad Humana a fin de garantizar el derecho constitucional de igualdad a los extranjeros residentes en el país. El estudio tuvo un enfoque mixto. En solución al problema estudiado, se elaboró un proyecto de ley reformatorio a la Ley Orgánica de Movilidad Humana, en los artículos 2, 3 numeral 4 y 58 inciso primero, con el objeto de cubrir el vacío que presenta dicho marco legal, garantizando la aplicación correcta de los derechos a las personas en movilidad humana, conforme manda la Constitución y los Convenios Internacional de derechos humanos.

33

Santos, José Luis de las Heras. "Women's Reformatories and Prisons in the Early Modern Age: Morality, Welfare and Repression of Women in the 17th and 18th Century." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 161 (December 2014): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.109.

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34

Orzechowski, Marcin, Maximilian Schochow, and Floria Steger. "Combatting Venereal Diseases as an Instrument of Politicised Medicine: Analysis on the Example of the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and the Polish Peoples’ Republic." Acta medico-historica Rigensia 13 (2020): 58–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/amhr.2020.xiii.04.

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The programme for combatting venereal diseases in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany (SOZ), the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Polish Peoples’ Republic (PPR) after the Second World War was adopted from the Soviet healthcare model. In order to maintain the spread of infections, both countries introduced specific legislation. The analysis of the regulations shows several similarities, such as establishment of easy access to anti-venereal health services, interruption of the chain of infection, and special treatment of individuals who constituted a danger of spreading the infection through compulsory hospitalisation. However, some differences are also visible. In the PPR, the decision about compulsory hospitalisation was left to individual evaluation of the attending physician. Closed venereology facilities or reformatories for treatment of venereal diseases, which existed in the GDR, were not established through legal regulations in the PPR. Since 1964, Polish law specifically targeted prostitutes and alcoholics as sources of spreading venereal diseases. These groups were not mentioned in the German legal acts. Analysis of praxis of compulsory commitment in the SOZ and GDR shows that mostly young women characterized as “drifters” were sent to closed venereology wards with breach of legal regulations. The number of prostitutes constituted only a very small fraction. In the PPR, the data from contemporary literature also indicates a considerable number of young women, the so-called “drifters”, committed to venereology ward.

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Donnelly, M. "Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America. Mark Colvin. St. Martin's Press, 1997. 294pp. Cloth, $45.00." Social Forces 77, no. 4 (June 1, 1999): 1648–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/77.4.1648.

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36

Jaynes, Jeff, and Thomas Kaufmann. "Reformatoren." Sixteenth Century Journal 31, no. 2 (2000): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2671727.

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YAMAZAKI(ITO), Yukari. "Children with Disabilities in Reformatories : From Establishment of the National Reformatory (1919) to Enactment of the Law on Facilities for the Training and Education of Juvenile Delinquents (1933)." Japanese Journal of Special Education 37, no. 2 (1999): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.6033/tokkyou.37.1_2.

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38

Courtless, Thomas F. "Book ReviewPenitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth‐Century America.By Mark Colvin. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. x+294. $45.00." American Journal of Sociology 104, no. 2 (September 1998): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/210080.

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39

Kaufmann, Thomas. "Reformatoren als Konvertiten." Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche 114, no. 2 (2017): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/004435417x14901018509969.

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40

Rose, Dirk. "“Einen Newen Reformatorem”." Daphnis 47, no. 3-4 (October 4, 2019): 558–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-04703002.

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The essay focuses on the drama-pieces planned by Martin Rinckart to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Reformation in 1617. They are concentrated around Martin Luther as a “hero” for the protestant confession, like in Der Eißlebische Christliche Ritter where Luther figures as a warrior of true belief. Special attention is paid first to the relation between text and music with regard to the performances of the pieces; and second to the question why Rinckart has obviously realized only three of the seven planned pieces about the reformation and Luther. For answering, the essay argues that the reform in poetics and poetry initiated by Martin Opitz has challenged the poetical concept of Rinckart’s pieces in such a way that he was unable to continue them. Ironically, his most famous religious poem Nun danket alle Gott has been rescued out of the wreckage of his ambitious plan of a Luther-Heptalogy.

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Meranze, Michael. "Mark Colvin, Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. x + 294. $45.00 (ISBN 0–312–17327-X)." Law and History Review 17, no. 3 (1999): 630–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/744393.

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42

Lohse, Eduard. "Paulus ohne die Reformatoren?" Theologische Rundschau 75, no. 1 (2010): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/004056910790787232.

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43

Яворский, Максим Александрович, and Екатерина Васильевна Гусева. "REVISITING THE COUNTER EXTREMISM AND SPREAD OF THE IDEOLOGY OF THE CRIMINAL UNDERWORLD IN JUVENILE CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES." Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, no. 3(39) (October 15, 2020): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2020.39.3.014.

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Материал посвящен теме, которая в настоящее время мало изучена и требует дальнейших исследований - проблеме противодействия экстремизации мест лишения свободы. В статье актуализируются вопросы организационного противодействия распространению экстремизма и идеологии преступного мира в исправительных учреждениях России, в частности, в воспитательных колониях для несовершеннолетних правонарушителей. Рассмотрены некоторые социальные и личностные детерминанты, а также причины индокринации, связанные с особенностями развития процессов радикализации осужденных в пенитенциарных учреждениях для несовершеннолетних. Авторами предложен ряд организационных и психолого-педагогических мер, направленных на совершенствование этого направления деятельности в современных условиях. Сформулированы антиэкстремистские нормотворческие инициативы и предложения в административно-деликтное законодательство России, а также в приказ ФСИН России, утверждающий перечень должностных лиц учреждений и органов УИС России, уполномоченных составлять протоколы об административных правонарушениях. Реализация предложенных новелл, по мнению авторов работы, может способствовать профилактике проявлений экстремизма и предупреждению распространения криминальной идеологии в воспитательных колониях. Работа носит междисциплинарный характер, поскольку исследует проблему как с юридической, так и с психолого-педагогической точки зрения. Рассматриваемая тема будет интересна широкому кругу специалистов в сфере правоохранительной деятельности, преподавателям цикла дисциплин антиэкстремистского характера, практическим работникам территориальных органов отечественной пенитенциарной системы. The material is devoted to the topic that is currently poorly studied and requires further research - the problem of countering the extremism in the places of liberty deprivation. The article actualizes the issues of organizational counteraction to the spread of extremism and the ideology of the criminal underworld in correctional institutions of Russia, and, in particular, in reformatories. Some social and personality determinants are examined, as well as the causes of indoctrination, related to the peculiarities of the development of the processes of the radicalization of convicts in prisons for minors. The authors proposed a number of organizational and psychological-pedagogical measures aimed at improving this area of activity in modern conditions. Anti-extremist legislative initiatives and proposals are formulated in the administrative-tort legislation of Russia, as well as in the order of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, approving the list of officials of institutions and bodies of the FPS of Russia authorized to draw up protocols about administrative offenses. The implementation of the proposed innovations, according to the authors of the work, can help prevent the manifestations of extremism and prevent the spread of criminal ideology in educational colonies. The work is interdisciplinary in nature, since it presents a view of the problem, both from the standpoint of legal science and psychological and pedagogical knowledge. The subject under discussion will be of interest to a wide range of specialists in the field of law enforcement, to teachers of disciplines of an anti-extremist nature, useful to practitioners of the territorial bodies of the home penitentiary system.

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Koch, Carl Henrik. "Magnús Eiríksson og Grundtvig." Grundtvig-Studier 68 (December 31, 2017): 103–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/grs.v68i0.121868.

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45

Müller, Eva-Linda, and Matthias Dall'Asta. "Rezension von: Dall’asta, Matthias (Hrsg.), Anwälte der Freiheit!" Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte 75 (March 1, 2022): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53458/zwlg.v75i.2002.

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Matthias Dall’asta (Hg.), Anwälte der Freiheit! Humanisten und Reformatoren im Dialog, Begleitband zur Ausstellung im Reuchlinhaus Pforzheim, 20. September bis 8. November 2015, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter 2015. 184 S. ISBN 978-3-8253-6503-5. € 28,–

46

Enríquez Caicedo, Nelson Alejandro, and Edison Manuel Pozo Calderón. "El divorcio por mutuo consentimiento de matrimonio sin hijos ni dependientes." Revista Lex 4, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 160–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33996/revistalex.v4i13.80.

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La investigación tuvo por objetivo elaborar un anteproyecto de Ley Reformatoria al Código Civil y Ley de Arbitraje y Mediación, que garantice el acceso a mediación en caso de divorcio por mutuo consentimiento sin hijos ni dependientes. Metodológicamente fue de tipo descriptivo propositivo, bajo un enfoque mixto, y un diseño documental de campo, con los métodos deductivo-inductivo y analíticosintético. La técnica e instrumento utilizado fue la encuesta (cuestionario). La población y muestra estuvo conformado por 17946 profesionales inscritos en el Foro de abogados de la provincia de Pichincha, y de muestra 99. Como resultado se obtuvo que es fundamental una Ley Reformatoria a la Ley de Arbitraje y Mediación con el fin de garantizar en los divorcios por mutuo consentimiento, en los casos en que los cónyuges no tengan hijos menores de edad o bajo su dependencia, para garantizar los principios de celeridad, economía procesal y gratuidad de la justicia.

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Kittelson, James M., and Thomas Kaufmann. "Die Abendmahlstheologie der Strassburger Reformatoren bis 1528." Sixteenth Century Journal 24, no. 4 (1993): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2541663.

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48

Hahn, Hans. "Luther und Müntzer, Zwei Reformatoren, Ein Revolutionär?" Oxford German Studies 47, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00787191.2018.1452703.

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49

Høyer, Georg. "Herman Wedel Major – personen, legen og reformatoren." Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening 136, no. 12/13 (2016): 1106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.15.0937.

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50

Kristanto, Billy. "THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE THOUGHT OF JONATHAN EDWARDS." VERBUM CHRISTI: JURNAL TEOLOGI REFORMED INJILI 1, no. 1 (September 6, 2017): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51688/vc1.1.2014.art3.

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Jonathan Edwards adalah salah seorang tokoh penting yang mewakili Puritanisme di Amerika. Artikel ini mengobservasi pemikiran anthropologis Edwards. Beberapa hal yang akan dibahas adalah titik berangkat yang digunakan oleh Edwards dalam berteologi, konsep manusia yang diciptakan dalam gambar-rupa Allah, bagian-bagian dari jiwa manusia, tempat pengetahuan dalam kehidupan Kristen dan relasinya dengan afeksi agamawi, relasi antara konsep imago dei dan bagian-bagian jiwa, dan akhirnya pemikiran tentang kebahagiaan dalam hidup manusia dalam kaitannya dengan visi akan kemuliaan Allah. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa Edwards telah memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan dalam keaneka-ragaman pemikiran anthropologis dalam tradisi teologi reformatoris.?

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