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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 4 лютого 2022

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1

Chaudhary, Karishma, and Prem Vrat. "Case study analysis of e-waste management systems in Germany, Switzerland, Japan and India." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 9 (November 29, 2018): 3519–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-07-2017-0168.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze e-waste management systems in Germany, Switzerland, Japan and India and benchmark best practices in the Indian scenario. Design/methodology/approach The first part of the research paper focuses on the description of e-waste management systems in the above-mentioned countries using a case study analysis approach while the second part analyzes, evaluates and compares e-waste management systems performance based on seven performance indicators using a five-point scale. Finally, the RADAR chart approach is used to benchmark the best practices of e-waste management in these countries in the Indian scenario. Findings The study finds that India is lagging far behind from Germany, Switzerland, and Japan in e-waste management despite being the fifth largest e-waste generator across the globe. India must adopt best practices followed in these nations like a dedicated agency to oversee and coordinate the e-waste management, coordination among different value chain partners involved in e-waste management, development of infrastructure to collect and process e-waste, monitoring and control of all processes and stakeholders, etc. Practical implications The study suggests the solution to the loopholes in the Indian e-waste management system by adopting the collection, recycling and reporting mechanism followed in German, Swiss and the Japanese e-waste management system. There is a dire need to improve e-waste management systems in India as only 5 percent of e-waste is processed through the organized sector. Social implications E-waste is increasing at an alarming rate and most of e-waste in India is being handled by the unorganized sector, where rudimentary methods are used to process e-waste severely damaging the environment and health of workers. The unorganized market employs 0.5m child laborers. Hence, routing the e-waste to the organized sector will result in social benefits by putting a check on unsafe practices and will create green jobs. Originality/value This paper’s contribution lies in extracting the best practices followed in nations excelling in e-waste management and recommend their implications in the Indian scenario. This study is aimed at all the stakeholders, but especially at policy-makers and producers, who have the onus to tackle the e-waste problem.

2

Fujita, Toyohisa, Josiane Ponou, Gjergj Dodbiba, Ji-Whahn Anh, Siminig Lu, Mohammed F. Hamza, and Yuezou Wei. "Removal of Banana Tree Fungi Using Green Tuff Rock Powder Waste Containing Zeolite." Catalysts 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9121049.

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Hinai green tuff, which is found in Akita Prefecture, Japan, is used for the production of building materials, etc. About 60% of all stone is emitted as waste powder and therefore it is important to find ways for recycling it. In this work, the characteristics of green tuff powder have been investigated. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and elemental map observations indicate that the green tuff contains TiO2 on zeolite. The green tuff can therefore be used as a natural catalyst for producing hydrogen peroxide with moisture and oxygen with light. The optimum calcined temperature of the green tuff powder is about 800 °C, producing the hydroxyl radical from hydrogen peroxide decomposition without ultraviolet light (UV) and decomposition of the superoxide anion. As the application of green tuff powder, Cavendish banana trees found in the Philippines infected by a new Panama disease were treated with powder suspension in order to remove the fungus (a type of Fusarium wilt) due to the photocatalyst characteristics of powder. The suspension, prepared by using the powder was sprayed on the infected banana trees for about one month. Photograph observation indicated that the so-called 800 °C suspension spray was more effective in growing the infected banana trees.

3

Widiyanto, Anugerah, Seizo Kato, Naoki Maruyama, and Yoshimasa Kojima. "Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuel Fired Co-Generation Plants Using a Numerically Standardized LCA Scheme." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 125, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1510521.

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This paper describes the LCA environmental impacts resulting from fuel fired co-generation systems using our NETS (Numerical Eco-load Total Standard, [1]) scheme having GUI (Graphic User Interface). Following a brief introduction of the NETS evaluation method, firstly the total eco-load from commercial electricity power plants in Japan is numerically calculated in the NETS unit. We take here almost all factors into account including fuel mining, transportation and processing, plant manufacturing, assembling and its building construction, fuel consumption and maintenance during twenty durable years, plant dismantling and waste processing, thermal efficiency and delivery loss, etc. This evaluation greatly helps in the eco-load estimation of co-generation plants when electricity purchase is needed during the plant operation with a minimum eco-load. Next, co-generation systems are paid attention to their ecological effectiveness. Here, we select different fuel fired co-generation plants of natural gas, heavy oil, and coal. Environmental impacts resulting from the respective plants include fossil fuel depletion and natural resources depletion, global warming due to green house gases, ozone layer depletion due to CFC type gas emission, various water and air pollution, rain acidification due to NOx and SOx, waste processing, recycling etc. Each item can be successfully calculated from the inventory database accumulated by authors. Hourly energy demands of electricity and heat (steam, hot water and cold water) are set to a typical model for eight office buildings and two hotels. The NETS method is applied to the co-generation model, resulting in the best cost-operating scheme of co-generation plants with a minimum environmental impact.

4

Gotoh, Sukehiro. "Waste management and recycling trends in Japan." Resources and Conservation 14 (March 1987): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-3097(87)90010-1.

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5

OKADA, Teruo, Shigeru OHYAMA, Nozomu KATAGIRI, Masanori SHIMADA, and Sayori MAEDA. "Recycling. Treatment and Recycling Flow of Copper-Containing Waste in Japan." Shigen-to-Sozai 113, no. 12 (1997): 963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.113.963.

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6

Nifuku, Masataka. "Chemical Recycling of Municipal Waste Plastics. Feedstock Recycling Technologies for Municipal Plastic Waste in Japan." Waste Management Research 13, no. 2 (2002): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.13.107.

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7

HIJIYA, NAOHIRO. "Present Situation of Waste Paper Recycling in Japan." Sen'i Gakkaishi 50, no. 4 (1994): P137—P140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.50.4_p137.

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8

Grigorieva, Larisa, and Pavel Oleinik. "Recycling Waste Wood of Construction." Materials Science Forum 871 (September 2016): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.871.126.

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The article considers contemporary methods and especially recycling of wood waste. The volume of wood waste is constantly growing due to the increase in the number of buildings subject to demolition or dismantling, reconstruction and repair works. The article contains the main requirements to the raw material derived from waste. Advantages of products made from wood-polymer composite materials on physic mechanical parameters. The comparative characteristic of cost for the production of wood-polymer plastic. It is noted that production made from wood polymer composite materials has unlimited product range, including boards, various profiled molded and moulded details with complicated shape (the board for the floor, skirting board, baguette, etc).

9

Omura, M., C. Y. Qin, H. Ohtani, R. Iwasaki, Y. Shigeno, J. S. Yu, and S. Nakazawa. "Networking possibilities for waste recycling in Miyagi prefecture, Japan." Waste Management 27, no. 5 (January 2007): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.06.007.

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10

NAKANE, KAZUHIRO. "The Regulation and Recycling of Plastics Waste in Japan." Sen'i Gakkaishi 50, no. 5 (1994): P176—P180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.50.5_p176.

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11

Honma, Satoshi, and Jin-Li Hu. "Cost efficiency of recycling and waste disposal in Japan." Journal of Cleaner Production 284 (February 2021): 125274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125274.

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12

HAMA, Makoto. "Recycling Law of Containers and Packaging Waste. Waste Management of Local Governments under the New Packaging Waste Recycling System in Japan." Waste Management Research 6, no. 6 (1995): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.6.430.

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13

Wu, Yong Chun, and Lian Feng Xu. "Analysis of the Barrier Factors of Municipal Solid Waste Classification Recycling." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2618.

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Many cities in China are facing a "junk siege" dilemma, municipal solid waste classified recycling is one of the effective disposal methods of garbage scientific management, and is also the best way to waste reduction, recycling and harmless, However our municipal solid waste classification recycling remain stagnant, This paper argues that it is because of many obstacles that municipal solid waste classification recycling face makes municipal solid waste classification recycling have little effect, which include public awareness needs to be improved, the limitations of traditional garbage classification, lack of corresponding laws and regulations, garbage recycling facilities not complete and the corresponding theoretical issues remain to be explored etc.

14

Yoshida, Fumikazu, and Haruyo Yoshida. "E-Waste Management in Japan: A Focus on Appliance Recycling." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.420.

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As 10 years have passed since the Japanese home electrical appliance recycling system came into operation, the results of the system have become clearer, and it is therefore time for us to analyze and evaluate its performance in terms of both the environment and the economy. The system covers 4 specified house appliances, and although roughly 2/3 of these discarded appliances are collected and recycled formally by the manufactures, the greater part of the remaining 1/3 is exported as used items or scrap. Consequently, the government has issued guidelines for the reuse and recycling as countermeasures against illegal dumping and to regulate the export of e-scrap.

15

Rovin, S. L., A. S. Kalinichenko, and L. E. Rovin. "The return of the dispersed metal waste into production." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2019-1-45-48.

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The article presents an alternative method of recycling of dispersed metal waste, based on a continuous solid-liquid-phase process, implemented in rotary tilting furnaces (RTF). The new proposed method of recycling allows processing wastes with almost any composition and state from metal to oxide and multicomponent wastes (shavings, fine scrap, mill scale, aspiration dust, sludge, etc.). The wastes can be even contaminated with moisture, oil, and organic impurities. The method developed does not require preliminary preparation of the initial materials (cleaning, homogenization, pelletizing, etc.). The finished products are ingots (pigs) for subsequent processing aiming the particular chemical composition or cast alloys of certain brend.

16

Liu, Jia You. "Waste Heat Utility Technology in Coal Mine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2723.

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Coal mine drainage, exhaust air and bathing wastewater, etc. contain a large amount of waste heat resource. Using the waste heat effectively is beneficial to achieve energy conservation and emissions reduction and improve economic benefit for coal mine. Heat pump and heat pipe are thermal devices recycling waste heat effectively. The ways and purpose of recycling waste heat in coal mine by using water-source heat pump, air-source heat pump and heat pipe exchanger is given. The performance of heat pump and heat pipe is briefly evaluated.

17

MATSUTO, Toshihiko, and Robert K. HAM. "Residential Solid Waste Generation and Recycling in the U.S.A. and Japan." Waste Management Research 2, no. 2 (1991): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.2.149.

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18

Iijima, Rinzo. "Current of plastic waste recycling technologies and their prospects in Japan." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 57, no. 1 (May 1992): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19920570105.

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19

Matsuto, Toshihiko, and Robert K. Ham. "Residential Solid Waste Generation and Recycling in the U.S.a. and Japan." Waste Management & Research 8, no. 1 (January 1990): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x9000800139.

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20

MATSUTO, T., and R. HAM. "Residential solid waste generation and recycling in the U.S.A. and Japan." Waste Management & Research 8, no. 3 (June 1990): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-242x(90)90066-v.

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21

Purnamawati, Purnamawati. "Japan’s International Standards of Waste Recycling Treatment: Disseminating the Osaki System in Depok and Bali." International Journal of Interreligious and Intercultural Studies 4, no. 1 (June 19, 2021): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32795/ijiis.vol4.iss1.2021.1711.

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This research explains the importance of approach and coordination from the Osaki Town government on waste recycling management of Osaki System to the community residents and companies, for changing their mindset on responsibilities and duties. This was done since the beginning when Osaki system was created until it becomes a sustainable system in daily life. The important key aspects on implementing the Osaki system are good cooperation and bond of trust shared among the government, community residents and companies. Osaki Town has achieved no.1 in the highest rate of waste resource recycling for 12 consecutive years in all of Japan. The system has made Osaki Town to become a SDGs system model in Japan, after receiving SDGs award from the Japanese government in December 2019. The Osaki System has succeeded to solve problems on reducing the volume of waste in landfill site. Being a sustainable waste resource recycling system and a model not only in Japan but also abroad, Osaki Town then disseminates the Osaki System in Indonesia which has the same problems, such as approach and cooperation between the government and the residents, reduce the waste volume in landfill areas by separate waste method for recycling and low cost management.

22

Terasaki, Masanori, Kazuhiko Jozuka, and Masakazu Makino. "Identification and accumulation of aromatic sensitizers in fish from paper recycling in Japan." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 31, no. 6 (April 27, 2012): 1202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.1812.

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23

Zhou, Gui Zhong, Zhao Feng Wang, Xuan Wang, and Shao Xiang Li. "Recycling of Waste Hard Alloy via Electrochemical Dissolution Method." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2263.

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Electrochemical dissolution method was used to achieve the recycling of waste hard alloy. Tungsten, cobalt powder and cobalt salts can be obtained through the control of suitable conditions of electric dissolution process ,such as cleaning of waste hard alloy, electric dissolution of waste hard alloy, knocking the basket, treatment of cobalt chloride etc. Tungsten and cobalt chloride solution can be obtained directly by this method, and thus to obtain the cobalt powder and cobalt salts. Recovery rate of WC and cobalt were above 98% and 92-95%.

24

Khaertdinova, Alfira, Dilbar Sultanova, and Albert Karimov. "European waste management experience: yesterday, today, tomorrow." E3S Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124701008.

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The article presents an economic analysis of the state of municipal waste generation, utilization and recycling in the countries of the European Union and the Russian Federation. As a basis for the analysis, we used data on the 20 most representative countries that make a significant contribution to the formation of the main macroeconomic indicators of the EU. The results of the implementation of the EU environmental policy, the degree of reflection on the volume of trade in secondary raw materials, private investment in this sector, employment in the processing and recycling sectors, etc. are considered. In addition, a correlation analysis was carried out, which allowed us to determine the degree of dependence of waste disposal and recycling on various indicators, to identify the most significant of them and the main factor affecting the effectiveness of the country’s environmental policy.

25

Blinová, Lenka, and Peter Godovčin. "Importance of Recycling the Waste-Cables Containing Copper and PVC." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 29, no. 48 (June 1, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2021-0001.

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Abstract Urbanization, development of economy, increasing population and improved living standards and lifestyle have caused a sharp growth in waste. Inappropriate or inefficient waste disposal techniques can cause serious air, soil, and groundwater pollution, which subsequently can negatively affect the urban environment and threaten the health of residents. The goal of waste management is to move to a circular economy in which waste does not exist. If there is no possible way to reduce or reuse waste, the best solution is recycling it. Recycling brings abundant benefits on the economic and ecological levels levels, and helps reduce overall human health risk of adverse impacts. Recycling of the waste-cables which contain PVC and copper replaces the production of virgin PVC and mining of copper from copper ore, it reduces landfill solid waste pressures, saves energy and water sources, reduces emissions to environment, and also reduces negative impacts from improperly dispose of waste, etc. This paper presents an overview of recycling techniques for the waste-cables containing copper as a core and polyvinyl chloride as an insulating layer or sheath. It also lists advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and importance of recycling this type of waste.

26

Ohba, Taiji, Tomoyuki Ishikawa, Akiko Nasu, Masao Yukumoto, and Kunihiko Takeda. "Waste Treatment Technologies. Analysis on Material Flow in Recycling Society of Japan." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 28, no. 5 (2002): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.28.493.

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27

Dhir, Amandeep, Suresh Malodia, Usama Awan, Mototaka Sakashita, and Puneet Kaur. "Extended valence theory perspective on consumers' e-waste recycling intentions in Japan." Journal of Cleaner Production 312 (August 2021): 127443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127443.

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28

Samir, Mourad, Faruz Alama, Paul Buysse, Tomas van Nylen, and Oleg Ostanin. "Disposal of Mining Waste: Classification and International Recycling Experience." E3S Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184102012.

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The main directions of mining and industrial wastes’ utilization are the production of building materials, their use in the construction industry without additional processing, and also the production of metals from metal-containing raw materials. It should be noted that current waste is preferable for the production of building materials, since they preserve the primary physical and mechanical properties and chemical composition and, moreover, can reach the consumer bypassing all other steps that are mandatory for waste consolidated (transportation, storage, etc.). For the production of building materials, not less than 30% of overburden and refinement tailings are suitable, almost all metallurgical and fuel slags, waste products of fertilizers and building materials. Even larger amounts of waste can be used for various laying and burial works (construction of road bases and dams, filling of worked out areas, leveling of the relief).

29

Wang, Bin, and HeHua Li. "Multi-objective optimization model of waste tire recycling network." E3S Web of Conferences 214 (2020): 03052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021403052.

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To achieve sustainable development, logistics enterprises need not only to reduce costs, but also to save energy for environmental protection and improve customer service level. The improvement of reverse logistics management level of waste tires is of great significance to improve the efficiency of the automobile industry. In this paper, multi-objective programming is adopted to establish the waste tire recycling network model. The decision variable is whether the network nodes are set or not, the traffic flow between nodes. Constraints include meeting customer demand, balance of flow in and out of logistics nodes, etc. The model is solved by ε- constraint. Taking the actual data of the enterprise as an example, the operation results show that the operation cost, carbon emission and customer transportation distance can get an consistence within a certain range. Waste tire logistics enterprises can realize the simultaneous improvement of profit, environmental protection and customer service level.

30

Baba Srinivas, Adhikarla, Santosh Kumar Sar, Shweta Singh, and Santosh Yadav. "Solid Waste management from Steel Melting Shop." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2017.v2i1.55.

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- Production of steel in steel Industry is accomplice for the generation of solid waste materials like sludge, slag, dust etc. In recent days most part of wastes are generated from steelmaking process which is a focus point now-a-days. The solid waste generation, presently in Indian steel industry is in the range of 400 - 500 kg/t of crude steel and recycling rate varies between 40 - 70 % which lead to higher production costs, lower productivity and further environmental degradation. It is very essential not only for recycling of the waste valuable metals and mineral resources but also to protect the environment. I Solid waste management in steel industry is broadly classified in “4 R” i.e. reduce, reuse, recycle and restore the materials. The aim of the paper is to explore the various developments for total recycling of solid waste generated from steel industry, so that the vision for making “clean & green steel with zero waste” can be achieved for survival and growth of steel business in future. Keywords—Steel, Reuse, recycle, solid waste, sustainable development.

31

Huang, Wei-Lung. "A Study of Due Recyclable Waste Containers in Taiwan." Open Environmental Sciences 7, no. 1 (November 15, 2013): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876325101307010021.

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This study surveys the operation modes, results and problems of the waste container recycling system in Taiwan, known as the Four-in-One Program, and compares the collation and time trend analysis of the program’s results (such as the garbage clearance volume, the recycling rate of recyclable resources, the price of plastic “Due Recyclable Waste Containers” (DRWCs), among other variables). The results show that the Four-in-One Program in Taiwan could prevent waste generation and increase recycling weight and that the program’s key contributing factors are the collective environmental consciousness, subsidies, and the resources recycle fee (RRF). However, the decreasing trends of the daily per capita garbage clearance volume in Taiwan and Japan might be because the Four-in-One Program’s municipal garbage collection teams check the trash to retrieve recyclable resources.

32

Mekonnen, Gemechu Beyene, and Akihiro Tokai. "A Historical Perspective of Municipal Solid Waste Management and Recycling System in Japan: Learning for Developing Countries." Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 3 (May 26, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v13n3p85.

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The need for infectious disease control resulted in the establishment of a waste administration system in Japan in the early twentieth century. The unresolved sanitation problems in major cities arose from the narrow range of action by municipalities that activated the collaboration of stakeholders in 1954. The emergence of pollution problems from factories resulted in the separate treatment of industrial waste laid the cornerstone for the modern municipal solid waste (MSW) management system in 1970. The advancements reached in waste collection and transportation increased collection coverage put the public health importance of waste under control. The development of low-pollution environmental facilities reduced the urgency of living environment protection. The priority factor was changed from waste volume reduction to air pollution control and then to the efficiency of energy recovery in setting up waste incineration plants. The waste generation reduction became the priority policy when the need for resource management emerged in the 1990s. Since then, both the MSW generation and the final disposal amount have been declining, increasing in the remaining landfill lifetime. The recycling and bulky waste reprocessing facilities have been scaled-up, increasing recycling and recovery rate. The system has been evolved towards waste prevention through the earlier identification, recognition, and timely response to the development needs. This paper presents both the physical components and governance aspects in the historical development of MSW management and recycling systems in Japan, which can be used to outline the current and future needs of waste management planning in developing countries.

33

Li, Xiao Peng, Yun Song, and Wei Wang. "Research on Evaluation Index System of Non-Metallic Materials Recycling Technologies from Copper Clad Laminate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (June 2015): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.627.

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The Copper Clad Laminate (CCL) residue recycling technologies are important to improve the recycling of waste circuit boards and reducing the environmental impact during its life cycle. However, there has not yet been able to have the technical evaluation criteria for CCL residue. This study demonstrates the feasibility of one recycling technology from the technical, economic, social, environmental and political, and then determinates CCL residue recycling technologies evaluation index system by Delphi Method, AHP, expert panel and Questionnaire and etc., which provides a tool for CCL residue recycling technologies assessment.

34

Wu, Jiang-Ping, Ling Mo, Hui Zhi, Ying Peng, Lin Tao, Zi-He Ren, Xiao-Jun Luo, and Bi-Xian Mai. "Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O -deethylase induction in the common kingfisher from an electronic waste recycling site." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35, no. 6 (March 22, 2016): 1594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.3294.

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35

Ahmed, Rand R. "Produced The Compost by Recycling The Municipality Waste." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.27.1.015.

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Around 5000 tons of food waste are prooduced every day in Iraq, accounts for about (50%) of the waste that we get rid of .Waste sent to landfill for disposal may breakdown and produce methane gas that causes greenhouse effect ,as well as odour , epidemics , and disease because of the disintegration. The aims of the research are to produce organic fertilizer through the recycling of domestic refuse. It has been working through this research to collect the domestic food waste which represent the nitrogen source, as well as the remains of cleaning and trimming of various trees and the remains of lawn mowers, and use of sawdust white wood which represent the carbon source. Working on dried and arranged in layers of perforated plastic containers for the purpose of ventilation, it was moisturized with two different types of water and monitored fertilizer maturity for four months. Previously the fresh water was used for the purpose for moisturizing the mixture (tap water) later the domestic wastewater have been used. The comparison was made between the results of tests performed; the test has come up with the resalt that the use of "domestic wastewater" rich in living organisms and bacteria to hydrate the mixture is better than the use of "tap water". The felicitous fertilizer is rich with nutrient nitrogen 2.3%, phosphorus 13% and potassium 20% etc. There are a number of important factors affecting the process of production of fertilizer, including air ventilation, temperature, and moisture content in the mixture, which ranges from 40-60% to provide a suitable medium for microorganisms within the mixture. Where less than 40% lead to dry mixture and kill organisms.

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Nakatani, Jun, Tamon Maruyama, and Yuichi Moriguchi. "Revealing the intersectoral material flow of plastic containers and packaging in Japan." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 33 (August 3, 2020): 19844–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001379117.

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The Japanese government developed a strategy for plastics and laid out ambitious targets including the reduction of 25% for single-use plastic waste and the reuse/recycling of 60% for plastic containers and packaging by 2030. However, the current usage situation of single-use plastics including containers and packaging, which should be a basis of the strategy, is unclear. Here, we identify the nationwide material flow of plastics in Japan based on input–output tables. Of the domestic plastic demand of 8.4 Mt in 2015, 1.6 and 2.5 Mt were estimated to be for containers and packaging comprising household and industry inflows, respectively, through the purchase/procurement of products, services, and raw materials. Considering the current amount of recycling collected from households (1.0 Mt) and industries (0.3 to 0.4 Mt), the reuse/recycling target has already been achieved if the goal is limited to household container and packaging waste, as is the focus of Japan’s recycling law. Conversely, the results indicate that it will be extremely difficult to reach the target collectively with industries. Therefore, it is essential that efforts be made throughout the entire supply chain. Food containers and packaging that flowed into the food-processing and food service sectors accounted for 15% of the inflow of containers and packaging into industries. Thus, the key to achieving the reuse/recycling target will comprise the collection of plastic food packaging from not only households but also the food industry. Furthermore, the collection of flexible plastic films used between industry sectors will put the target within reach.

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Tasaki, Tomohiro, and Misuzu Asari. "Collection and Recycling Schemes for Waste Batteries in Europe and Implications for Japan." Journal of the Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management 24, no. 6 (2013): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/jjsmcwm.1130401.

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38

Akaishi, Hideyuki. "An Economic Analysis of the Waste and Recycling Policy of Japan and Taiwan." International Journal of Economic Policy Studies 3, no. 1 (January 2008): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03405711.

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Asakawa, Kaoru. "Recycling Systems for Waste Plastic Containers and Packaging in Germany (EU) and Japan." Material Cycles and Waste Management Research 26, no. 4 (July 31, 2015): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/mcwmr.26.275.

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Terazono, Atsushi, Hirokazu Hayashi, Aya Yoshida, Jun Nakatani, and Yuichi Moriguchi. "Domestic and International Material Flow of Waste PET Bottles around Japan and Waste Plastic Recycling in China." Material Cycles and Waste Management Research 22, no. 2 (2011): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/mcwmr.22.125.

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41

Komatsu, T., T. Kimura, Y. Kuriyama, Y. Isshiki, T. Kawano, T. Hirao, M. Masuda, K. Yokoyama, T. Matsumoto, and M. Takeda. "Anaerobic digestion of organic waste in Japan: the first demonstration plant at Kyoto City." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 12 (June 1, 2002): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0416.

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Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste is vigorously promoted in Japan and the necessity of energy recovery from organic waste is increasing. An anaerobic digestion demonstration plant for organic waste in Kyoto City, Japan has been operated for about two years. Three kinds of wastes (garbage and leftovers from hotels, yard waste and used paper) mixed at various ratios are used. The plant has maintained stable operations with each mixture, generating biogas by the decomposition of VS at the rate of about 820 m3N/ton-VS.

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HUONG, NGUYEN THI THU, and O. N. LARIN. "ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION WITH RECYCLING OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT WASTE IN VIETNAM." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 4 (2021): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.04.02.018.

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Today, in world practice, a rapid increase in the rate of generation of household and industrial waste is noticeable, and Vietnam, as a developing country, this problem is especially tangible. With the development of industry and technology, one of the most problematic industries in terms of waste generation is the electrical and electronic equipment industry. The products of this industry are tightly integrated into all other sectors of human life, whether it is production (refrigeration equipment, machine tools, computers, monitors, communications, etc.) or everyday life (household appliances, mobile phones, game consoles, smart appliances, etc.). This article provides an analysis of the current situation with the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Vietnam, and provides recommendations for solving this problem.

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Asari, Misuzu, and Shin-ichi Sakai. "Li-ion battery recycling and cobalt flow analysis in Japan." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 81 (December 2013): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.09.011.

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Wu, Zhong Wei, Zhi Feng Liu, and Jian Zhao. "Recycling Experimental Research of Thermosetting Phenolic Plastic Waste Based on Mechanical Effects." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1708.

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Using adjustable speed crushing regeneration test device for the recovery experiment of thermosetting phenolic plastic waste, this paper analyses the principle of recovery process. Through particle size analytical technique, FTIR, XRD and SEM etc. various testing method is analyzed mechanochemical effects of crushing process. Research the speed, time, temperature process parameters of the influence of recycling process conditions. According to the experimental results, it established the mechanochemical model and analyzed the degradation and regeneration mechanism of thermosetting phenolic plastic waste.

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Endo, Kazuto. "Ideal quality control for waste gypsum board recycling and social implementation." Impact 2020, no. 6 (November 16, 2020): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.6.46.

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Gypsum board is used all around the world as a key material for the construction industry. One of the challenges with this product is the resulting waste, the majority of which is simply thrown away. Dr Kazuto Endo, of the National Institute for Environmental Studies in Japan, has been investigating the issue of gypsum board waste recycling for the past 15 years and has been instrumental in the creation of quality guidelines for recycled gypsum powder and the implementation of these standards across the industry, resulting in higher levels of recycling and safer, more sustainable use of resources. Endo's work, both on recycling gypsum board waste and the development and implementation of quality control guidelines for this process, have the potential to play a significant role in increasing both safety and sustainability of the use of this resource.

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Shima, E., I. F. Svoboda, S. Tsutsumi, and H. Ohkubo. "Waste management systems of dairy cattle farms in Japan." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 12 (June 1, 2002): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0410.

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Recently, the size of livestock farms in Japan has been expanding and the pollution from farm wastes has become a serious problem in rural areas. Therefore it is necessary to design treatment strategies and improve the recycling of livestock manure for sustainability of agriculture in Japan. The dairy cattle waste management systems were studied at dairy farms in Aomori prefecture and in Hokkaido, Japan. The four farms, typical for the respective regions in Japan, were investigated on the basis of the land and livestock size, housing, overall farm and waste management, type of machinery and a farm labour force. A statistical comparison was made for housing, milking and waste handling systems of dairy farms. One of the waste handling strategies was aerobic slurry treatment and land irrigation of the treated liquid fraction. Such methods began to solve some of waste management problems created since 1967 in grassland farming areas of Hokkaido. The irrigation system supplies water fertiliser and organic material to land as well as shortening the spreading times. It recycles livestock resources, increases the soil fertility and rationalises the farm management.

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Rajan, Krishna, Aravinthan Gopanna, and Selvin Thomas. "A Project Based Learning (PBL) Approach Involving PET Recycling in Chemical Engineering Education." Recycling 4, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling4010010.

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The recycling of waste plastics is considered as one of the strategies to tackle the issue of environmental pollution caused by commodity plastics all over the world. Recently, many universities have incorporated topics related to recycling and plastics waste management into their curricula at different levels to increase awareness as well as to develop new recycling technologies. In this study, one of the most important waste recycling problems is given as the project for the undergraduate students of chemical engineering to analyze the effectiveness of the project-based learning (PBL) approach in the school curriculum. A team of students was assigned with the task of recycling post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles through an experimental and design approach. From the experimental data, students designed a recycling plant with a proposed capacity to produce 1 ton of recycled granules per day through the project-based learning approach. Evaluation of the project was carried out at various stages and it was found that the students acquired the required skills and applied them effectively. The outcomes of the present study clearly establish that the problems which have societal impacts, such as waste management, environmental pollution, etc., can be effectively communicated to the student community through the PBL approach, which can lead to increased motivation and enhanced critical thinking abilities.

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Neagu-Cogălniceanu, Camelia, and Irinel Neagu-Cogălniceanu. "Thermal Embossing Method for Glass Recycling." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.349.

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Over the past years the target for waste recovery/ recycling has significantly increased in Romania, in according with the EU Directives. Nowadays, the competitive contexts of the current market lead the manufacturers to obtain novel and custom-made products using new technologies and quality raw materials. Such resources can be consisting of low-cost waste/by-products and in the processes of converting them into value-added products. On the other hand, the necessity for recycling waste is important under the strict European legislation. Regarding glass, the key sources of waste are container/ packaging glass, flat glass, electric and electronic equipments, domestic glass, E-glass, etc. According with source, waste glass can be: pre-and post-consumer waste glass. Now many recycling processes have been studied, developed and applied in industry. The major challenge is represented by creating of innovative and sustainable technologies and making it suitable. But recycling of glass is technologically more complicated than other waste (for example: paper). In case of glass, the most sustainable route is to use it for re-melting processes and obtaining a new glass. Glass is 100% recyclable but not all waste/cullet can be used for the manufacturing of any type of glass, due different chemical composition and the prohibitive shipping costs from collection points to glass factory. In this study, authors paid attention to the recycling process of soda-lime glass (post-industrial flat glass) and proposed the thermal embossing technique of glass, using glass slumping process, in order to obtain decorative products with aesthetic impact and functional role. An input image is prepared by applying different enhancement techniques, adjusting contrast, transferring into grayscale image in 256 shades of gray. The result image is transferred in Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM) software to refine the surface geometries and to obtain with rapid tooling the mould for glass. The method used for tooling fabrication consists of machining a block of suitable material with a Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machine which is known as a subtractive method. The next stage consists in applying of the heat treatment, using an electrical furnace. The major advantages of the embossing method for converting waste glass in value-added products is represented in the fact of use reduced energy comparing with the classic route of re-melting, possibility of obtaining bespoke products, ready to use in architectural and decorative fields. In addition, environmental benefits that results from processing waste glass are the reducing the raw materials (virgin) and the CO2 emissions.

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D’Adamo, Idiano, Michela Miliacca, and Paolo Rosa. "Economic Feasibility for Recycling of Waste Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules." International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4184676.

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Cumulative photovoltaic (PV) power installed in 2016 was equal to 305 GW. Five countries (China, Japan, Germany, the USA, and Italy) shared about 70% of the global power. End-of-life (EoL) management of waste PV modules requires alternative strategies than landfill, and recycling is a valid option. Technological solutions are already available in the market and environmental benefits are highlighted by the literature, while economic advantages are not well defined. The aim of this paper is investigating the financial feasibility of crystalline silicon (Si) PV module-recycling processes. Two well-known indicators are proposed for a reference 2000 tons plant: net present value (NPV) and discounted payback period (DPBT). NPV/size is equal to −0.84 €/kg in a baseline scenario. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is conducted, in order to improve the solidity of the obtained results. NPV/size varies from −1.19 €/kg to −0.50 €/kg. The absence of valuable materials plays a key role, and process costs are the main critical variables.

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Yoshida, Fumikazu, and Haruyo Yoshida. "Japan, the European Union, and Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment Recycling: Key Lessons Learned." Environmental Engineering Science 27, no. 1 (January 2010): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2009.0109.

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