Статті в журналах: "Recycling organic wastes"

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Bhat, Sartaj Ahmad, Jaswinder Singh, and Adarsh Pal Vig. "Management of Sugar Industrial Wastes through Vermitechnology." International Letters of Natural Sciences 55 (June 2016): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.55.35.

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The present paper discusses the role of earthworms in recycling of sugar industrial wastes. The wastes generated from sugar industry are pressmud, bagasse, bagasse fly ash, sugar cane trash, sugar beet mud, sugar beet pulp, molasses etc. These wastes when mixed with other organic substrates become ideal mixtures for growth of earthworms. These wastes if stored in open field’s causes contamination in the environment and may cause several diseases in public health. But the governments have been unable to tackle the menace of solid waste pollution due to dearth of appropriate technologies, finance and space. Therefore, environment friendly and cost effective technologies for nutrient recycling or remediation of wastes are being advocated as an alternative means for conserving and replenishing natural resources of the ecosystems. Vermicomposting is one such technology that synergises microbial degradation with earthworm’s activity for reducing, reusing and recycling waste materials in a shorter span of time. Earthworm technology can convert sugar industrial wastes into valuable fertilizing material. The final product (vermicompost) produced during the process of vermicomposting is nutrient rich organic fertilizer with plant available nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, calcium and phosphorus. In the present study an attempt has been made to document the role of earthworms in reuse of sugar industry waste.

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Bhat, Sartaj Ahmad, Jaswinder Singh, and Adarsh Pal Vig. "Management of Sugar Industrial Wastes through Vermitechnology." International Letters of Natural Sciences 55 (June 3, 2016): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-jh3zmh.

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The present paper discusses the role of earthworms in recycling of sugar industrial wastes. The wastes generated from sugar industry are pressmud, bagasse, bagasse fly ash, sugar cane trash, sugar beet mud, sugar beet pulp, molasses etc. These wastes when mixed with other organic substrates become ideal mixtures for growth of earthworms. These wastes if stored in open field’s causes contamination in the environment and may cause several diseases in public health. But the governments have been unable to tackle the menace of solid waste pollution due to dearth of appropriate technologies, finance and space. Therefore, environment friendly and cost effective technologies for nutrient recycling or remediation of wastes are being advocated as an alternative means for conserving and replenishing natural resources of the ecosystems. Vermicomposting is one such technology that synergises microbial degradation with earthworm’s activity for reducing, reusing and recycling waste materials in a shorter span of time. Earthworm technology can convert sugar industrial wastes into valuable fertilizing material. The final product (vermicompost) produced during the process of vermicomposting is nutrient rich organic fertilizer with plant available nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, calcium and phosphorus. In the present study an attempt has been made to document the role of earthworms in reuse of sugar industry waste.

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Wojnowska-Baryła, Irena, Dorota Kulikowska, and Katarzyna Bernat. "Effect of Bio-Based Products on Waste Management." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052088.

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This article focuses on the end-of-life management of bio-based products by recycling, which reduces landfilling. Bio-plastics are very important materials, due to their widespread use in various fields. The advantage of these products is that they primarily use renewable materials. At its end-of-life, a bio-based product is disposed of and becomes post-consumer waste. Correctly designing waste management systems for bio-based products is important for both the environment and utilization of these wastes as resources in a circular economy. Bioplastics are suitable for reuse, mechanical recycling, organic recycling, and energy recovery. The volume of bio-based waste produced today can be recycled alongside conventional wastes. Furthermore, using biodegradable and compostable bio-based products strengthens industrial composting (organic recycling) as a waste management option. If bio-based products can no longer be reused or recycled, it is possible to use them to produce bio-energy. For future effective management of bio-based waste, it should be determined how these products are currently being managed. Methods for valorizing bio-based products should be developed. Technologies could be introduced in conjunction with existing composting and anaerobic digestion infrastructure as parts of biorefineries. One option worth considering would be separating bio-based products from plastic waste, to maintain the effectiveness of chemical recycling of plastic waste. Composting bio-based products with biowaste is another option for organic recycling. For this option to be viable, the conditions which allow safe compost to be produced need to be determined and compost should lose its waste status in order to promote bio-based organic recycling.

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Çelik, Filiz. "Konya’da Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Yeşil Alanlar için Geri Dönüşüm Modeli." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i10.1402-1411.2045.

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Urban green spaces can be a comprehensive tool to ensure the sustainability of cities. The sustainability of green areas in planning, design, implementation, maintenance and operation processes contributes to the sustainable development of cities as well. There are many ways to ensure that green areas are sustainable from a social, economic and ecological point of view. These include the construction and use of compost under recycling and re-evaluation. The wastes generated as a result of periodic maintenance in urban green areas are disposed together with other wastes in solid waste storage area. However, the use of organic wastes in composting can ensure that green areas are sustainable by reducing both recycling and periodic maintenance costs of green areas. The aim of this study is to improve the idea of recycling and re-evaluation of organic wastes which are emerged in green areas by composting and using them in green areas. For this purpose, a model for composting and replacing fertilizer from organic wastes emerged in green areas of Konya was proposed. Thus, the costs of green areas with very high design, implementation and maintenance expenses will be reduced and they will be sustainable within themselves. The sustainability of urban green spaces will also contribute to Konya's urban sustainability.

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Silva, Adriane de A., Adriana M. da Costa, Regina M. Q. Lana, and Ângela M. Q. Lana. "Recycling of nutrients with application of organic waste in degraded pasture." Engenharia Agrícola 32, no. 2 (April 2012): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162012000200020.

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The utilization of organic wastes represents an alternative to recover degraded pasture. The experiment aimed to assess the changes caused by the provision of different organic waste (poultry litter, turkey litter and pig manure) in a medium-textured Oxisol in Brazilian Savanna under degraded pasture. It was applied different doses of waste compared to the use of mineral fertilizers and organic mineral and evaluated the effect on soil parameters (pH, organic matter, phosphorus and potassium) and leaf of Brachiariadecumbens (crude protein, phosphorus and dry mass production). It was observed that application of organic waste did not increase the level of soil organic matter and pH in the surface layer, and the application of turkey litter caused acidification at depths of 0.20-0.40 m and 0.40-0.60 m. There was an increase in P and K in the soil with the application of poultry litter and swine manure. All organic wastes increased the productivity of dry matter and crude protein and phosphorus. The recycling of nutrients via the application of organic waste allows efficiency of most parameters similar to those observed with the use of mineral sources, contributing to improving the nutritional status of soil-plantsystem.

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Islam, M. S., A. Sultana, M. Rasheduzzaman, G. K. Kundu, A. K. I. Kamal, and M. K. Uddin. "Assessment of the Present State and Economical Prospects of Solid Waste at Amin Bazar Waste Dumping Site, Dhaka, Bangladesh." Journal of Scientific Research 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v7i3.23415.

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The study was conducted to explore the current status and the economical prospect of the solid waste management at Amin Bazar waste dumping site, Dhaka. A total of 48 waste samples were collected in both dry and wet season to study the physical composition, pH and moisture content of discarded wastes. The wastes were comprised of plastics (6%), paper (3.5%), glass (0.23%), garden waste (8.5%), food stuffs (72.25%), metals (0.16%) and textile products (3.25%). The pH values of the samples were ranges between 6.9-7.8 indicated the neutral condition. Larger portion of the wastes was organic (72%). About 14.38% of waste was recyclable but there is no recycling and composting facility. Proper recycling of the solid wastes at Amin Bazar can be a source of compost and useful metal resources which may contribute in safe and sustainable environmental management.

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Yadav, Harshdeep, Shivanshu Sharma, and Kavita Bhadu. "Sustainable use of agricultural waste." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 19, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/19.1/336-341.

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In India, which is mostly an agricultural nation, there are a lot of agricultural byproducts and wastes. The wastes and byproducts produced by agriculture are primarily organic in origin and contain nearly all of the nutrients required by plants. The biological cycle may be maintained by recycling waste and incorporating agricultural outputs into crop fields. The agricultural wastes may also be utilised as animal feed, organic manures and as a source of raw materials for ethanol and bioenergy production, among other things.

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Rovin, S. L., A. S. Kalinichenko, and L. E. Rovin. "The return of the dispersed metal waste into production." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2019-1-45-48.

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The article presents an alternative method of recycling of dispersed metal waste, based on a continuous solid-liquid-phase process, implemented in rotary tilting furnaces (RTF). The new proposed method of recycling allows processing wastes with almost any composition and state from metal to oxide and multicomponent wastes (shavings, fine scrap, mill scale, aspiration dust, sludge, etc.). The wastes can be even contaminated with moisture, oil, and organic impurities. The method developed does not require preliminary preparation of the initial materials (cleaning, homogenization, pelletizing, etc.). The finished products are ingots (pigs) for subsequent processing aiming the particular chemical composition or cast alloys of certain brend.

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Dubrovskis, Vilis. "FORCED ANAEROBIC BIOCONVERSION." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2001): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2001vol1.1926.

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Forced bioconversion of solid organic wastes as technology for Latvia conditions is presented. Every inhabitant produces 200~300kg solid wastes, about 0,6 mind per year in Latvia. Different technologies are used for utilisation of these wastes. The most popular are: landfilling, sorting and recycling, incineration, composting and anaerobic digestion for organic wastes. As new technology? in Latvia is forced bioconversion of municipal solid organic wastes. Approximately 250000 tons solid wastes per year are coming to landfill Getlini. 24% from them are usable for anaerobic digestion. Regulating of temperature and moisture content in wastes gives possibility to optimise process of bioconversion. Forced anaerobic bioconversion proceeds 4 -7 times faster as normal bioconversion in landfill. For this technology is necessary less investment for incineraton anaerobic digestion in bioreactors and composting in tunnels or halls. It is preferable for smaller landfills in Latvia too. For big landfill, where has sorting, the best solution: approximately 30% recycling, 25% wet organic for forced bioconversion, 45% for incineration.

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Karmakar, S., K. Brahmachari, A. Gangopadhyay, and S. R. Choudhury. "Recycling of Different Available Organic Wastes through Vermicomposting." E-Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 2 (2012): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/945762.

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Generation of organic wastes has been increased in an unprecedented rate in India with rapid population expansion, leading to disposal problems. These organic wastes can be converted into valuable wealth by applying vermicomposting technology. Vermicompost which provides macro and micro nutrients to the plants, also reduces pollution by providing a valuable substitute for chemical fertilizers. Present paper deals with vermicomposting of organic wastes from seven different sources and evaluation of nutrient in those vermicomposts following chemical analyses. These seven sources include coconut coir, water hyacinth, mixed materials, cabbage, banana pseudostem, cow dung, and rice husk. Three composting species of earthworms e.g.Eisenia. fetida, Eudrilus. eugeniae, andPerionyx excavatuswere chosen for the experiment. Chemical analysis of vermicomposts under study clearly showed that the vermicompost from water hyacinth contained maximum amount of organic C, total N, and total K though the phosphorous content was maximum in vermicompost from mixed materials. Lowest nutrient content was observed in vermicompost of coconut coir. Vermicomposts from mixed materials, cabbage, banana pseudostem were at per in their chemical properties. It can be concluded that among the seven sources, vermicompost from water hyacinth is best for its nutrient value.

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Muthukumaravel, K., A. Amsath, and M. Sukumaran. "Vermicomposting of Vegetable Wastes Using Cow Dung." E-Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 4 (2008): 810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/572431.

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Municipal solid wastes are mainly from domestic and commercial areas containing recyclable toxic substances, compostable organic matter and others. With rapid increase in population, the generation of municipal solid wastes has increased several folds during last few years. Disposal of solid wastes can be done by methods like land filling, incineration, recycling, conversion into biogas, disposal into sea and composting. Vermicomposting is one of the recycling technologies which will improve the quality of the products. The present study aims to find out the possibility of utilization of vegetable wastes for vermiculture. EarthwormMegascolex mauritiicultured in plastic trays (45 x 30 x 30 cm) containing soil alone (control) (T1), soil + cow dung (T2), soil + vegetable waste (T3) and soil + vegetable waste + cow dung (T4) for 60 days. Nutrient values were determined from the compost and compared with that of the control. From these results, it was found that NPK values were maximum in compost obtained from vegetable waste with the use of cow dung.

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Paola Luda, Maria. "Rubber Wastes Management And Recycling." Research and Development in Polymer Science (RDPS) 2, no. 1 (February 13, 2023): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/rdps/1005.

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Rubber is widely used in automotive industry, mainly for tires, and in non-automotive industries producing a wide amount of waste to be properly managed and collected. Waste management schemes exist only for few rubber wastes streams, the majority of which being left to the private initiative of manufacturing or importing enterprises. Recycling approaches currently in use are reviewed for the different rubber waste streams.

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Furedy, C. "Social considerations in the recycling of organic wastes." Resources and Conservation 13, no. 2-4 (February 1987): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-3097(87)90053-8.

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Parr, J. F., R. I. Papendick, and D. Colacicco. "Recycling of Organic Wastes for a Sustainable Agriculture." Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 3, no. 2-3 (January 1986): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01448765.1986.9754466.

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Yadav, Anoop, and V. K. Garg. "Recycling of organic wastes by employing Eisenia fetida." Bioresource Technology 102, no. 3 (February 2011): 2874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.083.

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Skjelhaugen, O. J. "A Farmer-operated System for Recycling Organic Wastes." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 73, no. 4 (August 1999): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1999.0429.

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Chong, Calvin. "Experiences with the utilization of wastes in nursery potting mixes and as field soil amendments." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-144.

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The nursery/landscape industry has been one of the fastest growing agricultural sectors in Canada. Since 1980s, the Ornamental Nursery Research Program at the Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario (HRIO) has been conducting research which focuses on environmentally friendly production practices. Emphasis is on the use of composted or uncomposted organic wastes as amendments in container potting mixes. Various projects have evaluated mixes derived from wastes such as spent mushroom compost, paper mill sludge, apple pomace, and various types of barks. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the scope of the research expanded to include composting and a wider assortment of wastes such as waxed corrugated cardboard, municipal solid waste compost, wood chips from pallets and furniture and demolition wastes, food wastes, and organic fertilizers manufactured from meat by-products, and selected industrial wastes. Presently, paper mill sludge is being evaluated as field soil amendment for growing nursery shade trees and also for use in rehabilitating marginal, non-agricultural land. Key words: Waste recycling, land rehabilitation, composts, organic wastes, container culture, shade tree culture, ornamentals, nutrition

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Hossain, M. Z., P. von Fragstein, P. von Niemsdorff, and J. Heß. "Effect of Different Organic Wastes on Soil Propertie s and Plant Growth and Yield: a Review." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 48, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2017-0030.

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Abstract The use of organic wastes in agriculture plays a great role in recycling essential plant nutrients, sustaining soil security as well as protecting the environment from unwanted hazards. This review article deals with the effect of different kinds of organic wastes on soil properties and plant growth and yield. Municipal solid waste is mainly used as a source of nitrogen and organic matter, improving soil properties and microbial activity that are closely related to soil fertility. Biowaste and food waste increase pH, nitrogen content, cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity, and microbial biomass in soil. Sewage sludge contains various amounts of organic matter and huge amounts of plant nutrients. Manure is a common waste which improves soil properties by adding nutrients and increases microbial and enzyme activity in soil. It also reduces toxicity of some heavy metals. These organic wastes have a great positive impact on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties as well as stimulate plant growth and thus increase the yield of crops.

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Aubakirov, Yermek, Firuza Akhmetova, Zheneta Tashmukhambetova, Larissa Sassykova, Ayazhan Kurmangaliyeva, Aizat Gumarova, Kanat Narikov, and Kalamgali Tanakoz. "Application of natural zeolite for recycling of polymer waste." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001002.

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Recently, the ways of obtaining alternative energy resources in the production of gasoline and diesel fuels have been considered. Using physico-chemical methods, nitrogen and sulfur-containing compounds in gasoline, diesel distillates obtained from polymer residues can be determined. Currently, a promising method is the processing of polymer materials into liquid fuel fractions and organic products. In this method, the destruction of the polymer series with the formation of low-molecular hydrocarbons occurred. The process was carried out at a temperature of 400-450°C at atmospheric or elevated pressure in the presence or in the absence of a catalyst. Both pure polymers and various polymer wastes, containing organic orinorganic waste that does notrequire special cleaning, were used. This technology allows you not only to eliminate wastes, but also to obtain a large number of commercial products.

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Boyle, Carol, and Brian Baetz. "Household hazardous wastes: options for management." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 4 (August 1, 1993): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-071.

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Household hazardous waste (HHW) disposal contributes significantly to the cost of HHW collection programs. In addition, disposal of HHW can contribute to the toxicity of leachate from landfill, heavy metals in ash from waste incinerators, and heavy metals and toxic organic compounds in composted material and sewage sludge. Other options such as product substitution, waste minimization, reuse, or recycling should be considered to help reduce costs and disposal concerns. An estimate of the volumes and types of HHW accumulated by collection programs, their recycling and reuse options, and treatment and disposal requirements are presented.Recycling, reuse, or disposal of collected wastes depends upon the market for the recycled material, the availability of recycling or disposal facilities, transportation facilities, and the potential to reuse the waste material without treatment. The costs of disposing of HHW are relatively high but can be offset by co-funding from manufacturing associations and local businesses. A disposal fee could also be applied to household hazardous products, thus placing the cost burden on the purchaser.Public education can assist in reducing the volumes of HHW and public pressure is also forcing companies to eliminate hazardous compounds in household products. If effective consumer education continues, the increasing demand for non-hazardous substitutes will significantly reduce the volume of household hazardous products, consequently reducing HHW. Key words: household hazardous waste, waste disposal, waste recycling, waste reuse, waste management.

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Wojnowska-Baryła, Irena, Katarzyna Bernat, and Magdalena Zaborowska. "Strategies of Recovery and Organic Recycling Used in Textile Waste Management." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 5859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105859.

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Post-consumer bio-based textile wastes are any type of garment or household article made from manufactured bio-based textiles that the owner no longer needs and decides to discard. According to the hierarchy of waste management, post-consumer textile waste should be organically recycled. However, there is still a problem with the implementation of selective collection of textile waste followed by sorting, which would prepare the waste for organic recycling. A technically achievable strategy for sorted textile waste materials consisting of only one type of fiber material, multi-material textiles are a problem for recycling purposes. Waste textiles are composed of different materials, including natural as well as synthetic non-cellulosic fibers, making bioprocessing difficult. Various strategies for recovery of valuable polymers or monomers from textile waste, including concentrated and dilute acid hydrolysis, ionic liquids as well as enzymatic hydrolysis, have been discussed. One possible process for fiber recycling is fiber recovery. Fiber reclamation is extraction of fibers from textile waste and their reuse. To ensure that organic recycling is effective and that the degradation products of textile waste do not limit the quality and quantity of organic recycling products, bio-based textile waste should be biodegradable and compostable. Although waste textiles comprising a synthetic polymers fractions are considered a threat to the environment. However, their biodegradable part has great potential for production of biological products (e.g., ethanol and biogas, enzyme synthesis). A bio-based textile waste management system should promote the development and application of novel recycling techniques, such as further development of biochemical recycling processes and the textile waste should be preceded by recovery of non-biodegradable polymers to avoid contaminating the bioproducts with nano and microplastics.

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Hossain Molla, Abul, Hasnat Zahan, M. M. H. Oliver, and M. Khaled Mosharaf. "Exploration of Potential Indigenous Non-phytopathogenic Fungi for Bio-organic Fertilizer Recycling from Organic Waste." Environment and Natural Resources Journal 20, no. 6 (August 18, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/20/202200110.

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Using potential microbes in biodegradable solid waste management is an emerging science. Microbes play a significant role in recycling of organic solid wastes. Therefore, the present project was carried out to isolate indigenous potential non-phytopathogenic fungi from local relevant decomposed substrates for the purpose of organic waste recycling as bio-organic fertilizer (BOF). A total of thirteen fungal strains were isolated. Seven of them were identified as Trichoderma spp., and the rest were Penicillium spp. Germination of mung bean (Vigna radiata), mustard (Brassica campestris), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds were assessed by application of 13 fungal isolate suspensions. Significant increase of germination percent was achieved in mung bean (98.35%), mustard (96.65%), and wheat (93.35%) by fungal treatments RW-T02, PL-P01, and CD-T01/MSW-T05, respectively, compared to the controls. But radicle and plumule lengths were not promoted by fungal treatments in the majority of cases. Significantly, the longest radicle and plumule lengths of mung bean and mustard were found in control treatments. Conversely, in wheat the longest radicle and plumule length were achieved in treatments MSW-T05 and RW-T03, respectively. Based on superior performances of percent germination and radicle/plumule length, six fungal isolates were selected for compatibility performance in mixed cultures. In the compatibility tests, two fungal combinations (ABF and BCE) presented superior mutual intermingle appearances. Perhaps these combinations may play significant roles in biodegradation of organic wastes.

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Shi, Yan, Gang Luo, and Shicheng Zhang. "Special Issue on “Biomass Conversion and Organic Waste Utilization”." Processes 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2023): 3070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11113070.

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Hennebert, Pierre. "RISK MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTES BY HAZARDOUS PROPERTY INCLUDING MERCURY CONTAINING WASTES." Detritus, no. 20 (August 25, 2022): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15212.

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The classification of waste is complex. Once detailed chemical composition, and in some cases speciation testing has been completed, the chemicals present are checked either as hazardous chemicals or persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, detailed waste characterisation data can be used to support onward management of wastes, including hazardous wastes. A process management flowchart has been compiled using data from twelve waste streams. Specifically, for hazardous waste, the proposed approach can be used to firstly identify how a potential hazard may be eliminated using specific treatment scenarios. Secondly risk mitigation strategies are provided to reduce risks during short-term management of transportation, preparation and processing of wastes. Finally, the approach highlights how waste characterisation data can be used to guide the long-term management of hazardous waste. For non-hazardous waste a risk approach generates case specific permissible concentration limits. Hazardous waste management by risk is proposed, either for short-term operations, or during the recycling loops. The wastes containing “legacy” banned substances must be phased out. But the wastes with hazardous compounds at hazardous concentration should be recycled in controlled recycling loop. They should be managed during the loop by a risk approach, like the products they were and the products that they will become, per risk according to REACH. A worked example of this approach to mercury containing waste by hazard and by risk is presented, using leaching data (risk) to prevent groundwater contamination by mine tailings using reverse modelling, proposed to the conference of the UN Minamata Convention.

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Yi-Xiao, Chen, Lu Yi-Ming, Mo Jin-Tao, Pan Jia-Jing, and Zhang Jun. "Mechanism and control strategy of ammonia and nitrous oxide during composting of municipal solid wastes." E3S Web of Conferences 271 (2021): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127102003.

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Aerobic composting is an effective way to realize recycling of organic solid wastes. It is not only convenient for operation and management, but also can convert waste into organic fertilizer. However during the composting process, the nitrogen in the heap exists in the form of organic nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and other forms and is transformed into each other. It is also a potential source of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and it is closely related to the environmental problems such as haze pollution and greenhouse effect. Combining with the researches of domestic and foreign scholars, this paper summarizes the form transformation of nitrogen elements, the emission mechanism of NH3 and N2O, and the adjustment and control measures in the aerobic composting process of the organic solid wastes, and it prospects the research direction for aerobic composting of the organic solid wastes.

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Komatsu, T., T. Kimura, Y. Kuriyama, Y. Isshiki, T. Kawano, T. Hirao, M. Masuda, K. Yokoyama, T. Matsumoto, and M. Takeda. "Anaerobic digestion of organic waste in Japan: the first demonstration plant at Kyoto City." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 12 (June 1, 2002): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0416.

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Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste is vigorously promoted in Japan and the necessity of energy recovery from organic waste is increasing. An anaerobic digestion demonstration plant for organic waste in Kyoto City, Japan has been operated for about two years. Three kinds of wastes (garbage and leftovers from hotels, yard waste and used paper) mixed at various ratios are used. The plant has maintained stable operations with each mixture, generating biogas by the decomposition of VS at the rate of about 820 m3N/ton-VS.

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Sharma, Bhavisha, Barkha Vaish, Monika, Umesh Kumar Singh, Pooja Singh, and Rajeev Pratap Singh. "Recycling of Organic Wastes in Agriculture: An Environmental Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research 13, no. 2 (March 6, 2019): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41742-019-00175-y.

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Davidson, L., Y. Quinn, and D. E. Steele. "Ruthenium-Mediated Electrochemical Destruction of Organic Wastes." Platinum Metals Review 42, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214098x4239098.

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No industrial process is 100 per cent efficient and the generation of waste, both organic and inorganic, is an unavoidable reality. The recycling of waste is becoming increasingly important as concerns about the environment and the availability of resources come more to the fore, but there remain many waste streams which are not yet suitable for recovery of their reusable content, on the grounds of cost or practicality. Historically, the disposal of such wastes has been either via incineration or release into the environment after neutralisation or immobilisation, in a landfill site or into a drain or sewer, or the like. These options are becoming more restricted as regulations tighten and public perception of any but the most benign discharges worsens. This paper sets out reasons for using electrochemical oxidation with a ruthenium electro-catalyst to provide an effective and environmentally friendly alternative to other technologies. Electrochemical oxidation can effect mineralisation of toxic organic species with minimal generation of secondary waste and efficient recovery of the ruthenium mediator and is particularly suited for the treatment of highly chlorinated and aromatic compounds.

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Hovorukha, Vira, Olesia Havryliuk, Galina Gladka, Oleksandr Tashyrev, Antonina Kalinichenko, Monika Sporek, and Agnieszka Dołhańczuk-Śródka. "Hydrogen Dark Fermentation for Degradation of Solid and Liquid Food Waste." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071831.

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The constant increase in the amount of food waste accumulating in landfills and discharged into the water reservoirs causes environment pollution and threatens human health. Solid and liquid food wastes include fruit, vegetable, and meat residues, alcohol bard, and sewage from various food enterprises. These products contain high concentrations of biodegradable organic compounds and represent an inexpensive and renewable substrate for the hydrogen fermentation. The goal of the work was to study the efficiency of hydrogen obtaining and decomposition of solid and liquid food waste via fermentation by granular microbial preparation (GMP). The application of GMP improved the efficiency of the dark fermentation of food waste. Hydrogen yields reached 102 L/kg of solid waste and 2.3 L/L of liquid waste. The fermentation resulted in the 91-fold reduction in the weight of the solid waste, while the concentration of organics in the liquid waste decreased 3-fold. Our results demonstrated the potential of granular microbial preparations in the production of hydrogen via dark fermentation. Further development of this technology may help to clean up the environment and reduce the reliance on fossil fuels by generating green hydrogen via recycling of household and industrial organic wastes.

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Lăcătuşu, Radu, Romeo Căpăţână, and Anca-Rovena Lăcătuşu. "Composite Compost Produced from Organic Waste." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 10, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pesd-2016-0024.

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Abstract The soil fertilization in ecological agriculture is done mostly using organic fertilizers. Some of them are prepared as compost from waste, but other haven’t, until now, any recycling possibility. In this context, for the preparation of new types of compost, we used three type of waste: sewage sludge from waste water treatment, marine algae and farmyard manure. We have made four different composting variants, each consisting of different proportions of the three waste: equal parts (33.33%) of each waste, 50% of each of the three wastes separately, the difference being made up in equal amounts (25%) of the other two wastes. Composting process was performed in Könemann silos (cubs with side by 1.20m) and lasted 60 days, from July 19 until September 16, when the composted material has passed the stages of reduction and oxidation. During composting process, in the reductive stage the material has reached a temperature up to 63°C Celsius, enough heat for its sterilization. Initial material, semi composted and final composted material were been chemical analyzed, especially in terms of macro- and microelements, analytical results revealing high and normal content of such chemicals. Therefore the achieved compost could be used in organic farming systems.

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Ejeta, Lucky Ogheneakpobo, and Ehiaghe Agbovhimen Elimian. "Solid waste recycling and organic particulate hybrid nanocomposite technologies for sustainable infrastructure—A comprehensive review." Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 22, 2024): 3440. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jpse.v7i1.3440.

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Solid waste has become a major environmental concern globally in recent years due to the tremendous increase in waste generation. However, these wastes (e.g., plastics and agro-residues) can serve as potential raw materials for the production of value-added products such as composites at low cost. The utilization of these waste materials in the composite industry is a good strategy for maintaining the sustainability of resources with economic and environmental benefits. In this report, the environmental impacts and management strategies of solid waste materials are discussed in detail. The study described the benefits of recycling and reusing solid wastes (i.e., plastic and agro-waste). The report also reviewed the emerging fabrication approaches for natural particulate hybrid nanocomposite materials. The results of this survey reveal that the fabrication techniques employed in manufacturing composite materials could significantly influence the performance of the resulting composite products. Furthermore, some key areas have been identified for further investigation. Therefore, this report is a state-of-the-art review and stands out as a guide for academics and industrialists.

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Karengin, Alexander G., Nikolay V. Tundeshev, Ivan Yu Novoselov, and Egor A. Oreshkin. "Research of Possibility of Sludge Complex Recycling in Low Radioactive LRW Storage Pools." Advanced Materials Research 1084 (January 2015): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1084.327.

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In this article process of complex plasma utilization of sludge in low radioactive liquid radioactive waste (LRW) storage pools is investigated. It was also shown the possibility of effective air plasma utilization of such wastes in the form of optimal water-organic compositions with the adiabatic temperature of combustion higher than 1200 °C.

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Peer, Michael, Burkhard Berninger, Alexander Hofmann, and Thomas Fehn. "Chemical recycling of PVC-containing plastic waste for recycling of critical metals." Detritus, no. 26 (2024): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2024.18360.

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Chemical recycling of polyvinyl chloride containing plastic waste to recover critical metals is a promising way to solve two important problems (polyvinyl chloride disposal and critical metal recovery) in waste management and is being transferred on a larger scale in the “CHM-Technology” project. Various polyvinyl chloride containing plastic wastes were pyrolyzed to generate a hydrogen chloride rich vapor. This hydrogen chloride rich vapor is used in a second step to chlorinate indium in liquid crystal displays. Indium chloride has a lower boiling point than indium-tin-oxide and evaporates. This is cooled down and generates a metal concentrate together with the decomposed volatile materials from liquid crystal displays. The chlorine content in the polyvinyl chloride containing plastic waste residues is reduced. The products solid, oil, hydrochloric acid and gas can be used for new products. For metal purification the metal concentrate is mixed with water, filtrated, distilled and an electrolysis is carried out to recover metallic indium. Nine waste containing PVC were used with significant differences: when more hydrochloric acid and less volatile organic fraction was produced, more indium was transferred to the metal concentrate. The best recovery of indium (78% purity after electrolysis) was 39 wt-% from LCD panels containing 83 mg In/kg.

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Araújo, Ademir Sérgio Ferreira, and Regina Teresa Rosim Monteiro. "Plant bioassays to assess toxicity of textile sludge compost." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 3 (June 2005): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000300013.

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Composting of industrial wastes is increasing because of recycling requirements set on organic wastes. The evaluation of toxicity of these wastes by biological testing is therefore extremely important for screening the suitability of waste for land application. The toxicity of a textile sludge compost was investigated using seed germination and plant growth bioassays using soybean and wheat. Compost samples were mixed with water (seed germination bioassay) or nutrient solution (plant growth bioassay) at concentrations of 0, 19, 38, 76 and 152 g L-1. No negative effects were observed after five days of compost water-extract in relation to soybean and wheat seed germination. After fifteen days, under a hydroponics system, plant growth had harmful effects of the compost at concentrations above 38 g L-1. Textile sludge compost presented great phytotoxicity under hydroponics condition and the soybean and wheat were sensitive for evaluation of organic wastes in plant growth bioassays.

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Kumar Gupta, Aman, Alice Minj, Dipak Yadav, and Anuj Poudel. "UTILIZATION OF SOLID OR LIQUID WASTES IN AGRICULTURE." JOURNAL OF WASTES AND BIOMASS MANAGEMENT 3, no. 1 (November 17, 2020): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.01.2021.09.12.

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Now-days increasing solid or liquid wastes are major problems in developing country therefore utilization of all these wastes are required because of its impact on the environment and as well as on agriculture. These wastes are decomposed and stabilized through composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion, recycling and reuse. Solid wastes act as an organic fertilizer, nutrient supplier, and media for nursery and also helps in improving the physical, chemical and microbiological activity in agricultural soils. Reuse of wastewater helps in reducing water crisis in agriculture. Poultry wastes are used as organic fertilizer, feed for livestock, biogas production, products for commercial purposes.

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Pastor, B., Y. Velasquez, P. Gobbi, and S. Rojo. "Conversion of organic wastes into fly larval biomass: bottlenecks and challenges." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1, no. 3 (August 2015): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2014.0024.

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The large volume of organic wastes and by-products produced every year usually generates environmental problems, such as water, air and soil contamination and it can be also a focus for pathogen dispersion. Sustainable waste management strategies should be developed, that can favour the value of the organic waste instead of its disposal. A sustainable strategy would be the use of the organic waste as substrate for intensive production of insect biomass. The insects associated with manure and organic waste can play a key role for the sustainable valorisation of organic waste streams as high add value products as they could be used as feed. This review is an overview of the research related with intensive insect farming of saprophagous dipteran species (flies) on manure and other organic wastes and the by-products obtained after the process. Using dipterans as recyclers of waste means that the mass-production systems of these organisms have to be efficient and competitive with other recycling systems. This review describes the possibilities of the dipterans to become active agents in waste management systems and, at the same time, an important resource of protein for feed and the main aspects and bottlenecks that have to be improved in order to achieve competitive insect farming.

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Shwetmala, Kashyap, H. N. Chanakya, and T. V. Ramachandra. "Pattern, Characterization and Quantification of Unauthorized Waste Dump Sites: A Case Study of Bangalore." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.362.

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Developing country municipal solid waste management is complex, managed by multiple institutions, prone to socio-political disruptions and often requires frequent and rapid estimates of good functioning. Estimating the quantity, composition and status of municipal solid waste found at unauthorized dump sites helps in diagnosis and in improving solid waste management system. The objective of this study was to find occurrences of unauthorized dump sites and to determine quantity, area, height of dumps, waste density and waste composition at these sites. A total of 452 locations were identified and quantification of solid wastes was carried out at 268 locations by determining waste spread area, measuring dump height and density by multiple techniques. Mixed dumped wastes at site was physically segregated into twelve waste categories (organic fraction, plastic, construction debris, paper, cloth, glass, leather, metal, rubber, biomedical waste, burnt waste and industrial wastes). It was estimated about 213310 Mg of wastes were dumped in 452 unauthorized dump sites. The composition of waste dumped in unauthorized sites have 41.3% of construction debris followed by 28.9% of organic waste and other fractions constituted the remaining. The waste composition at dump site suggests less efficient recycling systems and the possible direction for the system improvements.

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Gómez Palacios, J. M., A. Ruiz de Apodaca, C. Rebollo, and J. Azcárate. "European policy on biodegradable waste: a management perspective." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 10 (November 1, 2002): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0362.

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The main characteristics of the European environmental policy are reviewed. Focusing on EU policy on waste, the paper presents the principles on which EU waste management is founded, particularly the waste hierarchy. In this hierarchy, priority shall be given to prevention of the generation of wastes and of its hazardousness. Secondly, the reuse and the recovery of materials (recycling), which implies the separation of waste at source involving consumers in the scheme of waste management. Priority should be given to material recycling over energy recovery. The less desirable option is the disposal of waste. The paper reviews specific directives on organic waste management, following the scheme of the waste hierarchy, together with the general trends observed in producing common regulations for all types of organic residuals. Afterwards, key issues and measures for the implementation of a feasible strategy for organic residuals management, e.g. quality requirements and quality assurance, are discussed. Finally, there is a view from a manager's perspective on the current EU policy, public acceptance and suitable waste management operations.

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Rautaray, Sachin Kanta, Rachana Dubey, Sachidulal Raychaudhuri, Sanatan Pradhan, Sheelabhadra Mohanty, Rajeeb Kumar Mohanty, and Sunil Kumar Ambast. "Sustainable agriwaste management at farm level through self-reliant farming system." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 38, no. 7 (April 29, 2020): 753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20920350.

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Annually 500 M t organic wastes are produced in India from the agriculture sector. Transportation of bulky organic manures for centralized collection, processing and distribution to farms is cost prohibitive. Hence, recycling of agricultural wastes using vermicompost technology at the farm level is a practical way of managing agriwaste for meeting the plant nutrient requirement. Our experience with a 1.584 ha farm for three years (2015–2016 to 2017–2018) revealed that 8.1 t vermicompost was produced in three batches from 24 t agriwastes produced within the farm area. The system productivity by recycling these farm generated agriwastes and run-off water was 18.05 t (≈11.4 t ha−1) rice equivalent yield which was higher by 2.6 times as compared to rice fallow (4.46 t ha−1). Also, the net return from this system (Indian rupees 70141 ha−1) was higher by 2.3 times, after considering the fixed cost towards construction of a water recycling pond. An increase in carbon stock in soil for the four years study period was 0.66 Mg ha−1 year−1 with the agriwaste recycling system under organic nutrition. For the inorganic fertilizer plot, the increase in carbon stock was 0.53 Mg ha−1 year−1. A decrease in bulk density from 1.56 to 1.46 Mg m−3, increase in water holding capacity from 0.43 to 0.52 cm3 cm−3 and increase in available P and K content in soil from 38.0 and 174.7 kg ha−1 to 45.8 and 186.5 kg ha−1, respectively, were noted. Thus, recycling of agricultural waste at the farm level is useful in improving soil health and crop productivity.

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Lacatusu, Anca Rovena, Aurelia Meghea, Adina Elena Rogozea, and Carolina Constantin. "Innovative Polycomposite Fertilizer Obtained by Recycling and Processing Three Organic Wastes." Agriculture 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11101021.

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The paper aims at testing an innovative organic fertilizer obtained from waste by processing a mixture of marine algae biomass, sewage municipal sludge and farmyard manure. Design of this polycomposite fertilizer is based on adequate conceptual and experimental models by taking into account the complex interactions among these three biomasses. In the first step a detail physico-chemical analysis has been performed on the composition of the three raw materials and also on the soil. In the second phase similar analyses have been carried out on representative samples of soil treated with the compost as compared with untreated soil samples. Analytical methods applied were FT-IR spectroscopy in correlation with organic/inorganic and total carbon (TOC/TIC/TC) analysis. The efficiency of applying this compost on the field at large scale has been assessed by means of fatty acid content of the oleaginous plants cultivated. Based on correlation between production quality and chemical composition of the composted soil, the optimal proportions of the mixture of the three organic wastes will be selected for designing an eco-friendly fertilizer able to improve agrochemical properties of the soil.

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Carp, Bogdan Gabriel, Gabriel Mocanu, Ion V. Ion, and Florin Popescu. "Energy from municipal solid wastes: Galati city case study." E3S Web of Conferences 207 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020702001.

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The municipal solid wastes (MSW) can be turned into resources through recycling and energy recovery. To obtain the maximum amount of energy, the appropriate technology must be applied to waste treatment. The composition and characteristics of municipal solid wastes are determinant for technologies choice for MSW in a city/region. Municipal authorities from the Galati city proposed a recovery rate of recyclable materials of 60% from MSW and treatment of the post-recycling MSW as follow: biodegradable fraction by anaerobic digestion and the combustible fraction by incineration or gasification. In this study traditional and innovative waste to energy technologies have been analysed and the potential of electrical energy of waste has been estimated. Results show that plasma gasification system of raw MSW coupled with gas turbine engine has almost the same electrical energy production (32.92 GWh/year) as conventional gasification of combustible material from MSW (17.21GWh/year) coupled with anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of MSW (11.65 GWh/year). By recovering and using the landfill gas from the Tirighina landfill, 6.68 GWh of electricity can be produced annually.

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Pattnaik, Monalisha, Pooja Pandey, Gregory J. O. Martin, Hari Niwas Mishra, and Muthupandian Ashokkumar. "Innovative Technologies for Extraction and Microencapsulation of Bioactives from Plant-Based Food Waste and Their Applications in Functional Food Development." Foods 10, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020279.

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The by-products generated from the processing of fruits and vegetables (F&V) largely are underutilized and discarded as organic waste. These organic wastes that include seeds, pulp, skin, rinds, etc., are potential sources of bioactive compounds that have health imparting benefits. The recovery of bioactive compounds from agro-waste by recycling them to generate functional food products is of increasing interest. However, the sensitivity of these compounds to external factors restricts their utility and bioavailability. In this regard, the current review analyses various emerging technologies for the extraction of bioactives from organic wastes. The review mainly aims to discuss the basic principle of extraction for extraction techniques viz. supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and pulsed electric field extraction. It provides insights into the strengths of microencapsulation techniques adopted for protecting sensitive compounds. Additionally, it outlines the possible functional food products that could be developed by utilizing components of agricultural by-products. The valorization of wastes can be an effective driver for accomplishing food security goals.

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Frigon, J. C., and S. R. Guiot. "Anaerobic digestion as a sustainable solution for biosolids management by the Montreal Metropolitan Community." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2005): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0567.

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The Quebec Waste Management Policy (1998–2008) is requesting that the municipalities prepare a waste management plan, including a global objective of 60% of these wastes to be diverted from landfill sites by reduction, re-usage, recycling and valorization. Around 5.8 million tons of wastes were generated on the territory of the Montreal Metropolitan Community in 2001 for a population of about 3.5 millions citizens. In this paper, we present different management scenarios in which anaerobic digestion was used as a valorization step, focusing on the energetic value of the methane produced and the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The four scenarios prepared cover the valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, green wastes and excess sludge and showed potential methane generation of 17–140 Mm3 with a GHG reduction of 62,000–500,000 tons of CO2-equivalents.

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Qi, Yu, Xudong Chen, and Wen Wang. "Improved life cycle assessment of recycling organic wastes for practice." Journal of Cleaner Production 195 (September 2018): 1558–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.111.

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BUTLEWSKI, KRYSTIAN. "Anaerobic digestion and microwave pyrolysis techniques for recycling organic wastes." Polimery 64, no. 11/12 (November 2019): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2019.11.10.

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Chattopadhyay, Gunindra. "Use of vermicomposting biotechnology for recycling organic wastes in agriculture." International Journal Of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 1, no. 1 (2012): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2251-7715-1-8.

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Khalid, Ibrahim, Sadiq Ullah, and Iqbal Saeed Umar. "The problem of solid waste: origins, composition, disposal, recycling, and reusing." International Journal of Advanced Science and Computer Applications 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47679/ijasca.v1i1.6.

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Solid waste disposal is a major challenge in many industrialized and developing nations, both in metropolitan regions as well as rural ones. The collection and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a serious issue facing metropolitan areas in many nations today. An effective MSW management strategy must satisfy all of these criteria: financial viability; technical feasibility; social and legal acceptability; and ecological friendliness. Small and large cities alike have a major difficulty in dealing with solid waste management. One of the current study topics is the valuation of food organic waste. Existing waste disposal methods include the typical landfill, incineration, composting, and other methods of handling solid waste. Composting and anaerobic digestion have traditionally been the most widely employed methods for the treatment and exploitation of the organic part of MSW (AD). The amount of organic solid waste (OSW) being generated globally is rising at an astronomical rate. Agricultural waste, domestic food waste, human and animal wastes, etc. comprise the majority of OSW. They're often used as animal feed, disposed of in landfills, or burnt. OAWs are made up of protein-, mineral-, and sugar-rich components that may be employed as substrates or raw materials in other processes.

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Hörtenhuber, Stefan Josef, Michaela Clarissa Theurl, and Kurt Möller. "Comparison of the environmental performance of different treatment scenarios for the main phosphorus recycling sources." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 04 (October 19, 2017): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000515.

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AbstractEfficient phosphorus (P) recycling from rural and urban areas is becoming an increasing issue due to the scarcity of natural P deposits. Based on a life cycle assessment (LCA), we analyzed the environmental performance of 17 different P supply and recycling approaches from urban wastes, biosolids and slaughterhouse wastes compared with the two conventional inorganic fertilizers phosphate rock and triple superphosphate. The results show that many recycled P fertilizers (RPFs; e.g., digestates from urban organic wastes, biosolids and their ashes, meat and bone meal (MBM) and its recycling products) are competitive in terms of LCA results compared with conventional P fertilizers. For each of the P recycling sources, one or more treatment options were identified, which have more favorable LCA results than the conventional references. For sewage sludge, we found that direct application of the stabilized biosolids, and incineration with application of the ash showed the lowest LCA impacts per kg P; their treatments even generated net credits from added values. The same applies for the anaerobic digestion treatment of urban organic wastes. For MBM, low environmental impacts were identified for each of the analyzed treatment options, especially for anaerobic digestion, incineration, feeding with application of manure and direct application. Similarly, low environmental impacts and net credits were found for directly applied biomass ash. Some organically based RPFs demonstrate added values, i.e., as nitrogen and potassium fertilizer effect, energy gains during the treatment, or a humus sequestration potential. If these added values are considered in the LCAs, 11 out of 17 RPFs will have advantageous effects for the majority of addressed impact categories.

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Sayara, Tahseen, Rezq Basheer-Salimia, Fatina Hawamde, and Antoni Sánchez. "Recycling of Organic Wastes through Composting: Process Performance and Compost Application in Agriculture." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 1838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111838.

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Composting has become a preferable option to treat organic wastes to obtain a final stable sanitized product that can be used as an organic amendment. From home composting to big municipal waste treatment plants, composting is one of the few technologies that can be practically implemented at any scale. This review explores some of the essential issues in the field of composting/compost research: on one hand, the main parameters related to composting performance are compiled, with especial emphasis on the maturity and stability of compost; on the other hand, the main rules of applying compost on crops and other applications are explored in detail, including all the effects that compost can have on agricultural land. Especial attention is paid to aspects such as the improvement of the fertility of soils once compost is applied, the suppressor effect of compost and some negative experiences of massive compost application.

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Choi, E., Z. Yun, and T. H. Chung. "Strong nitrogenous and agro-wastewater: current technological overview and future direction." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 5-6 (March 1, 2004): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0730.

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Nitrogen input to our environment has increased tremendously during the last four decades. It has been recognized that most of the nitrogenous wastes are produced from animal farms and agro-industries, which discharge a large amount of nitrogen as well as organics. Various biological and physico-chemical means are considered or applied for nitrogen removal. Particularly, biological nitrite nitrification and denitrification, and struvite precipitation have received more attention as applicable processes for strong nitrogenous waste treatment. The advanced oxidation process appears to be more attractive than activated carbon adsorption in terms of the removal of refractory organics when a further treatment of biologically treated effluent is required. Technologies using membrane bioreactors were very effective for solids separation, while reverse osmosis was found to be efficient for water reuse purpose with sufficient removal of refractory organics and nitrogen along with biological treatment. Reuse or recycling of strong nitrogenous wastes and agro-wastewater will be a desirable direction for the future in order to prevent the nitrogenous and organic pollution.

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