Дисертації: "Recreation areas Environmental aspects"

1

Roan, Michael David. "Ecologically sensitive planning for recreational communities in the southeastern low country." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1217403.

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This creative project will develop a planning method for implementing concepts of ecologically sensitive recreational community design in America's southeastern low country (the coastal regions of South Carolina and Georgia). The first step in developing the method will be identifying a list of indicators measuring the ecological impact of recreational community design in the area. Secondly, the environmental impacts of planning methods if recreational communities in the low country will be analyzed and the most effective planning techniques relative to minimal environmental impact will be cultivated and integrated to formulate a single planning method. This method will subsequently be used to design a recreational community on Hutchinson Island, located on the Savannah River in Savannah, Georgia. The Hutchinson Island recreational community design will then be measured against the set of ecological indicators, and the results will then be compared against the aforementioned existing recreational communities.In the past thirty years, the popularity of the southeastern low country as both vacation destination and place of residence has increased dramatically due to a combination of factors, a beautiful environment with a favorable year-round climate, landmark developments in the area of recreational community design, and a steady growth in the wealth of our nation. As developers continue to meet the demand for housing and amenities (both recreational and commercial) in the area, the ecology, rich in biodiversity and aesthetic character is being compromised. Since development of the area shows no sign of slowing, there is a need for a planning and design methodology that is accountable for its impact on the natural environment. To thoroughly investigate the ecological realm of recreational community planning, this creative project will be limited to that area, although it is recognized that effective community planning addresses social and economic sustainability, as well as that of the environment.
Department of Landscape Architecture

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2

Nelson, Thomas A. (Thomas Allen). "An Environmental Evaluation and Public Opinion Survey Concerning Park and Recreation Development in Flower Mound, Texas." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500672/.

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An environmental evaluation concerning land designated for park and recreation development was conducted in Flower Mound, Texas. Results were compared with the findings of a public opinion survey of the citizenry of Flower Mound. The first section is an introduction to land use and recreation planning. Section two presents a review of pertinent literature concerning environmental evaluation and recreation and recreation planning. Third is a brief description of Flower Mound, Texas, and existing park properties. The fourth section discusses both the environmental evaluation and the survey research techniques employed. Results of the environmental evaluation are examined in section five. The public opinion survey results are discussed in the sixth section. Flower Mound is fortunate to have a number of sites suitable for recreational development. If recreational development is to be successful and satisfactory to the users, decisions will need to be made in an organized fashion. Park and recreation planning should be incorporated within a general land use planning framework.

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3

Ng, Sing-keung, and 伍升強. "Evaluation of recreational values of coastal areas for secondary: contact activities in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255966.

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4

Thorn, Jamie. "Sustainability in Parks and Protected Areas." Thesis, Prescott College, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10277458.

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The purpose of this research was to explore the state of sustainability in U.S. Parks and Protected Areas (PPAs) as well as to create a tool to help measure and maintain sustainability in PPAs. The primary research question driving this research was “What is the current state of sustainability in U.S. PPAs?” This guiding question also addressed a sub-question, which asked, “Can a tool be developed and validated to measure the state of sustainability in parks?” The second research question in this project was “Do current park managers believe the use of a sustainable parks certificate would aid ongoing efforts to uphold and maintain sustainability in their parks?” Each research question was addressed through the creation of a survey to measure the state of sustainability through five hypothesized domains, with 55 Likert-scale-style questions and six open-ended questions addressing the certificate program. The survey opened in May 2017 and ended in October 2017. It was sent to approximately 2,645 managers across the country and included national parks and state parks in U.S. states and territories. The data showed that participants were in favor of creating a sustainable parks certificate to help them become more sustainable. A chief recommendation was to start an initiative aimed at providing an online platform for sustainability training geared specifically toward PPAs. This research project has begun the steps necessary to advance the state of sustainability in U.S. PPAs.

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5

Villanueva-Cubero, Luis. "Creating a Self-Sustaining, Conservation-Based Economy in Coastal Recreational Areas of Northeast Puerto Rico| Guidelines for the Valuation of Beaches and Coastal Parks." Thesis, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras (Puerto Rico), 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10094528.

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The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and the Travel Cost Method (TCM) are used to measure non-market transactions, such as recreational experiences in nature-based coastal recreational areas. The purpose of this study was to find mean Willingness to Pay (WTP) for an average recreational experience in a Puerto Rico beach, based on surveys conducted in eight beach facilities. Using the Logistic Regression Model, the odds of acceptance of the visitor to pay more for their recreational experience (based on a hypothetical increase in transportation costs) was determined. Mean WTP for all beaches surveyed using CVM was $66.30. It was also determined that mean WTP for Blue Flag beaches ($73.37) was greater than that of beaches without this designation ($53.82). Using TCM, the Negative Binomial Count Model was incorporated to predict the average number of visits within a 12 month period. TCM WTP proved to be $35.05.

Based on the results of this study it is proposed that a business plan be developed for a Blue Flag beach in Northeast Puerto Rico operating at a loss, based on the recovery of marginal WTP or Consumer Surplus. The results of this study may be useful for managers of coastal recreational facilities and government agencies concerned with tourism economics in Puerto Rico.

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6

Goff, Rachel. "The economic value of tourism and recreation in forested areas of Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2003. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1302.

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In recent years, natural area tourism has been presented as a more profitable, labour intensive and environmentally sound industry than the traditional extractive industries which have resulted in the depletion of primary resources in many countries (Burr, 1995). However, in order for economic returns from tourism to be maintained over a long period of time, investment in resources and infrastructure that support and encourage sustainable tourism and recreation activity in natural areas is required. The key to sustainability is maintaining the capital stock of resources (Garrod & Fyall, 1998; Russell, 2001). In a society driven by economics, resources are allocated according to their representative worth to the population. However, the true value of the environmental resources, which underpin tourism and recreation in natural areas, is hidden due to the non-price and common-good attributes (Marcouiller, 1998). The application of measurement techniques which capture economic values for these resources provides a decision framework which promotes sustainability in the sector. This thesis estimates the gross economic value of tourism and recreation in the forested areas of the South West of Western Australia. The research utilises an established non-market valuation technique, travel cost analysis. The determination of travel costs by visitors to forested areas is used as a market substitute to estimate the tourism and recreation value of the forests in the Conservation and Land Management's Central and Southern Forest regions in the South West of Western Australia. The findings presented in this thesis provide an order of magnitude estimate of the gross market value of tourism and recreation in the Central and Southern Forest regions in 2000-2001 at between $122 million and $160 million. Primary research at a single forest site in the region, the Valley of the Giants, Tree Top Walk, Walpole, provides an estimate of the annual gross market value at between $27.8 million (intrastate market only) and $28.9 million (entire market) using an attribution factor of 70%. This calculation is based on all visitors to the site, with 70% of their visitor expenditure in the region (Manjimup/ Walpole/ Denmark) being attributable to the Valley of the Giants site. With the inclusion of the opportunity cost of travel time, the estimate increases to $33.16 million (based on the intrastate market only and an attribution factor of 70% ). The consumer surplus value of the Valley of the Giants site, without accounting for the money spent on park entry fees to the site, is estimated at $50.84 million (measure based on the intrastate market only who account for 79% of the market and without the inclusion of the opportunity costs of travel time). With an attribution factor of 70% the consumer surplus value is $35.58 million. Intrastate visitors to the Valley of the Giants spent approximately $760,000 on park entry fees to the Valley of the Giants site in 2000-2001. Therefore with the attribution factor applied, the consumer surplus value, net the park entry fees is approximately $35 million . With a visitation rate of approximately 151,200 intrastate visitors in 2000-2001, the benefits accruing to each individual are $231.48 per person or $83 per person per day spent in the Manjimup/ Walpole/ Denmark region (average length of stay 2.8 days). The findings from this study provides a significant contribution to the management of forested areas in Western Australia providing valuable economic information with which to compare other forest use values. This information can be used to facilitate zoning decisions and multiple-use management strategies in forested areas, particularly when aggregated with other valuation studies. In a climate where public funds are limited, the economic measurement of tourism and recreation in forested areas provides justification for the allocation of government resources to facilitate the sustainable management of tourism in the region. In addition, the methodology adopted will provide a basis for future repeat studies and may also be applicable to other forest regions around Australia.

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7

Suh, Jungho. "An economic evaluation of environmental recovery of the skier-dominated area in the Mt Togyu National Park in South Korea /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16163.pdf.

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8

Lambert, Robert A. "The history of nature conservation and recreation in the Cairngorms, 1880-1980." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14229.

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This thesis presents the history of nature conservation and recreation in the Cairngorms area of the eastern Highlands of Scotland, over the century 1880-1980. An introductory chapter sets the scene by describing the observations of travellers, sportsmen and naturalists who visited the area from c.1770. The study then traces the history of the National Park debate in the Cairngorms area (and to an extent, in Scotland), the history of the National Forest Park ideal focusing in on Glenmore, and the history of two National Nature Reserves, including the Cairngorms NNR (the largest in Great Britain). Other chapters address, within an historical framework, the public nature conservation success story of the Osprey on Speyside; the nineteenth and twentieth century rights of way debate and the question of access to mountains and moorland; the development of Aviemore and the Spey Valley as a year-round recreational playground and winter sports centre. Photography and film-making are highlighted as mediums through which nature conservation and recreation have been legitimised and popularised for a mass audience outside the Cairngorms area. The thesis discusses the background to the present landuse conflicts that have dogged the Cairngorms area from 1980, and may prove helpful to land-managers and policymakers in government, conservation and recreation bodies, as it charts the remarkable degree of change in attitudes to nature conservation and recreation witnessed in the Cairngorms. Recreation has always been seen to directly benefit more people, but it is the quality of the environment that supports that recreation. The Cairngorms represent a case study in this kind of conflict, which over the past century has become increasingly common in the UK, Europe and North America. The work is a contribution to the construction of a modem environmental history of Great Britain.

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9

Glavovic, Bruce Christopher. "A proposed framework for recreation planning in South Africa, with particular reference to the Cederberg." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15843.

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Bibliography: pages 158-178.
Over the years, recreation opportunities in South Africa have been subject to increasing visitor use and pressure from widespread environmental changes. There has been growing imbalance between recreation opportunities in more and less developed environments. As a result conflicts have arisen between different user groups. The "Cederberg Controversy" demonstrates the need for a redefined, comprehensive recreation planning framework to resolve such conflicts. Traditional recreation planning approaches have not provided a suitable framework. By comparison, the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum concept has considerable potential for aiding recreation planners in South Africa. An application of principles of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum concept, and closer analysis, reveal that the concept is limited. An extension to the concept is proposed whereby the goal of visitor satisfaction is supplemented by a policy declaration to maintain diverse recreation opportunities. Whenever the consequences of a decision affecting the supply of recreation opportunities are irreversible, the maintenance of diversity should take precedence over visitor demand.

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10

Slavin, Courtney Natasha. "The Relationship Between Traffic Signals and Pedestrian, Bicyclist and Transit User Exposure in Urban Areas." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/616.

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Improving the efficiency of traffic operations along arterials is currently a priority for many agencies as their roadway infrastructure is built out to the largest possible capacity within the urban environment. Many advanced systems are being implemented to optimize traffic signal timing. Air quality is typically not a consideration when these decisions are made. The relationship between exposure to air pollution and traffic signal timing has not been fully explored by other researchers. This study is the first research effort to combine detailed traffic signal timing data (at 5 second intervals) and air pollutant exposure data. Results show that longer green time along the busy arterial reduces pollutant levels, while increased volume per cycle increases pollutant levels. This research quantifies the factors that contribute to pedestrian, bicyclist, and transit user exposure at a busy intersection along an urban arterial. The factors include traffic signal timing, weather related variables, traffic volumes, and heavy vehicle and bus presence. Additionally, the impact of an adaptive traffic signal system on air quality is assessed to understand the implications of signal timing on air pollutant exposure.

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11

So, Wai-kong, and 蘇偉綱. "The unofficial countryside: ecological management outside protected areas." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013214.

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12

Ho, Bo-wan, and 何寶雲. "Environmental protection and management through urban planning in old urban areas of Hong Kong: a case study ofCentral and Western." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893557.

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13

Van, Herwerden L. "Human recreational activity and its impact on a metropolitan coastline." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14356.

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Includes bibliography.
Recreation has an important social function in modern societies, with ever-increasing pressures in the day-to-day life being felt by most people. This study addresses the impact of recreational activity on metropolitan shorelines, with particular reference to the False Bay shoreline. During summer holiday periods shoreline utilization in the Western Cape peaks on the public holidays of 26 December, 1 and 2 January, beach attendances reaching levels of 2 to 10 times higher than attendances on other days during the summer holidays. The greatest proportion of visitors to the beach (94%) engage in non-exploitative activities, such as sunbathing and swimming. Most visitors occur on the beaches between 12h00 and 16h00, week-ends being most popular during out-of-season periods, but in-season week day attendances exceed those of weekends. Only 6% of visitors surveyed were engaged in exploitative activities such as angling and bait- or food-gathering. Conservation awareness of visitors to the shore is related to the place of residence of the person, as well as activity engaged in by the person. Fish numbers and their size frequency distributions in protected areas differs to those of unprotected areas. If boulders on a sheltered shore are over-turned during bait gathering it has an adverse effect on the boulder communities, whether the boulders are replaced or left over-turned. When bait gatherers target on mussel-worms as bait, they may cause inadvertent damage to the primary matrix of mussel bed or tube-worm reef in the process, thereby affecting ecological succession processes in the intertidal environment. Management of metropolitan shorelines must therefore provide for quality recreational experiences, while applying conservation measures to selected areas that are susceptible to over-exploitation under the onslaught of ever-increasing numbers of recreationists. For such measures to be of any benefit to the marine environment, it is essential that people are not only informed, but that the regulations are also properly enforced.

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14

Moore, Steven Douglas. "Leisure stereotypes: Person perception and social contact norms in a wilderness area." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184726.

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Social contact norms are used by managers to establish standards for regulating visitation of wilderness areas so that visitors can attain adequate experiences of solitude. This study expanded on current conceptions of social contact norms to provide a theoretical and empirical basis for understanding how such norms are formed. Using person perception, stereotyping, and socialization theory and the concept of cognitive schemata, a conceptual framework was built to explain how visitors come to judge certain groups as appropriate or inappropriate in a wilderness area. Seven research hypotheses were proposed and tested using a database consisting of responses to a mail questionnaire survey of 800 permit requestors and 95 interviews with visitors at Aravaipa Canyon Wilderness, Arizona. The first hypothesis, that wilderness visitors would regard some types of groups as appropriate and other types of groups as inappropriate in the wilderness area, was supported. Norms for encountering 13 types of groups were estimated from written questions and drawings, and paired picture comparisons allowed ranking of six types of groups. Encounters with lone hikers, small groups, medium-sized groups, birdwatchers, youth groups, school classes, and rangers were considered more appropriate than encounters with hunters, horseback riders, packstock users, and nude bathers. Logit and multinomial logit models were used to test the six remaining hypotheses, which concerned the influences of socialization and other processes on development of social contact norms. To test the hypotheses, norms for encountering six types for groups were predicted from demographic and other variables. The results indicated that norms for encountering small groups were not affected by social class or race; affiliation with a small group during a wilderness visit was associated with a dislike of large groups, membership in a conservation organization had no such association; members of conservation organizations preferred fewer encounters with hunters; membership in a conservation organization also prompted the respondents to dislike encounters with horseback riders; females, older visitors, and people with children disliked encountering nude bathers; and inexperienced and less self-reliant visitors enjoyed encounters with rangers. Theoretical, managerial, and social implications of these results were then discussed.

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15

Walters, Colette. "Parke as ruimtelike, sosiaal-ekologiese bate in die Bellville Munisipale gebied." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1301.

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16

Giles, Andrew. "Exploring the Social, Environmental and Economic Aspects of Trail Surfacing Decisions." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/964.

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Visitor activities in parks often have a heavy impact on the soil, vegetation, water and wildlife. In front country areas, the most extreme damage is concentrated on and adjacent to recreational trails. Aside from controlling the numbers, activities and behaviours of trail users, managers may choose to make trails more resistant to impact through surfacing. Unfortunately, surfacing may have negative influences on park visitors' enjoyment of trails by limiting access or detracting from the primitive setting. In addition, some surfaces may be ineffective in certain environmental conditions such as wet ground or steep slopes. Finally, the wide variety in construction and maintenance costs may make some surface types economically unfeasible. The goals of this research are to investigate the role of trail surfacing in the management of impacts from outdoor recreation; to develop better understanding of the social, economic and environmental aspects of trail surfacing decisions; and to explore a comprehensive framework for incorporating these three factors in trail management. It is hoped that this research can assist park managers in selecting surfacing options to reduce visitor impact without excessively compromising recreational experience or organizational limitations, such as financial resources. In addition to a comprehensive review of literature on visitor impact management on trails and surfacing techniques, this research employs three methods to further investigate the social, environmental and economic aspects of trail surfacing: a trail user survey, manager survey and trail condition assessment. The trail user survey was conducted at two well-used natural areas in southwestern Ontario, Canada: Presqu'ile Provincial Park and Belfountain Conservation Area. Surveys at each area explored trail users' perceptions and preferences of trail surfacing techniques in late summer 1999. The managers' survey provided insight into organizational approaches to surfacing, including construction cost and observations on recreational or environmental effectiveness. Finally, the trail condition assessment explored an approach to determining environmental effectiveness of trail surfacing techniques, but was limited by the physical and recreational variation between trails. Seven recommendations for trail managers are presented, tying in several conceptual frameworks of visitor impact management and trail surfacing decisions developed in the thesis. First, trail managers are recommended to develop a full understanding of trail design principles and alternative visitor impact management techniques. If surfacing is selected as the best impact management technique, trail managers should obtain as much information on user characteristics, environmental conditions and organizational limitations as possible. Despite the benefits and drawbacks for all surfaces, road base gravel (or angular screenings with fines) merits special attention as an excellent surface, while asphalt and concrete are not recommended for front country, semi-primitive recreation. Finally, trail managers are encouraged to share information on surfacing more freely and open surfacing decision processes to affected trail users. Overall, trail managers are provided with an approach to surfacing decisions that considers the social, environmental and economic aspects of trail surfacing, with the goal of working toward more enjoyable, environmentally responsible and cost-effective trail solutions.

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17

Haye, Lisa. "Les loisirs motorisés hors route. Conflits controverse et réseaux d'actants." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209601.

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Le développement récent des Loisirs Motorisés Hors Route (LMHR) suscite une controverse et de vives réactions dans les milieux du sport et de la protection de l'environnement. Le phénomène est encore peu étudié, à la fois du fait qu'il est récent, que l'argumentation relève de plusieurs disciplines et que les loisirs motorisés, s'ils font partie sans problème de l'outdoor recreation nord-américaine, sont rejetés en France par les autres sportifs et ne sont pas reconnus de façon évidente comme relevant du domaine d'une discipline particulière.

Afin de combler un manque dans la littérature scientifique française, cette thèse vise à apporter une connaissance fine de la dynamique de la controverse – en tant qu'échange d'arguments génériques – et des conflits dont les LMHR font l'objet. Elle présente deux originalités majeures : sa thématique et son approche combinant les théories de l'acteur-réseau avec les outils de visualisation et d'analyse de réseau basés sur la théorie des graphes. Cette construction théorique et méthodologique visait à interroger les interrelations entre la controverse portée par des collectifs présents sur la scène nationale et les conflits et interactions sur le terrain. Pour cela, nous avons mené des enquêtes sur quatre scènes : la scène nationale (composée de collectifs pro et anti-motorisé, de Fédérations, de constructeurs, de gestionnaires et décideurs et d'élus) ; deux scènes locales conflictuelles où des démarches de gestion sont en cours (le PNR du Pilat et les Chambarans) ; une scène locale où aucun conflit n'est visible sur la scène publique (le canton de La Grave – Villar d'Arène).

Nos résultats montrent, que bien que la controverse trouve ses racines dans des conflits sur le terrain, il n'existerait pas de coprésence entre acteurs qui s'opposent. D'abord, en l'absence de conflit, la scène de La Grave apparaît déconnectée du reste du réseau. Ensuite, les détracteurs des LMHR se mobilisent dans la controverse mais ne cherchent pas directement à agir sur le terrain. Par contre, les défenseurs de la pratique s'impliquent, eux, aux deux niveaux. Enfin, les gestionnaires et agents de la police de l'environnement confrontés à la gestion des activités, nouent des liens sur le terrain et au niveau national, à la fois avec les défenseurs et les détracteurs des LMHR ; devenant parfois des acteurs-passerelles.

D'un point de vue théorique et méthodologique, les outils de visualisation et d'analyse de réseau ont montré leur intérêt dans le cadre d'une approche par l'acteur-réseau ; les perspectives apparaissent riches.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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18

McDaniel, Charles Russell. "Effects of holding tank odor control chemicals on aerobic wastewater treatment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44686.

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Three odor control chemicals and formaldehyde were tested for detrimental affects on activated sludge using bench-scale bioreactors. Slug fed and continuous flow bioreactors were monitored for changes in suspended solids, specific oxygen uptake rate, sludge settling and compaction, and effluent COD. The biodegradability of dyes and the generation of foam was also measured.

Formaldehyde and the formaldehydeÂ·based odor control chemical 'Aqua-Kem" damaged the ability of activated sludge to treat wastewater. They resulted in deceased suspended solids concentrations and increased effluent COD. Formaldehyde hinders the utilization of normal wastewater substrate by activated sludge. The dye in "Aqua-Kem" is not biodegradable, and surfactants in the chemical generate foam.
Master of Science

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19

Chow, Chin-hang Kenneth, and 周展衡. "Pedestrianisation zoning in Hong Kong: for better or worse?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255462.

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20

Madalane, Thembi. "The obligation to rehabilitate mining areas : post mining activities." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/905.

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Thesis (LLM) -- University of Limpopo, 2012
The study focuses on rehabilitation, since absence of proper rehabilitation process result in indelible damage to the environment. South Africa, like many other countries, is faced with many environmental problems caused by mining. These problems are particularly caused by, inter alia, abandoned mining areas without rehabilitation, inadequate environmental impact assessment after closure, inadequate financial provision for rehabilitation, and lack of monitoring and aftercare system after post mine closure. The study found that many Companies ignore laws governing prospecting, extraction and rehabilitation. The main purpose of this research is to investigate and recommend guidelines in the rehabilitation process so as to instil respect for the environment. The study therefore recommended strict legislation relating to environmental protection against mining.

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21

Williams, Chavon R. "A National survey of Mercury levels in South Africa's water management areas." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8674_1298356510.

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This study forms part of a broader project co-funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC), and CSIR Parliamentary Grant (PG) and Strategic Research Panel (SRP) research grants, aimed at surveying selected water resources within the 19 Water Management Areas in South Africa. Furthermore, it aims at determining the concentrations of Hg and MeHg in various environmental compartments collected from priority water resources, to identify the potential Hg hotspots, and to assess the degree of compliance with national and international guidelines. Mercury concentrations in the environment have increased globally and this has caused much anxiety in terms of the adverse effects it has on aquatic ecosystems, their organisms, and the communities they sustain. Human health risks associated with the consumption of fish elevated containing Hg concentrations have received minimal attention particularly in South Africa. It is imperative that any potential adverse impacts of Hg on aquatic ecosystems, and the subsequent impacts on human health, be investigated.

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22

Searle, Damien J. "Managing fragile environments : a case study of beach camping impacts on world heritage listed Fraser Island /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2000. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16275.pdf.

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23

Warner, Gary E. "Predicting pedestrian use on outdoor urban plazas utilizing climate/behavior models." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12302008-063811/.

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24

Bernardo, Sandra Maria de Vasconcelos. "Socioeconomic and Environmental Aspects in settlements that produce Mammon: A Case Study in Recreation and New Canaan, Quixeramobim - CE." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9088.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
A busca de novas alternativas de energia renovÃvel Ã de grande relevÃncia, pois a problemÃtica do aquecimento global tem causado consequÃncias adversas para a populaÃÃo. Fontes advindas dos Ãleos vegetais para a produÃÃo do biodiesel tÃm sido adotadas no Brasil e constituem uma boa opÃÃo para que os produtores rurais possam se inserir na cadeia produtiva dos biocombustÃveis. No contexto do semiÃrido nordestino, a mamona tem sido usada, pois Ã uma cultura adequada Ãs condiÃÃes de semiaridez. A partir desta compreensÃo, este trabalho teve o objetivo geral de analisar e comparar os aspectos econÃmicos, sociais e ambientais dos grupos de produtores e nÃo produtores de mamona nos assentamentos Recreio e Nova CanaÃ e, os objetivos especÃficos foram: (i) analisar os indicadores de qualidade de vida, capital social, ambiental, econÃmico e de sustentabilidade entre os nÃo produtores e produtores de mamona, (ii) mensurar os custos e renda da produÃÃo dos produtores de mamona com o plantio e venda no ano de 2009 e (iii) avaliar a situaÃÃo ambiental atravÃs da anÃlise da variaÃÃo dos atributos quÃmicos do solo em funÃÃo dos plantios . A metodologia se baseou em trÃs aspectos visando abranger uma interdisciplinaridade. Primeiramente adotou-se o mÃtodo estatÃstico usando uma amostragem nos dois assentamentos em estudo e a partir dessas amostras foram calculados os Ãndices de qualidade de vida, capital social, ambiental, econÃmico e a partir destes o Ãndice de sustentabilidade. No segundo aspecto foi calculada a renda dos agricultores atravÃs do calculo dos custos, receita e lucro com o plantio da mamona tomando como base o ano de 2009. No terceiro aspecto, o solo foi avaliado nas Ãreas cultivadas e nas Ãreas preservadas coletando-se amostras compostas e realizando-se anÃlises fÃsicas e quÃmicas do material em laboratÃrio. Entre os resultados verificados concluiu-se que nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os grupos de produtores e nÃo produtores de mamona em relaÃÃo aos Ãndices de capital social e ambiental, porÃm houve diferenÃa nos Ãndices de qualidade de vida, econÃmico e de sustentabilidade. NÃo se comprovou incremento de renda entre os produtores de mamona. No aspecto pedolÃgico foi comprovado que as Ãreas preservadas se mostraram com teores mais elevados de matÃria orgÃnica e de nutrientes, representando indÃcios de degradaÃÃo na Ãrea cultivada.
The search for new alternatives of renewable energy is of great importance, since the issue of global warming has caused adverse consequences for the population. Resulting sources of vegetable oils for biodiesel production have been adopted in Brazil and are a good option so that farmers may be inserted in the production chain of biofuels. Within the semiarid Northeast, castor bean has been used because it is an appropriate culture semiarid condition. From this understanding, this work was the general purpose of analyzing and comparing the economic, social and environmental groups of producers rather than producers of castor in the settlements Recreio and Nova CanaÃ, and the specific objectives were: (i) review the indicators quality of life, social equity, environmental and economic sustainability among non-producers and producers of castor, (ii) measure the costs of production and income of producers of castor oil with the planting and sale in 2009 and (iii) assess the environmental situation by analyzing the variation of soil chemical properties depending on the plantations. The methodology was based on three aspects in order to cover an interdisciplinary approach. First, we adopted the method using statistical sampling in a study in two settlements and from these samples were calculated for quality of life, social equity, environmental, economic and from these sustainability index. The second aspect was calculated farmers' income through the calculation of costs, revenue and profit with the planting of castor beans using as a base year of 2009. In the third aspect, the soil was evaluated in cultivated areas and preserved areas by collecting composite samples and performing chemical and physical analysis of the material in the laboratory. Among the results obtained it was concluded that there was no significant difference between groups of producers rather than producers of castor oil o growth of capital and environmental, but there was difference in the indices of quality of life and economic sustainability. No consistent increase in income between the producers of castor oil. In pedological point was proven that the preserved areas are shown with a higher content of organic matter and nutrients, suggesting a degradation in the cultivated area

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25

Keogh, Andrew James. "Geo-chemical budget models of the Penrith Lakes Scheme /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20040528.121937/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2003.
"A thesis submitted to the School of Engineering and Industrial Design, University of Western Sydney, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references and appendices.

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26

Halpenny, Elizabeth A. "Environmental Behaviour, Place Attachment and Park Visitation: A case study of visitors to Point Pelee National Park." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/718.

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This thesis explores the relationship between place attachment and pro-environmental behaviour expressed by visitors to Point Pelee National Park. Place attachment, the functional, cognitive and emotional bond with a place, may play a role in promoting environmentally responsible behaviours. This may be especially true of place-specific pro-environmental behaviours; however place attachment may also have a "carry-over" effect in that its impact on individuals' self identity may also foster pro-environmental behaviour in individuals' every day lives.

An exploration of these relationships was achieved, first by measuring the intensity of place attachment and pro-environment behavioural intentions expressed by visitors to Point Pelee National Park. This was followed by an examination of the relationship between these two constructs using correlation analysis and structural equation modeling. Data was collected with a mail-based self-completed questionnaire. A quota sample of visitors to Point Pelee National Park was utilized. A response rate of 32% (n = 355) was achieved.

The relationship between place attachment and pro-environmental intentions was explored further through the measurement of several related variables. These factors include place satisfaction (based on an appraisal of nature, social and activity-based environments), motivation for visiting the park (related to social interaction and nature observation, as well as activity-based and learning opportunities), distance between the park and visitors' residences, membership in environmental organizations, and visitation patterns including visitation to the park during childhood, length of affiliation with the park, length of visit to the park, and frequency of visitation to the park. Theoretical and empirical research suggests that these factors may affect place attachment, pro-environment behavioural intentions, and/or the relationship between these two constructs.

Study results found positive associations between place attachment and all of these variables with the exception of visitation motives associated with learning and engaging in a favourite activity. The strongest predictive relationships were observed with anti-substitution (the inability of an individual to substitute the park for another destination because of a lack of resources such as time or money or a lack of awareness of comparable sites) followed by frequency of visits to the park; park commitment (based on Friends group membership and donations of time and money to the Friends group); Friends of Point Pelee (FoPP) membership; and park relationship (which was based on visitation to the park as a child and length of affiliation); and, satisfaction with the park.

Results support the proposition that place attachment has a strong positive association with both park-specific pro-environment behavioural intentions (e. g. , Write letters in support of Point Pelee N. P. and similar protected areas) as well as general pro-environment behavioural intentions (e. g. , Pay extra for transportation if it is environmentally-friendly). Place attachment strongly predicted park-specific, and moderately predicted general pro-environmental intentions. A number of other variables had an indirect effect on park-specific intentions; notable effects were demonstrated by frequency of visits; park relationship; visitation to the park as a child; place satisfaction; social satisfaction; FoPP membership; and, park commitment; anti-substitution. These affects were mediated by place attachment. After place attachment the strongest predictors of park-specific intentions were anti-substitution; frequency of visits; park commitment; and, general environmental commitment (which was based on membership in an environmental organization and donations of time and money to that organization).

Place attachment was not the only direct predicator of general pro-environmental intentions; general environmental commitment and membership in an environmental organization also directly predicted general pro-environmental intentions. Notable indirect effects, mediated by place attachment were produced by frequency of visits; park relationship; FoPP membership; park commitment; and anti-substitution. The strongest predictors of general pro-environmental intentions were general environmental commitment, followed by place attachment, membership in an environmental organization, and frequency of park visitation.

These findings correspond with much of the literature published on place attachment formation and the development of pro-environmental behaviours. The most notable contribution of this study is its comparison of place attachment's impact on general versus place-specific behaviours, and the role that several related variables play in this relationship.

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27

Song, Kyungsoo. "Documentation and demonstration of naturalistic method for measuring climate/behavior relationships." Thesis, This resource online, 1987. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04122010-083558/.

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28

Lambert, Daniel J. "Integrating sustainable landscape principles with golf course design : a case study demonstrating ecologically based recreation planning and design." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1074662.

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Golf course design, construction and maintenance began as a reflection of the natural landscape. Over time, however, golf course designs and settings sometimes have taken on artificial or unrealistic characteristics. Characteristics such as greens that can be mechanically moved to vary the difficulty of play (Hilton Head Country Club), traditional golf courses developed in the desert, and TPC (Tournament Players Championship) golf courses designed to accommodate additional spectators while limiting vegetation. Most of today's manicured courses also depend on the application of inorganic pesticides and fertilizers, deemed more efficient, but potentially harmful to golfers and the environment.This study examines three things: construction of a nine-hole golf course on a specified site without drastically changing current or natural conditions; on-going restoration efforts by a local area group/organization on that site; and the successful incorporation of additional user groups into the golf course setting.Through the use of four current site categories - Current Vegetation Survey, Slope Survey, Soil Survey, and Potential Hydrology Survey - determinations were made forproper hole location, potential wetland creation, adequate soil conditions for fairway creation, and vegetation succession. Each category was drafted on a clear 24" X 36" mylar sheet with the proposed site boundary drawn at 1"=200'-0" scale (for practical purposes concerning this creative project, the four 24" X 36" mylar sheets were reduced to an 8 1/2" x 11" format.) All four sheets (categories) were layed on top of each other in no particular order to produce a credible guide/map overlay of current site conditions of this sustainable and regenerative golf course design (see Appendix G, A58-A62 for the map overlay process used.) Location and design of the nine fairway holes successfully reflected all but a few of the standard golf layout practices. For example, golf holes to be laid out in a north/south direction, the inclusion of 'dog legs' and hole hazards, avoidance of steep slopes, and adherence to accepted lengths and sizes for greens, fairway holes and distances between holes.Creation of this unique golf course design was also contingent upon its accessibility to additional user groups and reduced golf car usage - unless golfers are physically challenged. These user groups include joggers, walkers, fishermen, cross-country skiers, campers, and hunters (when deemed appropriate.) The final Nine-Hole Golf Course Design Layout sheet included these additional user groups without intentionally interfering with the golfing activity. Thefinal design suggests adequate safety for those additional user groups according to the common precautions taken by golf courses. Such precautions include the location of signage displays to inform golfers of golf course safety policies, and buffer areas to protect persons in areas deemed most susceptible to stray golf shots. Standard golf course safety policies include: play at your own risk, the golfing establishment is not responsible/liable for personal injury induced by stray golf shots, and no joggers or walkers allowed on golf course. Further design study, perhaps, is needed to prevent any remote chance of injury from stray golf balls.To garner reaction towards the more sustainable/regenerative golf course, golfers self-described as average to good were asked to fill out a survey/questionnaire form. Approximately eighty forms were sent via mail and hand delivered to golfing establishments in Muncie, Indiana. Thirty-three responses were received. Results from the survey/questionnaire suggested that golfers would accept most of the aspects concerning natural/organic maintenance practices and the limited use of golf cars, but were concerned with the possibility of slower play due to increased roughs, wetlands and safety hazards. The survey/questionnaire also revealed that golfers had a negative response toward additional costs associated with organic maintenance practices and with safety for additional user groups. Nevertheless, respondents overall were very interested in ideas promoting a more ecologically safe golfing activity. Although the golfers who responded said they would participate on such a golf course setting, until such a golf course is designed and built, it remains to be seen whether they would accept such a venue.
Department of Landscape Architecture

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29

Wakil, Md Abdul. "Role of tourism to achieve environmental sustainability in coastal areas : a case of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206615.

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Tourism is acquiring the attention worldwide especially in the developing countries (Akpabio et al. 2006). In the case of coastal areas, tourism is more sensitive to environmental degradation compared to other economic activities because the environment is its primary resource. With the help of efficient planning and proper management of natural resources, tourism can significantly contribute to environmental conservation and to achieve environmental sustainability in coastal areas (Orhon et al. 2011). The main purposes of this study are to explore the tourism development trend in coastal areas of Cox’s Bazar, to analyse existing environmental conditions of Cox’s Bazar coastal area, to examine the importance of environmental sustainability at coastal region. More positively, the study shows environmental sustainability can be achieved through more eco-friendly planning of installations in tourism hubs like Cox’s Bazar. The main methods of conducting this study were desktop research; data collection through questionnaire survey and expert interview; data input in SPSS, processing and analysis; evaluation of policies, strategies and institutional framework. To formulate study goal and objectives, a comprehensive literature review has been conducted to understand about tourism, tourism development, sustainability, sustainable development by reviewing relevant reports, journals, and international cases which has helped to develop the conceptual framework of the study. After extensive literature review and formulation of goal and objectives, the conceptual framework of the study data collection instruments such as questionnaire has been prepared to collect data from the field. The study is largely based on the primary data collected through field visit, interviews to the experts on tourism and environment, and questionnaire survey at the study area, Cox’s Bazar. In this study, the statistical data on the study area has been collected from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Apart from this, information has also been collected from various sources e.g. journals, projects, periodicals, and the daily newspapers, archives of both home and abroad. From the analysis, it found that Cox’s Bazar sea beach is a good place for tourism development, and it is also found that the level of tourism is improving gradually. Tourism in Cox’s Bazar mainly depends on natural beauty and environment of the coastal area. Tourism is producing long term negative effects on the coastal environment. If the environmental systems degrade tourism will not sustain any more. However, tourism can provide incentive for the conservation and restoration of the natural environment. Nearly half of the respondents stated that because of tourism, natural environment is in better condition in Cox’s Bazar and tourism provides incentive for the conservation and restoration of the natural environment. The analysis also identifies that policies and strategies play a big role to the conservation of natural environment and resources, and the implementation of principles of sustainable development. Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has been formulated some policies and strategies related to tourism development, sustainable development and coastal zone management, but most of the policies and strategies are not implemented properly because of institutional conflicts. In the light of the data analysis, discussion and findings, some recommendations are suggested here to help and guide future decisions regarding tourism development, conservation of the environment, sustainable development and sustainability at coastal areas in Bangladesh.
published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning

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30

Carr, Christopher. "Variation in Environmental Impact at Rock Climb Areas in Red River Gorge Geological Area and Adjacent Clifty Wilderness, Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1178812135.

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31

Ramsey, Greer Stewart. "An Analysis of Vegetation Recovery following Dam Removal at Hemlock Recreation Site, Washington." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2003.

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Dam removals are becoming increasingly common as dams reach their life expectancy and face costly upgrades associated with relicensing. Though removal is often viewed as a success in terms of ecological restoration, it also represents a major disturbance to an area. Previous research has shown that native species do not survive as well at these disturbed sites, and invasive species often dominate. This study examines the vegetation response in the drained reservoir area after the removal of Hemlock Dam on Trout Creek, a tributary to the Wind River in southern Washington. Transects were established and quadrats were sampled to determine the plant classifications and cover of vegetation and to examine possible correlations between environmental variables and the spatial distribution of plant classification groups. Sampling took place in the third and fourth years following dam removal, and the data was analyzed to determine significant changes and relationships. The results of this study showed that the site was dominated by a volunteer native forb Lotus purshianus (Spanish clover) and a planted native tree Alnus rubra (red alder). Most of the other species found were native volunteer forbs and grasses characteristic of early succession in this region. Both invasive species and planted species, with the exception of Alnus rubra, had low canopy covers. There was a significant increase in native plant canopy cover, as well as total canopy cover, from 2012 to 2013. There were also significant relationships between plant classification groups and environmental variables, including soil infiltration, elevation, and distance from stream. This study will help inform resource managers about the kinds of plants that will volunteer after dam removals and the possible success of re-vegetation projects.

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32

Tong, Mei-ka Julie, and 湯美嘉. "Tree planting and air quality in Hong Kong urban areas." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013251.

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33

Wells, Gordon Marshall. "Controlling nonpoint pollution in Virginia's urbanizing areas: an institutional perspective." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101332.

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This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the institutional framework of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the implementation and enforcement of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control measures in the state's urbanizing areas. The institutional framework is developed primarily around the existing governmental framework. The federal, state and local roles are examined in terms of the relevant legislative and executive NPS control activities already taking place. The judicial function is considered in terms of constitutional guarantees of protection of private property and the potential for liability stemming from the implementation of structural and nonstructural best management practices (BMP's). Three generic categories of BMP's are evaluated in light of this institutional environment: on-site BMP's, off-site BMP's and nonstructural BMP's. Where they are relevant, various subcategories of the institutional environment are examined: mechanisms and responsibility for financing and maintenance, managing future urban growth and mediating interjurisdictional arrangements. The introduction and first four chapters develop this material and the final chapter is an analysis of the existing state programs (the Erosion and Sediment Control Law and the State Water Control Board's voluntary Urban NPS Control and Abatement Program). The product of this analysis is the conclusion that both state programs analyzed are weak due to a lack of state oversight. In addition, the Erosion and Sediment Control Program could be strengthened by amending the law to add a viable "stop work" order and by defining violations as being civil rather than criminal (misdemeanors) violations.
M.S.

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34

au, A. Wegner@murdoch edu, and Agathe Wegner. "Relationships with many facets: unpacking the interactions between protected area managers and commercial tour operators." Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20080131.140448.

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For protected areas worldwide, commercial tour operators are increasingly providing the services and products desired and needed by visitors to these areas. Given the engagement of both protected area managers and tour operators in protected areas, and inevitably with each other, it is critical that their relationship and its complexities are clearly understood. As such, the interests of managers and operators overlap insofar as that they work in the same locales, share some of the burden of service provision, and aim to offer a quality product. However, this study shows that they diverge in other ways, particularly given the commercial imperative that necessarily strongly influences the activities of their business, irrespective of its location. This thesis seeks to unpack the complexities of a relationship that is critically important both in terms of the quality of the tourism experiences offered by protected areas, and the conservation of such areas in the longer term. In order to obtain an understanding of the complexity of the interactions between protected area managers and tour operators, qualitative research methods were used, in which in-depth interviews provided a rich picture of the important diverse aspects and facets impacting on their relationships. This study found that both managers and operators considered the purpose of protected areas to be the conservation of biodiversity and their recreational use and enjoyment. Surprisingly, their similar values were unknown to them. A major influence on their relationships was their perceptions of power, with dominant power largely based on legislative and regulatory mandates, perceived to rest with the protected area managers. In contrast, this study also found evidence of resistant power. This form of Foucauldian power was held particularly by operators in one geographic locale, and was associated with the concepts of cultural groupings and groupthink. The underlying public policy context influenced the effectiveness of the collaborative efforts of managers and operators. Interwoven with these differences were variable expectations regarding the nature and purpose of communication and what collaboration might mean. These findings importantly suggest several future directions for both practice and research. First, managers and operators share values and hold both similar and different expectations and perceptions, similarities and differences which are significant. Secondly, understanding the importance of power and how it is exercised is critical if successful relationships between managers and operators are to be fostered. Finally, further unpackaging of the meaning of communication and collaboration for managers and operators, a process initiated in this study, is essential if relationships between these groups involved in conservation and recreation in protected areas are to be improved. Therefore, this study suggests that their collaboration can be enhanced at individual, organisational/locale and policy levels, by adopting and implementing an action research framework.

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35

Laukaitytė, Laima. "Lankytojų poveikio Nemuno kilpų regioninio parko gamtinei aplinkai vertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090810_105258-70473.

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Šiame moksliniame darbe analizuojama rekreacija Lietuvos saugomose teritorijose bei jos poveikis šioms teritorijoms. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas – atlikti Nemuno kilpų regioninio parko lankytojų srautų analizę ir ištirti lankytojų poveikį gamtinei aplinkai. Vertinant lankytojus srautus regioniniame parke aptartos vyraujančios rekreacijos rūšys ir formos atskirose Nemuno kilpų regioninio parko dalyse. Panaudojus Nemuno kilpų regioninio parko direkcijos 2006-2008 metų atliktais kraštovaizdžio monitoringo programos rezultatus buvo analizuojamos lankymo apkrovos pažintiniuose, mokomuosiuose takuose, poilsiavietėse, stovyklavietėse. Natūrinių tyrimų metu buvo nustatomas lankytojų poveikis kraštovaizdžiui – rekreacinė digresija. Vertinami rodikliai ir matavimo vienetai – rekreacijos pažeidimo laipsnis (mažas, vidutinis, didelis) ir pobūdis (taškinis, linijinis, arealinis). Matavimai atlikti keturiose Nemuno kilpų regioninio parko vietose: Nemuno upės pakrantė ties Pociūnų kaimu, Žvėrinčiaus miškas prie Prienų estrados, prie Velniablūdžio pelkėje esančio pažintinio tako ir prie Balbieriškio atodangos apžvalgos aikštelės. Didžiausias pažeidimo plotas (arealinis pobūdis) ir mažas rekreacinės digresijos laipsnis užfiksuotas Pociūnų kaime, pušynėlyje, prie Nemuno upės. Labiausiai pažeista rekreacinės digresijos (didelis pažeidimo laipsnis) yra Balbieriškio atodanga prie apžvalgos aikštelės, nes ši parko vieta yra viena labiausiai lankoma lankytojų. Lankytojų anketinis tyrimas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Author of this article analyse environmental management problems which causes the impact of recreation use in protected areas. The purpose of this article is to analyse the impact of visitors and natural surroundings of regional park of Nemunas loops. The author analysed recreation use in regional park of Nemunas loops in terms of sort and form. By using Nemunas loops regional park landscape monitoring statistical data were made comparison load of visitor histograms (in educational and recreational trails, campsites and reviews site). Author did field study and determine visitors influence to the landscape – recreation digression. There were estimated indicators and units of measurements - recreation digression degree (small, medium, big) and character (dotted, linear, areal). Author did questionnaire survey to visitor in regional park of Nemunas loops. the author investigated visitors answers: visitors visiting aim, frequency and opinion about trails signs in regional park of Nemunas loops. There are basic forms of outdoor recreation such as educational, camping, entertainment in regional park of Nemunas loops. The regional park offers nice conditions to holiday making, and particularly to cognitive tourism. The regional park of Nemunas loops is famous among other Lithuanian regional parks for its picturesque, expressive and original landscape. The main accent of the regional park is the Nemunas river with its Great Loops and wide riverbed with high, steep slopes engraved by... [to full text]

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36

James, Arthur Jeffree. "Die identifisering van ontwikkelingsensitiewe areas teen berghellings : Stellenbosch- en Hottentotshollandberge." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52203.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Agricultural and forestry development as well as the erection of buildings and other structures against steep mountain slopes is currently a substantial problem in the Boland. Such developments can be detrimental because of aesthetic considerations and the environmental damage that can arise therefrom. In this regard, environmental damage specifically includes the destruction of fynbos and soil erosion, the latter also having a negative impact on agriculture. This study has attempted to identify areas sensitive to development, and from the resulting findings to develop a set of guidelines for possible future development along the mountain slopes of the Boland. The study area includes only a part of the Boland mountains, namely the Stellenbosch and Hottentotsholland mountains, but can serve as a pilot area for other regions in the Boland possibly plagued by the same problems. Analyses were primarily undertaken by means of GIS software such as inter alia Unix Arc/Info and ArcView 3.1. Various remote sensing techniques were also used to interpret and analyse Landsat TM satellite imagery. For these analyses the image processing program Idrisi for Windows was mainly used. Because the study concentrates on agricultural development, certain criteria such as the erodibility of soil types and the gradient had to be taken into account in the identification of sensitive areas. With regard to gradient data, the use of a "Digital elevation model" (OEM) was of cardinal importance. Other types of development (buildings and structures, as well as forestry) were also analysed to establish firstly where these developments occur; and secondly whether they occur in sensitive areas as far as the height and gradient of slopes are concerned. Because of the subjectivity that exists with regard to the visual impact of these developments, it is difficult to determine what developments on high mountain slopes are aesthetically acceptable and what are not. According to the Act on Agriculture no. 9238 of 1984, slopes with a greater than 20% gradient may not be ploughed without special permission. Against this background the most important result of the analyses undertaken in this study, was the identification of agricultural areas sensitive to erosion. Finally, guidelines are suggested that can be applied to possible future developments on the mountain slopes of the Boland.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Landbou- en bosbou-ontwikkeling sowel as die oprigting van geboue en ander strukture teen steil berghellings is tans 'n wesenlike probleem in die Boland. Sulke ontwikkelings kan nadelig wees weens estetiese oorwegings en omgewingskade wat hieruit kan voortspruit. In hierdie verband verwys omgewingskade spesifiek na fynbosvernietiging en gronderosie. Gronderosie het natuurlik ook 'n negatiewe impak op die landbou. Daar is in hierdie studie gepoog om ontwikkelingsensitiewe areas te identifiseer, en vanuit bevindinge 'n stel riglyne te ontwikkel vir moontlike toekomstige ontwikkeling teen die berghellings in die Boland. Die studiegebied sluit slegs 'n gedeelte van die Bolandse berge in, naamlik die Stellenbosch- en Hottentotshollandberge, maar kan dien as loodsgebied vir ander streke in die Boland wat moontlik dieselfde probleme ondervind. Analises is hoofsaaklik gedoen deur middel van geografiese inligtingstelsels- (GIS-) programmatuur soos onder andere Unix Arc/Info en ArcView 3.1. Afstandswaarnemingstegnieke is ook aangewend om Landsat TM- satellietbeelde te interpreteer en te analiseer. Vir hierdie analises is hoofsaaklik van die beeldverwerkingsprogram Idrisi for Windows gebruik gemaak. Omdat die studie op landbou-ontwikkeling konsentreer, moes sekere kriteria soos die erodeerbaarheid van grondtipes en gradiënt in ag geneem word in die identifisering van sensitiewe areas. Wat gradiëntdata betref, was die gebruik van 'n "Digital elevation model" (OEM) van kardinale belang. Ander tipes ontwikkelings (geboue en strukture, asook bosbou) is ook ontleed om eerstens te bepaal waar hierdie ontwikkelings voorkom; en tweedens of hierdie ontwikkelings in sensitiewe areas wat hoogte en gradiënt betref, voorkom. Weens die subjektiwiteit wat rondom die visuele impak van hierdie ontwikkelings bestaan, is dit moeilik om te bepaal watter ontwikkelings teen hoë berghellings esteties aanvaarbaar is en watter nie. Volgens die Wet op Landbou no. 9238 van 1984 mag hellings met 'n gradiënt steiler as 20% nie sonder spesiale toestemming geploeg word nie. Teen die agtergrond hiervan is die belangrikste resultaat van analises in hierdie studie, die identifisering van erosiesensitiewe landbou-areas. Riglyne wat toegepas kan word op moontlike toekomstige ontwikkelings teen die berghellings in die Boland, word laastens voorgestel.

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37

Petrie, W. J. "Wilderness experience : a Jungian model." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14399.

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Includes bibliography.
The aim of the present study is to produce, and to begin to illustrate the use of, a theoretical model by which varying attitudes to, and experiences of, wilderness may be understood. A classical Jungian developmental framework is utilised for these purposes. The paper begins with brief definitions of the concepts pertinent to this work followed by a fairly comprehensive summary of Neumann's developmental model. The author's model, constructed on this theoretical basis, is then outlined and applied at a mythological level to the attitudes to wilderness manifest in the Judaeo - Christian religions. In the discussion, indications are given as to how the model might be applied at individual and cultural levels. One person's experience of wilderness is interpreted within the context of the theory followed by a brief discussion on the use of the model in informing therapeutic wilderness programming. Traditional North American Indian and contemporary Western attitudes towards wilderness are then briefly interpreted. It is concluded that this paper illustrates the usefulness of a Jungian model in understanding wilderness experience. Within the context of this framework, the value of a developmental perspective is noted.

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38

Ficke, David Russell. "Environmental education and high school backpacking." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2657.

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The call of the wilderness resonates in all of our hearts, with the desire to get in touch with nature and experience wilderness at some level. This project gives the high school teacher the practical resources necessary to share the passion of being in the wilderness with high school students.

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39

Mdaka, Themba Cyprian. "Assessment of noise levels in work areas at the Polokwane Platinum Smelter, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1296.

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Thesis (M.Sc (Physiology)) --University of Limpopo, 2015
Objective This study assesses whether noise levels above legal limits of 85 dB(A) that can result in noise-induced hearing loss are present in areas where employees are supposed to work and to verify that such areas are demarcated as noise zones at the Polokwane Platinum Smelter. Background and motivation Excessive noise is a global health hazard with considerable social and physiological impact, including the development of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Noise is a major hazard in many workplaces. It is estimated that more than 30 million workers (almost 1 in 10) are exposed to unsafe noise in their work places. NIHL is the second most self-reported occupational illness or injury in the United States. Amongst miners, more than 90% of the population reports hearing problems by the age of 55 years. Noise exposure is prevalent in construction, foundries, agriculture, transport, industry and mining-related activities. The prevalence of NIHL has not changed much in the past two decades. Therefore, a hearing conservation programme is an important issue in the smelter as certain areas are denoted as noise areas. Study design A cross-sectional study design with a group of utility workers at the Polokwane Platinum Smelter, as the experimental group, and a group of undergraduate Bachelor of Science students at the University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus) served as a control group. Method A sound level meter was used to measure the noise levels where the utility group performs their technical work. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program. Results The average noise measured in various locations of the Polokwane Platinum Smelter was between 62.6 dB(A) and 105.1 dB(A). The results indicated that workers at the Polokwane Platinum Smelter are over exposed to noise in certain work areas if they work eight hours in the area. Areas where the average noise level was above noise rating limit of 85 dB(A) were demarcated as noise zones as an additional protective measure. Employees also use hearing protective devices, when they are working in noise zones, to control personal noise exposure. This is in accordance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 85 of 1993 as amended eleventh edition (OHS Act 85/93). Conclusion In the present study, noise levels in certain areas exceeded the noise rating limit of 85 dB(A). However such areas are clearly demarcated as noise areas and employees accessing those area must wear earmuffs or earplugs. Possibilities of employees developing hearing loss overtime exist, if employees work for eight hours or longer in demarcated areas and do not adhere to the existing Hearing Conservation Program (HCP) implemented at the Polokwane Platinum Smelter. Noise levels at the Polokwane Platinum Smelter should be monitored regularly.
University of Limpopo

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40

Xu, Genbo, and 徐亘博. "An integrated environmental risk assessment for marine protected areas in Hong Kong with special reference to the ecological impacts of endocrine disrupting chemicals." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/208575.

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41

Gonçalves, Kívia Amadei. "A percepção de diferentes atores sociais sobre a qualidade ambiental em trilhas = estudo de caso : Parque Estadual de Itinguçu." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258664.

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Анотація:

Orientador: Rozely Ferreira dos Santos
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T10:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_KiviaAmadei_M.pdf: 4429586 bytes, checksum: df1bb315a831569d48c999186abaa962 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: A divergência de opiniões dos vários setores da sociedade sobre os usos e as estratégias de conservação de um território costuma ser a responsável pelos conflitos insolúveis em tomadas de decisão em planos de manejo. Ela é normalmente conseqüente da percepção que os indivíduos têm sobre o território que está sendo planejado. São poucos os estudos que fazem avaliações que podem, efetivamente, conduzir a compreensão mútua e a conciliação dos diversos interesses, seja em direção ao uso, seja em direção à conservação. Sob essa perspectiva, este estudo objetiva identificar e comparar as diferenças de percepção sobre impactos ambientais em trilha entre moradores, visitantes e pesquisadores a partir de uma realidade existente em uma unidade de conservação. A área estudada foi a trilha Cachoeira do Paraíso, localizada no antigo Parque Estadual do Itinguçu, em São Paulo. Foram feitos tabelamentos e mapeamentos de indicadores de impactos antes e depois de picos de visitação, e a realidade diagnosticada foi comparada com os resultados obtidos por simulações fotográficas e entrevistas aplicadas aos grupos sociais. O cruzamento de dados das simulações foi realizado pelo desenho de curvas de aceitabilidade da situação diagnosticada. Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes da percepção sobre os impactos ambientais entre os três grupos sociais. Os moradores mostraram-se quase tão permissivos quanto os visitantes e bastante distante das perspectivas dos pesquisadores. Foram diagnosticadas diferenças em relação ao reconhecimento do impacto em tempo real, do grau de permissividade em relação aos impactos, da dispersão de opiniões e da capacidade de aceitabilidade dos impactos
Abstract: The divergences in opinion among the society groups about the uses and strategies for the territory conservation are usually the responsible for the conflicts in management planning decision. It is generally consequence of perception the individuals have over the territory that is being planned. The measure of this perception is hard because of diversity of variables involved. There are few studies that can, effectively, lead to mutual comprehension and conciliation of all the interests, directed to use or conservation. Under this perspective, this study aims to point a methodological way to identify the differences in perception about environmental impacts in trails among residents, visitants and researchers from a real situation in a conservation unit. The study area was de Paraiso Falls trail, in old Itinguçu State Park, São Paulo. Maps and tables of impact indicators were done before and after visit, and the observed reality was compared to results obtained by written and visual interviewing. The data analysis included qui-square and 1 proportion tests and acceptability graphs. It was expected that the comparison would permit to observe the differences within and among groups over the impacts in the Conservation Area
Mestrado
Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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42

Joseph, Anjali. "Where older people walk assessing the relationship between physical environmental factors and walking behavior of older adults /." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04072006-103929/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.
Zimring, Craig, Committee Chair ; Kohl, Harold W., Committee Member ; Bafna, Sonit, Committee Member ; Sparling, Phillip, Committee Member ; Day, Kristen, Committee Member.

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43

Sheldon, Bonita Joy. "Heavy metal uptake and accumulation in agricultural crops in urban areas of the Western Cape." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2006.

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Thesis (MTech (Physical Sciences))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005.
A research study into heavy metals in the Cape Town area, found significant amounts of potentially toxic metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium and iron leaching into the underground aquifer. A further additional study conducted on a community garden in Khayelitsha, showed that vegetable crops have the tendency to accumulate certain heavy metals if they are present in soil and water resources. This study was centered around the Philippi Horticultural Area, which is a large significant farming area within the Cape Metropolitan Region. The significance of the study lies in the fact that at least 50% of the local farmers' produce is sold directly to street traders, residents, local supermarket-chains and restaurants. The remainder of the produce is sold at the Epping Market. The purpose of this study was to investigate heavy metal accumulation in various vegetable crop species taken from some of the local farms in the Phillipi Farming area with the objective to: • investigate heavy metal accumulation in various vegetable crop species taken from some local farms in the Phillipi Farming area. • determine the concentrations of heavy metals present in water and soil resource since these will be the primary source of heavy metals to the vegetables. • determine the soil pH and soil organic matter as these two factors would determine the bie-availability ofthe heavy metals. • identify those crops that pose a definite health risk by means of comparing the determined results to the allowed limits.

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44

Yako, Yandiswa Yolanda. "Molecular investigation of genetic and environmental factors contributing to obesity in adolescent learners residing in the semi-urban/rural areas of the Western Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71644.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
Includes bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background/Aims: Obesity has increased rapidly in South African children and adolescents with significant variability observed among racial groups. Genes that regulate appetite have been studied in different populations worldwide, but their role in obesity among South African adolescents is unknown. The present study aimed at investigating the role of these genes, and their combined effect with physical activity in the development of obesity among South African adolescents. Methods: A total of 1564 South African school learners of Caucasian (n= 146), Mixed Ancestry (n= 872) and Black African (n= 537) ethnic groups were recruited for a research project that aimed to elucidate diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents attending schools in periurban areas of the Western Cape. The present case-control study included 227 obese-overweight (115 Black Africans and 112 Mixed Ancestry), and 204 normal weight (94 Black Africans and 110 Mixed Ancestry) adolescents learners. The learners were genotyped for nine polymorphisms (LEP: 19G>A, Lys36Arg, Val94Met; LEPR: Lys109Arg; Gln223Arg, Lys656Asn; CART: c.160-33G>A, c.499delA, and c.517A>G; GHRL: Leu72Met; and MC3R: Thr6Lys, Val81Ile) using allele-specific restriction enzyme analysis and automated sequencing. Genotype and haplotype associations with anthropometric variables such as body mass index (BMI), waist, hip, and mid-upper-arm circumferences (WC, HC, MUAC), and metabolic traits (fasting blood glucose, high density lipoproteincholesterol, total cholesterol), and blood pressure were further conducted. Furthermore, the type and frequency of physical activity was assessed by means of structured questionnaires; and its effect on obesity-related variables investigated in learners that were genotyped for the MC3R Thr6Lys and Val81Ile polymorphisms. Results: In a stepwise backward logistic regression analysis (containing age, gender, and LEP, LEPR, CART and GHRL polymorphisms), CART c.517A>G was independently significantly associated with obesity (OR= 5.98; 95%CI= 2.02, 21.27). CART c.517G carriers had higher MUAC (b coefficient= 1.88; 95%CI= 0.31, 3.44) while the LEPR 109Arg allele was significantly associated with decreased BMI (b coefficient = -2.36; 95%CI= -4.24, -0.47), WC (b coefficient = -5.66; 95%CI= -9.89, -1.44) and MUAC (b coefficient = -1.61; 95%CI= -3.00, -0.22); after adjusting for age, gender, and ethnicity. The haplotype containing the three LEP polymorphisms (A-A-A compared to the reference G-A-G haplotype) increased BMI (p= 0.0155), MUAC (p= 0.0146), and HC (p= 0.0128). The minor alleles of the MC3R polymorphisms decreased BMI, HC, WC, MUAC and TC; whilst only the Thr6Lys was associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p= 0.0047 and 0.0027, respectively) in Mixed Ancestry learners. Doing house chores was associated with lower total cholesterol, independently and in the presence of the 81Ile allele (b coefficient = -0.355; 95%CI= 0.148, 0.561). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study that reports CART c.517A>G polymorphism as a risk factor for obesity in adolescents. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that the MC3R polymorphisms had a positive effect on total cholesterol, which was further enhanced in physically active individuals. Similar to other studies, LEPR Lys109Arg and LEP polymorphisms were associated with variations in obesity-related variables among Black African and Mixed Ancestry South African learners.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond/Doelwitte: Vetsug het drasties toegeneem in Suid-Afrikaanse kinders en adelossente met ‘n beduidende variasie opgemerk tussen verskillende rassegroepe. Gene verantwoordelik vir regulering van eetlus is reeds wêreldwyd in verskillende bevolkingsgroepe bestudeer, maar hul rol in oorgewig Suid-Afrikaanse adolessente is onbekend. Die huidige studie was daarop gerig om ondersoek in te stel na die rol van hierdie gene en hul gekombineerde effek met fisiese aktiwiteit in die ontwikkeling van vetsug onder Suid-Afrikaanse adolessente. Metodes: ‘n Totaal van 1564 Suid-Afrikaanse leerders van Kaukasiese Afkoms (n=146), Gemengde Afkoms (n=872) en Swart Afkoms (n= 537) was gewerf in die navorsingsprojek wat ten doel gehad het om kinders en adolosente met diabetes en die metaboliese sindroom te identifiseer wat skole bygewoon het in semi-voorstedelike gebiede van die Wes-Kaap. Die huidige gevalle studie het 227 vetsugtige-oorgewig (115 Swart Afkoms en 110 Gemengde Afkoms) en 204 normale gewig (94 Swart Afkoms en 110 Gemengde Afkoms) leerders ingesluit. Die leerders was gegenotipeer vir nege polimorfismes (LEP: 19G>A, Lys36Arg, Val94Met; LEPR: Lys109Arg; Gln223Arg, Lys656Asn; CART: c.160-33G>A, c.499delA, and c.517A>G; GHRL: Leu72Met; and MC3R: Thr6Lys, Val81Ile) met die gebruik van alleel-spesifieke restriksie ensiem analises en geoutomatiseerde DNA volgorde bepalings tegnieke. Genotipiese en haplotipiese assosiasies met antropometriese veranderlikes soos liggaamsmassa indeks (BMI), middel-, heup- en mid-boarm omtrek (WC, HC, MUAC), metaboliese tendense (vastende bloed glukose, hoë-digtheid lipoproteïen-cholesterol, totale cholesterol) en bloeddruk was ook uitgevoer. Die tipe en frekwensie fisiese aktiwiteit was geassesseer deur middel van gestruktureerde vraelyste; en die uitwerking daarvan op vetsugverwante veranderlikes ondersoek in leerders wat vir die MC3R Thr6Lys en Val81Ile polimorfismes gegenotipeer was. Resultate: Statistiese ontleding (‘‘stepwise backward logistic regression analysis”), wat ouderdom, geslag en polimorfismes (LEP, LEPR, CART GHRL) ingesluit het, het getoon dat CART c.517A>G betekenisvol onafhanklik geassosiasieer was met vetsug (OR= 5.98; 95% CI= 2.02, 21.27). CART c.517G draers het ‘n hoër MUAC waarde gehad (b koeffisient = 1.88; 95%CI= 0.31, 3.44), terwyl die LEPR 109Arg alleel betekenisvol geassosieer was met verlaagde BMI ((b koeffisient = -2.36; 95%CI= -4.24, -0.47), WC (b koeffisient = -5.66; 95%CI= -9.89, -1.44) en MUAC (b koeffisient = -1.61; 95%CI= -3.00, -0.22) na die aanpassing van ouderdom, geslag en etnisiteit. Die haplotipe met die drie LEP polimorfismes (A-A-A teenoor die G-A-G verwysingshaplotipe) het die BMI (p= 0.0155), MUAC (p= 0.0146) en HC (p= 0.0128) verhoog. Die mindere allele van die MC3R polimorfismes het die BMI, HC, WC, MUAC en TC verlaag; terwyl slegs die Thr6Lys polymorfisme met sistolies en diastolies bloeddruk (p= 0.0047 en p= 0.0027, onderskeidelik) geassosieer was in Gemengde Afkoms leerders. Die verrigting van algemene huistake was geassosieer met laer totale kolesterol vlakke, onafhanklik en in die teenwoordigheid van die 81lle alleel (b koeffisient= -0.355; 95%CI= 0.148, 0.561). Gevolgtrekking: Na ons wete is hierdie die eerste studie wat die CART c.517A>G polimorfisme as ‘n risikofaktor vir vetsug in adolessente aantoon. Die huidige studie toon ook dat die MC3R polimorfisme ‘n positiewe effek op totale kolesterol gehad het, wat ook verder versterk was in fisiese aktiewe individue. Soortgelyk aan ander studies, was die LEPR Lys109Arg en LEP polimorfismes geassosieer met variasies in vetsug-verwante veranderlikes onder Suid-Afrikaanse Swart en Gemengde Afkoms leerders.
This research was supported by a grant from the University Research Fund of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Harry Crossley, University of Stellenbosch, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Research Council, and the National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa.

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45

Oosthuizen, Hamman Jacobus. "Modelling the financial vulnerability of farming systems to climate change in selected case study areas in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95831.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Numerous studies indicate that the agricultural sector is physically and economically vulnerable to climate change. In order to determine possible impacts of projected future climates on the financial vulnerability of selective farming systems in South Africa, a case study methodology was applied. The integrated modelling framework consists of four modules, viz.: climate change impact modelling, dynamic linear programming (DLP) modelling, modelling interphases and financial vulnerability assessment modelling. Empirically downscaled climate data from five global climate models (GCMs) served as base for the integrated modelling. The APSIM crop model was applied to determine the impact of projected climates on crop yield for certain crops in the study. In order to determine the impact of projected climates on crops for which there are no crop models available, a unique modelling technique, Critical Crop Climate Threshold (CCCT) modelling, was developed and applied to model the impact of projected climate change on yield and quality of agricultural produce. Climate change impact modelling also takes into account the projected changes in irrigation water availability (ACRU hydrological model) and crop irrigation requirements (SAPWAT3 model) as a result of projected climate change. The model produces a set of valuable results, viz. projected changes in crop yield and quality, projected changes in availability of irrigation water, projected changes in crop irrigation needs, optimal combination of farming activities to maximize net cash flow, and a set of financial criteria to determine economic viability and financial feasibility of the farming system. A set of financial criteria; i.e. internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), cash flow ratio, highest debt ratio, and highest debt have been employed to measure the impact of climate change on the financial vulnerability of farming systems. Adaptation strategies to lessen the impact of climate change were identified for each case study through expert group discussions, and included in the integrated modelling as alternative options in the DLP model. This aims at addressing the gap in climate change research, i.e. integrated economic modelling at farm level; thereby making a contribution to integrated climate change modelling.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fisiese sowel as ekonomiese kwesbaarheid van die landbousektor as gevolg van klimaatverandering word deur verskeie studies beklemtoon. ‘n Gevallestudie-benadering is gebruik ten einde die potensiële impak van klimaatsverandering op die finansiële kwesbaarheid van verskillende boerderystelsels te bepaal. Die geïntegreerde klimaatsveranderingmodel bestaan uit vier modelleringsmodules, naamlik: klimaatsverandering, dinamiese liniêre programmering (DLP), interfases en finansiële-kwesbaarheidsontleding. Empiries afgeskaalde klimatologiese data van vyf verskillende klimaatmodelle dien as basis vir die geïntegreerde klimaatsveranderingmodel. Die APSIM gewas-model word aangewend om die impak van klimaatsverandering op gewasse-opbrengs te bepaal. Vir sekere gewasse is daar egter nie modelle beskikbaaar nie en het gevolglik die ontwikkeling van ‘n nuwe model genoodsaak. Die Kritiese Gewasse Klimaatsdrempelwaarde (KGKD) modelleringstegniek is ontwikkel ten einde die impak van klimaatsverandering op die opbrengs en kwaliteit van gewasse te kwantifiseer. Die geïntegreerde klimaatsveranderingmodel neem ook die verwagte verandering in besproeiingswaterbeskikbaarheid (ACRU-hidrologiemodel) en gewas-besproeiingsbehoeftes (SAPWAT3-model) as gevolg van klimaatsverandering in ag. Die model lewer waardevolle resultate op, naamlik: geprojekteerde veranderinge in gewasse-opbrengs en -kwaliteit, geprojekteerde verandering in beskikbaarheid van besproeiingswater en gewasse-besproeiingsbehoeftes, die optimale kombinering van boerdery-aktiwiteite om netto kontantvloei te maksimeer, asook ‘n stel finansiële resultate wat die impak van klimaatsverandering kwantifiseer. Die finansiële kriteria sluit in: interne opbrengskoers, netto huidige waarde, kontanvloeiverhouding, hoogste skuldverhouding en hoogste skuldvlak. Deur middel van deskundige-groepbesprekings is aanpassingstrategieë vir elk van die gevallestudies geïdentifiseer en by die geïntegreerde model ingesluit as alternatiewe opsies in die DLP-model. Die studie poog om die gaping in die huidige klimaatsveranderingnavorsing met betekking tot ‘n geïntegreerde ekonomiese model op plaasvlak aan te spreek en sodoende ‘n bydrae tot geïntegreerde klimaatveranderingmodellering te maak.

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46

De, Kock Melissa (Melissa Heyne). "Exploring the efficacy of community-based natural resource management in Salambala Conservancy, Caprivi Region, Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19593.

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Анотація:

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is titled “Exploring the efficacy of community-based natural resource management in Salambala Conservancy, Caprivi Region, Namibia”. Salambala was one of the first four conservancies to be registered in Namibia following the development of legislation which enabled local people on communal lands to obtain conditional rights for the consumptive and non-consumptive use of wildlife in their defined area, and thereby to benefit from wildlife. Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), an approach to natural resource management which rests on sustainable development, is the theoretical basis for this study. Characteristics of CBNRM, a brief history of its implementation and impacts in southern Africa and key principles for sustainable CBNRM initiatives shall be discussed. The study includes a discussion on the history and development of Salambala, but focuses specifically on two issues, (i) whether Salambala is a sustainable community-based resource management initiative as per the principles required for sustainable CBNRM, and (ii), whether it is meeting its own stated aims and objectives. This study demonstrates that Salambala Conservancy is adhering to the principles required for sustainable CBNRM and that it is, on the whole, achieving its aims and objectives. It is thus delivering benefits to the community which, currently, outweigh the costs of living with wildlife, and wildlife numbers are increasing. In addition, the vast majority of local people surveyed have support for the initiative. However, there are a few critical issues which must be addressed, such as human-wildlife conflict and the need to increase benefits through, for example, further tourism development, if Salambala is to continue on this path. The methodology used during the study included interviews, the use of questionnaires on a sample of the population and extensive documentary analysis of both CBNRM and the history of Salambala’s development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing is getiteld “’n Ondersoek na die doeltreffendheid van gemeenskapsbaseerde natuurlike hulpbronbestuur in die Salambala bewaar-area in die Caprivi streek in Namibië”. Salambala was die eerste van vier bewaar-areas wat in Namibië geregistreer is nadat spesifieke wetgewing ontwikkel is. Hierdie wetgewing het plaaslike inwoners in staat gestel om voorwaardelike regte op gemeenskaplike grond te bekom om die natuur te verbruik (bv. vir jag doeleindes) of te gebruik (bv.vir toerisme), en so baat te vind by die natuur. Gemeenskapsgebaseerde natuurlike hulpbronbestuur (GGNHB), ‘n benadering tot natuurlike hulpbronbestuur wat berus op volhoubare ontwikkeling, is die teoretiese basis van hierdie studie. Kenmerke van GGNHB, ‘n kort historiese oorsig van die implementering en impak daarvan in suidelike Afrika, asook sleutel beginsels vir volhoubare GGNHB sal bespreek word. Die studie sluit ook ‘n bespreking in van die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van Salambala, met spesifieke fokus op twee kwessies: (i) of Salambala ‘n volhoubare gemeenskapsgebaseerde hulpbron bestuursinisiatief is soos vervat in die beginsels vir ‘n volhoubare GGNHB; en (ii), of dit aan sy verklaarde doelwitte en oogmerke voldoen. Die studie toon aan dat die Salambala bewaar-area voldoen aan die beginsels wat vereis word vir volhoubare GGNHB en dat dit, in die geheel gesien, sy beplande doelwitte en oogmerke bereik. Dit lewer dus voordele aan die gemeenskap wat op die oomblik meer is as die kostes verbonde aan ‘n bestaan na aan die natuur. Verder neem die wildgetalle toe en toon ‘n opname onder die plaaslike bevolking oorweldigende steun vir die inisiatief. Daar is egter ‘n paar kritieke kwessies wat aandag verg, soos die konflik tussen inwoners en die wildlewe, asook die behoefte aan meer voordele wat verkry kan word deur middel van, byvoorbeeld, verdere toerisme-ontwikkeling - sou Salambala voortgaan met hierdie onderneming. Die metodologie wat in die studie gebruik is sluit in onderhoude, die gebruik van vraelyste op ‘n deursnit van die bevolking asook ‘n breedvoerige dokumentêre analise van beide GGNHB en die geskiedenis van die Salambala se ontwikkeling.

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47

Franz, Simone, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The effect of cattle grazing in riparian areas on winter biodiversity and ecology." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biological Sciences, c2009, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2516.

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Livestock grazing in riparian habitats alters the vegetation structure, which has a detrimental effect on wildlife. This study examined the effect of cattle grazing in riparian habitats on winter bird biodiversity, small mammal biodiversity, and microclimate. Study sites were ungrazed, moderately grazed, and heavily grazed riparian habitats along the Oldman River, Alberta during winter 2005 and 2006. Bird species richness, individual abundance, and diversity indices were higher in ungrazed habitats than in grazed habitats. Deer mouse population sizes were not different except during spring 2006, when populations were larger in ungrazed sites. Microclimate data were collected in riparian sites and upland sites in winter 2006. Temperatures were higher and wind speeds were slower in riparian sites than in upland sites. Wind speeds were faster in heavily grazed riparian sites than in lightly grazed sites. Faster winds in heavily grazed sites may account for the decreased winter biodiversity in these habitats.
x, 118 leaves ; 29 cm

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48

Lopes, Marcos Gomes. "Epidemiological aspects of tick-borne diseases in wild and domestic animals of two environmental protection areas in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-05102016-111212/.

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The aim of this study was to determine the serologic and molecular occurrence of Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp. and Hepatozoon spp. in ticks and domestic and wild animals from two conservation units in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. The collection period was between October 2012 and August 2013. Serum samples were tested against Rickettsia spp. antigens and Ehrlichia canis by Indirect fluorescent antibody test. Tissue samples and ticks were processed for molecular detection of the pathogens. Twenty-seven marsupials and four rodents were captured, and up to three animals of each species were euthanized. In addition, serum samples from 155 domestic animals: 53 cats living inside the units, 29 dogs domiciled around the areas and 73 dgos of the Zoonosis Control Center of the City (ZCC). Twenty dogs from ZCC were also euthanized and samples of spleen were obtained. Antibodies to at least one of the Rickettsia species tested were detected in six Didelphis albiventris and in one Rattus rattus; 17% (17/102) of the dogs presented antibodies to E. canis and 13% (20/155) of all tested domestic animals (dogs and cats) were seropositive for Rickettsia spp. antigens. Three species of ticks (Amblyomma auricularium, Ixodes loricatus and Ornithodoros mimon) were collected and one A. auricularium was positive for Rickettsia amblyommii by PCR. Two D. albiventris spleen samples amplified PCR products for Ehrlichia spp. Spleen samples from three D. albiventris and spleen and lung sample from one Necromys lasiurus were positive for Babesia spp. by PCR test. Among the 20 spleen samples from dogs subjected to molecular analysis, eight were positive by PCR for E. canis and two for H. canis
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência sorológica e molecular de Rickettsia , Ehrlichia , Hepatozoon e Babesia em carrapatos e mamíferos silvestres e domésticos, provenientes de duas unidades de conservação ambiental (UC) na cidade de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. O período de coleta foi de outubro de 2012 a agosto de 2013. Os soros foram testados contra antígenos de Rickettsia spp. e Ehrlichia canis através da reação de imunofluorescência indireta. Amostras de tecido e carrapatos foram processadas para a detecção molecular dos patogenos. Foram capturados 27 marsupiais e quatro roedores para coleta de sangue, destes foram eutanásiados ate três animais de cada espécie e coletadas amostras de baço e pulmão. Paralelo, amostras de soro de 155 animais domésticos: 53 gatos que viviam nas UCs, 29 cães domiciliados no entorno das areas e 73 cães do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do município, dos quais 20 tiveram amostras de baço coletadas. Foram detectados anticorpos para, pelo menos, uma das espécies de Rickettsia testadas em seis Didelphis albiventris e em um Rattus rattus , e 17 % (17/102) dos cães apresentaram anticorpos anti- E. canis e 13% (20/155) de todos os animais domésticos (cães e gatos) foram soropositivos para antígenos de Rickettsia spp. Três espécies de carrapatos (Amblyomma auricularium , Ixodes loricatus e Ornithodoros mimon ) foram coletadas e um A. auricularium foi positivo para R. amblyommii pela PCR. Duas amostras de baço de D. albiventris amplificaram produtos de PCR para Ehrlichia spp. e amostras de baço de três D. albiventris e baço e pulmão de um Necromys lasiurus foram positivas para Babesia spp. pela PCR. Entre as 20 amostras de baço de cão submetidas a análises moleculares, oito foram positivas na PCR para E. canis e duas para H. canis

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49

Moll, John Bingham. "Studies on dune rehabilitation techniques for mined areas at Richards Bay, Natal." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003841.

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Rehabilitation is a dynamic process influenced by factors related to more than one field of ecology. It is therefore necessary to consider all these components when assessing the rehabilitation, although in the initial stages the successful revegetation of the disturbed areas is the most important criterion. Richards Bay Minerals, on whose mining site this project was carried out, is dredge mining heavy minerals on the north coast of Natal, where they have rehabilitated mined areas since 1978. This project has been carried out to establish: 1) The success of their dune forest rehabilitation using quantitative techniques. 2) The available seed bank in their rehabilitation stands. 3) The similarities in the succession taking place in rehabilitation stands compared to the revegetated stands in the vicinity of Richards Bay. 4) The best methods for creating alternative vegetation communities, especially grasslands, with a high species diversity on the mined tailings. This study reviews only the success of rehabilitation of the natural vegetation but other studies focusing on the insect, reptile, mammal and bird populations are also being undertaken by other researchers. No particular method of determining the success of vegetation rehabilitation has been chosen by restoration ecologists. Therefore in this study a broad range of quantitative techniques were used to show whether successional changes are occurring in the vegetation and physical environment. The results obtained from sampling the rehabilitated vegetation have shown that both the species richness and diversity are increasing as the returned vegetation matures. Levels of soil properties such as Sodium, Phosphate, Calcium and percentage organic matter have also risen with increasing stand age. Community complexity is also increasing with stand age, and TWINSPAN and DECORANA plots have separated out the differently aged stands based on their differences. A "pilot" study was done on the seed bank present in the rehabilitation stands. This has shown the presence of large amounts of early successional, mostly herbaceous species. Seeds of later successional and woody species were scarce which may be a result of the sampling intensity used. However seeds of late successional ground cover species were found in the older stands. Comparisons between the natural revegetation of disturbed areas in the vicinity of Richards Bay and the rehabilitation stands revealed similarities in both species composition and complexity. Species richness and diversity values are comparatively similar for the younger revegetated and older rehabilitation stands, and lWlNSPAN and DECORANA analysis techniques clustered the samples recorded from these areas in close proximity on their relative plots. The oldest revegetated sites contain a number of species found in the rehabilitated vegetation but as Acacia karroo has thinned-out in these stands many of these other species are now mature individuals. Attempts at rehabilitating an area of grassland at Richards Bay Minerals has not produced satisfactory species diversity and experimental manipulations were used to try and increase the diversity of the existing Eragrostis curvula dominated community. Of the several treatments used for the manipulation, a combination of burning and further topsoiling was the most successful in reducing Eragrostis importance and in increasing the species richness. Grassland topsoil spread directly onto the bare tailings produced an extensive vegetation covering over a short period but species richness was not significantly greater than for the existing Eragrostis dominated grassland, and further treatments and management needs to continue if this technique is to be employed. Only a limited amount of alien infestation of the rehabilitated areas was evident from the sampling undertaken during this research. As the removal of alien plants is an ongoing process and the rehabilitation stands are continuously monitored to identify any new invaders, this is not expected to become a problem. From the results of work done overseas and the rehabilitation carried out in South Africa it appears that it is possible to return natural vegetation communities on mined areas. That this is a lengthy process is to be expected but by manipulating the vegetation and continuously monitoring the process it may be possible to speed up development. Areas in need of further research have been identified based on the findings of this project. This will help to reinforce the undertaking of management proposals that will enhance the vegetation recovery and the success of the rehabilitation programme.

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50

Wilcox, Ronald J. "An application of ecological design principles in multi-use facility planning and design in the context of outdoor recreation and environmental education : Camp Tecumseh, Y.M.C.A., Devault Property Eco-village." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1178357.

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The care of planet Earth is the responsibility of all that inhabit it. Our environment sustains us, and choices we make can compromise the Earth's capacity to sustain life.This project explores how landscape architecture can be a tool that can aid in the process of sustaining certain systems of the Earth, while providing form and function for humans at the same time. Coupled with environmental education programming, the site design becomes the framework in which the programming is based.To sustain life, the Earth must give of its resources. It is well understood that the resources on the planet are limited. Altering systems of life support on the planet must embrace a holistic view in that all systems must be maintained, yet at the same time allow us to derive our means from them.Environmental education is a magical arena that allows for nurturing of human developmental needs by providing outlets for their social, emotional, physical, and cognitive growth. At the same time environmental education provides answers to questions that children and adults have about the environment. Landscape Design in the arena of environmental education can provide a direct link to issues of sustaining life support systems and how people learn about maintaining those systems wisely.
Department of Landscape Architecture

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Дисертації з теми "Recreation areas Environmental aspects"

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