Статті в журналах з теми "Reconnaissance de contour"

Building roof contours are considered as very important geometric data, which have been widely applied in many fields, including but not limited to urban planning, land investigation, change detection and military reconnaissance. Currently, the demand on building contours at a finer scale (especially in urban areas) has been raised in a growing number of studies such as urban environment quality assessment, urban sprawl monitoring and urban air pollution modelling. LiDAR is known as an effective means of acquiring 3D roof points with high elevation accuracy. However, the precision of the building contour obtained from LiDAR data is restricted by its relatively low scanning resolution. With the use of the texture information from high-resolution imagery, the precision can be improved. In this study, an improved snake model is proposed to refine the initial building contours extracted from LiDAR. First, an improved snake model is constructed with the constraints of the deviation angle, image gradient, and area. Then, the nodes of the contour are moved in a certain range to find the best optimized result using greedy algorithm. Considering both precision and efficiency, the candidate shift positions of the contour nodes are constrained, and the searching strategy for the candidate nodes is explicitly designed. The experiments on three datasets indicate that the proposed method for building contour refinement is effective and feasible. The average quality index is improved from 91.66% to 93.34%. The statistics of the evaluation results for every single building demonstrated that 77.0% of the total number of contours is updated with higher quality index.

Building roof contours are considered as very important geometric data, which have been widely applied in many fields, including but not limited to urban planning, land investigation, change detection and military reconnaissance. Currently, the demand on building contours at a finer scale (especially in urban areas) has been raised in a growing number of studies such as urban environment quality assessment, urban sprawl monitoring and urban air pollution modelling. LiDAR is known as an effective means of acquiring 3D roof points with high elevation accuracy. However, the precision of the building contour obtained from LiDAR data is restricted by its relatively low scanning resolution. With the use of the texture information from high-resolution imagery, the precision can be improved. In this study, an improved snake model is proposed to refine the initial building contours extracted from LiDAR. First, an improved snake model is constructed with the constraints of the deviation angle, image gradient, and area. Then, the nodes of the contour are moved in a certain range to find the best optimized result using greedy algorithm. Considering both precision and efficiency, the candidate shift positions of the contour nodes are constrained, and the searching strategy for the candidate nodes is explicitly designed. The experiments on three datasets indicate that the proposed method for building contour refinement is effective and feasible. The average quality index is improved from 91.66% to 93.34%. The statistics of the evaluation results for every single building demonstrated that 77.0% of the total number of contours is updated with higher quality index.

The article investigates the conditions and factors that will affect the functioning of the specific mine exploration facilities when installed on an unmanned aerial vehicle. The analysis of conditions and factors was carried out with preliminary determination of the general performance indicators of the specific technical means of mine exploration, which include: the probability of detection and recognition of mines (contour of mines) by the operator (pilot operator) on the display screen; the scale of the image of the mine (contour of the mine) on the display screen; viewing angle of the specific technical means of exploration; transverse capture of terrain during aerial reconnaissance by means of a specific reconnaissance technical means; spectral range of operation of the specific technical means of exploration and height of exploration. As a result of the study, the following conditions and factors were included: unmanned aerial vehicle; the task of finding mines; features of the area where the mines are installed; pilot control (pilot); weather conditions; gusts of wind; season; time of day; use by the enemy of electronic suppression and electronic warfare, as well as conventional small arms against a drone; drones vibration during flight; turbulence of the atmosphere; the use of adversaries in the field of land mines and the creation of false minefields management of specific technical means of intelligence by the operator (pilot operator); temperature mode; availability of min signatures base. It is concluded that the results of the study of conditions and factors that will affect the functioning of the specific intelligence means are the basis for the development of relevant requirements for the specific intelligence means of the visible and infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum.

<p class="Abstract"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Un système biométrique d'identification et d'authentification permet la reconnaissance automatique d'un individu en fonction de certaines caractéristiques ou caractéristiques uniques qu'il possède. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">La reconnaissance de l'iris est une méthode d'identification biométrique qui applique la reconnaissance des formes aux images de l'iris. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">En raison des motifs épigénétiques uniques de l'iris, la reconnaissance de l'iris est considérée comme l'une des méthodes les plus précises dans le domaine de l'identification biométrique. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">L'algorithme de segmentation proposé dans cet article commence par déterminer les régions de l'œil à l'aide d'une approche neuronale non supervisée, après que le contour de l'œil a été trouvé à l'aide du bord de Canny, la transformation de Hough est utilisée pour déterminer le centre et le rayon de la pupille et de l'iris. . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ensuite, la normalisation permet de transformer la région de l'iris circulaire segmenté en une forme rectangulaire de taille fixe en utilisant le modèle de feuille de caoutchouc de Daugman. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Une transformation en ondelettes discrètes (DWT) est appliquée à l'iris normalisé pour réduire la taille des modèles d'iris et améliorer la précision du classificateur. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Enfin, la base de données URIBIS iris est utilisée pour la vérification individuelle de l'utilisateur en utilisant le classificateur KNN ou la machine à vecteur de support (SVM) qui, sur la base de l'analyse du code de l'iris lors de l'extraction des caractéristiques, est discutée.</span></span></span></p>

In the past decades, satellite interpretation was one of the vital methods for the determination of weather patterns all over the world, especially for the identification of severe weather patterns such as tropical cyclones (TC). The method is based on Dvorak Technique8 which provides a means of the identification of the cyclone and its intensity. This is a kind of pattern-matching techniques and is based on some well-known TC templates for reference. Due to the high variation and complexity of cloud activities for the tropical cyclone patterns, meteorological analysts all over the world so far are still relying on subjective human justification for TC identification purposes. In this paper, an Elastic Graph Dynamic Link Model (EGDLM) is proposed to automate the satellite interpretation process and provides an objective analysis for tropical cyclones. The method integrates Dynamic Link Architecture (DLA) for neural dynamics and Active Contour Model (ACM) for contour extraction of TC patterns. Over 120 satellite pictures provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) were used to evaluate the system, and 145 tropical cyclone cases that appeared in the period between 1990 to 1998 were extracted for the study. An overall correct rate for TC classification was found to be above 95%. For hurricanes with distinct "eye" formation, the model reported a deviation within 3 km from the "actual eye" location, which was obtained from the reconnaissance aircraft measurements of minimum surface pressure.

Trajectory big data have significant applications in many areas, such as traffic management, urban planning and military reconnaissance. Traditional visualization methods, which are represented by contour maps, shading maps and hypsometric maps, are mainly based on the spatiotemporal information of trajectories, which can macroscopically study the spatiotemporal conditions of the entire trajectory set and microscopically analyze the individual movement of each trajectory; such methods are widely used in screen display and flat mapping. With the improvement of trajectory data quality, these data can generally describe information in the spatial and temporal dimensions and involve many other attributes (e.g., speed, orientation, and elevation) with large data amounts and high dimensions. Additionally, these data have relatively complicated internal relationships and regularities, whose analysis could cause many troubles; the traditional approaches can no longer fully meet the requirements of visualizing trajectory data and mining hidden information. Therefore, diverse visualization methods that present the value of massive trajectory information are currently a hot research topic. This paper summarizes the research status of trajectory data-visualization techniques in recent years and extracts common contemporary trajectory data-visualization methods to comprehensively cognize and understand the fundamental characteristics and diverse achievements of trajectory-data visualization.

Abstract. The issues of image fusion in a two-position small-size radar on-board operational monitoring system are considered. The aim of present research is to develop a method for fusion of images of the land surface based on data obtained from a multi-sensor spatially distributed on-board location system implemented on the basis of a UAV. The method of combining different-angle location images is implemented iteratively. At each iteration, there is a search for pairs of points of the contour of the isolated areas. Areas are highlighted using two image segmentation methods. The final result is a proposed method for information fusion from a two-position on-board small-sized radar system and an optical location system. The implemented method of fusion makes it possible to increase the information content, quality and reliability of information about the observed underlying surfaces and the physical objects detected on them. The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the formation of integral information in real time in the interests of environmental reconnaissance, monitoring in hard-to-reach and dangerous places for human life, as well as in order to promptly prevent natural and man-made emergencies.

Titanium or vanadium metals or their alloys are important industrial metals/alloys. Because these resources are in short supply, the investigation of potential titaniferous-vanadiferous deposits needs special attention to bridge the supply-demand gap. The study integrates geological, geochemical, remote sensing, and geophysical data for assessing the potentiality of titaniferous-vanadiferous, magnetite-ilmenite mineralization in and around the Sudamakund and Paharpur areas, Gaya and Jehanabad districts, Bihar, India, and delineation of specific targets for detailed exploration. Field visits for large scale mapping on (1:12,500 scale) were used to conduct a reconnaissance survey for magnetite-ilmenite mineralization in parts of toposheet number 72G/04 in the Gaya and Jehanabad districts of Bihar, as well as the collection of bedrock samples (BRS), pit/trench samples (PTS), petrographic samples (PS), and petrochemical samples (PCS), followed by petrographic and ore microscopic study, and interpretation of chemical results. Signatures of oxidized iron-bearing sulphides (iron-oxides ratio) and other ferrous-iron-bearing minerals surrounded by altered rocks (clay bearing minerals) are visible in remote sensing images. The geological work was followed by ground geophysical gravity and magnetic surveys in selected blocks by the Geophysics Division, eastern region (ER) on a 1:12,500 scale. The magnetite ore is hard, compact, crystalline, and at some places, granular in nature. The analytical value of these magnetite ore bodies indicates average Fe content at 49.53% (range 25.85–60.78%), with a considerable amount of TiO2 (average 15.85%, range 1.47–26.77%), and V (average 144.79 ppm, range 30.00–256.00 ppm, from PTS). The trends of these magnetite ore deposits correspond to the major lineaments (NE-SW and NW-SE). The superimposition of gravity and magnetic contour maps with the geological map (1:12,500 scale) helps explain the observed geophysical anomalies, and the possible subsurface (horizontal and vertical) expansion of magnetite ore deposits in alluvium cover regions warrants further investigation.

Depuis quelques années, en France comme en Italie, la généalogie a fait un retour remarqué au centre des préoccupations de l'historien. Les spécialistes de la France d'Ancien Régime s'efforcent de retrouver la place exacte de la culture généalogique entre des stratégies nobiliaires appuyées sur le fief ou sur l'office, et les impératifs étatiques d'une monarchic soucieuse d'exercer un contrôle ferme sur les contours de sa noblesse. Dès lors, toute la réflexion critique sur la généalogie d'Ancien Régime est soustendue par une question majeure qui porte finalement sur la reconnaissance publique accordée à la véracité d'un état social privilégié. Elle conduit logiquement à s'interroger sur le durcissement des critères de reconnaissance de la noblesse, et done sur la capacité que s'octroie l'État moderne à trancher souverainement entre verite et fausseté, authenticité et forgerie, légitimité et usurpation.

We survey the current landscape of teaching religion to undergraduates to imagine its contours over the next five to ten years. We follow Dee Fink’s outline of backwards design for course development to consider outside factors, the nature of the subject matter, the characteristics of learners and teachers, and issues related to particular courses, focusing on introductory and general education courses. Such courses serve students best when they are designed with broad goals, often articulated in the institutional mission. This opens new ways of conceiving of the field from the student perspective while helping teachers to attract more students and to embrace a variety of pedagogies and curricula to better serve the students they teach.

We survey the current landscape of teaching religion to undergraduates to imagine its contours over the next five to ten years. We follow Dee Fink’s outline of backwards design for course development to consider outside factors, the nature of the subject matter, the characteristics of learners and teachers, and issues related to particular courses, focusing on introductory and general education courses. Such courses serve students best when they are designed with broad goals, often articulated in the institutional mission. This opens new ways of conceiving of the field from the student perspective while helping teachers to attract more students and to embrace a variety of pedagogies and curricula to better serve the students they teach.

Seismic contouring is a unique skill that requires combining the variable nature of the seismic signal with the varying structural styles of rock deformation. The computer is very helpful in producing suites of maps quickly, but it has often failed to incorporate structural styles and faults into meaningful geologic contours. This integration requires a visual image of the evolving structures that can best be obtained by an interpreter’s hand contouring or with an interactive work station guided by an interpreter’s hand. Each of the following situations requires a different approach to contouring and mapping the seismic data: (1) Three major styles of rock folding— (a) concentric folding, requiring smooth, hyperbolic contours: (b) plastic flow, requiring parallel contours and rounded reversals; and (c) topographic folding, requiring equal‐spaced contours and closed highs and lows. (2) Faults—May be difficult to visualize unless they are properly annotated and integrated into the contours. (3) Isotime maps—Should be contoured in the shape of depositional bodies. (4) Phantom horizon and dip maps—Needed when there are no continuous horizons. These maps can be useful as reconnaissance maps for planning programs in frontier areas. (5) Prospect (manager’s) maps—The summation of all previous maps. They must be precise, clear, and simple. They must say, “Here’s the oil!”

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre as ressignificações identitárias ocorridas na comunidade remanescente de quilombo denominada Kalunga, localizada no nordeste de Goiás, Brasil, ao longo de sua formação e a partir do reconhecimento dessas comunidades pela Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988. O reconhecimento adiciona novas problemáticas identitárias que reverberam na forma como o grupo vivencia e organiza o território. Por meio de um estudo etnográfico, busco demonstrar que a etnicidade do grupo se sustenta em sua própria organização social e territorial, não sendo possível identificar um objeto de contornos limitados – cor, muito menos a “raça”, ou a cultura africana, ou a origem quilombola – com o qual os indivíduos se defrontem e a partir do qual inaugurem sua identidade.TERRITORIALITY AND CULTURE AMONG THE KALUNGA: beyond the culturalismABSTRACTThis article presents a discussion about the identity resignifications that occurred in a remaining Quilombo community called Kalunga, located in northeast of the state of Goiás, Brazil, ranging from its formation and from the recognition of these communities by the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988. The recognition adds new identity problems that appear in the way in which the group experiences and organizes the territory. Considering an ethnographic study, I try to demonstrate that the ethnicity of the group is based on its own social and territorial organization, and that it is not possible to identify an object of limited contours – neither color, “race” or African culture, nor Quilombo origin – in which the individuals face each other and from which they inaugurate their identity.Key words: Ethnography; Identity; Territoriality; Quilombolas; Culture; RecognitionTERRITORIALITÉ ET CULTURE ENTRE LES KALUNGA: pour aller au-delà du culturalismeABSTRACTCet article présente une discussion sur les réaffectations identitaires qui ont eu lieu dans la communauté rémanente de marronnage nommée Kalunga, située dans le nord-est de Goias, au Brésil, tout au long de sa formation et de la reconnaissance de ces communautés par la Constitution Fédérale Brésilienne de 1988. Cette reconnaissance ajoute de nouvelles problématiques identitaires qui se répercutent dans la manière qu’a ce groupe de vivre et de s’organiser sur le territoire. Sur la base d’une étude ethnographique, nous essayons de démontrer que l’ethnicité du groupe se maintient grâce à sa propre organisation sociale et territoriale sans qu’il soit possible d’identifier un objet aux contours limités – couleur, bien moins la “race “ ou la culture africaine, ou l’origine marronne- auquel les individus sont confrontés et à partir duquel ils inaugurent leur identité.Key words: Ethnographie; Identité; Territorialité; Les Marrons; Culture; Reconnaissance

Résumé Dans les années récentes, les « emplois de proximité d'aide à la vie quotidienne » ont connu une forte croissance, largement soutenue par des politiques publiques multiples mais invariablement énoncées au neutre. Pourtant ces emplois intéressent la question du genre, d'abord parce que 99 pour cent des salariés y sont des femmes, ensuite parce qu'ils représentent une « externalisation » du travail domestique gratuit habituellement réalisé par les femmes. Les non-dits de ces politiques « neutres » font appel aux rapports spécifiques des femmes au travail et à l'emploi, et impliquent une précarité au féminin, largement invisible. Ces « emplois de femmes », qui replacent celles-ci dans des postures « traditionnelles » de don, dessinent les contours généraux de l'emploi féminin, en naturalisant les compétences nécessaires, rendant plus difficile l'accès à une reconnaissance de type professionnel et à l'égalité.

Dans « Aux États-Unis d’Afrique » (2006), Abdourahman Waberi renverse le monde et instaure de nouveaux rapports de force. L’espace géographique alors renommé Etats-Unis d’Afrique, est une fabrique du pouvoir politique, social et culturel qui domine le Nord géographique des dépossédés. Dans le récit, la mise en place d’un patrimoine culturel africain suggère en premier lieu le dépouillement de ceux associés à d’anciennes puissances coloniales et dans en second lieu, une pratique conjointe de destitution et de restitution du nom. Le Nord de l’envers et les États-Unis d’Afrique de l’endroit sont non seulement les vecteurs de rapports de domination mais tracent plus précisément les contours d’un binarisme: le Sud géographique impose l’hégémonie africaine au reste du monde. Au coeur de cet espace mondial redessiné, Maya/Malaïka (prénom d’adoption), personnage central du récit, est en mouvement; quittant les États-Unis d’Afrique en quête de ses origines, elle se met en route vers le Nord, et prend le chemin du re(/dé)tour dans les dernières pages du récit. S’agirait-il là de la subversion du binarisme géographique, d’une distortion d’un modèle d’espace frontalier figé par le biais du motif de l’errance ? Ainsi, en quoi peut-on déceler dans l’oeuvre de Waberi plusieurs niveaux de déstabilisation de toute proposition binaire, qui atteignent leur culmination avec le motif de l’errance ? Dans quelles mesures, le voyage de Maya tend vers une remise en question des moules identitaires géographiques et culturels, et à quels effets ?

The article is devoted to the study of the technology of inventory of green areas with the use of the latest technologies: unmanned aircraft and satellite navigation systems. The topic of the article is relevant, because reliable and up-to-date information on the quantitative and qualitative state of green spaces of settlements is obtained during their inventory and arrangement. As a result of conducting an inventory for each green economy object, a passport of the green economy improvement object is drawn up. The following documents are attached to the passport: an inventory plan on a given scale and a working diary of accounting for greenery. One of the links in the inventory of green spaces of the settlement is sub-field survey, which is currently performed using unmanned aerial vehicles and satellite technologies and in turn consists of topographic and geodetic and aerial photography, and is divided into the following stages: information collection; preparatory work; chamber work. At the stage of collecting information on the object of work, the available urban, land management, geodetic and cartographic materials are analyzed. The second stage – preparatory work, consists of field surveying and aerial photography. Field geodetic works include reconnaissance of the area and the development of plan-height substantiation of the aerial survey area. Field aerial photography consists of creating a flight project, pre-flight training of a quadcopter and direct aerial photography. In-house works are the third final stage, which consists of: processing of aerial photographs; creation of a polygonal terrain model; creation of orthophoto in scale 1: 500; creation of a topographic plan in the Digitals software package; reconnaissance of the area to clarify the spatial and attributive data on greenery; creation of the adjusted topographic plan of inventory of green spaces. It is also recommended to make adjustments to the obtained topographic plan, during which the position of trees in places where a large error was detected and outlines were formed was measured by linear notches with reference to rigid contours. At the same time it is necessary to clarify the species of trees according to the symbols. The digital information obtained in this way about green plantations can be used to calculate the cost of work on the development of the passport of the facility and inventory plan for a given area or create and develop geographic information portals of green areas of individual territories or settlements.

The use of geophysical characterization of karst systems can provide an economical and non-invasive alternative for extracting information about cavities, sinkholes, pathways for water infiltration as well as the degree of karstification of underlying carbonate rocks. In the present study, three geophysical techniques, namely, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLFEM) methods were applied at three different locations in relation to fluvial karst, which is listed as an environmentally sensitive area in Rio Vermelho, Mambaí, Goiás, Brazil. In the data acquisition phase, the GPR, direct-current (DC) resistivity and VLFEM profiles were obtained at the three locations in the area. Data were analyzed using commonly adopted processing workflows. The GPR results showed a well-defined lithology of the site based on the amplitude of the signal and radar typologies. On the other hand, the inverted resistivity cross-sections showed a three-layered stratigraphy, pathways of water infiltration and the weathered structures in carbonate (Bambui group). The interpretation of VLFEM as contours of current density resulted from Fraser and Karous–Hjelt filters, indicated the presence of conductive structures (high apparent current density) that might be linked to the weathered carbonate and other conductive and resistive anomalies associated with the water-filled and dry cavities (cave), respectively. The results encourage the integrated application of geophysical techniques such as the reconnaissance for further detailed characterization of the karst areas.

The results of a reconnaissance survey of local zones within the oil site of the Uzon volcano, Bogachevskoye oil field, and site of the explosive crater in Yamal are presented. Experimental studies using the direct-prospecting technology of a frequency-resonance processing and interpretation of satellite images and photographs are carried out to study the features of the deep structures of the survey areas. The results of instrumental measurements indicate that all survey sites are located above volcanoes of sedimentary rocks, within which the synthesis of oil, condensate and gas is almost always carried out at the 57 km border. In the contours of HC-generating volcanoes, there are deep channels through which oil, condensate, and gas migrate to the upper horizons of the cross-section and can replenish the already formed deposits in HC fields. In the absence of reliable seals over such channels, oil, condensate, and gas can migrate to the surface, and gas further enters the atmosphere. Measurements within a relatively large area around the Uzon volcano confirmed the presence of all previously identified types of volcanoes. These are volcanoes filled with: 1) salt; 2) sedimentary rocks of 1-6 groups; 3) limestones; 4) dolomites; 5) marls; 6) siliceous rocks; 7) granites; 8) basalts; 9) ultramafic rocks; 10) kimberlites. Additional evidence obtained by instrumental measurements in favor of the deep (abiogenic) genesis of oil, condensate, and gas is of fundamental importance. Numerous facts of fixing the signals from oil, condensate, and gas at the boundary of their synthesis 57 km within the survey areas and in other regions of the world allow us to state that abiogenic methane is migrating into Earth’s atmosphere in colossal volumes! Local zones of the gas migration into the atmosphere can serve as indicators of the activity of volcanoes in which hydrocarbons are synthesized. In these cases, drilling wells in the areas of the location of deep channels for the migration of abiogenic hydrocarbons to the upper horizons of the cross-section may be associated with great risks — with emergency situations during the drilling.

The results of a reconnaissance survey of local areas, where a number of oil slicks are located in various regions of the Gulf of Mexico, are presented. Experimental studies using the direct-prospecting technology of frequency- resonance processing and the interpretation of satellite and photo images were carried out in order to study the features of the deep structure in the areas, where slicks are located. The results of instrumental measurements indicate that all nine survey sites in the Gulf are located above volcanoes, within which the synthesis of oil, condensate, and gas is carried out at the conditional border of 57 km. In the contours of such volcanoes, there are deep channels through which oil, condensate, and gas migrate to the upper horizons of the cross-section and can replenish the already formed deposits in hydrocarbon fields. In the absence of reliable seals over such channels, oil, condensate, and gas can migrate into the water column, and gas further into the atmosphere. During this migration, gas seeps are formed on the seabed and oil slicks on the water surface. The measurements confirmed the presence of all previously established types of volcanoes, in which conditions for the hydrocarbon synthesis exist at a depth of 57 km. These are volcanoes filled with 1) salt, 2) sedimentary rocks, 3) limestones, 4) granites, and 5) ultramafic rocks. Studies at the site near the emergency well indicate that there are a significant number of volcanoes in the Gulf, within which there are no conditions for the synthesis of hydrocarbons and amber. These are volcanoes filled with 1) dolomites, 2) marls, 3) siliceous rocks, as well as 4) basalts and 5) kimberlites. The additional evidence is obtained by instrumental measurements in favor of the deep (abiogenic) genesis of oil, condensate, and gas is of fundamental importance. Numerous facts of fixing the signals from oil, condensate, and gas at the conditional boundary of their synthesis of 57 km in the Gulf of Mexico and in other regions of the world allow us to make an assumption about the migration of abiogenic methane into the Earth’s atmosphere in colossal volumes! Methane seeps and oil slicks can serve as indicators of the activity of volcanoes in which hydrocarbons are synthesized. In these cases, drilling wells in the areas of the location of deep channels of the migration of abiogenic hydrocarbons to the upper horizons of the cross-section may be associated with great risks — with emergency situations during drilling.

Skjern Castle – an archaeological investigation of a castle through the Middle Ages and RenaissanceIn the very middle of the river Nørreå’s extensive meadowlands, 15 km west of Randers, lies the striking castle mound of Gammel Skjern. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance period this site was the centre of a manorial complex which at times was one of the largest in Denmark and some of the country’s most influential noble families resided here. Its location, where the highway between Viborg and Randers crosses the river today, was one of the few good crossing points over Nørreå (fig. 1). A major transport junction such as this was of strategic interest; here it was possible to both display and exert power.Concentrated around this ford location we find two rune stones, the parish church, the significant fortification of Gammel Skjern itself and its successor, the manor Skjern Hovedgård. In addition, there was also settlement here during Viking times and the Middle Ages, as well as a mill. Skjern parish extends along both sides of Nørreå. This is unusual as watercourses often form boundaries, and it must be presumed to reflect the family’s strong position of power in the area during the Late Viking period and Early Middle Ages. The area’s cultural topography shows that very extensive changes took place in settlement structure during the course of Viking times and the Middle Ages.Skjern Church is a small Romanesque ashlar building from around AD 1200. Today, it stands alone, but metal detector finds and aerial reconnaissance show that there was a settlement here from the 8th to the 14th century (fig. 2). This settlement can presumably be linked to the high-ranking farming family which, in the Late Viking Age, permitted itself to be commemorated on two rune stones. These stones stand today by the church: a monumental and well-preserved stone bearing a mask (fig. 3) and a slightly smaller fragment on which only a few words can be deciphered. The large mask stone was found in 1843 at the castle mound and the fragment in the church’s foundation wall at the end of the 1830s. They probably originally stood by the ford. Here people passed by, here the stones were seen, the family remembered and the power demonstrated and consolidated.In connection with the turbulent times of the 14th century, the magnate farm moved for defensive reasons away from the church and out to a stronghold in the bog (fig. 4). In the 1840s, a large amount of earth was dug away from the fortification and on this occasion the east wing of the castle and a little of both the north and south wings were exposed. From Kruuse’s survey, carried out in 1843, we know that a four-winged structure stood on the platform (figs. 5-6). In the summers of 2001-4 and 2006, the Department of Medieval and Renaissance Archaeology at the University of Aarhus carried out a small archaeological investigation of the structure. As a significant proportion of the fortification is scheduled, the excavations took place by special permission and on the condition that fixed constructions were not removed. In parallel with this, a detailed contour survey was carried out of the area (fig. 7), as well as a geophysical/magnetometer survey of parts of the site and a number of dendrochronological dates were obtained from bridges and bank constructions (fig. 8). As the excavation only constituted a minor intervention, the extent of the finds and the building components located is very limited and these give only a small insight into the life and the activities which have taken place at the castle (figs. 22-29).On the basis of the archaeological investigations it is possible to sketch the development of the stronghold from a single platform to a striking defensive complex with several banks and ditches (fig. 30). The front and middle bank, and also the main platform, were. Many of the posts are still visible in the wet meadow, and the closely-spaced stakes show that the bridge piers were replaced as many as six or seven times. Samples were taken for dendrochronological dating from the posts in two bridge piers, one pier from each bridge. The earliest dendrochronological date is AD 1335 and the latest is after AD 1492. The fact that the earliest bridge phase is not represented in both of the bridge piers investigated, and that the castle’s 16-17th century phase is not represented at all, shows that the bays were moved somewhat through time. Accordingly, the dates do not, thereby, cover the total life of the castle.The stronghold was constructed in the meadows in AD 1335, or perhaps even earlier. Consequently, it is finally possible to link Lord High Steward Peder Vendelbo’s previously unknown ‘Karmark Castle’, as it is referred to in AD 1340, and the Skjern Castle, which are mentioned in the Lord High Steward’s estate in 1347 as being one and the same structure. The excavation provided a tiny glimpse of the surface of the oldest castle, almost 2 m below the courtyard of the Renaissance castle, the present-day surface of the main platform. The platform was in its first phase only about 1 m high. The magnetometer survey of the main platform revealed weak and deeper-lying deflections, presumably from an earlier structure of approximately the same extent as the familiar structure from the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance. The earliest castle appears merely to have consisted of this platform, linked to dry land and the farm buildings by a 60 m long wooden bridge and a 175 m long turf-built causeway in continuation of this.In 1392/93, Kristian Vendelbo extended the structure with a lateral bank to the east of the main bank. He was probably also responsible for a corresponding (undated) bank to the west as well as a bank to the north of here, the middle bank. He was loyal to Queen Margrethe at a time when the magnates of Jutland were against her, and he needed a strong castle. In the construction of the left lateral bank, use was made of a natural sand bank in the terrain. Only very few traces of activity were preserved here. The eastern lateral bank was constructed of turf. The inner side of the bank was partially reinforced with hammered-in posts which have been dated dendrochronologically to AD 1392 and AD 1392/93 (fig. 12). On the middle bank, which functioned as a paddock, foundations and floor layers relating to four buildings were recorded. One of the buildings could be identified as a gateway; another was probably a tower (figs. 9-11). Due to the limited extent of the excavation, it has not been possible to relate these buildings to Kruuse’s plan. This was also the case with the results of the magnetometer survey. The bank was built of turf and slightly raised in height using demolition material from brick-built buildings. A reinforcement of the edge comprising large field boulders was supplemented with a row of robust posts. Dendrochronological dating of these to AD 1461/62 shows that the middle bank was either established or reinforced at this time.In AD 1465/66, Lord High Steward Erik Ottesen Rosenkrantz carried out a further extensive reinforcement of the castle, this time with a cover bank to the east and west of the front bank in continuation of the causeway. Structures in the terrain suggest that a building stood in the eastern part of the front bank. To the west, the cover bank had a robust post construction, presumably a palisade. A corresponding construction is not seen at the eastern cover bank. Whether this is due to the posts having been removed, or whether the bank facing out towards the open bog was not as heavily fortified, is unknown. The eastern cover bank was built on to the eastern lateral bank, and the increased width provided sufficient space for a building (fig. 13). Dendrochronological dating of the constructional timbers to after AD 1465 shows that this could have been built immediately following the extension. Faint traces in the terrain to the south of the main bank indicate yet another cover bank.During this phase at the latest, the height of the main platform was raised to around 3 m above the surrounding terrain. The complex had four wings and two stair turrets towards the north around an enclosed castle courtyard. Towards the west, remains of standing walls can still be seen. It is not inconceivable that at least the core of the building complex can be attributed to Erik Ottesen. On the latter’s death, the value of the buildings was assessed at 7000 marks, a considerable sum. The archaeological investigations have only touched upon the east wing which was the part most exposed by the earth removal in the 19th century (fig. 14). A comparison between Kruuse’s elevation plan of the east wall and its present state reveals the degree of the destruction (figs. 15-16). The best preserved wall was that in towards the castle courtyard, with 12 courses. The building was built with a cellar covered by a flat barrel vault (fig. 17). The west wall had subsided very heavily, and this definitely contributed to or was the main reason that the cellar vault and possibly also parts of the wing at some time or other collapsed. The cellar was subsequently filled up with building materials. Pieces of the painted window panes and a terracotta base from a facade ornament from the final quarter of the 16th century show that the building may have been beautifully fitted out according to the latest fashion of the times (figs. 18-20). On top of the filled-in cellar, new light foundations were laid as the basis for joists for a floor or internal partition walls on the ground floor. After 1561, when Christoffer Nielsen died, the manor estate underwent a drastic process of division, and there appear not to have been obvious investors for new prestige building works. It is therefore interesting that several alterations could have been carried out during this period. The excavation also touched upon parts of foundations belonging to the castle’s NE stair turret (fig. 21). The tower proved to be secondary to the east wing, and its tile floor was laid on top of the existing cobbled pavement of the castle courtyard.During the second half of the 16th century, a hurried division of the manor began, and by the 17th century only three large farmsteads remained.Jan KockMette Svart KristiansenAfdeling for Middelalder- og Renæssancearkæologi Aarhus Universitet

Mapping Iron Age field systemsAn assessment of the applicability of aerial photographyThere is little doubt that agriculture constituted the fundamental activity in prehistoric Denmark following its introduction 6000 years ago. Traces of cultivation are, however, almost solely preserved in the form of ard marks on surfaces sealed beneath barrows or layers of aeolian sand. Only one period in prehistory shows coherent traces revealing how field systems were formed and how they fitted into the landscape. During the course of the Late Bronze Age (1000-500 BC), a system of cultivation was introduced over large parts of NW Europe in which the individual fields or plots were separated from one another by low earthen banks and terrace edges or lynchets. These field systems could extend over several hundred hectares.These cultivation systems appear primarily to have been in use between 500 BC and AD 200. Research into prehistoric field systems has a long tradition extending all the way back to the 1920s in England, The Netherlands and Denmark, whereas in NW Germany and on Gotland work took place during the 1970s, with the Baltic Countries being involved in the 1990s. Early research was directed in particular towards mapping the field systems which, at that time, lay untouched in agriculturally marginal areas such as heath and woodland.In Denmark, Gudmund Hatt was a pioneer in this field. During the course of several campaigns, especially during the 1930s, he recorded 120 occurrences of field systems, primarily on the heaths of Northern and Western Jutland. These were published in 1949 in his major work Oldtidsagre (i.e. Prehistoric Fields). His work was continued by Viggo Nielsen who recorded 200 field systems in the forests of Zealand and Bornholm, largely between 1953 and 1963. In the former Aarhus county, the record has subsequently been augmented by a systematic reconnaissance of the forests which took place between 1988 and 1992. Subsequently, this led to the extensive investigations of field systems at Alstrup Krat near Mariager. As early as the 1920s, English researchers were aware of the fact that both ploughed-down and preserved field systems were visible on aerial photographs. However, the method was first applied in Denmark, The Netherlands and NW Germany in the 1970s, leading to a several-fold increase in the number known localities. In Denmark, P.H. Sørensen recorded 447 field systems in the former Viborg and North Jutland counties alone. P. H. Sørensen has published a series of articles dealing with various aspects of aerial photography in relation to ancient field systems. For example, the colour and origin of the various soil marks, the shape and size of the plots, different types of field systems and the relationship with soil type. He has also published several surveys of individual field systems. A significant problem with P.H. Sørensen’s work relates to the very few published plans showing the field systems and to the fact that these are based exclusively on a single series of aerial photographs.The main aim of this article is to demonstrate the potential for mapping field systems on the basis of not one but several series of aerial photographs. This is done through the detailed survey and mapping of three individual field systems and access to a series of data sources with respect to the interpretation of information contained in the aerial photographs. These comprise an interpretation of the origin of soil marks of banks and lynchets and an evaluation of the degree to which this interpretation is influenced by subjectivity. It is beyond the scope of this investigation to locate the field systems within a settlement and landscape context.Sources and study areaIn order to explore the problems and questions outlined above, three field systems were chosen in the central part of Himmerland: Skørbæk Hede, Gundersted and Store Binderup (fig. 1). This selection took place on the basis of an examination and assessment of almost all recorded field systems in Himmerland evident on several series of aerial photographs. These three field systems chosen are among those best preserved and also the most cohesive. Furthermore, all three have been mapped previously: Skørbæk Hede by Hatt on the basis of field survey, and the two others by P.H. Sørensen on the basis of aerial photographs. This provides the opportunity to evaluate any possible subjectivity in the procedure employed. Hatt makes a distinction between field boundary banks and lynchets. This opens up the possibility of evaluating how the two forms of boundary appear on aerial photographs. At Gundersted Hatt cut two sections through boundary banks. These, together with sections from other of Hatt’s excavations and more recent examples from the investigations at Alsing Krat, form the basis for an investigation of how soil marks arise and develop over time. In this investigation, use has also been made of historical maps in order to reveal the influence of historical cultivation on the presence/absence of soil marks. The earliest maps are from c. 1780. The primary source remains, however, series of vertical aerial photographs. Access to the latter has become considerably easier in recent years. A large proportion is now accessible via various web portals, and recently an overview became available of the contents of private and public archives. For the purposes of this investigation, use has been made of scanned contact copies of aerial photograph series from 1954, 1961 and 1967. From digital archives, use has been made of aerial photographs from 1979 and 1981 and the orthophoto maps from 2007 and 2008, respectively.Digitalisation and rectification of aerial photographsPreviously, mapping on the basis of aerial photographs was a laborious process involving tracing paper and the transfer of features to topographic maps. The introduction of GIS has, however, eased the process considerably and has also made it easy to compare various map themes such as soil-type, land-use, and digital finds databases. Before mapping can commence, the aerial photograph must be scanned, rectified and geo-referenced. rectification was carried out using the programme Airphoto, while geo-referencing and drawing in of the features were done in MapInfo. An example is shown in figure 2.Soil marks – how do they originate?In order to understand how the boundary banks and lynchets between plots appear as soil marks on the aerial photographs, it is necessary to examine how these boundaries were built up and also the influences to which they have been exposed from their creation and up until the time when they are visible on aerial photographs. Figures 3 and 4 show sections through two boundary banks at Gundersted These were carried out by Hatt at the beginning of the 1930s, just prior to the area coming under cultivation again and 20-25 years before the first aerial photographs revealed pale traces of boundary banks. As the area had not been cultivated since the Iron Age, the stratigraphy is the result of natural soil-formation processes: a podsol has been formed, comprising a heath mor layer uppermost, beneath this a bleached sand layer and an iron pan, and at the base the old cultivation layer and the topsoil core of the boundary bank, consisting of brown and grey sand. Ploughing of the boundary banks will, initially, not result in significant soil marks as the three uppermost layers are of equal thickness along the whole length of the section. A pale soil mark will, however, appear when the boundary bank has been levelled out and the plough begins to turn up material from the light topsoil core. This soil transport can in some instances continue for more than 70 years, but the soil marks will as a consequence also become wide and fragmented. This account of the processes leading to the appearance of the pale soil marks is completely different from the only other theory proposed in this respect, i.e. that of P.H. Sørensen. He describes a development involving three phases, beginning with the ploughing up of the bleached sand horizon which generates a pale soil-colour trace. Later in the development there is a shift to a dark trace, when the material in the topsoil core becomes ploughed up. In the final phase, the trace shifts again to a pale colour, when the plough begins to bring up the subsoil. However, these two sections show neither a bleached sand horizon nor a darker topsoil core. Furthermore, no colour changes have been observed at any of the localities. The fact that the boundary banks are apparent as pale soil marks is not due to ploughing up of the bleached sand layer but of the topsoil bank core. Ploughing down of the other boundary form, the terrace edge or lynchet, as shown in figure 5, will similarly result in the formation of a pale soil-colour trace through material being brought up from the pale topsoil core. P.H. Sørensen was also fully aware of this situation, and it can be confirmed by comparing Hatt’s map of the Skørbæk Hede site, where a distinction is made between boundary banks and lynchets, with the soil marks apparent on the aerial photograph series Basic Cover 1954 (fig. 6).Dark vegetation marks and pale erosion marksAlmost all the soil marks that form a basis for the mapping of the three field systems appear pale in relation to the surroundings. There are, however, occasional exceptions to this rule in the form of dark marks in areas of heather heathland and newly-ploughed heath. On the aerial photograph of Skørbæk Hede from 1954, a few dark marks can be seen directly south of Trenddalen (fig. 6) which correspond with the results of Hatt’s survey. These lie in an area which was cultivated between 1937 and 1954. In 1961, the area was taken out of cultivation and became covered with small trees. A corresponding phenomenon can be observed to the west of the settlement where the heather heathland was cultivated between 1954 and 1961 (fig. 7). These marks probably arise from the vegetation as a consequence of better growing conditions over the topsoil cores of the boundary banks. The fact that lynchets and boundary banks offer different growing conditions has been documented at Alstrup Krat where it could be seen that in several places anemones grew on the lynchets. Differences in the vegetation on the field surfaces and the boundary banks have also been observed on aerial photographs showing the scheduled examples of field systems at Lundby Hede and Øster Lem Hede.The final type of soil-colour trace to be dealt with here comprises the very pale patches that occur on both sides of Trenddalen at Skørbæk Hede and on the western margins of the field system at Gundersted. These could possibly be interpreted as ploughed-up deposits of aeolian sand, but this is not the case. By comparison with the topography and through stereoscopic viewing of the aerial photographs it becomes clear that these features are located on steeply sloping terrain and that they are due to ploughing up of the sandy subsoil. They become both larger and more pronounced with time as more and more subsoil sand is progressively eroded out due to ploughing (figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9).The influence of historic cultivation on soil marksThe fact that Hatt could still see boundary banks and lynchets in the landscape during his investigations in the 1930s was of course due to these areas not having been ploughed since they were abandoned at some time during the Iron Age. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters’ conceptual map from the end of the 18th century shows that 30% of Himmerland was covered by heath, 42% was cultivated, 21% lay as meadow and bog and only 4% was covered by woodland (fig. 1). By comparing the identified field systems with the heath areas on the maps, an idea can be gained of the duration of cultivation and how it has influenced the soil marks. Correspondingly, by comparing plans showing soil marks with the cultivated area shown on the conceptual map, it is possible to investigate whether cultivation, presumably continuous here since the 12th century, has erased traces of field systems dating from the Early Iron Age. Plates I-III show combined plans of soil marks from boundary banks, lynchets and recorded barrows at the three localities. The ordnance maps from the 1880s have been chosen as a background, showing contour lines, land use and wetland areas, and the cultivated areas have been added from the conceptual map. At both Gundersted and Skørbæk Hede, there are clearly no soil marks in the areas marked as cultivated on the conceptual map. Conversely, the immediately adjacent heath areas show many coherent traces. On this basis, it must be assumed that the field systems from the Early Iron Age also once extended into areas shown as cultivated on the conceptual map but that the long-term cultivation has apparently erased any trace of them. It should, however, be mentioned that Lis Helles Olesen’s investigations in NW Jutland only reveal a slight preponderance of field systems located on the old heath areas, so there may well be regional differences.The original total extent of the field systems is of course difficult to assess, but the field system at Store Binderup provides an idea of the order of magnitude. This field system is apparent as a well-defined topographic unit surrounded by wetland areas; the latter are shown on the conceptual map to be completely covered by heath. The field system extends over c. 75% of the cultivable area. In order to examine the influence of modern cultivation on the clarity of the soil marks, plans showing traces of the boundary banks have been compared with a series of historical maps. In general, the soil marks at all three localities appear most clear in areas which were cultivated latest. Former heath areas completely lacking in soil marks have probably never been cultivated. The last 50 years of cultivation with large agricultural machinery has had a dramatic effect on the soil marks. On figures 7, 8 and 9, clear evidence of ploughing out can be seen, whereby the soil marks in several places increase from 5 to 9 m in width. The negative effect of long-term cultivation on soil marks documented here only applies to pale soil marks on sandy soils. A number of field systems are apparent as dark soil marks, the visibility of which does not appear to be affected to the same extent by long-term cultivation. These make up only 3% of those recorded by P.H. Sørensen, and no sections through boundary banks are available from any of these field systems.Comparison of maps produced by field survey and from aerial photographsEvery map expresses an interpretation of what has been observed. This also applies of course to both Hatt’s mapping of the field systems on the ground in the 1930s and the subsequent mapping conducted on the basis of aerial photographs. Quality and credibility are, however, increased considerably, if the features observed can be confirmed by several sources or several researchers, reducing the subjective aspect to a minimum.On figures 10 and 11, the author’s plan of Skørbæk Hede based on aerial photographs is compared with the results of Hatt’s field survey. There is no doubt whatsoever that the aerial photographs are better able to show the overall extent of the field system. Conversely, the resulting plan is less detailed than Hatt’s map. In a few cases, however, sub-divisions of the fields are seen on the aerial photographs which Hatt did not record in his survey (figs. 8-9). In order to investigate subjectivity in the interpretation of the aerial photographs, a comparison has been made between the author’s and P.H. Sørensen’s plans of the field systems at Gundersted and Store Binderup (figs. 12, 13 and 14). Good agreement can be seen in the interpretation of the soil marks apparent on the aerial photographs of both localities. This suggests that the subjective aspect of the interpretational process is not a major problem.Evaluation of the method’s range with respect to studies of the agrarian landscapeAerial photographs encompass a great research potential relative to studies of the arable landscape during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. They are the only source available with respect to mapping the morphology and extent of the field systems, with the exception of the few remains tangible which still exist in woodland and on heaths. Field systems are particularly important in a cultural-historical context because they constitute the sole example from prehistory of the appearance of a total integrated cultivation system and how it was adapted to the landscape.The information contained on the aerial photographs, particularly in the form of pale soil marks resulting from the exposure or ploughing-up of the topsoil core of the boundary banks and lynchets, is a credible source relative to the mapping of the morphology and extent of field systems. Comparison between the maps and plans produced by several researchers mapping does not give cause to perceive the interpretation of the information as the aerial photographs as being particularly subjective. On the contrary, very good agreement can be seen between these interpretations.In a mapping exercise, use should be made of a number of different series of vertical aerial photographs as this provides the most detailed picture of the morphology of the field systems.A very significant source of error has been identified which must be taken into account when mapping the extent of the field systems, i.e. cultivation during historical times. In areas that were cultivated prior to the enclosure movement, i.e. in the very great majority of cases presumably since the 12th century, it cannot be expected to find pale soil marks. Long-term cultivation and the consequent mixing of the upper soil layers have erased most traces of boundary banks and lynchets. Renewed cultivation within the last 100-150 years appears, conversely, only seems to have had a marginal effect on the occurrence of soil marks. As mentioned above there can, however, be marked regional differences on the influence of historical cultivation on the clarity and degree of preservation of the soil marks. This is an aspect it will be interesting to study in more detail in the future.Michael VinterMoesgård Museum

International audience In the late 30's, Maurits Cornelis Escher astonished the artistic world by producing some puzzling drawings. In particular, the tesselations of the plane obtained by using a single tile appear to be a major concern in his work, drawing attention from the mathematical community. Since a tile in the continuous world can be approximated by a path on a sufficiently small square grid - a widely used method in applications using computer displays - the natural combinatorial object that models the tiles is the polyomino. As polyominoes are encoded by paths on a four letter alphabet coding their contours, the use of combinatorics on words for the study of tiling properties becomes relevant. In this paper we present several results, ranging from recognition of these tiles to their generation, leading also to some surprising links with the well-known sequences of Fibonacci and Pell. Lorsque Maurits Cornelis Escher commença à la fin des années 30 à produire des pavages du plan avec des tuiles, il étonna le monde artistique par la singularité de ses dessins. En particulier, les pavages du plan obtenus avec des copies d'une seule tuile apparaissent souvent dans son œuvre et ont attiré peu à peu l'attention de la communauté mathématique. Puisqu'une tuile dans le monde continu peut être approximée par un chemin sur un réseau carré suffisamment fin - une méthode universellement utilisée dans les applications utilisant des écrans graphiques - l'objet combinatoire qui modèle adéquatement la tuile est le polyomino. Comme ceux-ci sont naturellement codés par des chemins sur un alphabet de quatre lettres, l'utilisation de la combinatoire des mots devient pertinente pour l'étude des propriétés des tuiles pavantes. Nous présentons dans ce papier plusieurs résultats, allant de la reconnaissance de ces tuiles à leur génération, conduisant à des liens surprenants avec les célèbres suites de Fibonacci et de Pell.

RÉSUMÉ. Depuis les années trente, plusieurs œuvres de la littérature négro-africaine vont se se détacher progressivement de l’éloge de la métropole et matérialiser une forme de résistance assimilable au chauvinisme qui apparait, non seulement, tel un désir de reconnaissance et d’affirmation identitaire mais également, au-delà, comme un bouclier permettant de s’opposer ou d’atténuer l’influence des ondes culturelles venant d’ailleurs. La Femme parfum du romancier et philosophe sénégalais Abdoulaye Kane (2009), fait partie de ces textes qui, avec finesse et profondeur, expriment cet état de fait en s’intéressant aux qualités intrinsèques de communautés négro-africaines, souvent minoritaires, en exposant leurs valeurs puisées de la tradition dont elles continuent, non sans difficultés, à pérenniser les fondements et les contours dans un contexte particulier où la mondialisation tend vers une uniformisation culturelle au détriment de la diversité des modes de vie. Il s’agit, ici, en s’inspirant de l’approche sociocritique de Lucien Goldman dans Dieu caché (1956), d’analyser les indices d’un certain chauvinisme ou la manière dont la résistance culturelle s’organise dans ce roman. Ce qui nous permettra de cerner ses modalités, son mécanisme et sa portée. Mots-clés : chauvinisme, conservatisme, culture, négro-africaine, parfum, résistance, Sinthiou ABSTRACT. Since the 1930s, several works of Negro-African literature have gradually become detached from the praise of the metropolis and materialize a form of resistance comparable to chauvinism that appears not only as a desire for recognition and affirmation of identity but also Beyond, as a shield to oppose or mitigate the influence of cultural waves from elsewhere. The Femme parfum of the Senegalese novelist and philosopher Abdoulaye Kane (2009), is one of those texts which, with finesse and depth, express this state of affairs by focusing on the intrinsic qualities of Black-African communities, often minority, by exposing their These values are derived from the tradition of which they continue, not without difficulties, to perpetuate the foundations and outlines in a particular context where globalization tends towards a cultural standardization to the detriment of the diversity of lifestyles. It is here, inspired by the sociocritical approach of Lucien Goldman in Dieu caché (1956), to analyze the signs of a certain chauvinism or the way in which cultural resistance is organized in this novel. This will allow us to define its modalities, mechanism and scope. Keywords: chauvinism,conservatism, culture, flavour, négro-african, résistance, Sinthiou