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1
Ulrich, Markus. Hierarachical real-time recognition of compound objects in images. Munchen: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Kommission beim Verlags C.H. Beck, 2003.
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2
Herout, Adam. Real-Time Detection of Lines and Grids: By PClines and Other Approaches. London: Springer London, 2013.
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3
Jain, Anil K. Real-Time Object Measurement and Classification. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988.
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4
Bahram, Javidi, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., Engineering Society of Detroit, and New Mexico State University. Applied Optics Laboratory., eds. Real-time signal processing for industrial applications, 27-28 June, 1988, Dearborn, Michigan. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1989.
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5
International Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems (2001 Vancouver, B.C.). Recognition, analysis, and tracking of faces and gestures in real-time systems: Proceedings : IEEE ICCV Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems : 13 July, 2001, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Los Alamitos, California: IEEE Computer Society, 2001.
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6
Colloquium on High Performance Architectures for Real-Time Image Processing (1998 London, England). Colloquium on High Performance Architectures for Real-Time Image Processing: Savoy Place, London, Thursday, 12 February 1998. [London]: IEE, 1998.
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7
International, Workshop on Recognition Analysis and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems (1999 Kerkyra Greece). International Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems: September 26-27, 1999, Corfu, Greece. Los Alamitos, Calif: IEEE Computer Society, 1999.
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8
Shweta, Dour. Real Time Recognition of Indian Sign Language. Blurb, Incorporated, 2022.
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9
Herout, Adam, Markéta Dubská, and Jirí Havel. Real-Time Detection of Lines and Grids. Springer, 2012.
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10
Advanced Real-Time Manipulation of Video Streams. Springer Vieweg, 2014.
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11
Herling, Jan. Advanced Real-Time Manipulation of Video Streams. Springer Vieweg. in Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, 2014.
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12
Real-Time Object Measurement and Classification. Springer, 2011.
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13
Eyben, Florian. Real-Time Speech and Music Classification by Large Audio Feature Space Extraction. Springer London, Limited, 2016.
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14
Eyben, Florian. Real-time Speech and Music Classification by Large Audio Feature Space Extraction. Springer, 2018.
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15
Eyben, Florian. Real-time Speech and Music Classification by Large Audio Feature Space Extraction. Springer, 2017.
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16
IEEE Computer Society. 2001 IEEE ICCV Workshop on Recognition, Analysis and Tracking Offaces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems (Ratfg-Rts 2001). Institute of Electrical & Electronics Enginee, 2001.
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17
IEEE Computer Society. 2001 IEEE ICCV Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems (Rarfg-Rts 2001). Institute of Electrical & Electronics Enginee, 2001.
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18
International Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems: September 26-27, 1999, Corfu, Greece. Ieee Computer Society, 1999.
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19
IEEE Iccv Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems: 13 July 2001, Vancouver, B.C., Canada : Proceedings. Institute of Electrical & Electronics Enginee, 2001.
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20
Storey, Mark. Time and Antiquity in American Empire. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871507.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is a book about two empires—ancient Rome and the United States—and what happens to historical time when we think about them together. Ranging from the present day to the late eighteenth century, it tracks how the political and cultural imagination turned Roman antiquity into an object of mutual recognition—an analogy—for the imperial US state, sometimes for the sake of its justification and perpetuation, and sometimes as a tool of critique and resistance. To tackle this, it is divided into three parts: an introduction that lays out the conceptual and methodological stakes, a second part of two chapters on American empire’s political foundations—the republic and the slave—and a third on the popular genres that have stepped into America and Rome’s sometimes strange orbit: Christian fiction, travel narratives, and science fiction. But through this conjunction of literary history, classical reception studies, and the philosophy of history, this book is also a way into a more fundamental inquiry: about how we imagine both our politics and ourselves within and across historical time. Time and Antiquity in American Empire ultimately builds a new relationship between text and context, and between history and culture; one located in the oscillating, dialectical dynamics of the analogy, and in a grasp of temporality better understood through metaphors of interconnection—constellations and networks. Offering a fresh reckoning with the historicist protocols of literary study, it suggests that recognizing the forms of time that emerge when we analogize with the past is also a way of thinking about how we have read—and how we might yet, in a continuing spirit of critique, read.
21
Hilgurt, S. Ya, and O. A. Chemerys. Reconfigurable signature-based information security tools of computer systems. PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.458.297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The book is devoted to the research and development of methods for combining computational structures for reconfigurable signature-based information protection tools for computer systems and networks in order to increase their efficiency. Network security tools based, among others, on such AI-based approaches as deep neural networking, despite the great progress shown in recent years, still suffer from nonzero recognition error probability. Even a low probability of such an error in a critical infrastructure can be disastrous. Therefore, signature-based recognition methods with their theoretically exact matching feature are still relevant when creating information security systems such as network intrusion detection systems, antivirus, anti-spam, and wormcontainment systems. The real time multi-pattern string matching task has been a major performance bottleneck in such systems. To speed up the recognition process, developers use a reconfigurable hardware platform based on FPGA devices. Such platform provides almost software flexibility and near-ASIC performance. The most important component of a signature-based information security system in terms of efficiency is the recognition module, in which the multipattern matching task is directly solved. It must not only check each byte of input data at speeds of tens and hundreds of gigabits/sec against hundreds of thousand or even millions patterns of signature database, but also change its structure every time a new signature appears or the operating conditions of the protected system change. As a result of the analysis of numerous examples of the development of reconfigurable information security systems, three most promising approaches to the construction of hardware circuits of recognition modules were identified, namely, content-addressable memory based on digital comparators, Bloom filter and Aho–Corasick finite automata. A method for fast quantification of components of recognition module and the entire system was proposed. The method makes it possible to exclude resource-intensive procedures for synthesizing digital circuits on FPGAs when building complex reconfigurable information security systems and their components. To improve the efficiency of the systems under study, structural-level combinational methods are proposed, which allow combining into single recognition device several matching schemes built on different approaches and their modifications, in such a way that their advantages are enhanced and disadvantages are eliminated. In order to achieve the maximum efficiency of combining methods, optimization methods are used. The methods of: parallel combining, sequential cascading and vertical junction have been formulated and investigated. The principle of multi-level combining of combining methods is also considered and researched. Algorithms for the implementation of the proposed combining methods have been developed. Software has been created that allows to conduct experiments with the developed methods and tools. Quantitative estimates are obtained for increasing the efficiency of constructing recognition modules as a result of using combination methods. The issue of optimization of reconfigurable devices presented in hardware description languages is considered. A modification of the method of affine transformations, which allows parallelizing such cycles that cannot be optimized by other methods, was presented. In order to facilitate the practical application of the developed methods and tools, a web service using high-performance computer technologies of grid and cloud computing was considered. The proposed methods to increase efficiency of matching procedure can also be used to solve important problems in other fields of science as data mining, analysis of DNA molecules, etc. Keywords: information security, signature, multi-pattern matching, FPGA, structural combining, efficiency, optimization, hardware description language.
22
Cook, Nicholas. Music: A Very Short Introduction. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198726043.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Music: A Very Short Introduction is a study of music and thinking about music, focusing on its social, cultural, and historical dimensions. It draws on a wealth of accessible examples, ranging from Beethoven to Chinese zither music. This VSI also discusses the nature of music as a real-time performance practice; the role of music in social and political action; and the nature of musical thinking, including the roles played in it by instruments, notations, and creative imagination. It explores the impact of digital technology on the production and consumption of music, including how it has transformed participatory music-making and the music business. Finally it examines music’s position in a globalized world. In many ways music has changed out of all recognition over the last twenty years, and so the second edition of this VSI has been comprehensively rewritten.
23
Palmer, R. R. Two Parliaments Escape Reform. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161280.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter focuses on events in Europe in the years between 1774 and 1789, or between the beginnings of the American and of the French revolutions. During this period, the stresses and conflicts grew more acute. Events in America aroused the sense of a new era in Europe, encouraged a negative attitude in Europe toward European institutions, and induced a belief in the possibility of change in the directions desired by persons hitherto excluded from political life. The influence of America, and of much indigenous European development, operated in general in a democratic direction. But real events in Europe, as distinguished from the stirring up of ideas, seemed to be going the opposite way. There was a widespread aristocratic resurgence, or perhaps only a “surgence,” a rising bid for power and recognition, or successful offensive against antiaristocratic forces, whether monarchic or democratic, at the very time when other developments, such as the impact of the American Revolution, made a great many people less willing than ever to accept any such drift of affairs.
24
Rosenberg, Michael. “Trustworthy Women” and Other Witnesses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845896.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Second Temple and early Rabbinic texts modify and adapt the virginity test of Deuteronomy 22 to fit their own legal concerns as, for example, by replacing bloodied sheets with midwives’ examinations. However, all of these works maintain the fundamental assumption of Deuteronomy, namely, that a woman’s virginity can be read through the remainders of physical violence committed in the act of first-time penetrative intercourse. The measures of virginity—bloodied sheets and ruptured genitalia—thus come to define the very meaning of virginity. At the same time, uncertainty about the sufficiency of such measures to establish the chastity of the bride emerge in the recognition that nonvaginal intercourse leaves behind no measurable physical traces.
25
Martens, David. Data Science Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847263.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Data science ethics is all about what is right and wrong when conducting data science. Data science has so far mainly been used for positive outcomes for businesses and society. However, just as with any technology, data science has also come with some negative consequences: an increase of privacy invasion, data-driven discrimination against sensitive groups, and decision making by complex models without explanations. This book looks at the different concepts and techniques related to data science ethics. Data scientists and business managers are not inherently unethical, but at the same time not trained to think this through either. This book aims to address this important gap. The techniques discussed range from k-anonymity and differential privacy to homomorphic encryption and zero-knowledge proofs to address privacy concerns, measurements to assess, and techniques to remove discrimination against sensitive groups, and various explainable AI techniques. The real-life cautionary tales further illustrate the importance and potential impact of data science ethics, including tales of racist bots, search censoring, government backdoors, discrimination in recruitment, predicting pregnancy, redlining, re-identification of persons based on movie viewing and location data, cheating academics, and face recognition. Additionally, 10 discussions are provided with hypothetical scenarios, for example:‘you are the founder of a startup …’, which then present an ethical dilemma related to data science. These can serve as structured exercises to be completed with your fellow colleagues, and will teach you how to balance the ethical concerns and the utility of your data.
26
Meierhenrich, Jens. The Decline of a Classic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814412.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter explores the uneven reception of Fraenkel’s classic across space and time, with particular reference to the book’s very different fortunes in the United States and postwar Germany. I account in detail for the international recognition bestowed on Fraenkel in the early 1940s, and its subsequent status as an obligatory footnote—a marginalized classic that few had read and even fewer understood. I also explain why The Dual State failed to make inroads in Germany until the early 1970s, when the first German edition was published. I weave into the analysis elements of an intellectual biography, charting Fraenkel’s career, inter alia, in the U.S. Foreign Economic Administration, which operated under the auspices of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS); as a U.S. legal adviser in the international territorial administration of Korea; and as reluctant doyen of political science in postwar Germany.
27
Fraser, Jamie L., Frédéric Sedel, and Charles P. Vendetti. Disorders of Cobalamin and Folate Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cobalamin C deficiency (cblC) and related disorders of intracellular cobalamin metabolism may present at any time from the prenatal period through adolescence/adulthood and are due to deficiency of the cobalamin cofactors adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin. Chronic complications of cblC depend on the age at presentation and may include poor growth, renal dysfunction, neuropsychiatric manifestations, intellectual disability, strokes, progressive leukoencephalopathy and spinal cord degeneration, psychiatric manifestations and executive function deficits, and optic nerve and retinal anomalies. While less common than in isolated MMA, acute metabolic decompensation may occur in cblC patients due to accumulation of methylmalonic acid and associate metabolites and should be managed as in isolated MMA in conjunction with a metabolic consultant. The most common inborn error of folate (vitamin B9) metabolism relevant for adult patients is methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency. Manifestations are primarily neurological, but the disorder may present in a substantial number of adults with psychiatric symptoms. Early recognition with adequate treatment is crucial.
28
Izzedine, Hassan, and Victor Gueutin. Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0084.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is the most common aetiology of ATIN and a potentially correctable cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). An interval of 7–10 days typically exists between drug exposure and development of AKI, but this interval can be considerably shorter following re-challenge or markedly longer with certain drugs. It occurs in an idiosyncratic and non-dose-dependent manner. Antibiotics, NSAIDs, and proton pump inhibitors are the most frequently involved agents, but the list of drugs that can induce ATIN is continuously increasing. The mechanism of renal injury is postulated to involve cell-mediated immunity, supported by the observation that T cells are the predominant cell type comprising the interstitial infiltrate. A humoral response underlies rare cases of ATIN, in which a portion of a drug molecule (i.e. methicillin) may act as a hapten, bind to the tubular basement membrane (TBM), and elicit anti-TBM antibodies. The classic symptoms of fever, rash, and arthralgia may be absent in up to two-thirds of patients. Diagnostic studies, such as urine eosinophils and renal gallium-67 scanning provide only suggestive evidence. Renal biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis, but it may not be required in mild cases or when clinical improvement is rapid after removal of an offending medication. Pathologic findings include interstitial inflammation, oedema, and tubulitis. The time until removal of such agents and the severity of renal biopsy findings provide the best prognostic value for the return to baseline renal function. Poor prognostic indicators are the long duration of AKI (> 3 weeks), a patient’s advanced age, and the high degree of interstitial fibrosis. Early recognition and appropriate therapy are essential to the management of drug-induced ATIN, because patients can ultimately develop chronic kidney disease. The mainstay of therapy is timely discontinuation of the causative agent, whereas controversy persists about the role of steroids.
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Finnegan, Cara A. The Presence of Unknown Soldiers and Imaginary Spirits. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039263.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter analyzes close readings of photographs of the battlefield dead at Antietam, published accounts of photographs of unknown soldiers, and public commentary and trial transcripts related to the practice of spirit photography. Such photographs posed considerable reading problems for viewers who were unaccustomed to the idea of photographic representations of death and the afterlife. In a time of national crisis, grief, and trauma, viewers made sense of such images by drawing on their recognition of photography's capacity to produce presence. The chapter first provides an overview of Civil War photography before turning to photographs of unknown soldiers at the Battle of Antietam. It also considers how the most permanent of absences were seemingly erased by the mysterious appearance of the apparent spirits of deceased family and friends in photographic portraits. During a period in which the collective grief of the “republic of suffering” vividly animated public life, those who read both war and spirit photographs recognized the medium's capacity for producing presence in the face of the most traumatic of absences.
30
Crespo Miguel, Mario. Automatic corpus-based translation of a spanish framenet medical glossary. 2020th ed. Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/9788447230051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Computational linguistics is the scientific study of language from a computational perspective. It aims is to provide computational models of natural language processing (NLP) and incorporate them into practical applications such as speech synthesis, speech recognition, automatic translation and many others where automatic processing of language is required. The use of good linguistic resources is crucial for the development of computational linguistics systems. Real world applications need resources which systematize the way linguistic information is structured in a certain language. There is a continuous effort to increase the number of linguistic resources available for the linguistic and NLP Community. Most of the existing linguistic resources have been created for English, mainly because most modern approaches to computational lexical semantics emerged in the United States. This situation is changing over time and some of these projects have been subsequently extended to other languages; however, in all cases, much time and effort need to be invested in creating such resources. Because of this, one of the main purposes of this work is to investigate the possibility of extending these resources to other languages such as Spanish. In this work, we introduce some of the most important resources devoted to lexical semantics, such as WordNet or FrameNet, and those focusing on Spanish such as 3LB-LEX or Adesse. Of these, this project focuses on FrameNet. The project aims to document the range of semantic and syntactic combinatory possibilities of words in English. Words are grouped according to the different frames or situations evoked by their meaning. If we focus on a particular topic domain like medicine and we try to describe it in terms of FrameNet, we probably would obtain frames representing it like CURE, formed by words like cure.v, heal.v or palliative.a or MEDICAL CONDITIONS with lexical units such as arthritis.n, asphyxia.n or asthma.n. The purpose of this work is to develop an automatic means of selecting frames from a particular domain and to translate them into Spanish. As we have stated, we will focus on medicine. The selection of the medical frames will be corpus-based, that is, we will extract all the frames that are statistically significant from a representative corpus. We will discuss why using a corpus-based approach is a reliable and unbiased way of dealing with this task. We will present an automatic method for the selection of FrameNet frames and, in order to make sure that the results obtained are coherent, we will contrast them with a previous manual selection or benchmark. Outcomes will be analysed by using the F-score, a measure widely used in this type of applications. We obtained a 0.87 F-score according to our benchmark, which demonstrates the applicability of this type of automatic approaches. The second part of the book is devoted to the translation of this selection into Spanish. The translation will be made using EuroWordNet, a extension of the Princeton WordNet for some European languages. We will explore different ways to link the different units of our medical FrameNet selection to a certain WordNet synset or set of words that have similar meanings. Matching the frame units to a specific synset in EuroWordNet allows us both to translate them into Spanish and to add new terms provided by WordNet into FrameNet. The results show how translation can be done quite accurately (95.6%). We hope this work can add new insight into the field of natural language processing.
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Sewlal, Robin, ed. REFLECTIONS of the SOUTH AFRICAN MEDIA 1994 - 2019. Radiocracy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/dut.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Prior to 1994, the media operated in an environment that can best be described as ‘suppressed’. Diversity of thoughts, views and opinions on media platforms were non-existent as the regime, at the time, ruled with an iron-fist. A variety of print media outlets sought to reflect reality, but it was a steady struggle especially for those with meagre resources, and exacerbated by the constant clampdowns. The state-run broadcaster, if anything, entrenched discriminatory principles and practices. Given our precarious past, the birth of democracy proved to be the perfect panacea for a promising pathway for the media fraternity. Transformation, in more ways than one, permeated the sector. Reflections of the South African Media: 1994-2019 is a compilation by authors who have peculiar insight of and excelled in the different areas of the fast-developing industry in the first 25 years of South Africa’s democracy. And they are no ordinary authors. Every chapter contributed came from women and men who had, through the years, a direct link with ML Sultan Technikon, Technikon Natal, Durban Institute of Technology (DIT) or Durban University of Technology (DUT) * either as a student, lecturer, visiting professor, speaker or associate. Compiling and editing this book has been an incredibly invigorating experience. It was never in doubt whose image will adorn the cover of the book, so it was beautifully uplifting that many authors, not knowing my choice, gave Nelson Mandela due recognition. My brief to the authors was simple: let me have your personal lookback in your own style on the topic that you are most comfortable with. All of them stepped up to the plate, and the vast array of content in the book bares strong testimony. A section titled Journeys in Journalism encapsulates input from alumni of DUT Journalism – they were afforded free reign to trace the territory they traversed. I’m indebted to each and every contributor for generously volunteering their precious time and talent to the book. They were simply magnificent. It has to be said that this publication far exceeded my expectations as it, initially, was a humble idea to celebrate 25 years of the media industry with a handful of contributions. Little did I realise that my desk will be flooded with 40 pieces of excellence and a Foreword penned by the brilliant Jeremy Thompson. My eternal gratitude must also be extended to the small team of assistants for understanding my vision upfront and rallying remarkably throughout. Once you’ve enjoyed the read, I invite you to share Reflections of the South African Media: 1994-2019 with whoever you believe can benefit from its rich and diverse content!
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Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The term functional has almost replaced psychogenic in the neuromuscular literature for two reasons. It implies a disturbance of function, not structural damage; therefore, it defies laboratory testing such as MRIS, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction study (NCS). It is convenient to draw a parallel to the patients between migraine and brain tumors, as both cause headache, but brain MRI is negative in the former without minimizing the suffering of the patient. It is a “software” and not a “hardware” problem. It avoids irritating the patient by misunderstanding the word psychogenic which to many means “madness.”The cause of this functional impairment may fall into one of the following categories:• Conversion reaction: conversion of psychological stress to physical symptoms. This may include paralysis, hemisensory or distal sensory loss, or conversion spasms. It affects younger age groups.• Somatization: chronic multiple physical and cognitive symptoms due to chronic stress. It affects older age groups.• Factions disorder: induced real physical symptoms due to the need to be cared for, such as injecting oneself with insulin to produce hypoglycemia.• Hypochondriasis: overconcern about body functions such as suspicion of ALS due to the presence of rare fasciclutations that are normal during stress and after ingestion of a large amount of coffee. Medical students in particular are targets for this disorder.The following points are to be made on this topic. FNMD should be diagnosed by neuromuscular specialists who are trained to recognize actual syndrome whether typical or atypical. Presentations that fall out of the recognition pattern of a neuromuscular specialist, after the investigations are negative, they should be considered as FNMDs. Sometimes serial examinations are useful to confirm this suspicion. Psychatrists or psychologists are to be consulted to formulate a plan to discover the underlying stress and to treat any associated psychiatric disorder or psychological aberration. Most patients think that they are stressed due to the illness and they fail to connect the neuromuscular manifestations and the underlying stress. They offer shop around due to lack of satisfaction, especially those with somatization disorders. Some patients learn how to imitate certain conditions well, and they can deceive health care professionals. EMG and NCS are invaluable in revealing FNMD. A normal needle EMG of a weak muscles mostly indicates a central etiology (organic or functional). Normal sensory responses of a severely numb limb mean that a lesion is preganglionic (like roots avulsion, CISP, etc.) or the cause is central (a doral column lesion or functional). Management of FNMD is difficult, and many patients end up being chronic cases that wander into clinics and hospitals seeking solutions and exhausting the health care system with unnecessary expenses.It is time for these disorders to be studied in detail and be classified and have criteria set for their diagnosis so that they will not remain diagnosed only by exclusion. This chapter will describe some examples of these disorders. A video clip can tell the story better than many pages of writing. Improvement of digital cameras and electronic media has improved the diagnosis of these conditions, and it is advisable that patients record some of their symptoms when they happen. It is not uncommon for some Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), such as myasthenia gravis (MG), small fiber neuropathy, and CISP, to be diagnosed as functional due to the lack of solid physical findings during the time of the examination. Therefore, a neuromuscular evaluation is important before these disorders are labeled as such. Some patients have genuine NMDs, but the majority of their symptoms are related to what Joseph Marsden called “sickness behavior.” A patient with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may unconsciously develop numbness of the entire side of the body because he thinks that he may have a stroke.