Статті в журналах: "Real-time combustion control"

1

Kemal, Abid, and Craig T. Bowman. "Real-time adaptive feedback control of combustion instability." Symposium (International) on Combustion 26, no. 2 (1996): 2803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(96)80119-6.

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2

Winne, Olaf, Helmut Beikirch, and Johannes Filz. "A Safety Real-Time Middleware for Combustion Control." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 28 (2013): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130925-3-cz-3023.00054.

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3

Hou, Yuchun, Zhen Huang, Xingcai Lu, Junhuan Fang, and Linlin Zu. "Fuel design real-time to control HCCI combustion." Chinese Science Bulletin 51, no. 21 (November 2006): 2673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-006-2153-6.

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4

Wu, Yuh Yih, Bo Chiuan Chen, and Anh Trung Tran. "Semi-Direct Injection Engine Modeling for Real Time Control." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2504.

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The Semi-Direct Injection (SDI) system has been shown to improve small engine efficiency and exhaust by utilizing a lean burn method. In order to better understand how to more readily utilize the control systems in SDI engine, the real-time operation of an SDI engine was modeled. A charging model was developed by using a filling-and-emptying model to simulate air exchange in an engine, including varying the intake manifold structure. A single-zone model was applied to a combustion model and the effects of air/fuel ratio and swirl ratio on combustion duration were also considered. The calculated results of the intake manifold pressure, heat release rate, and cylinder pressure were compared with the experimental data. The results of this study show that this modeling process approximates reality.

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5

Furlong, Edward R., Douglas S. Baer, and Ronald K. Hanson. "Real-time adaptive combustion control using diode-laser absorption sensors." Symposium (International) on Combustion 27, no. 1 (January 1998): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(98)80395-0.

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6

Barta, Jason, and Gregory James Hampson. "Real-time Combustion Diagnostics and Control for Improved Engine Management." MTZ industrial 6, no. 1 (March 2016): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40353-016-0009-3.

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7

Powell, B. K., G. P. Lawson, and G. Hogh. "Advanced Real-Time Powertrain Systems Analysis." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240125.

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This paper describes a combined analytical and experimental hardware-in-the-loop powertrain systems analysis methodology. Central to the implementation of this methodology is a real-time dynamic system simulation computer such as the high-speed Applied Dynamics Model AD10. For automotive engine control system studies, wide bandwidth in-cylinder combustion pressure sensor signals are input to the AD10 computer. Control commands are calculated and communicated at high data rates to throttle valve, spark ignition, and fuel injector actuators. Both simulation and experimental results are presented. Using this approach, the functional improvements associated with various control philosophies can be determined.

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8

Bittle, Joshua A., and Timothy J. Jacobs. "A computationally efficient combustion trajectory prediction model developed for real-time diesel combustion control." International Journal of Engine Research 17, no. 2 (January 13, 2015): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087414566513.

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9

DePape, Pieter, and Igor Novosselov. "Model-Based Approach for Combustion Monitoring Using Real-Time Chemical Reactor Network." Journal of Combustion 2018 (October 1, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8704792.

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Flame stability and pollution control are significant problems in the design and operation of any combustion system. Real-time monitoring and analysis of these phenomena require sophisticated equipment and are often incompatible with practical applications. This work explores the feasibility of model-based combustion monitoring and real-time evaluation of proximity to lean blowout (LBO). The approach uses temperature measurements, coupled with Chemical Reactor Network (CRN) model to interpret the data in real-time. The objective is to provide a computationally fast means of interpreting measurements regarding proximity to LBO. The CRN-predicted free radical concentrations and their trends and ratios are studied in each combustion zone. Flame stability and a blowout of an atmospheric pressure laboratory combustor are investigated experimentally and via a phenomenological real-time Chemical Reactor Network (CRN). The reactor is operated on low heating value fuel stream, i.e., methane diluted with nitrogen with N2/CH4volume ratios of 2.25 and 3.0. The data show a stable flame-zone carbon monoxide (CO) level over the entire range of the fuel-air equivalence ratio (Φ), and a significant increase in hydrocarbon emissions approaching blowout. The CRN trends agree with the data: the calculated concentrations of hydroxide (OH), O-atom, and H-atom monotonically decrease with the reduction of Φ. The flame OH blowout threshold is 0.025% by volume for both fuel mixtures. The real-time CRN allows for augmentation of combustion temperature measurements with modeled free radical concentrations and monitoring of unmeasurable combustion characteristics such as pollution formation rates, combustion efficiency, and proximity to blowout. This model-based approach for process monitoring can be useful in applications where the combustion measurements are limited to temperature and optical methods, or continuous gas sampling is not practical.

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10

Yang, Xiaojian, and Guoming G. Zhu. "A control-oriented hybrid combustion model of a homogeneous charge compression ignition capable spark ignition engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 226, no. 10 (May 31, 2012): 1380–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407012443334.

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To implement the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion mode in a spark ignition engine, it is necessary to have smooth mode transition between the spark ignition and homogeneous charge compression ignition combustions. The spark ignition–homogeneous charge compression ignition hybrid combustion mode modeled in this paper describes the combustion mode that starts with the spark ignition combustion and ends with the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion. The main motivation of studying the hybrid combustion mode is that the percentage of the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion is a good parameter for combustion mode transition control when the hybrid combustion mode is used during the transition. This paper presents a control oriented model of the spark ignition–homogeneous charge compression ignition hybrid combustion mode, where the spark ignition combustion phase is modeled under the two-zone assumption and the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion phase under the one-zone assumption. Note that the spark ignition and homogeneous charge compression ignition combustions are special cases in this combustion model. The developed model is capable of simulating engine combustion over the entire operating range, and it was implemented in a real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulation environment. The simulation results were compared with those of the corresponding GT-Power model, and good correlations were found for both spark ignition and homogeneous charge compression ignition combustions.

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11

Neumann, Daniel, Christian Jörg, Nils Peschke, Joschka Schaub, and Thorsten Schnorbus. "Real-time capable simulation of diesel combustion processes for HiL applications." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 2 (August 21, 2017): 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417726226.

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The complexity of the development processes for advanced diesel engines has significantly increased during the last decades. A further increase is to be expected, due to more restrictive emission legislations and new certification cycles. This trend leads to a higher time exposure at engine test benches, thus resulting in higher costs. To counter this problem, virtual engine development strategies are being increasingly used. To calibrate the complete powertrain and various driving situations, model in the loop and hardware in the loop concepts have become more important. The main effort in this context is the development of very accurate but also real-time capable engine models. Besides the correct modeling of ambient condition and driver behavior, the simulation of the combustion process is a major objective. The main challenge of modeling a diesel combustion process is the description of mixture formation, self-ignition and combustion as precisely as possible. For this purpose, this article introduces a novel combustion simulation approach that is capable of predicting various combustion properties of a diesel process. This includes the calculation of crank angle resolved combustion traces, such as heat release and other thermodynamic in-cylinder states. Furthermore, various combustion characteristics, such as combustion phasing, maximum gradients and engine-out temperature, are available as simulation output. All calculations are based on a physical zero-dimensional heat release model. The resulting reduction of the calibration effort and the improved model robustness are the major benefits in comparison to conventional data-driven combustion models. The calibration parameters directly refer to geometric and thermodynamic properties of a given engine configuration. Main input variables to the model are the fuel injection profile and air path–related states such as exhaust gas recirculation rate and boost pressure. Thus, multiple injection event strategies or novel air path control structures for future engine control concepts can be analyzed.

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12

HIRVONEN, JUHANI, REIJO LILJA, KARI IKONEN, and JARMO NIHTINEN. "IMAGE PROCESSING IN COMBUSTION CONTROL." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 10, no. 02 (March 1996): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001496000116.

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This paper describes an image processing system that calculates real time information from the combustion process itself. The applications of the system on burner and supplemental fuel adjustment, and ignition trend monitoring are also discussed. Finally, new combustion control based on the image information and quantitative model of the furnace is discussed.

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13

Furlong, E. R., R. M. Mihalcea, M. E. Webber, D. S. Baer, and R. K. Hanson. "Diode-Laser Sensors for Real-Time Control of Pulsed Combustion Systems." AIAA Journal 37, no. 6 (June 1999): 732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.781.

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14

Al-Durra, Ahmed, Marcello Canova, and Stephen Yurkovich. "A real-time pressure estimation algorithm for closed-loop combustion control." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 38, no. 2 (July 2013): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2013.02.008.

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15

Kundo, N. N., V. V. Roman’kov, V. I. Simagina, and I. V. Eroshkina. "Real-time control of solid-propellant combustion by a catalytic method." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 43, no. 1 (January 2007): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10573-007-0011-8.

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16

Furlong, E. R., R. M. Mihalcea, M. E. Webber, D. S. Baer, and R. K. Hanson. "Diode-laser sensors for real-time control of pulsed combustion systems." AIAA Journal 37 (January 1999): 732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.14234.

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17

Zhu, Guoming (George), and Xiang Chen. "Model-Based Engine Control." Mechanical Engineering 137, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): S2—S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2015-dec-6.

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Abstract This article focuses on control-oriented engine modeling and model-based engine control techniques. The engine modeling research is centered on the engine combustion process. Multi-zone, three dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, with detailed chemical kinetics are able to precisely describe the thermodynamics, fluid and flow dynamics, heat transfer, and pollutant formation of the combustion process. The simplified one-dimensional combustion models have also been implemented into commercial codes such as GT-Power and Wave. However, these high fidelity models cannot be used for model-based control since they are too complicated to be used for real-time computing. Crank-resolved engine air handling system modeling is also important for describing the in-cylinder charge-mixing process. Therefore, for model-based control and real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulations, it is necessary to have a crank-resolved engine model with its complexity intermediate between the time-based mean-value and one-dimensional CFD models.

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18

Xiaoying, Huang, Wang Jingcheng, Zhang Langwen, and Wang Bohui. "Data-driven modelling and fuzzy multiple-model predictive control of oxygen content in coal-fired power plant." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 39, no. 11 (May 18, 2016): 1631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331216644498.

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In the combustion system of a boiler, oxygen content in the flue gas is a significant economic parameter for combustion efficiency. As a combustion system is highly complex and there are many constraints in a real process, traditional control cannot achieve satisfying performance in the practical oxygen content tracking control problem. In this paper, we build a combustion process model with a data-driven method and present a multiple-model-based fuzzy predictive control algorithm for the oxygen content tracking control. The combustion process model is presented as a multiple-model form, which can represent the real process more accurately. A data-driven method with fuzzy c-means clustering and subspace identification is used to identify the model parameters. Then, model predictive control integrated with a fuzzy multiple-model is used to control the oxygen content tracking problem. As the coal manipulated variable is decided by the load demand in the real process, a real-time measured value is applied to the process. All data used to obtain the process model is historical real-time data generated from a 300-MW power plant in Gui Zhou Province, China. Real-time simulation results on the 300-MW power plant show the effectiveness of the modelling and control algorithms proposed in this paper.

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19

Malaczynski, Gerard, Gregory Roth, and Donald Johnson. "Ion-Sense-Based Real-Time Combustion Sensing for Closed Loop Engine Control." SAE International Journal of Engines 6, no. 1 (April 8, 2013): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0354.

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20

Shahid, Syed Maaz, Sunghoon Ko, and Sungoh Kwon. "Real-Time Classification of Diesel Marine Engine Loads Using Machine Learning." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 18, 2019): 3172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143172.

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An engine control system is responsible for controlling the combustion parameters of an internal combustion engine to increase the efficiency of the engine. An optimized parameter setting of an engine control system is highly influenced by the engine load. Therefore, with a change in engine load, the parameter settings need to be updated for higher engine efficiency. Hence, to optimize parameter settings during operation, engine load information is necessary. In this paper, we propose a real-time engine load classification from sensed signals. For the classification, an artificial neural network is used and trained using processed, real, measured data. To that end, a magnetic pickup sensor extracts the rotational speed of the prime mover of a four-stroke V12 marine diesel engine. The measured signal is then converted into a crank angle degree (CAD) signal that shows the behavior of the combustion strokes of firing cylinders at a particular engine load. The CAD signals are considered an input feature to the designed network for classification of engine loads. For verification, we considered five classes of engine load, and the trained network classifies these classes with an accuracy of 99.4%.

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21

Zhang, Yu Jie, and Ying Ying Wu. "The System of Real-Time Image Processing and Combustion Diagnosis Based on Omap3530." Advanced Materials Research 816-817 (September 2013): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.816-817.535.

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In this paper, according to the characteristics of power plant boiler combustion process, to use the image processing technology to extract feature quantity of flame combustion. For boiler combustion diagnosis real-time requirements, the system of real-time image processing and combustion diagnosis based on OMAP3530 was designed and developed. The system makes full use of the OMAP3530 dual-core processor, and makes the operating system and control, video signal acquisition, human-computer interaction, output driving tasks run on the ARM, and the image data processing tasks are completed by DSP. It maximizes the performance of OMAP3530, improves the real-time performance of the system. Experiments were carried out in 200MW boiler. The results show that, the system is simple and practical, which can realize the combustion diagnosis of the running boiler and provide the reliable basis for the safety and economic operation of power station boiler. It has a certain engineering application prospect.

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22

Wick, Maximilian, Bastian Lehrheuer, Thivaharan Albin, Jakob Andert, and Stefan Pischinger. "Decoupling of consecutive gasoline controlled auto-ignition combustion cycles by field programmable gate array based real-time cylinder pressure analysis." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417704342.

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Gasoline controlled auto-ignition combustion offers high potential for CO2 emission reduction, but faces challenges regarding combustion stability and high sensitivity to changing boundary conditions. Combustion chamber recirculation allows a wide operation range, but results in a strong coupling of consecutive cycles due to residuals that are transferred to the subsequent combustion cycle. The cycle coupling leads to phases of unstable operation with reduced efficiency and increased emission levels. State-of-the-art control algorithms use data-driven models of gasoline controlled auto-ignition combustion to achieve cycle-to-cycle control of the process or use offline calibration and optimization. A closed-loop control is proposed and implemented on a rapid control prototyping engine control unit. The control algorithm continuously calculates the current residual fuel in the combustion chamber. The heat release is observed and compared with the theoretical heat release of the injected fuel mass. The rate of unburned fuel mass transferred to the subsequent cycle is calculated offline by a detailed gas exchange model. Based on this information, the control algorithm adapts the injected fuel quantity for each cycle individually using an inverse injector model. In this article, a concept for decoupling consecutive cycles is presented to reduce the deviations of the indicated mean effective pressure and thus the heat release. Unstable sequences are analyzed in the time domain, and unburned residuals are identified as a strong correlating factor for consecutive cycles. Using real-time cylinder pressure analysis based on a field programmable gate array enables the online calculation of unburned residual fuel. Based on this calculation, the injection of each cycle can be adapted individually to decouple consecutive cycles and avoid unstable operation. The results of the control algorithm and the stabilization of the gasoline controlled auto-ignition combustion are validated using a single-cylinder research engine and compared to steady-state operation.

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23

Franco, Javier, Matthew A. Franchek, and Karolos Grigoriadis. "Real-time brake torque estimation for internal combustion engines." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 22, no. 2 (February 2008): 338–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2007.08.002.

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24

Gao, Jinwu, and Tielong Shen. "Cylinder pressure sensor-based real-time combustion phase control approach for SI engines." IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering 12, no. 2 (December 15, 2016): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.22371.

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25

Chung, Jaesung, Kyunghan Min, Seungsuk Oh, and Myoungho Sunwoo. "In-cylinder pressure based real-time combustion control for reduction of combustion dispersions in light-duty diesel engines." Applied Thermal Engineering 99 (April 2016): 1183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.01.012.

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26

Kuznetsova, Tat'iana, and Valerii Avgustinovich. "SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF INCOMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT AN AUTOMATIC CONTROL OBJECT BASED ON REAL-TIME VIRTUAL SENSORS." Applied Mathematics and Control Sciences, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2499-9873/2020.2.05.

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Modern automatic control systems use built-in mathematical models for estimation of unmeasured by the direct methods parameters such as NOX emission in aeroengine low-emission combustion chamber. The two models of NOX emissions virtual sensor built into the controller are proposed. A stochastic nonlinear mathematical model is based on the Zeldovich equation. It applies the superposition principle of NOX production in diffusion and homogeneous flames. Probability density distribution functions of the air-fuel mixture concentration in these flames take into account both of a spatial non-uniformity of the mixture composition and a harmonic component of the acoustic waves generated by the heat release. The concept of integral relations models has been developed with the use of numerical modeling of spatial and temporal non-uniformities of the air-fuel mixture concentration (4D-metamodeling) and available experimental data. Another virtual sensor model is based on the neural network predicting NOX emission in gas turbine combustion chamber. The example of a neural network and results of its training on a real combustion chamber is presented. It is shown that the two or three-layer neural network having 20–30 neurons provides an acceptable error (not exceeding 10 %) of the NOX emission display and can be used as a virtual emission sensor in an engine control system. The normalized level of NOx emission per take-off and landing cycle is considered as a target function of the automatic control of low-emission combustion. To estimate the level of NOX emission a built-in virtual sensor is proposed.

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27

Vihar, Rok, Urban Žvar Baškovič, and Tomaž Katrašnik. "Real-time capable virtual NOx sensor for diesel engines based on a two-Zone thermodynamic model." Oil & Gas Sciences and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 73 (2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018005.

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This paper presents a control-oriented thermodynamic model capable of predicting nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions in diesel engines. It is derived from zero-dimensional combustion model using in-cylinder pressure as the input. The methodology is based on a two-zone thermodynamic model which divides the combustion chamber into a burned and unburned gas zone. The original contribution of proposed method arises from: (1) application of a detailed two-zone modeling framework, developed in a way that the thermodynamic equations could be solved in a closed form without iterative procedure, which provides the basis for achieving high level of predictiveness, on the level of real-time capable models and (2) introduction of relative air-fuel ratio during combustion as a main and physically motivated calibration parameter of the NOx model. The model was calibrated and validated using data sets recorded in two different direct injection diesel engines, i.e. a light and a heavy-duty engine. The model is suitable for real-time applications since it takes less than a cycle to complete the entire closed cycle thermodynamic calculation including NOx prediction, which opens the possibility of integration in the engine control unit for closed-loop or feed-forward control.

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28

Song, Zhanfeng, Chundong Liu, Zhanying Wang, Canguo Zhang, and Mingchao Geng. "Ion Current Simulation Model Design for a Spark-Ignited Engine." Scientific Programming 2022 (July 19, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5044858.

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The use of ion current signals generated during the combustion process of mixed gas as a function of initial mixture composition, temperature and pressure to detect cylinder combustion states is the most recent approach in the design, development, and optimisation of automotive engine combustion control. This paper aims to design predictive identification and computationally fast and accurate ion current models for obtaining combustion information in the engine cylinder in real time. To build a more comprehensive ion current calculation model, the effect of the flame ionisation process, the geometry of the spark plugs, and the combustion pressure and temperature are considered in the new building ion current model. The simulation ion current waveform, which has a double-peak structure, is in good agreement with the experiment values; thus, the ion current model has the potential to be used for real-time control and optimisation of engine cylinder combustion.

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29

Mohd Nordin, Mohd Hafiz B., Mohd Khair B. Hassan, Azura B. Che Soh, and Mohd Amran B. Mohd Radzi. "Hardware-in-Loop of Fault Detection System for Air-Fuel Ratio Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.233.

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Hardware-In-Loop (HIL) is a technique for control engineering testing which consists of two design parts, a real hardware design and a computer simulation design. In this paper, input signals can be obtained from the sensors while the output results of the engine combustions are generated from simulation based on mathematical model. The controller for Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) is built to the hardware. Basically, testing using this method can reduce the cost and time-to-market in the development process. Once the real time simulation results satisfy the desired result, the design will be burned into the hardware controller and hence the system will be tested again. Both simulation and hardware results are then being compared. The main purpose for the HIL system is to develop new control algorithms as well as to control the effect of errors from sensors and engine combustion.

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30

Patrón, Gabriel D., and Luis Ricardez-Sandoval. "An integrated real-time optimization, control, and estimation scheme for post-combustion CO2 capture." Applied Energy 308 (February 2022): 118302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118302.

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31

Zhao, Gang, та Jian Li. "The Controller Design of Gas Boiler Combustion Based on ARM and μCOSII". Applied Mechanics and Materials 738-739 (березень 2015): 1090–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.738-739.1090.

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Gas hot water boiler is widely used in daily production and life as heat supply equipment. According to the gas hot water boiler has the characteristics of nonlinear, large inertia and multi disturbance etc.，this paper adopts the Vague Set PID control mode as the regulating mode in system. Considering the reliability of the running control regulation system of gas boiler, the stability of the fuel delivery system and the fault alarm security system, this paper designs the combustion controller based on a STM32 MCU as control chip, the μCOSII real-time operating system transplanted in nuclear of MCU as the overall control of the combustion controller. Blocking the whole task through the μCOSII real-time operating system, to enhance the reliability of system program operation, and made the combustion controller running more safe, stable, reliable.

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32

Connolly, Francis T., and Giorgio Rizzoni. "Real Time Estimation of Engine Torque for the Detection of Engine Misfires." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 116, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899267.

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The need for improvements in the on-line estimation of engine performance variables is greater nowadays as a result of more stringent emission control legislation. There is also a concurrent requirement for improved on-board diagnostics to detect different types of malfunctions. For example, recent California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulations mandate continuous monitoring of misfires, a problem which, short of an expensive measurement of combustion pressure in each cylinder, is most directly approached by estimating individual cylinder torque. This paper describes the theory and experimental results of a method for the estimation of individual cylinder torque in automative engines, with the intent of satisfying the CARB misfire detection requirements. Estimation, control, and diagnostic functions associated with automotive engines involve near periodic processes, due to the nature of multi-cylinder engines. The model of the engine dynamics used in this study fully exploits the inherent periodicity of the combustion process in the crank angle domain in order to obtain a simple deconvolution method for the estimation of the mean torque produced by each cylinder during each stroke from a measurement of crankshaft angular velocity. The deconvolution is actually performed in the spatial frequency domain, recognizing that the combustion energy is concentrated at discrete spatial frequencies, which are harmonics of the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft. Thus, the resulting deconvolution algorithm is independent of engine speed, and reduces to an algebraic operation in the frequency domain. It is necessary to perform a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) on the measured angular velocity signal, sampled at fixed uniform crank angle intervals. The paper discusses the model used in the study, and the experimental validation of the algorithm, which has been implemented in real time using a portable computer and has been tested extensively on different production vehicles on a chassis dynamometer and on the road.

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33

Liang, Yu Wen, Hui Song, and Yuan Xin Li. "Optimization Design of Limestone Conveyor System in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 731–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.731.

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The qualities of the limestone conveyor system running directly affect the efficiency of circulating fluidized bed boiler combustion. Aiming at the problems of limestone conveyor system, this paper optimizes the design of the control system and the ring limestone fluidized bed boiler combustion control system networking, the use of configuration technology for real-time data control system to monitor and implement manual and automatic switching function. While improving the delivery system and improve the combustion efficiency of the boiler. For the circulating fluidized bed boiler combustion system provides a reference value.

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34

Yamasaki, Yudai, Ryosuke Ikemura, Motoki Takahashi, Fumiya Shimizu, and Shigehiko Kaneko. "Simple combustion model for a diesel engine with multiple fuel injections." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 2 (November 22, 2017): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417742764.

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Engine systems must continuously increase their thermal efficiencies and lower their emissions in real operation. To meet these demands, engine systems are increasingly improving their transient performance through control technology. Conventional engine control systems depend on control maps obtained from huge numbers of experiments, which is necessarily limited by the available number of man-hours. These time-consuming control maps are now being replaced by control inputs derived from on-board models. By calculating optimized control inputs in real time using various information, model-based control increases the robustness of advanced combustion technologies such as premixed charge compression ignition and homogeneous charge compression ignition, which use auto-ignition and combustion of air–fuel mixtures. Models also incur relatively low computational loads because the specifications of the engine control unit are lower than those of current smartphones. This article develops a simple diesel combustion model with model-based control of the multiple fuel injections. The model employs the discretized cycle concept based on fundamental thermodynamic equations and comprises simple fuel injection and chemical reaction models. Our control concept aims mainly to decrease the fuel consumption by increasing the thermal efficiency and reduce the combustion noise in real-world operation. The model predicts the peak in-cylinder gas pressure and its timing that minimize the combustion noise and maximize the thermal efficiency, respectively. In an experimental validation of the model, the computed and measured in-cylinder pressures were well matched at each phase under various parameter settings. In addition, the calculation time of the model is sufficiently short for on-board applications. In future, the proposed model will be extended to the design and installation of controllers for engine systems. The control concept and associated problems of this task are also described in this article.

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35

Li, Gong Fa, Yuan He, Guo Zhang Jiang, Jian Yi Kong, and Liang Xi Xie. "Research on the Air-Fuel Ratio Intelligent Control Method for Coke Oven Combustion Energy Saving." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 2873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2873.

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Coke combustion process, the constant proportion of the combustion air-fuel ratio control results in low combustion efficiency and fault-prone, difficult to adapt to changes in complex working conditions. Application of intelligent technology of case-based reasoning, fuzzy control, proposed for intelligent energy saving air-fuel ratio control method. Based on current trends in working conditions and combustion process in case of failure, predict the typical faults with case-based reasoning technology to the combustion process. On this basis, through case-based reasoning algorithm realize the real-time air-fuel ratio correction. Based on fuzzy-PID temperature cascade control we can obtain the appropriate flue gas flow and flue suction and realize the stability of the combustion process to achieve optimal control.

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36

Zhu, Denghao, Jun Deng, Jinqiu Wang, Shuo Wang, Hongyu Zhang, Jakob Andert, and Liguang Li. "Development and Application of Ion Current/Cylinder Pressure Cooperative Combustion Diagnosis and Control System." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 5656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215656.

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The application of advanced technologies for engine efficiency improvement and emissions reduction also increase the occurrence possibility of abnormal combustions such as incomplete combustion, misfire, knock or pre-ignition. Novel promising combustion modes, which are basically dominated by chemical reaction kinetics show a major difficulty in combustion control. The challenge in precise combustion control is hard to overcome by the traditional engine map-based control method because it cannot monitor the combustion state of each cycle, hence, real-time cycle-resolved in-cylinder combustion diagnosis and control are required. In the past, cylinder pressure and ion current sensors, as the two most commonly used sensors for in-cylinder combustion diagnosis and control, have enjoyed a seemingly competitive relationship, so all related researches only use one of the sensors. However, these two sensors have their own unique features. In this study, the idea is to combine the information obtained from both sensors. At first, two kinds of ion current detection system are comprehensively introduced and compared at the hardware level and signal level. The most promising variant (the DC-Power ion current detection system) is selected for the subsequent experiments. Then, the concept of ion current/cylinder pressure cooperative combustion diagnosis and control system is illustrated and implemented on the engine prototyping control unit. One application case of employing this system for homogenous charge compression ignition abnormal combustion control and its stability improvement is introduced. The results show that a combination of ion current and cylinder pressure signals can provide richer and also necessary information for combustion control. Finally, ion current and cylinder pressure signals are employed as inputs of artificial neural network (ANN) models for combustion prediction. The results show that the combustion prediction performance is better when the inputs are a combination of both signals, instead of using only one of them. This offline analysis proves the feasibility of using an ANN-based model whose inputs are a combination of ion current and pressure signals for better prediction accuracy.

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37

Samuel J, Jensen, and Ramesh A. "A physics-based model for real-time prediction of ignition delays of multi-pulse fuel injections in direct-injection diesel engines." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 3 (June 7, 2018): 540–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418776876.

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Real-time prediction of in-cylinder combustion parameters is very important for robust combustion control in any internal combustion engine. Very little information is available in the literature for modeling the ignition delay period of multiple injections that occur in modern direct-injection diesel engines. Knowledge of the ignition delay period in diesel engines with multiple injections is of primary interest due to its impact on pressure rise during subsequent combustion, combustion noise and pollutant formation. In this work, a physics-based ignition delay prediction methodology has been proposed by suitably simplifying an approach available in the literature. The time taken by the fuel-spray tip to reach the liquid length is considered as the physical delay period of any particular injection pulse. An equation has been developed for predicting the saturation temperature at this location based on the temperature and pressure at the start of injection. Thus, iterative procedures are avoided, which makes the methodology suitable for real-time engine control. The chemical delay was modeled by assuming a global reaction mechanism while using the Arrhenius-type equation. Experiments were conducted on a fully instrumented state-of-the-art common-rail diesel engine test facility for providing inputs to develop the methodology. The thermodynamic condition before the main injection was obtained by modeling the pilot combustion phase using the Wiebe function. Thus, the ignition delays of both pilot and main injections could be predicted based on rail pressure, injection timing, injection duration, manifold pressure and temperature which are normally used as inputs to the engine control unit. When the methodology was applied to predict the ignition delays in three different common-rail diesel engines, the ignition delays of pilot and main combustion phases could be predicted within an error band of ±25, ±50 and ±80 µs, respectively, without further tuning. This method can hence be used in real-time engine controllers and hardware-in-the-loop systems.

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38

Guo, Yun, Zhi Qiang Huang, and Shun Xin Yang. "Research and Design of the Control System for Natural Gas Heater." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.541.

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Natural gas heaters are widely used in gas-fired power plants to meet the combustion needs and to improve the combustion efficiency. For the control features and technical requirements of the natural gas heater, the computer automatic control system for natural gas heater has been designed,and realizes the temperature and liquid level real time measurement and control. The system increases significantly the control accuracy of natural gas temperature, eliminates potential unsafety and improves production efficiency.

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39

Patrón, Gabriel D., and Luis Ricardez-Sandoval. "Real-Time Optimization and Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for a Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Absorber." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 2 (2020): 11595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.639.

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40

Feng, Yongming, Haiyan Wang, Ruifeng Gao, and Yuanqing Zhu. "A Zero-Dimensional Mixing Controlled Combustion Model for Real Time Performance Simulation of Marine Two-Stroke Diesel Engines." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12102000.

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The paper presents a performance prediction model of marine low-speed two-stroke diesel engines based on an advanced MCC (mixture controlled combustion) model coupled with a fuel injection model. Considering the time of real calculation, the so-called “concentrated exhausting gas” scavenging model and the working process model are used in the present work, and improved by introducing the ratio of pure combustion product over the total gas mass in the cylinder as an expression of the working medium components. The reaction rate model in the zero-dimensional MCC model is improved by introducing the fraction of combustion product in the fuel spray, and the relationship between the combustion model and scavenging quality is established. Meanwhile, the combustion model was simplified in the diffusion combustion phases and integrated with the fuel injection model in order to respond to the change of injection profile and injection timing. A large-scale low-speed marine diesel engine was used for a simulation. The results of the whole model are consistent with experimental data and the speed of calculation is fast enough for real time simulation of low speed and medium speed diesel engines. The prediction model can be used in the design and calibration of the electronic control system and performance optimization of the marine two-stroke diesel engine.

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41

Harris, M. M., D. N. Marsh, E. A. Vos, and E. Durkin. "Flex Cycle Combustor Development and Demonstration." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906852.

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An innovative, “flex-cycle” combustion system has been developed for the Garrett Model 400-1 Integrated Power Unit (IPU), a 425 shp (317 kW) gas turbine engine designed for use on future fighter aircraft. Demonstration of this system required real-time transient operation of the combustor in a full-scale test rig. The transient testing was unique, having been performed with an electronic control, which modulated all combustor operating parameters according to programmed engine component maps, drag curves, fuel schedules, and selected ambient test conditions. The axially injected annular combustor is capable of engine starts in two seconds, as well as producing 200 shp (149 kW) for emergency use at all altitudes up to 50,000 ft (15,240 m). The combustion system is capable of switching operation from the emergency power stored energy (SE) mode to the normal-air breathing (NAB) auxiliary power mode without loss of engine power. The flex-cycle combustor supplies emergency power in the SE mode with a temperature rise of 2200°F (1222°C) and in the NAB mode with a temperature rise of 1600°F (889°C). Specific features that make these requirements possible include air-assisted simplex airblast fuel atomizers with integral check valves, and effusion-cooled combustor liner walls. This paper describes the flex-cycle combustion system design, test methods used, and significant test results. Steady-state performance, in both the SE and NAB operating modes, and real-time transient test results are discussed. The transient testing included rapid starts as well as transitions from the SE to NAB operating regimes.

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42

Zhu, Guoming G., and Chengsheng Miao. "Real-Time Co-optimization of Vehicle Route and Speed Using Generic Algorithm for Improved Fuel Economy." Mechanical Engineering 141, no. 03 (March 1, 2019): S08—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2019-mar-4.

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Making future vehicles intelligent with improved fuel economy and satisfactory emissions are the main drivers for current vehicle research and development. The connected and autonomous vehicles still need years or decades to be widely used in practice. However, some advanced technologies have been developed and deployed for the conventional vehicles to improve the vehicle performance and safety, such as adaptive cruise control (ACC), automatic parking, automatic lane keeping, active safety, super cruise, and so on. On the other hand, the vehicle propulsion system technologies, such as clean and high efficiency combustion, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and electric vehicle, are continuously advancing to improve fuel economy with satisfactory emissions for traditional internal combustion engine powered and hybrid electric vehicles or to increase cruise range for electric vehicles.

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43

Finesso, Roberto, Gilles Hardy, Alessandro Mancarella, Omar Marello, Antonio Mittica, and Ezio Spessa. "Real-Time Simulation of Torque and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions in an 11.0 L Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine for Model-Based Combustion Control." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030460.

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A real-time combustion model was assessed and applied to simulate BMEP (Brake Mean Effective Pressure) and NOx (Nitrogen Oxide) emissions in an 11.0 L FPT Cursor 11 diesel engine for heavy-duty applications. The activity was carried out in the frame of the IMPERIUM H2020 EU Project. The developed model was used as a starting base to derive a model-based combustion controller, which is able to control indicated mean effective pressure and NOx emissions by acting on the injected fuel quantity and main injection timing. The combustion model was tested and assessed at steady-state conditions and in transient operation over several load ramps. The average root mean square error of the model is of the order of 110 ppm for the NOx simulation and of 0.3 bar for the BMEP simulation Moreover, a statistical robustness analysis was performed on the basis of the expected input parameter deviations, and a calibration sensitivity analysis was carried out, which showed that the accuracy is almost unaffected when reducing the calibration dataset by about 80%. The model was also tested on a rapid prototyping device and it was verified that it features real-time capability, since the computational time is of the order of 300–400 µs. Finally, the basic functionality of the model-based combustion controller was tested offline at steady-state conditions.

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44

MORITA, Shigeyuki. "Real time optimalization control for an engine combustion parameter (1st report, Fundamental construction and basic action)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 52, no. 477 (1986): 1580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.52.1580.

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45

Li, Ruixue C., Guoming G. Zhu, and Yifan Men. "A two-zone reaction-based combustion model for a spark-ignition engine." International Journal of Engine Research 22, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419841746.

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This article presents a control-oriented two-zone reaction-based zero-dimensional model to accurately describe the combustion process of a spark-ignited engine for real-time simulations, and the developed model will be used for model-based control design and validation. A two-zone modeling approach is adopted, where the combustion chamber is divided into the burned (reaction) and unburned (pre-mixed) zones. The mixture thermodynamic properties and individual chemical species in two zones are taken into account in the modeling process. Instead of using the conventional pre-determined Wiebe-based combustion model, a two-step chemical reaction model is utilized to predict the combustion process along with important thermodynamic parameters such as the mass-fraction-burned, in-cylinder pressure, temperatures, and individual species mass changes in both zones. Sensitivities of model parameters are analyzed during the model calibration process. As a result, one set of calibration parameters is used to predict combustion characteristics over all engine operating conditions studied in this article, which is the major advantage of the proposed method. Also, the proposed modeling approach is capable of modeling the combustion process under different air-to-fuel ratios, ignition timings, and exhaust-gas-recirculation rates for real-time simulations. As the by-product of the model, engine knock can also be predicted based on the Arrhenius integral in the unburned zone, which is valuable for model-based knock control. The proposed combustion model is intensively validated using the experimental data with a peak relative prediction error of 6.2% for the in-cylinder pressure.

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46

Nuss, Eugen, Maximilian Wick, Jakob Andert, Jochem De Schutter, Moritz Diehl, Dirk Abel, and Thivaharan Albin. "Nonlinear model predictive control of a discrete-cycle gasoline-controlled auto ignition engine model: Simulative analysis." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 10 (February 7, 2019): 1025–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418824915.

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Gasoline-controlled auto ignition is a promising technology capable of reducing both fuel consumption and emissions at the same time. There are, however, challenges to overcome in order to make practical use of it. One area of research addresses methods that guarantee stable combustion as gasoline-controlled auto ignition is very sensitive to disturbances. This article investigates the capability of nonlinear model predictive control to ensure stable combustion while maintaining efficient operation. For this purpose, a suitable gasoline-controlled auto ignition model is selected and identified using measurement data of a single-cylinder test bed. Building upon this model, a controller based on nonlinear model predictive control is derived and analyzed by means of simulation. The investigation shows that the control manages to follow prescribed set points, also for late combustion, and indicates promising results with respect to real-time computation constraints.

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47

Ritzberger, Daniel, Christoph Hametner, and Stefan Jakubek. "A Real-Time Dynamic Fuel Cell System Simulation for Model-Based Diagnostics and Control: Validation on Real Driving Data." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 3148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123148.

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Fuel cell systems are regarded as a promising candidate in replacing the internal combustion engine as a renewable and emission free alternative in automotive applications. However, the operation of a fuel cell stack fulfilling transient power-demands poses significant challenges. Efficiency is to be maximized while adhering to critical constraints, avoiding adverse operational conditions (fuel starvation, membrane flooding or drying, etc.) and mitigating degradation as to increase the life-time of the stack. Owing to this complexity, advanced model-based diagnostic and control methods are increasingly investigated. In this work, a real time stack model is presented and its experimental parameterization is discussed. Furthermore, the stack model is integrated in a system simulation, where the compressor dynamics, the feedback controls for the hydrogen injection and back-pressure valve actuation, and the purging strategy are considered. The resulting system simulation, driven by the set-point values of the operating strategy is evaluated and validated on experimental data obtained from a fuel cell vehicle during on-road operation. It will be shown how the internal states of the fuel cell simulation evolve during the transient operation of the fuel cell vehicle. The measurement data, for which this analysis is conducted, stem from a fuel cell research and demonstrator vehicle, developed by a consortium of several academic and industrial partners under the lead of AVL List GmbH.

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48

Ohyama, Yoshishige. "(2-19) Real-Time Engine Control Using a Combustion Model for Lean Boost Engines((SI-6)S. I. Engine Combustion 6-Modeling)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 01.204 (2001): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.01.204.40.

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Li, Tianxin, and Yan Jiao. "Simulation study on the effects of different flow conditions on the combustion of square fire." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 02039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913602039.

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Combustion is a process in which light and heat are produced when a series of complex chemical reactions take place. Our life has long been inseparable from combustion, such as coal for power generation, fuel oil for car engines, rocket propulsion, waste incineration; but at the same time, with the development of the city, the damage caused by frequent fires is more serious. The purpose of this topic is to study the laws of plane flame combustion under different conditions. It is proposed to simulate the real plane fire combustion conditions with different flow conditions such as wind speed, combustion space and opening conditions, and propose relevant cognition and Countermeasures Based on this. Through the analysis of the above points, we can simulate the combustion situation of different weather and floors un-der different real conditions, different scale indoor environment and boundary conditions, so as to carry out new building requirements and planning, and lay a referential foundation for the evaluation and control of the fire scale.

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50

Song, Kang, Hui Xie, and Tianyuan Hao. "Compound disturbance rejection control of spark ignition–controlled-autoignition hybrid combustion for gasoline engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 2 (April 27, 2017): 264–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017697477.

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Spark ignition–controlled-autoignition hybrid combustion is a promising concept because of its capability to achieve a smooth transition between spark ignition combustion and controlled-autoignition combustion, but it suffers from transient control owing to the high sensitivity to the operating conditions. In this paper, a control solution based on the principle of disturbance rejection is proposed for spark ignition–controlled-autoignition hybrid combustion. The complexity, the non-linearity and the cross-coupling inside are removed by idealizing the combustion process into three independent integrators, for the combustion timing channel, the indicated mean effective pressure channel and the λ (excessive air coefficient) channel respectively. All the other dynamics that deviate from the integrators (internal and external) are ‘lumped’ together as the total disturbance for each channel. With the total disturbance estimated in real time via the extended-state observer and eliminated by the disturbance rejection law, the enforced plant, i.e. the integrator, is controlled by a simple proportional controller. To enhance the response further, a non-linear model-inversion-based feedforward controller is added. In order to attenuate the slow time-varying disturbances, four correction factors for the model parameters are embedded in the model for online estimation. Validations by both simulations and experiments confirm the superiority of the proposed solution in terms of a fast transient response and a high robustness. By using the bandwidth-parameterization-based extended-state observer tuning method and a Kalman-filter-based extended-state observer, the controller is easy to tune, making it a promising candidate for applications of spark ignition–controlled-autoignition hybrid combustion.

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