Статті в журналах: "Readout electronic"

1

Guo, Cheng, Jin Lin, Lian-Chen Han, Na Li, Li-Hua Sun, Fu-Tian Liang, Dong-Dong Li, et al. "Low-latency readout electronics for dynamic superconducting quantum computing." AIP Advances 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 045024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0088879.

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Dynamic quantum computing can support quantum error correction circuits to build a large general-purpose quantum computer, which requires electronic instruments to perform the closed-loop operation of readout, processing, and control within 1% of the qubit coherence time. In this paper, we present low-latency readout electronics for dynamic superconducting quantum computing. The readout electronics use a low-latency analog-to-digital converter to capture analog signals, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to process digital signals, and the general I/O resources of the FPGA to forward the readout results. Running an algorithm based on the design of multichannel parallelism and single instruction multiple data on an FPGA, the readout electronics achieve a readout latency of 40 ns from the last sample input to the readout valid output. The feedback data link for cross-instrument communication shows a communication latency of 48 ns when 16 bits of data are transmitted over a 2 m-length cable using a homologous clock to drive the transceiver. With codeword-based triggering mechanisms, readout electronics can be used in dynamic superconducting quantum computing.

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2

Abgrall, N., M. Amman, I. J. Arnquist, F. T. Avignone, A. S. Barabash, C. J. Barton, P. J. Barton, et al. "The Majorana Demonstrator readout electronics system." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): T05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/t05003.

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Abstract The Majorana Demonstrator comprises two arrays of high-purity germanium detectors constructed to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 76Ge and other physics beyond the Standard Model. Its readout electronics were designed to have low electronic noise, and radioactive backgrounds were minimized by using low-mass components and low-radioactivity materials near the detectors. This paper provides a description of all components of the Majorana Demonstrator readout electronics, spanning the front-end electronics and internal cabling, back-end electronics, digitizer, and power supplies, along with the grounding scheme. The spectroscopic performance achieved with these readout electronics is also demonstrated.

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3

Chen, Jian, Rong Zhou, Chunhui Dong, Xiaofeng Cao, Fengzhao Shen, Cheng Liu, Hao Xiong, Qichang Huang, Yao Li, and Zhangxing Liu. "LHAASO-WCDA++ electronic readout system." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 964 (June 2020): 163753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.163753.

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4

Timothy, J. Gethyn. "Electronic Readout Systems for Microchannel Plates." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 32, no. 1 (1985): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.1985.4336868.

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5

Radhakrishnan, S., and A. Lal. "Scalable microbeam flowsensors with electronic readout." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 14, no. 5 (October 2005): 1013–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2005.856650.

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6

Fritzsch, T., F. Huegging, P. Mackowiak, K. Zoschke, M. Rothermund, N. Owtscharenko, D. L. Pohl, H. Oppermann, and N. Wermes. "3D TSV hybrid pixel detector modules with ATLAS FE-I4 readout electronic chip." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): C01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/c01029.

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Abstract The through silicon via (TSV) technology has been introduced in a wide range of electronic packaging applications. Hybrid pixel detectors for X-ray imaging and for high-energy physics (HEP) can benefit from this technology as well. A 3D TSV prototype using the ATLAS FE-I4 readout electronic chip is described in this paper. This type of readout chip is already prepared for the TSV backside process providing a TSV landing pad in the first metal layer of the backend-of-line (BEOL) layer stack. Based on this precondition a TSV backside via-last process is developed on ATLAS FE-I4 readout chip wafer. The readout chip wafers were thinned to 100 µm and 80 µm final thickness and straight sidewall vias with 60 µm in diameter has been etched into the silicon from wafer backside using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). The filling of the TSVs and the formation of the wafer backside interconnection were provided by a copper electroplating process. ATLAS FE-I4 readout chips with through silicon vias has been successfully tested, tuned and operated. In addition, hybrid pixel detector modules have been flip chip bonded using ATLAS FE-I4 TSV readout chips and planar sensor chips. After mounting the bare modules onto a support PCB, its full functionality has been verified with a source scan.

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7

Chen, Tianze, Xiaohui Li, Ke Wang, CunFeng Wei, Lei Shuai, Xiaopan Jiang, Na Wang, Mian Wang, and Long Wei. "A readout electronic system for a 3D position-sensitive CdZnTe gamma-ray spectrometer based on the CPRE10-32 readout ASIC." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): T10005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/10/t10005.

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Abstract A readout electronic system based on the Charge Pulse Readout Electronics 10-32 (CPRE10-32) Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) has been developed for the 3D position-sensitive CdZnTe gamma-ray spectrometer. The system includes the Font-end Electrics (FEE) board, the Data Acquisition (DAQ) board, the FPGA firmware, and the PC software. The Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of the electronic noise of the system was approximately 4.72 keV when the 3D-CZT detector and high voltage were connected and the minimum gain was selected. The electronic noise at the minimum and maximum gain using the calibration signal without the detector was approximately 3.335 keV and 3.074 keV, respectively. The Equivalent Noise Charge Number (ENN) was about 375 e- with the detector and about 265 e- with the detector. The test data of Cs-137 demonstrated that the linear response range of the system reached up to 3 MeV and 450 keV at the minimum and maximum gain, respectively. With the 3D-CZT detector, the Am-241 and Cs-137 radioactive sources were detected, and the energy resolution was 7.25% and 2.22%, respectively. By performing electron drift time correction, the energy resolution of the full-energy peak of Cs-137 at 662 keV was improved to 0.76% at medium gain. After acquiring energy and time data successfully, it is demonstrated that this readout electronic system can meet the hardware requirements for Compton scatter imaging with 3D-CZT.

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8

Hasker, PJS, and J. Bassingthwaighte. "Implanting electronic identification transponders under the scutifon cartilage of beef cattle is inappropriate under Australian conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 1 (1995): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950015.

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Poor readout and recovery rates of electronic identification (EID) transponders at the slaughter of feedlot steers raise doubts about the suitability of the scutiform cartilage as a site for implanting EID transponders in commercial beef herds in Australia. At slaughter, a readout was obtained from73% of 4630 implanted steers that were scanned. Failure to give a readout was due to broken and lost transponders. Less than three-quarters of the transponders giving a readout at slaughter were recovered. These results could not be totally attributed to implanting procedure as they were similar for different feedlot-abattoir combinations and different operators.

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9

Elsobky, Mourad, Yigit Mahsereci, Jürgen Keck, Harald Richter, and Joachim N. Burghartz. "Design of a CMOS readout circuit on ultra-thin flexible silicon chip for printed strain gauges." Advances in Radio Science 15 (September 21, 2017): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-15-123-2017.

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Abstract. Flexible electronics represents an emerging technology with features enabling several new applications such as wearable electronics and bendable displays. Precise and high-performance sensors readout chips are crucial for high quality flexible electronic products. In this work, the design of a CMOS readout circuit for an array of printed strain gauges is presented. The ultra-thin readout chip and the printed sensors are combined on a thin Benzocyclobutene/Polyimide (BCB/PI) substrate to form a Hybrid System-in-Foil (HySiF), which is used as an electronic skin for robotic applications. Each strain gauge utilizes a Wheatstone bridge circuit, where four Aerosol Jet® printed meander-shaped resistors form a full-bridge topology. The readout chip amplifies the output voltage difference (about 5 mV full-scale swing) of the strain gauge. One challenge during the sensor interface circuit design is to compensate for the relatively large dc offset (about 30 mV at 1 mA) in the bridge output voltage so that the amplified signal span matches the input range of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The circuit design uses the 0. 5 µm mixed-signal GATEFORESTTM technology. In order to achieve the mechanical flexibility, the chip fabrication is based on either back thinned wafers or the ChipFilmTM technology, which enables the manufacturing of silicon chips with a thickness of about 20 µm. The implemented readout chip uses a supply of 5 V and includes a 5-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a differential difference amplifier (DDA), and a 10-bit successive approximation register (SAR) ADC. The circuit is simulated across process, supply and temperature corners and the simulation results indicate excellent performance in terms of circuit stability and linearity.

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10

Aad, G., A. V. Akimov, K. Al Khoury, M. Aleksa, T. Andeen, C. Anelli, N. Aranzabal, et al. "The Phase-I trigger readout electronics upgrade of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeters." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): P05024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/p05024.

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Abstract The Phase-I trigger readout electronics upgrade of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeters enhances the physics reach of the experiment during the upcoming operation at increasing Large Hadron Collider luminosities. The new system, installed during the second Large Hadron Collider Long Shutdown, increases the trigger readout granularity by up to a factor of ten as well as its precision and range. Consequently, the background rejection at trigger level is improved through enhanced filtering algorithms utilizing the additional information for topological discrimination of electromagnetic and hadronic shower shapes. This paper presents the final designs of the new electronic elements, their custom electronic devices, the procedures used to validate their proper functioning, and the performance achieved during the commissioning of this system.

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11

Ahmad, S., P. Barrillon, C. Blaksley, S. Blin-Bondil, A. Ebersoldt, S. Dagoret-Campagne, C. de la Taille, et al. "The readout electronic of EUSO-Balloon experiment." Journal of Instrumentation 9, no. 03 (March 26, 2014): C03050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/03/c03050.

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12

Mickols, William, Ignacio Tinoco, Joseph E. Katz, Marcos F. Maestre, and Carlos Bustamante. "Imaging differential polarization microscope with electronic readout." Review of Scientific Instruments 56, no. 12 (December 1985): 2228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138354.

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13

Stricker, Josef. "Moire deflectometry with deferred electronic heterodyne readout." Applied Optics 24, no. 15 (August 1, 1985): 2298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.24.002298.

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14

Sachdeva, R., R. Bellazzini, G. Hall, and M. Spezziga. "Fast electronic readout of microstrip gas chambers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 348, no. 2-3 (September 1994): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)90765-x.

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15

Baù, Marco, Marco Ferrari, Habiba Begum, Abid Ali, Joshua E. Y. Lee, and Vittorio Ferrari. "Technique and Circuit for Contactless Readout of Piezoelectric MEMS Resonator Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 3483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123483.

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A technique and electronic circuit for contactless electromagnetic interrogation of piezoelectric micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) resonator sensors are proposed. The adopted resonator is an aluminum-nitride (AlN) thin-film piezoelectric-on-silicon (TPoS) disk vibrating in radial contour mode at about 6.3 MHz. The MEMS resonator is operated in one-port configuration and it is connected to a spiral coil, forming the sensor unit. A proximate electronic interrogation unit is electromagnetically coupled through a readout coil to the sensor unit. The proposed technique exploits interleaved excitation and detection phases of the MEMS resonator. A tailored electronic circuit manages the periodic switching between the excitation phase, where it generates the excitation signal driving the readout coil, and the detection phase, where it senses the transient decaying response of the resonator by measuring through a high-impedance amplifier the voltage induced back across the readout coil. This approach advantageously ensures that the readout frequency of the MEMS resonator is first order independent of the interrogation distance between the readout and sensor coils. The reported experimental results show successful contactless readout of the MEMS resonator independently from the interrogation distance over a range of 12 mm, and the application as a resonant sensor for ambient temperature and as a resonant acoustic-load sensor to detect and track the deposition and evaporation processes of water microdroplets on the MEMS resonator surface.

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16

Civelekoglu, Ozgun, Ningquan Wang, Mert Boya, Tevhide Ozkaya-Ahmadov, Ruxiu Liu, and A. Fatih Sarioglu. "Electronic profiling of membrane antigen expressionviaimmunomagnetic cell manipulation." Lab on a Chip 19, no. 14 (2019): 2444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9lc00297a.

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17

Bourrion, O., C. Hoarau, J. Bounmy, D. Tourres, C. Vescovi, J. L. Bouly, N. Ponchant, et al. "CONCERTO: readout and control electronics." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): P10047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/10/p10047.

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Abstract The CONCERTO spectral-imaging instrument was installed at the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) 12-meter telescope in April 2021. It has been designed to look at radiation emitted by ionised carbon atoms, [CII], and use the “intensity Mapping” technique to set the first constraints on the power spectrum of dusty star-forming galaxies. The instrument features two arrays of 2152 pixels constituted of Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors (LEKID) operated at cryogenic temperatures, cold optics and a fast Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). To readout and operate the instrument, a newly designed electronic system hosted in five microTCA crates and composed of twelve readout boards and two control boards was designed and commissioned. The architecture and the performances are presented in this paper.

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18

Grogan, Catherine, Faolan Radford McGovern, Rory Staines, George Amarandei, and Izabela Naydenova. "Cantilever-Based Sensor Utilizing a Diffractive Optical Element with High Sensitivity to Relative Humidity." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051673.

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High-sensitivity and simple, low-cost readout are desirable features for sensors independent of the application area. Micro-cantilever sensors use the deflection induced by the analyte presence to achieve high-sensitivity but possess complex electronic readouts. Current holographic sensors probe the analyte presence by measuring changes in their optical properties, have a simpler low-cost readout, but their sensitivity can be further improved. Here, the two working principles were combined to obtain a new hybrid sensor with enhanced sensitivity. The diffractive element, a holographically patterned thin photopolymer layer, was placed on a polymer (polydimethylsiloxane) layer forming a bi-layer macro-cantilever. The different responses of the layers to analyte presence lead to cantilever deflection. The sensitivity and detection limits were evaluated by measuring the variation in cantilever deflection and diffraction efficiency with relative humidity. It was observed that the sensitivity is tunable by controlling the spatial frequency of the photopolymer gratings and the cantilever thickness. The sensor deflection was also visible to the naked eye, making it a simple, user-friendly device. The hybrid sensor diffraction efficiency response to the target analyte had an increased sensitivity (10-fold when compared with the cantilever or holographic modes operating independently), requiring a minimum upturn in the readout complexity.

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19

TITOV, MAXIM, and LESZEK ROPELEWSKI. "MICRO-PATTERN GASEOUS DETECTOR TECHNOLOGIES AND RD51 COLLABORATION." Modern Physics Letters A 28, no. 13 (April 30, 2013): 1340022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732313400221.

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Discoveries in particle physics vitally depend on parallel advances in radiation-detector technologies. A true innovation in detector instrumentation concepts came in 1968, with the development of a fully parallel readout for a large array of sensing elements — the Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber (MWPC), which earned Georges Charpak a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1992. This invention revolutionized particle detection which moved from optical-readout devices (cloud chamber, emulsion or bubble chambers) to the electronics era. Over the past two decades advances in photo-lithography, microelectronics and printed-circuit board (PCB) techniques triggered a major transition in the field of gas detectors from wire structures to the Micro-Pattern Gas Detector (MPGD) concepts. The excellent spatial and time resolution, high rate capability, low mass, large active areas, and radiation hardness make them an invaluable tool to confront future detector challenges at the frontiers of research. The design of the new micro-pattern devices appears suitable for industrial production. Novel devices where MPGDs are directly coupled to the CMOS pixel readout serve as an "electronic bubble chamber" allowing to record space points and tracks in 3D. In 2008, the RD51 collaboration at CERN has been established to further advance technological developments of MPGDs and associated electronic-readout systems, for applications in basic and applied research. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of the MPGD technologies and summarizes ongoing activities within the framework of the RD51 collaboration.

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20

Civelekoglu, Ozgun, Ruxiu Liu, Can F. Usanmaz, Chia-Heng Chu, Mert Boya, Tevhide Ozkaya-Ahmadov, A. K. M. Arifuzzman, Ningquan Wang, and A. Fatih Sarioglu. "Electronic measurement of cell antigen expression in whole blood." Lab on a Chip 22, no. 2 (2022): 296–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1lc00889g.

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21

Jelmini, Beatrice, Vanessa Cerrone, Alberto Coppi, and Riccardo Triozzi. "Characterization of the JUNO Large-PMT readout electronics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012201.

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Abstract The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a neutrino medium baseline experiment under construction in Southern China, expecting to begin data taking in 2023. JUNO is a liquid-scintillator-based detector with an active target mass of 20 kt and aims to detect and study electron antineutrinos from reactors to improve the knowledge in the field of neutrino oscillations. The scintillation light emitted by the interaction of an antineutrino in the detector is detected by a system of 17 612 20-inch Large-PMTs and 25 600 3-inch small-PMTs. The signal from the Large-PMTs is processed by the JUNO Large-PMT readout electronics, which consists of several hardware components and is partly placed underwater. Given the ambitious physics goals of JUNO, the electronic system has to meet specific requirements, and a thorough characterization is required. After describing the readout electronics, tests and results performed with a small-scale integration test facility at Laboratori Nazioni di Legnaro, Italy, are here presented and discussed.

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22

GAO, ZHIYUAN, SUYING YAO, JIANGTAO XU, and CHAO XU. "DYNAMIC RANGE EXTENSION OF CMOS IMAGE SENSORS USING MULTI-INTEGRATION TECHNIQUE WITH COMPACT READOUT." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 22, no. 06 (July 2013): 1350042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126613500424.

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A multi-integration technology with compact readout method to extend CMOS image sensor's dynamic range is presented. Compared with the timing of rolling readout, compact readout extends the available pixel readout time by adjusting the time-domain offset between two adjacent rows and each integration time in one frame. Thus the column readout bus is working continuously rather than intermittently, which makes good use of the whole integration time and the available readout time can be extended. This dynamic range extension technology was implemented on a prototype chip with a 128 × 128 pixel array. The pixel readout time with compact readout method is almost as 3 times long as the one with rolling readout method while 39 dB dynamic range extension is achieved at 120 fps.

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23

Muñoz, Jose, and Martin Pumera. "3D-Printed COVID-19 immunosensors with electronic readout." Chemical Engineering Journal 425 (December 2021): 131433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131433.

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24

Stricker, J. "Electronic heterodyne readout of fringes in moiré deflectometry." Optics Letters 10, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.10.000247.

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25

Suzuki, Hideo. "Electronic musical instrument of full‐wave readout system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, no. 4 (April 1989): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.397879.

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26

Carlen, Edwin T., Marc S. Weinberg, Angela M. Zapata, and Jeffrey T. Borenstein. "A micromachined surface stress sensor with electronic readout." Review of Scientific Instruments 79, no. 1 (January 2008): 015106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2830938.

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27

Tzanis, Polyneikis. "The Detector Control System of the New Small Wheel Electronics for the ATLAS experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2375, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2375/1/012011.

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Abstract The present ATLAS Small Wheel Muon detector is be replaced with a New Small Wheel(NSW) detector in order to cope up with the future LHC runs of high luminosit. One crucial part of the integration procedure concerns the validation of the electronics for a system with more than 2.1 M electronic channels. The readout chain is based on optical link technology connecting the back-end to the front-end electronics via the FELIX, which is a newly developed system that serves as the next generation readout driver for ATLAS. For the configuration, calibration and monitoring path the various electronics boards are supplied with the GBT-SCA ASIC and its purpose is to distribute control and monitoring signals to the electronics. Due to its complexity, NSW electronics requires the development of a sophisticated Control System. The use of such a system is necessary to allow the electronics to function consistently, safely and as a seamless interface to all sub-detectors and the technical infrastructure of the experiment. The central system handles the transition between the probe’s possible operating states while ensuring continuous monitoring and archiving of the system’s operating parameters.

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28

Stricker, Josef. "Performance of moiré deflectometry with deferred electronic heterodyne readout." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 4, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.4.001798.

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29

Bottino, B., A. Caminata, M. Cariello, M. Cresta, S. Davini, P. Musico, M. Pallavicini, and G. Testera. "Front-end electronic system for large area photomultipliers readout." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 936 (August 2019): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.08.109.

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30

Milnes, James S., M. Page, M. Ingle, J. S. Lapington, and J. Howorth. "Improved electronic readout system for an imaging photon detector." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 513, no. 1-2 (November 2003): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2003.08.024.

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31

Östling, J., A. Brahme, M. Danielsson, C. Iacobaeus, and V. Peskov. "A radiation-tolerant electronic readout system for portal imaging." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 525, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.03.079.

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32

Barrancos, André, Rodolfo L. Batalha, and Luís S. Rosado. "Towards Enhanced Eddy Current Testing Array Probes Scalability for Powder Bed Fusion Layer-Wise Imaging." Sensors 23, no. 5 (March 1, 2023): 2711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052711.

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This work presents a new eddy current testing array probe and readout electronics that target the layer-wise quality control in powder bed fusion metal additive manufacturing. The proposed design approach brings important benefits to the sensors’ number scalability, exploring alternative sensor elements and minimalist signal generation and demodulation. Small-sized, commercially available surface-mounted technology coils were evaluated as an alternative to usually employed magneto-resistive sensors, demonstrating low cost, design flexibility, and easy integration with the readout electronics. Strategies to minimize the readout electronics were proposed, considering the specific characteristics of the sensors’ signals. An adjustable single phase coherent demodulation scheme is proposed as an alternative to traditional in-phase and quadrature demodulation provided that the signals under measurement showed minimal phase variations. A simplified amplification and demodulation frontend using discrete components was employed together with offset removal, vector amplification, and digitalization implemented within the microcontrollers’ advanced mixed signal peripherals. An array probe with 16 sensor coils and a 5 mm pitch was materialized together with non-multiplexed digital readout electronics, allowing for a sensor frequency of up to 1.5 MHz and digitalization with 12 bits resolution, as well as a 10 kHz sampling rate.

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33

Cancelli, S., A. Muraro, E. Perelli Cippo, A. Abba, G. Corradi, G. Grosso, G. Gorini, et al. "Electronic readout characterisation of a new soft X-ray diagnostic for burning plasma." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): C08028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/c08028.

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Abstract In fusion plasma scenario, soft X-rays are important tools to study impurities inside plasma. However state-of-the-art silicon detectors cannot survive for long time to the heavy damages due to harsh conditions in tokamaks. GEM detectors are a good alternative thanks to their resilience to radiation damage. In this paper, a GEM detector coupled with new dedicated electronic readout based on GEMINI chip is described. In particular, the detector response has been studied comparing the well established PH method and the ToT method implemented in GEMINI. The results indicate the possibility of using this electronic readout to do soft X-ray spectroscopy measurements in the energy range up to about 10–20 keV.

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34

Xie, Siwei, Zhiliang Zhu, Xi Zhang, Qiangqiang Xie, Hongsen Yu, Yibin Zhang, Jianfeng Xu, and Qiyu Peng. "Optical Simulation and Experimental Assessment with Time–Walk Correction of TOF–PET Detectors with Multi-Ended Readouts." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144681.

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As a commonly used solution, the multi-ended readout can measure the depth-of-interaction (DOI) for positron emission tomography (PET) detectors. In the present study, the effects of the multi-ended readout design were investigated using the leading-edge discriminator (LED) triggers on the timing performance of time-of-flight (TOF) PET detectors. At the very first, the photon transmission model of the four detectors, namely, single-ended readout, dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout, was established in Tracepro. The optical simulation revealed that the light output of the multi-ended readout was higher. Meanwhile, the readout circuit could be triggered earlier. Especially, in the triple-ended readout, the light output at 0.5 ns was observed to be nearly twice that of the single-ended readout after the first scintillating photon was generated. Subsequently, a reference detector was applied to test the multi-ended readout detectors that were constructed from a 6 × 6 × 25 mm3 LYSO crystal. Each module is composed of a crystal coupled with multiple SiPMs. Accordingly, its timing performance was improved by approximately 10% after the compensation of fourth-order polynomial fitting. Finally, the compensated full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) coincidence timing resolutions (CTR) of the dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout were 216.9 ps, 231.0 ps, and 203.6 ps, respectively.

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35

Yang, Haibo, Jianwei Liao, Hulin Wang, Chaosong Gao, Honglin Zhang, Wenchao Sun, Xianqin Li, and Chengxin Zhao. "Readout Electronics of the Prototype Beam Monitor in the HIRFL-CSR External-Target Experiment." Electronics 11, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11172679.

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The External-target Experiment (CEE) at the Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy-Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR) will be the first large-scale experiment in nuclear physics independently developed in China covering the GeV energy regime. The beam monitor located at the center front of the CEE accurately measures the position of the particles with a few tens of um accuracy in a non-interceptive way. This unique advantage significantly improves the accuracy of the particle track reconstructions. This beam monitor’s readout electronics consist of the Front-end module (FEM), Readout Control Module (RCM), and Clock Synchronization module (CSM). Twhe novel Topmetal series pixel sensors directly collect the ionized charge along the track of the ion beam while it passes through the gas in the beam monitor. Lab test proves that the readout electronics have an INL of less than 1%. In addition, the prototype beam monitor can measure the position of the 40Ar beam of 320 MeV/u with a resolution of ~6.9 μm. This paper will discuss the design, characterization, and test of the readout electronics.

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36

Sajeeda and T. J. Kaiser. "Passive Telemetric Readout System." IEEE Sensors Journal 6, no. 5 (October 2006): 1340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2006.881395.

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37

Pachkawade, Vinayak. "A New Readout Method for a High Sensitivity Capacitance Sensor Based on Weakly Coupled Resonators." Engineering Proceedings 2, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-7-08230.

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This paper proposes a new readout method for a sensor to detect minute variations in the capacitance. A sensor is based on the weakly coupled electrical resonators that use an amplitude ratio (AR) as an output signal. A new readout scheme with a relatively higher output sensitivity is proposed to measure the relative changes in the input capacitor. A mathematical model is derived to express the readout output as a function of change in the capacitance. To validate the theoretical model, a system is modelled and designed using an industry-standard electronic circuit design environment. SPICE simulation results are presented for a wide range of design parameters, such as varying coupling factors between the two electrical resonators. Sensitivity comparison between the existing and the proposed AR readout is presented to show the effectiveness of the method of detection proposed in this work.

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38

Fan, G. Y., S. Peltier, S. Lamont, S. J. Young, Dana G. Dunkelberger, and M. H. Ellisman. "Multiport-Readout Frame-Transfer 5 Megapixel CCD Digital System for IVEM Applications." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600015142.

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A multiport-readout, frame-transfer charge coupled device (CCD) digital imaging system has been successfully constructed and tested for intermediate-high voltage electron microscopy (IVEM) applications up to 400 keV. The system employs a back-thinned CCD, made by MIT Lincoln laboratories, that comprises 2560 × 1960 pixels and a pixel size of 24 μm × 24 μm. With a frame transfer design, the imager fills nearly the entire usable area of a 100 mm-diameter silicon wafer (FIG. 1). In the current implementation, four of the eight on-chip readout ports are utilized in parallel each operating at a pixel rate of 1 or 2 MHz so that the entire CCD array can be read out in as short as ∼0.6 seconds. The frame-transfer readout functions as an electronic shutter which permits the rapid transfer of charges in the active pixels to four light-shielded buffers (FIG. 1) where the charges are readout and digitized while the active area of the CCD is integrating the next frame. At 2 MHz, charge transfer of 980 CCD rows will be completed in under 0.5 ms, which is much shorter than a typical exposure time of a few seconds. The camera head (FIG.2) and control electronics for CCD sensor were packaged by Photometries (Tuscon, Arizona). Two MaxVideo 200 image processing boards from Datacube (Peabody, MA) are used for high speed online imaging processing. The CCD sensor is electronically cooled to ∼ −40°C during operation.

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39

Pachkawade, Vinayak. "A System-Level Modelling of Noise in Coupled Resonating MEMS Sensors." Engineering Proceedings 3, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iec2020-06971.

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This paper presents realistic system-level modeling of effective noise sources in a coupled resonating mode-localized MEMS sensors. A governing set of differential equations are used to build a numerical model of a mechanical noise source in a coupled-resonator sensor and an effective thermo-mechanical noise is quantified through the simulation performed via SIMULINK. On a similar note, an effective noise that stems from the electronic readout used for the coupled resonating MEMS sensors is also quantified. Various noise sources in electronic readout are identified and the contribution of each is quantified. A comparison between an effective mechanical and electronic noise in a sensor system aids in identifying the dominant noise source in a sensor system. A method to optimize the system noise floor for an amplitude-based readout is presented. The proposed models present a variety of operating conditions, such as finite quality factor, varying coupled electrostatic spring strength, and operation with in-phase and out-of-phase mode. The proposed models aim to study the impact of fundamental noise processes that govern the ultimate resolution into a coupled resonating system used for various sensing applications.

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40

Horiuchi, Noriaki. "Single-ion readout." Nature Photonics 7, no. 7 (June 27, 2013): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.160.

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41

Wang, M., Y. Wang, X. Zhang, Z. Song, X. Zhou, Y. Hu, Y. Zhou, and B. Wu. "Development of a compact and cost-effective PET detector module for a small-animal PET system with FESA ASIC." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): P09045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/p09045.

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Abstract Due to the high cost and large channel number in positron emission tomography (PET) systems, the integration level and cost performance must be considered in the construction of commercial PET systems. In this paper, a highly integrated readout electronic system was designed and implemented based on a self-developed FESA (Front End for SiPM Arrays) readout ASIC; a compact cost-effective detector module with four lined up detector heads was built, and its performance was evaluated. Each detector head consisted of a 24× 24 LYSO crystal array (each crystal element had dimensions of 0.99 × 0.99 × 15 mm3), one end coupling to an 8 × 8 silicon photomultiplier array (SiPM array with dimensions of 3.2 × 3.2 mm2 each), and the other end covered with a 1 mm thick light guide layer. Since the front-end FESA readout chip employed a row-column summing circuit to reduce the readout channels from 64 to 16, we tried a new depth encoding method based on a single-end readout with the structure. The test results showed that the average coincidence time resolution (CTR), energy resolution, and depth of interaction (DOI) resolution of the detector are 413 ps, 15.7%, and 5.2 mm, respectively, while the crystal array in the detector head with 9-to-1 coupling can be clearly separated in the flood image. Compared with the detector head without the depth encoding ability, the clearness of the flood image was slightly decreased, but the energy resolution and time performance remained the same. We also implemented a central control board that connected all detector modules via fiber connections. The data from the detector modules could be collected over the connections, and the system central clock could be precisely distributed; therefore, the compactness of the electronics system was further enhanced.

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42

Wu, Shuihua, Weiqing Cheng, Zhixin Li, Fang Luo, Longhua Guo, Bin Qiu, and Zhenyu Lin. "Determination of copper ions in herbal medicine based on click chemistry using an electronic balance as a readout." Analytical Methods 12, no. 36 (2020): 4473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ay01108h.

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Electronic balance is one of the most commonly used equipment in nearly all laboratories. In this study, a simple method had been developed to detect copper ions in herbal medicine using electronic balance as readout device based on click chemistry.

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43

ZHAO, HONGLIANG, YIQIANG ZHAO, YIWEI SONG, JUN LIAO, and JUNFENG GENG. "A LOW POWER CRYOGENIC CMOS ROIC DESIGN FOR 512 × 512 IRFPA." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 22, no. 10 (December 2013): 1340033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126613400331.

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A low power readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for 512 × 512 cooled infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) is presented. A capacitive trans-impedance amplifier (CTIA) with high gain cascode amplifier and inherent correlated double sampling (CDS) configuration is employed to achieve a high performance readout interface for the IRFPA with a pixel size of 30 × 30 μm2. By optimizing column readout timing and using two operating modes in column amplifiers, the power consumption is significantly reduced. The readout chip is implemented in a standard 0.35 μm 2P4M CMOS technology. The measurement results show the proposed ROIC achieves a readout rate of 10 MHz with 70 mW power consumption under 3.3 V supply voltage from 77 K to 150 K operating temperature. And it occupies a chip area of 18.4 × 17.5 mm2.

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44

Popov, Vladimir, and Pavel Degtiarenko. "Pulse-Mode Readout Electronics for Ionization Chambers." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 56, no. 3 (June 2009): 752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2009.2012855.

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45

Vo, Hai Hong, Hung Quoc Nguyen, and Tuyet Kim Tran. "Development of triggering and DAQ systems for radiation detectors using FPGA technology." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 1, T4 (December 31, 2017): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v1it4.481.

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Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology has been widely used in setting up triggering systems and DAQ systems for radiation detectors, because it has several advantages such as fast digital processing, compact, programmable and high stability. Since 2010, with we have developed FPGA-based trigger systems and FPGA-based DAQ systems used for radiation detectors. Triggering systems for cosmic ray measurements, readout electronic for environmental radiation monitor in air. We also developed nuclear electronic equipment such as spectrum analyzer MCA (Flash-ADC/FPGA based), the pulse generator, counters, readout electronic for multiple radiation sensors. In this paper, we present two experiments, on the cosmic-ray induced response on the NaI(Tl) detector and environmental radiation monitoring system. For those experiments, trigger system are built by FPGA-based technology.

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46

Baù, Marco, Marco Demori, Marco Ferrari, and Vittorio Ferrari. "Contactless Readout of Passive LC Sensors with Compensation Circuit for Distance-Independent Measurements." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 3, 2018): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130842.

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Contactless readout of passive LC sensors composed of a capacitance sensor connected to a coil can be performed through an electromagnetically coupled readout coil set at distance d. Resonant frequency fs and Q-factor QS of the LC sensor can be extracted from the measurement of the impedance at the readout coil by using a technique theoretically independent of d. This work investigates the effects on the measurement accuracy due to the unavoidable parasitic capacitance CP in parallel to the readout coil, which makes the measured values of fs and QS dependent on d. Numerical analysis and experimental tests confirm such dependence. To overcome this limitation, a novel electronic circuit topology for the compensation of CP is proposed. The experimental results on assembled prototypes show that for a LC sensor with fs ≈ 5.48 MHz a variation of less than 200 ppm across an interrogation distance between 2 and 18 mm is achieved with the proposed compensation circuit.

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47

Nguyen, Quoc Hung, Hong Hai Vo, Nomachi Masaharu, and Trong Tin Nguyen. "Discrimination of cosmic-ray in scintillation region and light-guide for plastic scintillation detectors using 5GSPS readout system." Nuclear Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/jnst.v5i3.197.

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At sea level, the measurement of energy spectrum for cosmic-ray flux determination using two-coincidence plastic scintillation detectors with “traditional” electronic-readout system may include not only cosmic-ray in scintillator region but also light-guide region. In this work, we carry out a measurement of cosmic-ray using two-coincidence plastic scintillation detectors with size of each 80cm×40cm×3cm thick, and an electronic-readout system of 5GSPS (i.e. 200 ps sampling-time resolution). With the readout system, the shapes of pulses from scintillation detectors can be observed. The behavior of time responses of pulses in a plastic scintillator and a light-guide may be different. Based on some characteristics of these responses (such as pulse width, its falling edge, etc. ), it is possible to discriminate cosmic-ray in scintillation region from light-guide region. The vertical cosmic-ray flux was measured to 0.1×10-3count.s-1cm-2. The obtained results will be presented and discussed in detail. The experiment was set up and measured at the Nuclear laboratory, Department of Nuclear Physics, University of Science, HCMC-Vietnam National University

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48

Schut, Thomas, Remco Wiegerink та Joost Lötters. "μ-Coriolis Mass Flow Sensor with Resistive Readout". Micromachines 11, № 2 (11 лютого 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11020184.

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This paper presents a μ -Coriolis mass flow sensor with resistive readout. Instead of measuring a net displacement such as in a capacitive readout, a resistive readout detects the deformation of the suspended micro-fluidic channel. It allows for actuation at much higher amplitudes than for a capacitive readout, resulting in correspondingly larger Coriolis forces in response to fluid flow. A resistive readout can be operated in two actuation vibrational modes. A capacitive readout can only be operated in one of these two modes, which is more sensitive to external disturbances. Three types of devices have been realized. We present measurement results for all three devices. One device clearly outperforms the other two, with a flow sensitivity of 2.22 °/(g·h−1) and a zero-flow stability of 0.02 g·h−1 over 30 min. Optimization of the metal strain gauges and/or implementation of poly-Silicon strain gauges could further improve performance.

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49

Rabelo, Renato, Fabio Alves, and Gamani Karunasiri. "MEMS directional acoustic sensor with charge amplifier based electronic readout." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146, no. 4 (October 2019): 2997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5137374.

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50

Zhao, D. Q., Zhang Xia, P. Liu, and D. C. Zhang. "Bimaterial Infrared Imaging Sensor Array with Electronic Resonance Frequency Readout." Procedia Engineering 25 (2011): 839–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.206.

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