Добірка наукової літератури з теми "RCC MEMBER"

In this study focused member with typically b/d ratio of members once a parameter of depth constant and another parameter is width constant. Additional consideration should be given to member having b/d ratio of about its analyzing and designing resistivity, which are also representative of wide beams used in industry. Each of these geometric relationships should be considered in the context of member with web reinforcement.

We provide evidence that human SLFN5, an interferon (IFN)-inducible member of the Schlafen (SLFN) family of proteins, exhibits key roles in controlling motility and invasiveness of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. Our studies define the mechanism by which this occurs, demonstrating that SLFN5 negatively controls expression of the matrix metalloproteinase 1 gene (MMP-1),MMP-13, and several other genes involved in the control of malignant cell motility. Importantly, our data establish that SLFN5 expression correlates with a better overall survival in a large cohort of patients with RCC. The inverse relationship between SLFN5 expression and RCC aggressiveness raises the possibility of developing unique therapeutic approaches in the treatment of RCC, by modulating SLFN5 expression.

AbstractRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a malignant tumor originating from renal tubular epithelial cells with poor prognosis and high metastatic rate. Tripartite motif-containing 24 (Trim24) is a member of the tripartite motif (Trim) family and also a valuable oncogene, but its role in RCC remains unclear. We constructed the overexpression and knockdown of Trim24 cell lines to investigate its roles in RCC progression. CCK8, wound healing, and transwell assay were performed to determine the proliferation, migration, and invasion of RCC cell lines, respectively. Moreover, the expression of Trim24 and its clinicopathological significance were evaluated in a human RCC tissue microarray. From our results, Trim24 promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of RCC cells in vitro. Importantly, overexpression of Trim24 led to a significant increase in the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, fibronectin, snail, vimentin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin, inducing the EMT process in turn, while the expression of these proteins was significantly downregulated when Trim24 was knocked down in ACHN cells. In addition, Trim24 was significantly upregulated in RCC, and its high expression was negatively associated with the tumor size. Trim24 might operate as an oncogene in RCC progression by inducing the EMT process, suggesting that Trim24 was a potential target for human RCC.

Background. Covalently closed circular RNAs (circRNAs) play critical oncogenic or anticancer roles in various cancers including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), pointing to their regulation as a promising strategy against development of RCC. We, thus, studied the tumor-suppressive role of circ_000829 in RCC through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Methods. The expression of circ_000829 was validated in clinical RCC tissues and RCC cell lines. Based on ectopic expression and knockdown experiments, we examined the interactions among circ_000829, serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1), and solute carrier family 39 member 14 (SLC39A14, zinc transporter). Then, the effects of circ_000829, SRSF1, and SLC39A14 on cell cycle distribution and proliferation in vitro and on tumor growth in vivo were evaluated in RCC cells. Results. Circ_000829 was poorly expressed in RCC tissues and cells, while SRSF1 was highly expressed. Restoration of circ_000829 reduced the levels of SRSF1 and SLC39A14B, thereby repressing the RCC cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Meanwhile, overexpression of SRSF1 and SLC39A14B promoted the proliferation and cell cycle entry of RCC cells. Mechanistically, circ_000829 directly bound to SRSF1, and SRSF1 enhanced the expression of SLC39A14B by mediating the alternative splicing of SLC39A14. SLC39A14B upregulation negated the effect of SLC39A14 knockdown on RCC cell proliferation. Conclusion. Hence, this study suggests the antiproliferative role of circ_000829 in RCC growth and further elucidates the underlying mechanism involving the inhibited SRSF1-mediated alternative splicing of SLC39A14 mRNA.

KIFC1 (kinesin family member C1) plays a critical role in clustering of extra centrosomes in various cancer cells and thus could be considered as a promising therapeutic target. However, whether KIFC1 is involved in the procession of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) still remains unclear. In this study, we found that KIFC1 was upregulated in RCC tissues and is responsible for RCC tumorigenesis (p < 0.001). The high expression of KIFC1 correlates with aggressive clinicopathologic parameters. Kaplan‐Meier analysis suggested that KIFC1 was associated with poor survival prognosis in RCC. Silencing KIFC1 dramatically resulted in inhibition of proliferation, delayed the cell cycle at G2/M phase, and suppressed cell invasion and migration in vitro. The antiproliferative effect of KIFC1 silencing was also observed in xenografted tumors in vivo. miR-338-3p could directly bind to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of KIFC1, and ectopic miR-338-3p expression mimicked the inhibitory functions of KIFC1 silencing on RCC cells through inactivation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, these results revealed that KIFC1 may be a novel biomarker and an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of RCC.

ABSTRACT The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene (VHL) is mutated in clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCC), leading to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated gene transcription. Several VHL/HIF targets, such as glycolysis, angiogenesis, cell growth, and chemotaxis of tumor cells, have been implicated in the transformed phenotype of RCC-regulating properties. Here, we show that VHL suppresses key features of cell transformation through downregulation of the HIF-dependent expression of activin B, a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. Activin B expression is repressed by restoration of VHL in VHL-deficient RCC cells and upregulated by hypoxia. RCC tumor samples show increased expression of activin B compared to that in the normal kidney. VHL increases cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, promotes cell flattening, and reduces invasiveness. These effects are completely phenocopied by RNA interference-mediated knockdown of activin B and reverted by treatment with recombinant activin B. Finally, knockdown of activin B reduces tumor growth of RCC cells in nude mice. Our data indicate that activin B is a key mediator of VHL/HIF-induced transformation in RCC.

Ample empirical evidence suggests that Rural Credit Cooperatives (RCCs), which are the core credit institutions in rural China, are not accountable to their member households. This article argues that this conundrum can be explained by an institutional analysis of the credit cooperatives using the multiple principals-agent framework: the credit cooperatives as agents are accountable to multiple heterogeneous principals—with multiple conflicting objectives. The multiple principals are (1) the County RCC Unions, which exercise control using the evaluation criteria on which the remuneration of grassroots RCC officers is assessed; (2) local party secretaries, who exert influence through top personnel appointment and dismissal in the credit cooperatives; and (3) member households, which are a “collective” principal. In a multiple-principals scenario, the “collective” principal has weaker control over the agents due to the “collective action” problem.

Background: Evasion of apoptosis is an essential alteration for cellular genetic mutation. Survivin is a member of inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. Under normal conditions, Survivin is expressed in embryonic and fetal tissues and markedly diminished in mature, differentiated adult tissues. Survivin was found to be re-expressed in multiple solid and hematological human malignant neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of Survivin in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and to find statistically significant associations between Survivin and the tested Clinicopathological parameters.Methods: 39 patients with RCCs who underwent nephrectomy were included in the study. From each RCC specimen, two tissue sections were obtained; one was stained by H&E stain to determine both RCC phenotype and Fuhrman’s nuclear grades. The second tissue section was immunohistochemically stained by anti-human Survivin antibody. Results: The study revealed statistically significant associations between Survivin expression in RCC specimens and RCC histological types (p =0.002), high tumor grade (p< 0.001) and advanced tumor stage (p< 0.001). Conclusion: The study revealed that Survivin is positively correlated to poorly differentiated RCCs with high Fuhrman’s nuclear grade and advanced tumor stage.

: In the literature, provisions for analysis and design of steel-RCC composite deck type truss and cable-stayed bridges do not exist. A composite deck type truss bridge model is analyzed using STAAD Pro V8i software and a model with the same dimensions is tested in the laboratory. The experimental test results are used to validate the STAAD analysis results. Bottom chord strain and mid-span deflection of the composite bridge model as found from the STAAD analysis and the laboratory experiment closely tally with each other. This validates the standard STAAD analysis results. However, in the top chord member, due to shrinkage cracks in the deck slab concrete, the experimentally recorded strain is higher by about 100% than the STAAD analysis result. Shear force in studs is considerably large near supports and joints as compared to the midsection. Therefore, the design of shear studs may be carried out based on the shear forces in the studs found from the STAAD analysis. Thus it is recommended that STAAD or any other standard finite element analysis software can be used for analysis and design of the composite bridges.

[Truncated abstract] Erythropoietin (Epo) is a glycoprotein hormone involved in the formation of erythrocytes, by controlling survival, differentiation and proliferation. The technique of cDNA Representational Difference Analysis was utilized to investigate J2E-NR cells that demonstrate a viability response to Epo, but not differentiation or proliferation. The aim of this project was to identify genes that may be upregulated in response to Epo-induced survival; however, no change in gene expression was detected. This was most probably because any changes were below the limit of detectability for the cDNA RDA technique, or the viability effect was mediated post-transcriptionally. Next, it was decided to investigate HLS5, a putative tumour suppressor that was identified in a myeloid variant of the J2E cell line and had been shown to cause apoptosis. A number of HeLa cell lines inducible for Hls5 expression using the tet-off system were produced; despite extremely low expression, Hls5 was shown to produce marked suppression of growth and proliferation, particularly in colony assays colony size and numbers were halved for one induced clone. … A number of haemopoiesis-associated genes were downregulated (viz. globin genes and the Epo receptor gene), which suggested Hls5s role in the myeloid variant of J2E cells, may be to suppress genes expressed in the erythroid lineage. In addition, several interferon-responsive genes were decreased in cells with elevated HLS5, suggesting it may play a role in negatively regulating interferon signaling. Online databases were also searched for information on HLS5, and showed that it is significantly downregulated in liver, lung and uterine cancers, supporting the proposition that HLS5 is a tumour suppressor gene. In summary, a number of approaches were taken to identify the effects of the Hls5 protein. It appears that it strongly suppresses proliferation and that this is likely mediated through an effect on mitosis. This may also result in apoptosis of overexpressing cells. It is possible that this is the mechanism through which HLS5 exerts its potential tumour suppressor function, as a number of tumour suppressors appear to be associated with mitosis/apoptosis control. Hls5 is also likely to have other functions in haemopoietic cells, which includes downregulation of erythroid-specific genes and suppression of interferon responses.

This study is based on an investigation into the way RCL members participate in the deliberation of their School Governing Bodies. The study was conducted in two primary schools in the Western Cape town of Vredenburg. The research participants were members of the Representative Council of Learners from these schools. Focus group discussions as well as in depth interviews were used to explore the RCL members' views on the nature of their participation during SGB deliberations. the main fining of this study is that, due to external as well as in-school factors, a huge gap exists between normative RCL policy exp[ectations and the actual manifestation policy in the real world of the RCL members' schools. the findings of the study reveal a lack of participative capacities among these RCL members, which, in combination with a non participative culture at their homes, the community and the school, leads to learners being excluded from democratic processes.

Steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete is a complex electrochemical process. Electrochemically active areas namely anode and cathode are created on the steel surface in concrete due to various factors related to steel rebar and the surrounding environment of steel in concrete. The steel rebar undergoes dissolution (corrosion) at anodic area. The presence of cathodic site is essential to support the balancing chemical reaction although no corrosion takes place at cathode. Cathodic protection is a technique where the steel reinforcement is protected from corrosion by converting it in to a cathode through supply of electrons from an external anode. Two methods i.e. Sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP) method and Impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) method are very useful cathodic protection (CP) method to control/arrest the on-going corrosion of steel in concrete structures. This report first presents a brief review of steel reinforcement corrosion in which the importance of steel reinforcement corrosion monitoring in concrete are discussed, different techniques for evaluating the state of steel rebar corrosion of RCC structures, especially half-cell potential (HCP) technique are elaborated, and various techniques involved in the repair of corrosion affected concrete structures are presented, and then the results of an experimental based demonstrative study where a corroding steel reinforcement in a concrete beam was repaired through sacrificial cathodic protection technique by attaching zinc plates to the cleaned reinforcement are presented. The progress/regression of corrosion before and after application of the protection method potential was monitored through measurement of corrosion potential. The test result observations show that the corrosion potential, after repair, moved in positive (less corrosion) direction, indicating that the protection method adopted can arrest steel rebar corrosion in RCC structures. It was concluded that the sacrificial anode based cathodic protection technique can be adopted to protect reinforcement from corrosion in structures where concrete cover is low and cannot be increased due to various reasons, and where impressed current cathodic protection technique is not suitable or uneconomical.

Student Number : 0410864E - MSc dissertation - School of Chemistry - Faculty of Science
The aim of the project described in this dissertation is to explore the application of ring closing metathesis (RCM) to the synthesis of 6-, 7-, 8- and 9-membered N,N-, N,O- and O,O-benzo-fused heterocyclic compounds which are interesting structural motifs in medicinal chemistry. In recent times, their structures have been widely used as molecular scaffolds. Some of these heterocycles have been identified as antitumour agents, antibiotics and anti-HIV agents. In our laboratories, a variety of 6-, 7- and 8-membered nitrogen- and oxygen- containing benzo-fused rings have been synthesized through ruthenium-mediated isomerisation and RCM in moderate to good yields. The first step in the present project was N-protection of suitable 2-aminophenols or o-phenylenediamines followed by allylation. Rutheniummediated isomerisation followed by RCM was then used for the synthesis of the 6- membered ring system tert-butyl 4H-1,4-benzoxazine-4-carboxylate 91 and the 7- membered ring system tert-butyl 1,5-benzoxazepine-5(4H)-carboxylate 103 while only RCM was used for the 8-membered ring systems, di(tert-butyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,6- benzodiazocine-1,6-carboxylate 130, di(tert-butyl) 2,5-dihydro-1,6-benzodiazocine-1,6- dicarboxylate 129, 1,6-dibenzoyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,6-benzodiazocine 132, 7-methoxy- 2,5-dihydro-1,6-benzodioxocine 137 and the 9-membered ring system 1,6-bis[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-2,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-1,6-benzodiazonine 159. In the synthesis of the 7-membered ring systems, based on established methodology, we encountered problems with the RCM from suitable benzylamine or benzyl alcohol precursors. The reasons for this are not clear but we suspect this could be as a result of electronic and kinetic factors. Nevertheless, we were able to synthesize a 7-membered ring system, tert-butyl 1,5-benzoxazepine-5(4H)-carboxylate 103, from a readily available precursor using a different methodology. Approaches to the synthesis of the 8-membered ring systems, di(tert-butyl) 2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-1,6-benzodiazocine-1,6-carboxylate 130, di(tert-butyl) 2,5-dihydro-1,6- benzodiazocine-1,6-dicarboxylate 129, 1,6-dibenzoyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,6- benzodiazocine 132 and 7-methoxy-2,5-dihydro-1,6-benzodioxocine 137, as described in this dissertation, made extensive use of RCM in moderate to good yields, but the deprotection of the Boc group after hydrogenation proved to be a problem. The synthesis of the 9-membered nitrogen containing benzo-fused compounds, 1,6- bis[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-2,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-1,6-benzodiazonine 159 by RCM was successful but in the synthesis of the N,O-benzo-fused compound by RCM, we suspect that polymerization, which is a side reaction in RCM reactions that are slow, occurred. In the synthesis of the 9-membered O,O-benzo-fused compounds, we only isolated the starting material. The final approach in this dissertation involved the use of ruthenium-mediated isomerisation to afford internal isomerisation of the double bond within the heterocyclic rings of the 8-membered and 9-membered benzo-fused compounds previously prepared in our laboratory. This gave a mixture of regioisomers of 10-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1,6- benzodioxocine 163 and 7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1,6-benzodiazocine 164, 1,6-bis[(4- Methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1,6-benzodiazocine 166, a regioisomeric mixture of 6-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-1,6,-benzoxazocine 161 and 6-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,6,-benzoxazocine 162, and the 9- membered benzo-fused ring system, 1,6-bis[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-2,3,6,7- tetrahydro-1H-1,6-benzodiazonine 170. The yields were good and the solid state structures of these isomerised compounds were examined by X-ray crystallography. Xray diffraction was also performed on the solid state 8- and 9-membered benzo-fused ring systems. We also compared the crystal structures of the 8- and 9-membered benzo-fused compounds with their isomerised compounds.

Une nouvelle approche pour la synthèse de l’aliskiren, un puissant inhibiteur de la rénine pour le traitement de l’hypertension chez l’homme, a été développée. De cette approche, des étapes clés tels qu’une allylation avec un des catalyseurs de MacMillan, une cyclisation par métathèse (RCM) pour la préparation d’une lactone à neuf membres et une séquence de réactions d’aziridination diastéréosélective/réarrangement de cycle par une catalyse acide donnant un produit aminohydroxylé ont permis de compléter la synthèse de l’aliskiren en 11 étapes. Durant l’élaboration de la séquence de réactions pour la préparation de l’aliksiren, il a été noté que la lactone à neuf membres avait une facilité à se réarranger via des intermédiaires quinonoïdaux et les produits issus de cette tendance ont été analysés. De plus, une étude sur la réaction de RCM, donnant la lactone à neuf membres, a montré une dépendance envers la nature diastéréomérique du substrat de départ. Une méthodologie d’alpha-allylation asymétrique de cétones catalysée au palladium, tirant avantage d’un ligand chiral PHOX, a été explorée et utilisée en vue de la synthèse de l’aliskiren. De cette méthode, une étude pour la synthèse de produits alpha-allylcétones acycliques a été démontrée et un effet d’additif sur la sélectivité et la vitesse de réaction a été découvert. De plus, la production d’un intermédiaire avancé d’un produit d’intérêts a été accomplie et la nature de la contribution de l’additif a été investiguée. Les produits obtenus depuis la méthodologie d’allylation catalysée au palladium et la formation d’intermédiaire cationique des certains dérivés de la synthèse de l’aliskiren ont inspirés une nouvelle approche faisant appel à des techniques d’alkylation en catalyse acide pour la formation de produits diaryliques. Il a été trouvé que le catalyseur de chlorure d’or(III) et de triflate de bismuth(III) étaient particulièrement efficaces, démontrant une différence de cinétique pour la réactivité d’un mélange diastéréoisomériques d’alcools alpha-substitués de départ.
A new synthetic route toward aliskiren, a potent renin inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension in man, was achieved. In this approach, the use of key steps such as an asymmetric allylation catalyzed by one of MacMillan’s catalysts, a ring closing metathesis for the formation of a 9-membered lactone and a catalytic aziridination/diastereoselective acid-catalyzed ring rearrangement reaction sequence leading to an aminohydroxylated product permitted us to achieve an 11-step synthesis of aliskiren. While elaborating the sequence towards the inhibitor, the tendency of the cyclic intermediate to rearrange through a quinonoid intermediate was observed. The products of the rearrangement were analyzed. Furthermore, studies exploring the formation of the nine-membered ring lactone demonstrated a dependency on the diastereomeric nature of the substrates. A new allylation methodology was explored for the preparation of aliskiren, in which a palladium catalyzed decarboxylative asymmetric alkylation took place in the presence of a chiral PHOX ligand. The scope of the reaction was studied varying substituents on acyclic alpha-allylketones and an additive effect was noticed with respect of the reaction rate and selectivity. In addition to the preparation of molecules with pharmaceutical interest, few experiments to elucidate the role of the additive in the allylation reaction were investigated. Inspired by our observation of quinonoid formation and our use of the palladium asymmetric allylation method to generate an alpha-stereogenic center, we anticipated that a diastereoselective synthesis of a key intermediate for the synthesis of aliskiren could be accomplished by introducing a nucleophile on a quinonoid intermediate from the least hindered face, under catalytic and acidic conditions. Gold(III) chloride and bismuth(III) triflate were found to be especially efficient as catalysts, showing kinetically controlled differentiation in the reactivity of diastereomeric alpha-substituted benzyl alcohols.

This book employs a history of ideas approach connecting the RCP’s origins in the late 1970s with its cadres’ subsequent activism to the present day. Whilst the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP) existed for only nineteen years, and had a membership that barely surpassed 200, it left an indelible imprint on British politics. Formed as the Revolutionary Communist Tendency in 1978, through the 1980s and 1990s, the RCP railed against the state, the Labour Party, the trade union movement, ‘Stalinist’ regimes worldwide, rival groups on the radical left, and environmentalism. The RCP dissolved in 1997 and former activists formed the influential internet magazine Spiked, and founded the prominent public forum the Institute of Ideas. Engaging twenty-five life-history interviews with former RCP members, alongside vast primary research, this book provides the first scholarly account of the RCP. By drawing extensively on rare interviews, Jack Hepworth is able to shed a fascinating light on a network which has been the subject of much journalistic attention and several polemics, but little detailed research.

The RSC’s groundbreaking 2004–5 season had a tremendous impact on the development of the comedia within the English-speaking theatrical landscape in the years that followed the performances. All through the process, the model of collaboration between the directors, translators, and academic consultants grew and continued to bear fruit. This chapter, written over ten years after the close of the RSC Spanish Golden Age season, examines that season’s influence on the subsequent productions it inspired. The model of collaboration between the team members took on various guises throughout the new productions that have come and gone since the close of the RSC season, and looking back through the lens of experience of that season gives a unique perspective on the work as it has evolved.

The focus of this chapter is on team work. How a team works together can affect the value of the qualitative research for the RCT and the generation of evidence of effectiveness of the intervention. How a team works best together may depend on the phase of the study—whether it is a feasibility study or the full evaluation—and the timing of completion of the qualitative research in relation to the full RCT. The value of integrated team working for feasibility studies for RCTs is discussed. The challenges of integrated team working for full RCTs are discussed because care is needed in terms of when feedback should occur and to whom. Team members’ understandings of different approaches to research, and their beliefs about what is good research, can affect openness to taking actions from the qualitative research.

Over the past couple of decades, a significant rise in utilization of artificial neural network (ANN) in the field of civil engineering has been observed. ANNs have been proven to be very helpful for researchers working in concrete technology. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) shear walls play an important role in the stability of high-rise reinforced concrete structures. Current study is focused on using ANN-based design technique as an alternative to conventional design codes and physical models to estimate the ultimate load carrying capacity of RCC shear walls. In this study, database of 95 RCC wall samples has been collected from previously published literature. Various critical parameters considered for current research are; length of web portion of the wall (Lw), thickness of wall boundary member (bw), effective depth of wall (d), height of wall (H), shear span ratio (av/d), vertical steel ratio (ρv), horizontal steel ratio (ρh), yield strength of vertical and horizontal steel (fy), compressive strength of concrete (fc), and the ultimate load carrying capacity (Vexp).

Abstract This chapter introduces the book’s main puzzle: a sizeable number of members of Ben Ali’s ruling Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) party participated in the Tunisian uprisings and, in some instances, went so far as to call for the downfall of the regime and the dissolution of the RCD—their own party. One of the key premises of the literature on authoritarian politics is that ruling parties are a force for stability, in that they possess a number of positive-feedback mechanisms that strengthen regimes over time. By contrast, this chapter reveals that contention among RCD ranks played a key role in the collapse of the Ben Ali regime, though members’ rationales for challenging their powerbroker varied. It proposes paying close attention to the relation between a dictator and a ruling party in order to better understand such trends of internecine contention and, more generally, authoritarian stability and collapse.

The Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) is one of Europe’s oldest sentinel systems, providing sentinel surveillance since 1967. We report the interdisciplinary informatics required to run such a system. We used the Donabedian framework to describe the interdisciplinary informatics roles that support the structures, processes and outcomes of the RSC. Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic University, RCGP, information technology specialists, SQL developers, analysts, practice liaison team, network member primary care providers, and their registered patients have nearly quadrupled the size of the RSC from working with 5 million to 19 million peoples pseudonymised health data. We have produced outputs used by the UK Health Security Agency to describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 and report vaccine effectiveness. We have also supported a trial of community-based therapies for COVID-19 and other observational studies. The home of the primary care sentinel surveillance network is with a clinical informatics research group. Interdisciplinary informatics teamwork was required to support primary care sentinel surveillance; such teams can accelerate the scale, scope and digital maturity of surveillance systems as demonstrated by the RSC across the COVID-19 pandemic.

This chapter examines the visits of Chinese civic groups in the Philippines organized to Taiwan after the supposed conclusion of the civil war. It explores how the Republic of China (ROC) represented itself to the world as the homeland for the overseas Chinese and shaped the diaspora's perception through experiential nationalism. The visits were a means by which the state projected Taiwan to the world as more than just a province of the ROC. The chapter explains the visits that the Philippine Chinese Anti-Communist League (PCACL) organized, which demonstrated diverse understandings of patriotism and ROC's beliefs instead of mindless subscription to Fangong kang'E. The chapter also notes how members of the Chinese Overseas Wartime Hsuehkan Militia (COWHM) Veterans' Association understood anticommunism concerning their services to the ROC during World War II and as an aspect of their patriotism, which expressed anticommunist practices, anti-Japanese attitudes and “joint service” to the people of Taiwan.

The formal Root Cause Analysis (RCA) process consists of a structured approach to identifying the underlying factors that result in the unwanted outcomes of one or more typically negative past events (chronic or sporadic). The process helps to identify what systems or behaviors need to be modified to prevent recurrence of similar outcomes. The fundamental driver of the RCA is to eliminate the causes that lead to the unwanted event rather than addressing the symptoms of the event. This generally leads to multiple corrective actions rather than a single solution. Based on various root causes analyses conducted by a department in Enbridge Pipelines since 2006, various benefits provided by RCA exercises are highlighted in this paper. The findings were mainly derived from completed RCAs as well as RCA team member surveys. Firstly, the cost effectiveness of the RCA process was identified as a primary driver for this exercise. For example, one RCA involving a multidisciplinary team of 8 members, costing approximately $35,000, led to $1M in recommended solutions generating $16M in potential savings. In other words, each of the 350 hours spent on the RCA produced $8,571 in savings underlining the value creation to the company. Secondly, the RCA process combined with the power of the team reflection led to the identification of new issues which were causing other revenue losses to the company. Because these issues were not part of the defined scope of the original RCA, their root causes were not be immediately assessed but nevertheless their impact could easily be quantified and forwarded to Management for review. The third benefit highlighted by RCAs is more of an educational benefit to team members and subsequently the organization. Through cross functional examination of the issues and events, the team members became aware and educated on issues that would not have otherwise been apparent. Additionally, by working through the RCA methodology, the team members enhanced their problem solving abilities which benefit their everyday work. In conclusion, other than identifying techniques to preclude unwanted outcomes and providing cost saving opportunities in a very cost effective manner, RCAs can be considered as an effective knowledge enhancement tool for an organization.

A draft of the fifth edition of the RCC-MR code, named RCC-MRx 2010, has been issued in French and English versions on December 2010 by AFCEN (Association Franc¸aise pour les re`gles de Conception et de Construction des Mate´riels des Chaudie`res Electro-nucle´aires). This RCC-MRx Code is the result of the merger of the RCC-MX 2008 developed in the context of the research reactor Jules Horowitz Reactor project, in the RCC-MR 2007 which set up rules applicable to the design of components operating at high temperature and to the Vacuum Vessel of ITER. This is a non-public document established in order to prepare the fifth edition which will be published in French and English by AFCEN and will be named RCC-MRx 2012. By this next edition, AFCEN try to bring together all the relevant stakeholders in a CEN-Workshop (CEN-WS-MRx) in order to develop, on the RCC-MRx basis, the European code for the design and fabrication of mechanical equipments for ESNII innovative nuclear installations. This CEN Workshop (whose duration is 18 months, from January 2011) will allow the Workshop members to consider the RCC-MRx 2010 and to propose modifications to be included in the RCC-MRx 2012 edition to meet the needs of MYRRHA and ASTRID projects and to prepare the design and construction of ALFRED and ALLEGRO. This paper presents the code evolutions from the 2007 edition of the RCC-MR and describes the organization of the Workshop.

The paper will cover the general approach followed by nuclear code RCC-M [1] of AFCEN, the French Society for Design, Construction and In-Service Inspection Rules for Nuclear Island Components, in codes and standards setting, from the technical and organizational points of views. The latest issue of RCC-M code edited in beginning of 2017 will be explained and commented. Main new topics of activity of RCC-M subcommittee will be also addressed: improvement in nonlinear analysis methods, technical qualification of active equipment, material and manufacturing techniques changes, principles of demonstration of code conformity with regulation, comparison with other codes and standards. The presentation highlights how the industrial experience is currently integrated into the RCC-M codes, and how code members had demonstrated the conformity with European essential safety requirements for pressure equipment. Processes for updates, interpretations and inquiries will be also addressed.

Abstract Many organizations perform component and equipment testing to ensure that parts in various applications and environments are robust and will operate reliably in the field. In addition, failure analyses are often performed to identify the cause of failures resulting from device testing and/or field usage. The Reliability Analysis Center (RAC) Data Sharing Consortium (DSC) accumulates data from these sources and assembles this data into a repository accessible to its members. This article discusses the purpose of the DSC, the benefits of DSC, and the data sharing agreement. It presents a list of organizations who are members of the DSC consortium and of organizations which are in the process of reviewing membership requirements. RAC's mission, the awards it has received, and its efforts towards developing and maintaining effective DoD systems are also covered.

AFCEN is a French Standard Development Organization which publishes codes for design, construction and in-service inspection rules for Pressurized Water Reactors. The fields covered by theses codes are mechanical components, in-service surveillance of mechanical components, electrical equipments, nuclear fuel, civil works and fire protection. AFCEN was initially founded by electric utility EDF and nuclear steam supply system manufacturer FRAMATOME. AFCEN has more than 60 institutional members, representing more than 650 experts who contribute to the development and continuous improvement of codes. The RCC-C code, which is dedicated to PWR fuel assemblies and associated core components, set forth generic requirements to be fulfilled by the suppliers and by the manufacturers for the design justifications and for the manufacturing and inspection operations of PWR fuel assemblies and rod cluster control assemblies. The RCC-C is intended to be used in the frame of contractual relations between a customer (nuclear operator) and a nuclear fuel supplier. The first edition was published in 1981. Over the years, many changes have been made to the original text but the structure hasn’t been much modified. Because of this, the text was becoming less coherent for the users and was lacking also minimal explanations. A redesign of the code was scheduled for the 2015 edition to address those problems. With the involvement of fuel vendors FRAMATOME, WESTINGHOUSE, and French nuclear operator EDF, the text was restructured and clarified. New requirements were implemented and the set of both design and manufacturing rules was strengthened to reflect fuel vendors’ practices and operator expectations. This article explains the main modifications that were implemented since the 2015 edition, and also outlines the prospects for future changes taking into account the latest regulatory requirements and evolutions of the industrial practices.

The paper focuses on regional competitiveness in relation to the level of digitization putted by the Regional Digitization Index (RDI), which was created by the authors of this paper. This index is inspired by the internationally recognized Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), which compares the level of the digital economy of the EU member states. However, it does not enable to identify interregional disparities in the process of the territory digitization. The aim of the paper is to compare regional competitiveness, determined by the Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI), and the level of digitization expressed by the Regional Digitization Index. The research question is whether a higher RDI value implies a higher RCI level. The emphasis is given especially on regions defined according to the EUROSTAT methodology (2018) as predominantly rural, i.e., Plzeňský, Jihočeský, Vysočina and Pardubický regions. The results, except for the Capital City of Prague, do not confirm this implication, especially if we focus on predominantly rural regions. According to the RCI, Plzeňský and Vysočina regions belong to the regions with high dynamics of development and Pardubický and Jihočeský regions to the regions with average dynamics of development. According to the RDI, Pardubický, Vysočina and Jihočeský regions rank among regions with lower dynamics of digital development and the Plzeňský region falls into the "worst" group of regions with problematic development of digitization.

Our paper aims to quantify levels of competitiveness of the selected Commonwealth of Independent States countries(Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine) and Turkey in vegetables and fruit sector and sub-sectors during the 1995-2012 period with respect to world market. Because only these CIS countries have prolonged annual data for vegetables and fruit sector in this period, these countries are selected for our paper. Our paper uses export and import data obtained from UNCTAD database and the data set covers the period of 1995 to 2012. To investigate competitiveness of these five countries five indexes are calculated: The Relative Comparative Advantage Index (RCA), The Relative Export Advantage Index (RXA), The Relative Import Penetration Index (RMP), The Relative Trade Advantage Index (RTA) and The Revealed Competitiveness (RC). Our findings indicate that Moldova and Turkey have high comparative advantage in vegetables and fruit sector than Belarus, Russia and Ukraine with respect to the world market. The comparative advantage level of Turkey has decreasing trend during the 1995-2012 period. The import penetration of Moldova has been higher level than Turkey which can be said as her rival.

Using wind speeds and sea ice fields from the EC-Earth global climate model to run the WAVEWATCH III model, we investigate the changes in the wave climate of the northeast Atlantic by the end of the 21st century. Changes in wave climate parameters are related to changes in wind forcing both locally and remotely. In particular, we are interested in the behavior of large-scale atmospheric oscillations and their influence on the wave climate of the North Atlantic Ocean. Knowing that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is related to large-scale atmospheric circulation, we carried out a correlation analysis of the NAO pattern using an ensemble of EC-Earth global climate simulations. These simulations include historical periods (1980–2009) and projected changes (2070–2099) by the end of the century under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) forcing scenarios with three members in each RCP wave model ensemble. In addition, we analysed the correlations between the NAO and a range of wave parameters that describe the wave climate from EC-Earth driven WAVEWATCH III model simulation over the North Atlantic basin, focusing on a high resolution two-way nested grid over the northeast Atlantic. The results show a distinct decrease by the end of the century and a strong positive correlation with the NAO for all wave parameters observed.

In recent years, security has become a big issue for many applications to defend attacks from intruders. Exchanging credentials in plaintext might expose it to stealers. Many techniques are required to protect the data of the consumers from attackers. Cryptography has come up with a solution to provide security for the users to exchange data securely by the means of the process called as Encryption/ Decryption. In this field, there are basically two techniques of cryptography i.e Symmetric and asymmetric, developed to achieve a secure connection between the sender and receiver. These techniques provide specific goals in maintaining privacy by converting original message to non-readable form and sends it over a communication channel. The unauthorized members try to break the non-readable form but the difficulty depends upon the techniques that were used to encrypt the data. In this paper, we proposed a quadruple encryption algorithm consists of novel phase-shift algorithm, AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), TwoFish and RC4 and making it hard to attack by common methods.

Review question / Objective: Acupoint catgut embedding and drug treatment of hyperlipidemia compared, which is better. Condition being studied: Hyperlipidemia. Information sources: Two authors (JL and CZ) will examine the publications independently and extract data according to predefined criteria. RCTs will be assessed for the methodology, study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and outcome measures. The methodological quality of each RCT will be recorded for method of randomization, blinding, protocol violation, and allocation concealment Any disagreement will be resolved by consensus discussions with the senior member of the review team (XP W). Data to collect includes intervention and control measures, measured outcomes and statistical significant difference with regards to chewing gum.

Review question / Objective: Can acupoint catgut embedding alleviate postoperative pain of mixed hemorrhoids? Condition being studied: Mixed hemorrhoids. Information sources: Two authors (JL and CZ) will examine the publications independently and extract data according to predefined criteria. RCTs will be assessed for the methodology, study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and outcome measures. The methodological quality of each RCT will be recorded for method of randomization, blinding, protocol violation, and allocation concealment Any disagreement will be resolved by consensus discussions with the senior member of the review team (MJX and YLC). Data to collect includes intervention and control measures, measured outcomes and statistical significant difference with regards to chewing gum.

This paper draws overarching conclusions based on a synthesis of previously published case studies that examined the impact of EU military training missions (EUTMs) in Somalia (EUTM Somalia, 2010–), Mali (EUTM Mali, 2013–), the Central African Republic (CAR) (EUTM RCA, 2016–). It concludes that EUTMs are relevant niche operations. Despite difficult circumstances beyond the control of the missions, EUTM training and advisory efforts have increased the effectiveness of partner armed forces. While these gains have been marginal in CAR and Somalia, they have been a bit more pronounced in Mali. Yet, broader security sector reform and defence sector reform efforts to improve the accountability and governance of defence and security sectors have become bogged down. The main challenge is that EUTMs are generally mandated to implement largely technical and tactical agendas in contexts where the ongoing armed conflict and the politics of the security sector are not conducive to building professional national security forces. As a consequence EUTMs find themselves caught up in interlinked and partially overlapping dilemmas. This study concludes with seven partly overlapping recommendations to EU member states and to EUTMs to address the main limitations that are restricting the impact of the missions.

This report presents the results of vegetation monitoring efforts in 2022 at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument (AGFO) by the Northern Great Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network (NGPN) and the Northern Great Plains Fire Ecology Program (NGPFire). This was the tenth year of combined monitoring efforts. In 2022, crew members from NGPN visited 6 long-term plant community monitoring (PCM) plots to collect data on the upland mixed-grass prairie plant communities at AGFO. This work is part of a long-term monitoring program established to better understand the condition of the vegetation community and how it changes over time. NGPN staff collected species richness, herb-layer height, native and non-native species abundance, ground cover, and site disturbance data at each plot. The NGPFire crew visited an additional 11 PCM and Fire Plant Community Monitoring (FPCM) plots in the North Carnegie, River-North, River-Middle, and River-South Burn Units to better understand the effects of prescribed fire on vegetation. In 2012, NGPN began monitoring plots within the riparian corridor of the Niobrara River. This year, NGPN evaluated 12 riparian community monitoring (RCM) plots. In 2022, the monitoring crews identified 130 unique plant species in 29 monitoring plots. Of these species, 29 are exotic species for the park. We observed two species, Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) and musk thistle (Carduus nutans), that are noxious in the state of Nebraska. Pale yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus), an exotic species of concern for the park, was observed at 8 of the 13 RCM plots monitored. The majority of upland and riparian plots had more native than exotic absolute cover. The most commonly observed disturbance was soil disturbance.

Bombus terrestris constitute important pollinators of greenhouse crops. In Israel the species utilized is, whose colonies are reared commercially. This is a primitively social species with a particular colony development. It encompasses two social phases: a eusocial phase in which the queen dominates reproduction, and a competition phase in which workers compete with the queen for the parentage of males. These workers are distinguished by accelerated ovarian development, high production of JH, and elevated levels of dopamine in the brain. Queen-worker conflict is also manifested in overt aggression among all members of the nest. High aggression is correlated with dominance status of the bees and is also correlated with octopamine levels in the brain. After verifying that JH III is the only JH produced by the bees and validating the assay for its measurements (RCA & RIA), we used JH as an indicator of worker reproduction. Queens taken from colonies both before and after the competition phase were equally effective in inhibiting worker reproduction. Moreover, there is only a narrow window, around the competition point, in which workers may have the opportunity to initiate reproduction. Before that point they are inhibited by the dominant queen, while after that point both the queen and those workers with accelerated ovarian development exert strong inhibition on worker nest mates. Thus, "queen dominance deterioration" is not the primary cause in eliciting the queen-worker conflict. Queens convey their presence by means of a chemical signal that is extractable in organic solvent and that is normally spread on the cuticle. Total body extract and body washes, applied on dead virgin queens, were able to inhibit the release of JHin vitro in queenless workers. However, none of the prominent exocrine gland investigated mimicked this function. It is possible that the source of the putative pheromone is an unknown gland, or that it emanates from an assembly of glands. Chemical analyses of the prominent glands revealed a plethora of compounds the function of which should be further investigated. Understanding the social behavior of B. terrestris paves the way to facilitate colony manipulation and to adjust the colonies for specific pollination requirements.

Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish & read, read & publish, read & free articles, read & discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish & read, read & publish, read & free articles, read & discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.

Achieving high income levels require dedicated efforts, vision, and determination. This publication shares the successes of four high-income APO member economies - Japan, ROC, Singapore, and ROK. It analyzes their industrial evolution, government policies, and success factors in achieving high income status. Each member economy offers unique lessons that can guide others in breaking away from middle-income traps and transitioning to high income.