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Статті в журналах з теми "Rayleigh charge"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 29 березня 2025

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1

Post, Scott L., and Rory L. Roten. "A Review of the Effects of Droplet Size and Flow Rate on the Chargeability of Spray Droplets in Electrostatic Agricultural Sprays." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 4 (2018): 1243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12516.

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Abstract. The chargeability of liquid sprays is an important factor in determining the deposition efficiency of electrostatic pesticide sprays. The Rayleigh limit provides information on the maximum amount of charge a spray droplet can carry as a function of droplet size and liquid properties. This article reviews the literature to determine what fraction of the Rayleigh limit is achievable. Typically, less than 10% of the Rayleigh limit charge is obtained. The droplet charge per unit mass decreases with increasing droplet size and liquid flow rate. A correlation equation is derived from published data to predict spray droplet charge per unit mass from droplet size, flow rate, and charging voltage. Keywords: Droplet size, Electrostatic charging, Spray drift, Sprayers, Ultra-low volume spraying.

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2

Airey, M. W., R. G. Harrison, K. L. Aplin, C. Pfrang, and B. McGinness. "Electrical effects on droplet behaviour." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2702, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2702/1/012015.

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Abstract The effect of charge on water droplets modulates various aspects of their behaviour. These include the droplet stability, evaporation, and lifetime. Microphysical models have been developed such that a reasonably good understanding of these processes has been achieved. However, the specific effects of charge deserve further scrutiny as they are an intrinsic component of the factors controlling droplet characteristics. Describing the effects of these requires an understanding of the electrostatic pressure present in the droplet and its surface tension. One way to test these effects and assess droplet response to charge is to take an experimental approach to make observations directly. In this study, individual droplets are levitated in an acoustic wave to allow isolated measurements to be taken. The droplets are monitored using a CCD camera with a microscope objective lens. In some cases, with sufficient charge present, effects on droplet stability can be observed as Rayleigh explosions, where a sudden drop in mass is seen superimposed on the evaporation profile. These events also allow the charge on the droplet to be calculated, which is then compared with the droplet evaporation. Another factor that plays a part in droplet behaviour is droplet composition. Different substances have different surface tension, and this is explored by performing some experiments on sulphuric acid droplets. Theory predicts that the more highly charged a droplet is, the more resistant to evaporation it becomes. Experimental data collected during this study agrees with this, with more highly charged droplets observed to have slower evaporation rates. However, highly charged drops were also observed to periodically become unstable during evaporation and undergo Rayleigh explosions. Each instability of a highly charged drop removes mass, reducing the overall droplet lifetime regardless of the slower evaporation rate. The sulphuric acid droplets were observed to be much more resistant to evaporation and no Rayleigh instabilities were observed.

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3

Novo, Carolina, and Paul Mulvaney. "Charge-Induced Rayleigh Instabilities In Small Gold Rods." Nano Letters 7, no. 2 (February 2007): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl062649t.

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4

Singh, Baljeet, Asha Sangwan, and Jagdish Singh. "Nonlocal effects on Rayleigh-type surface wave in a micropolar piezoelectric medium." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 44, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/16539.

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The properties of Rayleigh-type surface wave in a linear, homogeneous and transversely isotropic nonlocal micropolar piezoelectric solid half-space are explored. Dispersion relations for Rayleigh-type surface wave are derived for both charge free and electrically shorted cases. Using an algorithm of iteration method in MATLAB software, the wave speed of Rayleigh wave is computed for relevant material constants. The effects of nonlocality, angular frequency, micropolarity and piezoelectricity are illustrated graphically on the propagation speed of Rayleigh wave.

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5

Basavaraju, G., Lynn Kissel, John C. Parker, R. H. Pratt, S. C. Roy, and S. K. Sen Gupta. "Rayleigh scattering by atomic ions of low nuclear charge." Physical Review A 34, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 1905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.34.1905.

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6

Tung, Do Xuan. "Dispersion equation of Rayleigh waves in transversely isotropic nonlocal piezoelastic solids half-space." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 41, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/14621.

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This study is devoted to investigate the propagation of Rayleigh-type waves in transversely isotropic nonlocal piezoelastic half-space. When the stress-free boundary is maintained at charge-free condition, the dispersion equation for the propagation of Rayleigh waves at the free surface of transversely isotropic piezoelastic solids has been obtained. Based on the obtained dispersion equation, the effect of the nonlocality on the speed of Rayleigh wave is numerically considered. The dependence of velocities of plane waves in transversely isotropic nonlocal piezoelastic medium on the direction of propagation as well as non-dimensional frequency parameter has been also illustrated.

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7

Wang, C. H., J. N. Woodford, C. Zhang, and L. R. Dalton. "Resonant and nonresonant hyper–Rayleigh scattering of charge-transfer chromophores." Journal of Applied Physics 89, no. 8 (April 15, 2001): 4209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1354636.

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8

Akrour, Dalila, Mohamed Issam Elkhazen, Walid Hassen, Karim Kriaa, Chemseddine Maatki, Bilel Hadrich, and Lioua Kolsi. "Numerical Investigation of the Electro-Thermo Convection in an Inclined Cavity Filled with a Dielectric Fluid." Processes 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2023): 2506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082506.

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The present work is a numerical analysis of electro-thermo convection, occurring in a square differentially heated cavity filled with a dielectric fluid. The cavity experiences the combined effects of viscous, electrical, and thermal forces. The equations modelling the physical problem are solved via the finite volume approach. The study focuses on the effect of cavity tilt on the fluid flow structure and thermal performance inside the enclosure under the action of an electric field. A parametric study was performed, where the tilt angle is getting varied between 0° and 90°, as well as the Rayleigh number (5000 ≤ Ra ≤ 250,000) and the electric field (0 ≤ T ≤ 800). Furthermore, the electric charge injection level C, the mobility M and the Prandtl Pr numbers were all adjusted to a value of 10. The obtained results demonstrate that the hydrodynamic and thermal fields are significantly impacted by the cavity inclination. In addition, regardless of the thermal Rayleigh’s number, high electric field values could govern fluid movement through electric forces. Electro-convection typically demonstrates an oscillating flow due to the tilting of the cavity which gives rise to a bicellular regime occupying the entire cavity. A correlation has been established to estimate heat transfer by considering various system parameters such as cavity inclination, electrical Rayleigh number, and thermal Rayleigh number.

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9

Langdon-Arms, Samuel, Michael Gschwendtner, and Martin Neumaier. "Rayleigh-Taylor instability in oscillating liquid pistons." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 4 (April 27, 2018): 1236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218768836.

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In this study, an experimental apparatus is used to excite four U-tube-shaped liquid pistons connected in series, and to study their behaviour. Some of the gas spaces are heated to induce piston oscillations; in others, gas expansion is utilised to produce a refrigeration effect. It was discovered that the liquid piston surface would become unstable and turbulent at relatively low gas charge pressures (2 bar–3 bar). Cylindrical polyethylene floats were employed at each piston surface in order to reduce the area of the free surface of each piston and allow experiments to be conducted over a wide range of operating conditions. Experiments were carried out using gas charge pressures in the range of 1 bar–6 bar. The resulting liquid piston oscillations were measured and analysed to assess the impact of any developing piston instability. Evidence of a liquid piston acceleration limit, likely resulting from the Rayleigh-Taylor instability phenomenon, is consistently observed during the experiments. The use of submerged polyethylene piston floats is found to increase the surface stability and enable maximum accelerations of 25 ms−2 to 30 ms−2.

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10

Wang, Xiaoyi, Wenyu Hu, Yang Qiu, Yi Huang, Xueqing Wang, Min Xu, Jian Ma, et al. "Directional charge transportation and Rayleigh scattering for the optimal in-band quantum yield of a composite semiconductor nano-photocatalyst." Catalysis Science & Technology 11, no. 11 (2021): 3855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy02316g.

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The work propose a novel technique based on wavelength dispersive in situ photoluminescence spectroscopy for diagnosing the wavelength dependent directional charge transportation and Rayleigh scattering enhanced in-band quantum yield.

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11

Duez, Quentin, Haidy Metwally, and Lars Konermann. "Electrospray Ionization of Polypropylene Glycol: Rayleigh-Charged Droplets, Competing Pathways, and Charge State-Dependent Conformations." Analytical Chemistry 90, no. 16 (July 19, 2018): 9912–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02115.

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12

Blanco, R., L. Pesquera, and J. L. Jimenez. "Classical extended charge subjected to linear forces and Rayleigh-Jeans radiation." Physical Review D 34, no. 2 (July 15, 1986): 452–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.34.452.

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13

Davis, E. J., and M. A. Bridges. "The rayleigh limit of charge revisited: light scattering from exploding droplets." Journal of Aerosol Science 25, no. 6 (September 1994): 1179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(94)90208-9.

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14

Gawande, Neha, Y. S. Mayya, and Rochish Thaokar. "Effect of conductivity on the mechanism of charge ejection in Rayleigh breakup of a charged drop." Journal of Electrostatics 117 (May 2022): 103720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2022.103720.

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15

Benedek, G., G. Brusdeylins, F. Hofmann, P. Ruggerone, J. P. Toennies, R. Vollmer, and J. G. Skofronick. "Strong coupling of Rayleigh phonons to charge density waves in 1T-TaS2." Surface Science 304, no. 1-2 (March 1994): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(94)90763-3.

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16

Singh, Baljeet, and Ritu Sindhu. "Rotational Effects on Propagation of Rayleigh Wave in a Micropolar Piezoelectric Medium." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jtam-2018-0012.

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Abstract In this paper, the governing equations of a linear, homogeneous and transversely isotropic rotating micropolar piezoelectric medium are solved for surface wave solutions. The appropriate solutions satisfying the radiation conditions are obtained in a half-space. These solutions are applied to suitable boundary conditions at the free surface of the half-space. A frequency equation for Rayleigh wave is obtained for both charge free and electrically shorted cases. Using iteration method, the non-dimensional wave speed of Rayleigh wave is computed for relevant material constants modelling the medium. The effects of rotation, piezoelectricity, frequency and material parameters are observed graphically on the propagation speed.

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17

Degtyarev, A. V., M. M. Dubinin, V. O. Maslov, K. I. Muntean, and O. O. Svystunov. "Tight focusing of terahertz vortex beams formed by laser dielectric resonator." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 27, no. 03 (September 20, 2024): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo27.03.328.

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Wave characteristics of vortex laser beams during their tight focusing have been theoretically studied. The Rayleigh–Sommerfeld theory was used to describe propagation in free space of laser beams excited by the modes of a waveguide dielectric resonator. It is shown that at the topological charge of the spiral phase plate n = 0, the studied EH11 mode has a maximum of radiation intensity on the axis. Introduction of a topological charge leads to the appearance of a minimum of radiation intensity on the axis as well as to the increase in the size of the focal spot. However, for the TE01 mode with the topological charges n = 0 and n = 2, the intensity distribution retains a ring shape, while at n = 1 the beam profile turns into the Gaussian-like one. The wave front in the focal region of the lens for the components of the EH11 and TE01 modes transforms from spherical to spiral one with increasing the topological charge.

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18

Shen, Tao, Ming Yan, and Thomas T. Y. Wong. "Charge Polarization and Current Distribution in a Conductive Particle in the Rayleigh Region." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 61, no. 8 (August 2013): 4229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2013.2259571.

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19

De Freitas, Karen C. B. "Resolving the Discrepancies Between Empirical and Rayleigh Charge Limiting Models for Globular Proteins." Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry 29, no. 10 (July 24, 2018): 2059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13361-018-2025-8.

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20

Elshehawey, Elsayed F. "Intervals of electrohydrodynamic Rayleigh-Taylor instability: A normal periodic field producing surface charge." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 40, no. 7 (July 1990): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01606013.

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21

Elkhazen, Mohamed Issam, Dalila Akrour, Walid Hassen, Mohammed A. Almeshaal, Murugesan Palaniappan, Karim Choubani, and Nidhal Hnaien. "Effect of an Adiabatic Obstacle on the Symmetry of the Temperature, Flow, and Electric Charge Fields during Electrohydrodynamic Natural Convection." Symmetry 16, no. 6 (June 18, 2024): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16060761.

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This study explores the impact of an adiabatic obstacle on the symmetry of temperature, flow, and electric charge fields during electrohydrodynamic (EHD) natural convection. The configuration studied involves a square, differentially heated cavity with an adiabatic obstacle subjected to a destabilizing thermal gradient and a potential difference between horizontal walls. A numerical analysis was performed using the finite volume method combined with Patankar’s “blocked-off-regions” technique, employing an in-house FORTRAN code. The study covers a range of dimensionless electrical Rayleigh numbers (0 to 700) and thermal Rayleigh numbers (102 to 105), with various obstacle positions. Key findings indicate that while the obstacle reduces heat transfer, this can be counterbalanced by electric field effects, achieving up to 165% local heat transfer improvement and 100% average enhancement. Depending on the obstacle’s position and size, convective transfer can increase by 27% or decrease by 21%. The study introduces five multiparametric mathematical correlations for rapid Nusselt number determination, applicable to numerous engineering scenarios. This work uniquely combines passive (adiabatic obstacle) and active (electric field) techniques to control heat transfer, providing new insights into the flow behaviour and charge distribution in electro-thermo-hydrodynamic systems.

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22

Veklenko, Boris Alexandrovich. "Quantum Character of Electromagnetic Langmuir Oscillations in Conventional Electron-Ion Plasma." International Journal of Optics 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/648741.

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It is shown that the low-temperature plasma near-thermodynamic equilibrium cannot be classical because of a quantum nature of the longitudinal electromagnetic field and electron interaction with Rayleigh-Jeans distribution of Langmuir waves. The theory requires introduction of a dimensionless quantum charge whose value is greater than unity leading to a liquid-like behavior of the plasma.

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23

Guan, Yifei, Steven L. Brunton, and Igor Novosselov. "Sparse nonlinear models of chaotic electroconvection." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 8 (August 2021): 202367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202367.

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Convection is a fundamental fluid transport phenomenon, where the large-scale motion of a fluid is driven, for example, by a thermal gradient or an electric potential. Modelling convection has given rise to the development of chaos theory and the reduced-order modelling of multiphysics systems; however, these models have been limited to relatively simple thermal convection phenomena. In this work, we develop a reduced-order model for chaotic electroconvection at high electric Rayleigh number. The chaos in this system is related to the standard Lorenz model obtained from Rayleigh–Benard convection, although our system is driven by a more complex three-way coupling between the fluid, the charge density, and the electric field. Coherent structures are extracted from temporally and spatially resolved charge density fields via proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). A nonlinear model is then developed for the chaotic time evolution of these coherent structures using the sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (SINDy) algorithm, constrained to preserve the symmetries observed in the original system. The resulting model exhibits the dominant chaotic dynamics of the original high-dimensional system, capturing the essential nonlinear interactions with a simple reduced-order model.

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24

Bouras, Adelkrim, Djedid Taloub, Ali Chamkha, and Zied Driss. "Evaluation of thermal conductivity using nanofluids to improve the cooling of high voltage transformers." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2024): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci230320067b.

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This paper was written to demonstrate the value of using nanofluids for cooling high-power transformers while also providing current techniques for business and academia. A numerical analysis of the improvement caused by the cooling of a high-voltage transformer using nanofluids has been done. A tank with a temperature source inside and a charge of mineral oil-barium titanate nanoparticles is used to study natural convection. This study investigates the effects of variables on the thermal efficiency of the tank, including the thermal Rayleigh number and volume fraction. The results show that quenching varies with low and high Rayleigh thermal numbers and depends on the volume percentage of used nanoparticles. The effects were illustrated in thermal transfer rate representations as functions of the thermal Rayleigh number (Rat = 103 and 106) and the solid volume particle from the nanoparticles (0 ? ? < 10%). The findings showed that improving the solid volume particle of the nanoparticles by 10% causes the fluid being utilized to become more effectively conductive, which improves the rate of heat transfer by roughly 10% when compared to the case of the base fluid.

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25

Wu, Jian-Zhao, Bo-Fu Wang, Zhi-Ming Lu, and Quan Zhou. "The heat transfer enhancement by unipolar charge injection in a rectangular Rayleigh–Bénard convection." AIP Advances 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 015212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0076411.

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26

Wyczółkowski, Rafał. "Analysis of components effecting free convection intensity in steel rectangular sections." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0024.

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Abstract Free convection is one of the heat transfer modes which occurs within the heat-treated bundles of steel rectangular section. A comprehensive study of this phenomenon is necessary for optimizing the heating process of this type of charge. The free convection intensity is represented by the Rayleigh number Ra. The value of this criterion depends on the following parameters: the mean section temperature, temperature difference within the section, kinematic coefficient of viscosity, volume expansion coefficient and the Prandtl number. The paper presents the analysis of the impact of these factors on free convection in steel rectangular sections. The starting point for this analysis were the results of experimental examinations. It was found that the highest intensity of this process occurs for the temperature of 100 °C. This is mainly caused by changes in the temperature difference observed in the area of sections and changes in kinematic coefficient of viscosity of air. The increase in the value of the Rayleigh number criterion at the initial stage is attributable to changes in the parameter of temperature difference within the section. After exceeding 100 °C, the main effect on convection is from changes in air viscosity. Thus, with further increase in temperature, the Rayleigh number starts to decline rapidly despite further rise in the difference in temperature.

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27

Artem’ev, A. A., A. G. Khrapak, and I. T. Yakubov. "Multi-electron states in small dielectric particles." Soviet Journal of Low Temperature Physics 11, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 555–60. https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0031369.

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The physical properties of multi-electron bubbles in liquid helium and small condensed dielectric particles are studied theoretically. It is shown that the strong electrostatic repulsion between electrons gives rise to the formation of a two-dimensional Wigner crystal. The correlation between electrons on the surface of a particle is taken into account. The conditions of Rayleigh stability of a bubble are discussed. The maximum equilibrium charge of dielectric particles is determined.

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28

Bartoli, F., and R. Philippy. "The colloidal stability of variable-charge mineral suspensions." Clay Minerals 22, no. 1 (March 1987): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1987.022.1.08.

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AbstractA method of analysing the colloidal stability of variable-charge mineral suspensions as a function of pH is described, which combines light scattering with soluble element and surface charge measurements. The absorbance of the suspensions closely follows the A = k−m equation, where m = −dlgA/dlgλ is an aggregate light-scattering index which is inversely related to the limiting sedimentation speed v = dA600nm/dt. Usually, suspensions of variable-charge minerals scatter less near their point of zero charge where the aggregation process is a maximum, in contrast to environments where they are charged and well-dispersed. Although the morphology of goethite is that of elongated needles, kaolinite plates, and imogolite tubes, the coalesced sphere approach of the Mie theory allows rapid correlation of the absorbance at 600 nm with aggregate-size distribution, indirectly measured by the light- scattering aggregate-size index m confirmed by electron microscopy experiments. Kaolinite and goethite suspensions obey the diffraction scattering law with a variation in size of 2–20 µm from the dispersed to the aggregated particles. Imogolite and alumina gel suspensions possibly obey the anomalous diffraction scattering law and are present as 0·05–1 µm aggregates of their 50–100 Å structural units. Silica gel and the more dispersed imogolite suspensions possibly obey the anomalous Rayleigh scattering law with a variation of aggregate size from 700–3000 Å.

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29

Liu, Qing Ye, Hao Ying Zhai, and Ai Hui Liang. "Spectral Properties of K₂PtCl₆-KI-Protein Associated Particle Systems and its Application to Resonance Scattering Spectral Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.552.

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In suitable pH value of Walpole buffer solution and in the presence of surfactant Triton X-10 and alcohol, PtCl62- reacts with I- to form PtI62-. By means of the electrostatic and hydrophobic forces, proteins with positive charge, such as human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), human immunoglobulin (IgG) and ovalbumin (OVA), associates with PtI62- to form stable [protein-(PtI6)n]m association particles which cause substantial enhancement of Rayleigh scattering and interface fluorescence. They produce three Rayleigh scattering peaks at 330 nm, 420 nm and 464 nm and a resonance scattering peak at 580 nm, among which the strongest peak is at 464 nm. The four kinds of protein association particle system all exhibit a strong fluorescence peak at 466 nm, while the HSA fluorescence peak at 360 nm was quenched with the formation of the association particle. The cause of the Rayleigh scattering peaks of the association particle system was considered in detail, and the relationship between the Rayleigh scattering and fluorescence of the association particle (the means diameter is about 470 nm) and the fluorescence quenching of HSA was interpreted. Under the optimal experimental conditions, there is a good linear relationship between the scattering intensity (I464 nm) and protein concentration in the range of 0.05~25μg/mL HSA, 0.05~25μg/mL BSA, 0.3~30μg/mL IgG and 0.1~16μg/mL OVA respectively, with a detection limit of 20 ng/mL HSA, 26 ng/mL BSA, 40 ng/mL IgG and 70 ng/mL OVA. This assay has been applied to the determination of the albumin of human serum samples with satisfactory results.

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30

Gusev, V., and L. Makarova. "Rayleigh-type surface acoustic wave piezoexcitation by optical generation of the charge carriers in semiconductors." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 23, no. 11 (November 14, 1990): 1350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/23/11/003.

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31

Woodford, J. N., C. H. Wang, and Alex K. Y. Jen. "Dispersion of the first molecular hyperpolarizability of charge-transfer chromophores studied by hyper-Rayleigh scattering." Chemical Physics 271, no. 1-2 (September 2001): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0104(01)00430-x.

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32

Grigin, A. P., and A. P. Shapovalov. "Influence of space charge on the critical rayleigh number in a solution with concentration polarization." Fluid Dynamics 22, no. 5 (1988): 660–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01051684.

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33

Hemdal, Stina. "Characterization of stratified fuel distribution and charge mixing in a DISI engine using Rayleigh scattering." Combustion and Flame 193 (July 2018): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.03.020.

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34

Pandey, Ravindra, Sampa Ghosh, S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Ramasesha, and Puspendu K. Das. "Geometry and quadratic nonlinearity of charge transfer complexes in solution using depolarized hyper-Rayleigh scattering." Journal of Chemical Physics 134, no. 4 (January 28, 2011): 044533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3514922.

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35

Dai, Shiqun, Jiayao Zhang, Weidong Jia, Mingxiong Ou, Huitao Zhou, Xiang Dong, Hong Chen, Ming Wang, Yu Chen, and Shuai Yang. "Experimental Study on the Droplet Size and Charge-to-Mass Ratio of an Air-Assisted Electrostatic Nozzle." Agriculture 12, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060889.

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An air-assisted electrostatic nozzle uses a combination of air-assisted atomization and electrostatic spray technology. This article optimizes the existing air-assisted electrostatic nozzles in terms of structural design to obtain a higher charge-to-mass ratio and a smaller droplet size. The optimized air-assisted electrostatic nozzle was studied experimentally, and the effects of liquid pressure, air pressure and applied voltage on the droplet size and charge-to-mass ratio were investigated. Comparing the effects of air pressure, liquid pressure and applied voltage on the charge-to-mass ratio and droplet size, the relationship curves of the droplet size and charge-to-mass ratio under each voltage were fitted using the Rayleigh charge limit theory. For a higher CMR during the spray operation, applied voltages between 2.5 kV and 3 kV, an air pressure between 0.4 bar and 0.6 bar, and a liquid pressure of less than 0.9 bar could be chosen. The optimized air-assisted electrostatic nozzles not only have small droplets but also have high charge-to-mass ratios, reducing the need for pesticide use and thus protecting human health and the environment.

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36

CLAYS, KOEN. "MOLECULAR NONLINEAR OPTICS: FROM PARA-NITROANILINE TO ELECTROCHEMICAL SWITCHING OF THE HYPERPOLARIZABILITY." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 12, no. 04 (December 2003): 475–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863503001596.

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Molecular nonlinear optics describes the nonlinear optical properties of materials at the molecular level. At this most fundamental level, the nonlinear response can be described in terms of molecular parameters, such as number of polarizable electrons, non-centrosymmetric substitution by electron-donor or electron-accepting groups, molecular conformation, position of charge, or degree of charge transfer. We recount the shifts in molecular paradigms for second-order nonlinear optics, largely based on the instrumental possibilities offered to experimentally determine the nonlinear response. We start at the shift from the dipolar paradigm to the octopolar one, initiated by the possibilities of hyper-Rayleigh scattering, and end with the perspectives recently offered by electrochemical switching of the second-order nonlinear optical response at the molecular level.

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37

Wang, Shaohua, Yue Yang, and Konghui Guo. "An Improved Recursive Total Least Squares Estimation of Capacity for Electric Vehicle Lithium-Iron Phosphate Batteries." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (June 20, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9359076.

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A battery’s capacity is an important indicator of its state of health and determines the maximum cruising range of electric vehicles. It is also a crucial piece of information for helping improve state of charge (SOC) estimation, health prognosis, and other related tasks in the battery management system (BMS). In this paper, we propose an improved recursive total least squares approach to online capacity estimation, which is based on the constrained Rayleigh quotient in terms of battery capacity. This approach accounts for errors in both the SOC and accumulated current measurements not traditionally considered in the battery capacity model to give an unbiased estimation. Moreover, the forgetting factor, updated by minimizing the Rayleigh quotient of the capacity estimation model, is applied to track the changes in the model and get a more precise estimation of the capacity. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm is validated via simulation and experimental studies on lithium-iron phosphate batteries. The estimation results show that the proposed algorithm improves capacity estimation accuracy.

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38

Blanco, R. "Classical dynamics of an extended charge subjected to a linear force field and Rayleigh-Jeans radiation for a wide class of charge distributions." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 20, no. 17 (December 1, 1987): 5899–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/20/17/023.

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39

Wainaina, Patrick, Musa Njue, and Wilson Ogola. "Numerical model to optimize the refrigerant charge for maximum refrigeration capacity." Thermal Science 17, no. 4 (2013): 989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci110428081w.

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Refrigeration systems require optimal amount of refrigerant for maximum system performance. Undercharged or overcharged systems experience reduced efficiency and accessories deterioration. Optimal amount of refrigerant to be charged in a refrigeration system depends on the physical and thermal dynamic properties of the evaporator and the refrigerant. This paper presents formulation of a numerical model that can be used in determination of optimal amount of refrigerant charged in a system for maximum cooling rate as hence maximum system performance. Rayleigh?s method of dimensional analysis was used obtain the relationship between the maximum cooling rates of direct expansion evaporators as a function of thermodynamic properties of refrigerant R-134a, Different sizes of evaporator were fitted in the refrigeration system and charged with systematically varying amount of refrigerant until a maximum cooling rate was determined. The variation of pressures and temperatures both at the inlet and exit of the evaporator were observed and analyzed. The cooling rate of the numerical model formulated was compared with the cooling rate the actual physical refrigeration system. A t-test of 95% confidence interval indicated no significance difference between the numerical model, and the physical refrigeration system.

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40

Civelek, Cem. "Analysis of a coupled physical discrete time system by means of extended Euler-Lagrange difference equation and discrete dissipative canonical equation." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, no. 6 (October 24, 2019): 1810–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-04-2019-0163.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is the application of the following concepts to the time discrete form. Variational Calculus, potential and kinetic energies, velocity proportional Rayleigh dissipation function, the Lagrange and Hamilton formalisms, extended Hamiltonians and Poisson brackets are all defined and applied for time-continuous physical processes. Such processes are not always time-continuously observable; they are also sometimes time-discrete. Design/methodology/approach The classical approach is developed with the benefit of giving only a short table on charge and flux formulation, as they are similar to the classical case just like all other formulation types. Moreover, an electromechanical example is represented as well. Findings Lagrange and Hamilton formalisms together with the velocity proportional (Rayleigh) dissipation function can also be used in the discrete time case, and as a result, dissipative equations of generalized motion and dissipative canonical equations in the discrete time case are obtained. The discrete formalisms are optimal approaches especially to analyze a coupled physical system which cannot be observed continuously. In addition, the method makes it unnecessary to convert the quantities to the other. The numerical solutions of equations of dissipative generalized motion of an electromechanical (coupled) system in continuous and discrete time cases are presented. Originality/value The formalisms and the velocity proportional (Rayleigh) dissipation function aforementioned are used and applied to a coupled physical system in time-discrete case for the first time to the best of the author’s knowledge, and systems of difference equations are obtained depending on formulation type.

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41

Nalimov, A. G., and V. V. Kotlyar. "Topological charge of optical vortices in the far field with an initial fractional charge: optical "dipoles"." Computer Optics 46, no. 2 (April 2022): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-1073.

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In this work, using the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral and the Berry formula, the topological charge (TC) of a Gaussian optical vortex with an initial fractional TC is calculated. It is shown that for different fractional parts of the TС, the beam contains a different number of screw dislocations, which determine the TС of the entire beam. With a small fractional part of the TС, the beam consists of the main optical vortex centered on the optical axis with the TС equal to the nearest integer (let be n), and two edge dislocations located on the vertical axis (above and below the center). With an increase in the fractional part of the initial TC, a "dipole" is formed from the upper edge dislocation, consisting of two vortices with TC+1 and –1. With a further increase in the fractional part, the additional vortex with TC+1 is displaced to the center of the beam, and the vortex with TC–1 is displaced to the periphery. With a further increase in the fractional part of the TC, another "dipole" is formed from the lower edge dislocation, in which, on the contrary, the vortex with TC–1 is displaced to the optical axis (to the center of the beam), and the vortex with TC+1 is displaced to the beam periphery. When the fractional part of the TC becomes equal to 1/2, the "lower" vortex with TC–1, which was displaced to the center of the beam, begins to shift to the periphery, and the "upper" vortex with TC+1 moves closer and closer to the center of the beam and merges with the main vortex when the fractional part approaches 1. Such dynamics of additional vortices with upper TC+1 and lower TC–1 determine the whole TC the beam have (n or n+1) for different values of the fractional part from the segment [n, n+1].

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42

Okajima, Hajime, and Hiro-O. Hamaguchi. "Fast Low Frequency (Down to 10 cm−1) Multichannel Raman Spectroscopy Using an Iodine Vapor Filter." Applied Spectroscopy 63, no. 8 (August 2009): 958–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370209788964368.

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We have constructed a multi-channel Raman spectrometer that is capable of recording the low frequency region down to 5 cm−1 with a measurement time of a few tenths of a second. An iodine vapor filter, which uses a narrow (∼0.03 cm−1) absorption line of iodine for Rayleigh scattering elimination, is combined with a multi-channel Raman spectrometer composed of a single polychromator and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Thanks to the high Rayleigh scattering elimination efficiency of the filter, which is over 106, Raman spectra of microcrystalline l-cystine from −300 cm−1 to 1000 cm−1 are simultaneously measurable with a small gap of 10 cm−1 (–5 cm−1 to 5 cm−1). Although raw spectra contain many sharp spikes due to the fine structures of iodine absorption, they can be correctly compensated with the use of a transmittance spectrum measured under the same experimental conditions. Many Raman bands including the 9.8 cm−1 band are measured with a high signal-to-noise ratio in both the Stokes and anti-Stokes sides with a measurement time as short as 0.2 s.

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43

Blessinger, Matthew, and Jaal Ghandhi. "Investigation of the Combustion Front Structure during Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion via Laser Rayleigh Scattering Thermometry." SAE International Journal of Engines 9, no. 2 (April 5, 2016): 950–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0746.

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44

Wang, C. H., Y. C. Lin, Oliver Y. Tai, and Alex K. Y. Jen. "Hyper-Rayleigh scattering and frequency dependence of the first molecular hyperpolarizability of a strong charge-transfer chromophore." Journal of Chemical Physics 119, no. 12 (September 22, 2003): 6237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1601218.

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45

Li, Tian-Fu, Kang Luo, and Hong-Liang Yi. "Effect of unipolar charge injection direction on the onset of Rayleigh-Bénard convection: a lattice Boltzmann study." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 112 (March 2020): 104496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2020.104496.

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46

He, Kun, Lei Wang, and Jiangxu Huang. "Electrohydrodynamic Enhancement of Phase Change Material Melting in Circular-Elliptical Annuli." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 8090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238090.

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Phase change material (PCM) has received significant attention due to its great potential for thermal energy storage. However, the major undesirable property of PCM is related to its low thermal conductivity. In this work, the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) enhancement of PCM melting in circular-elliptical annuli is investigated numerically by using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The key motivation for our choice of the elliptical shape is due to the fact that the more curved elliptical surface corresponds to stronger charge injection strength, which may lead to stronger flow field, and the consequent increase of heat transfer rate. The influences of several non-dimensional parameters, including electric Rayleigh number T, thermal Rayleigh number (Ra) and the aspect ratio (AR) of the inner ellipse are investigated in detail. Based on the numerical results, it is found that the radial electro-convective flow induced by the external electric field makes a significant contribution to the enhancement of melting heat transfer, and specially, the maximum time saving in some cases is more than 85%. Moreover, we observe that when the Coulomb force is dominant over the buoyancy force, no matter the inner elliptical tube is oriented horizontally or vertically, the total melting times in these two cases are nearly the same, and the melting performance obtained for the circular electrode is usually better than the other cases. However, when the flow regime is dominated by the buoyancy force, the use of a slender vertical-oriented elliptical electrode instead of the circular one is more efficient.

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47

Ying, Xiao, Xiao-Yan Long, Mian HR Mahmood, Quan-Yuan Hu, Hai-Yang Liu, and Chi-K. Chang. "Second order nonlinear optical properties of corroles: experimental and theoretical investigations." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 16, no. 12 (December 2012): 1276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424612501416.

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The first hyperpolarizabilities, βHRS, of corrole derivatives have been measured by using Hyper–Rayleigh Scattering technique. The results showed that βHRS of corroles could be greatly enhanced by modifying its periphery with donor–acceptor groups. Maximum value reaches 354 × 10-30 esu at an incident wavelength of 1500 nm. βHRS of investigated corroles were also calculated with the Zerner's intermediate neglect of differential overlap/configuration interaction/sum-over-states method. The calculated and experimental results are in good agreement and conclude that βHRS arises mainly from the charge transfer along molecule's non-symmetrical axis and strong coupling between two different excited states of the Soret band.

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48

CHETVERIKOV, A. P., W. EBELING, and M. G. VELARDE. "DISSIPATIVE SOLITONS AND COMPLEX CURRENTS IN ACTIVE LATTICES." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 16, no. 06 (June 2006): 1613–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127406015568.

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We first summarize features of free, forced and stochastic harmonic oscillations and, following an idea first proposed by Lord Rayleigh in 1883, we discuss the possibility of maintaining them in the presence of dissipation. We describe how phonons appear in a harmonic (linear) lattice and then use the Toda exponential interaction to illustrate solitonic excitations (cnoidal waves) in a one-dimensional nonlinear lattice. We discuss properties such as specific heat (at constant length/volume) and the dynamic structure factor, both over a broad range of temperature values. By considering the interacting Toda particles to be Brownian units capable of pumping energy from a surrounding heat bath taken as a reservoir we show that solitons can be excited and sustained in the presence of dissipation. Thus the original Toda lattice is converted into an active lattice using Lord Rayleigh's method. Finally, by endowing the Toda–Brownian particles with electric charge (i.e. making them positive ions) and adding free electrons to the system we study the electric currents that arise. We show that, following instability of the base linear Ohm(Drude) conduction state, the active electric Toda lattice is able to maintain a form of high-T supercurrent, whose characteristics we then discuss.

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49

Reckers, Wolfgang, Yongwei Gu, Erhard W. Rothe, and Heinrich Voges. "Rayleigh Scattering of Excimer Laser Light from Some Simple Molecules at 193 nm and 248 nm: The Effect of Polarization upon Imaging Diagnostics." Applied Spectroscopy 51, no. 7 (July 1997): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702971941403.

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Tunable excimer laser beams are increasingly used for imaging of combustion and/or flow systems. We (1) describe the need to use known polarization phenomena in interpreting diagnostics based on Rayleigh scattering (RS); (2) present relative RS cross sections for some important species at the most relevant wavelengths, 193 and 248 nm; and (3) measure the degree of linear polarization and the locking efficiency of the excimer beam, which are important diagnostic parameters that are otherwise difficult to obtain. Laser sheets, whose direction of linear polarization are adjustable, pass through gases. The Rayleigh light goes into intensified charge-coupled dervice (CCD) cameras. We report RS cross sections, normalized to those for N2, at 193 nm for H2, O2, H2O, CO2, and CH4, and at 248 nm for Ar, H2, O2, H2O, CO2, and CH4. Even when these normalized RS cross sections are used, the diagnostics can be very sensitive to the laser beam's polarization state. For example, for CO2, the normalized cross section changes by a factor of 4 with polarization. This usually unwanted sensitivity is greatest when an unmodified tunable excimer laser is used. The degree of polarization of the lasers, as well as their locking efficiency, is derived via RS from the spherical molecules Ar and CH4.

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50

Ojha, Durga Prasad. "Molecular Ordering in Non-Liquid Crystalline versus Liquid Crystalline Materials with Special Reference to DADMBP – A Computational Analysis." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 57, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2002): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2002-3-412.

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DADMBPA computational analysis of the molecular ordering of the non-liquid crystalline biphenyl derivative 4,4ʹ-diamino-3,3ʹ-dimethylbiphenyl () has been performed. The CNDO/2 method has been employed to compute the net atomic charge and atomic dipole components at each atomic centre. The modified Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory along with the multicentered-multipole expansion method has been employed to evaluate the long-range interactions, while a “6-exp” potential function has been assumed for short-range interactions. On the basis of stacking, in-plane and terminal interaction energy calculations, all possible arrangements of a molecular pair have been considered. It is found that, if a suitable functional group is attached to DADMBP, so that the length to breadth ratio is increased, the molecule will show a change in the long-range order, the phase transition temperature and other liquid crystalline properties. The results are compared with those for the liquid crystalline compounds 4-(4ʹ-ethoxyphenylazo)phenyl valerate (EPPV) and 4,4ʹ-di-n-propoxy-azoxybenzene (DPAB).

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