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1
Gürlek, Ali. "Rats As Laboratory Animals In Chronic Studies." Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 100, no. 6 (November 1997): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199711000-00052.
2
Odenweller, C. M., C. T. Hsu, E. Sipe, J. P. Layshock, S. Varyani, R. L. Rosian, and S. E. DiCarlo. "Laboratory exercise using "virtual rats" to teach endocrine physiology." Advances in Physiology Education 273, no. 6 (December 1997): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1997.273.6.s24.
Анотація:
Animal experimentation is limited in many curricula due to the expense, lack of adequate animal facilities and equipment, and limited experience of the teachers. There are also ethical concerns dealing with the comfort and safety of the animals. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a "dry laboratory" using "virtual rats." The "virtual rat" eliminates the obstacles inherent in animal experimentation, such as inadequate budgets, as well as avoiding important animal rights issues. Furthermore, no special materials are required for the completion of this exercise. Our goal in developing this dry laboratory was to create an experience that would provide students with an appreciation for the value of laboratory data collection and analysis. Students are exposed to the challenge of animal experimentation, experimental design, data collection, and analysis and interpretation without the issues surrounding the use of live animals.
3
Birke, Lynda. "Who—or What—are the Rats (and Mice) in the Laboratory." Society & Animals 11, no. 3 (2003): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853003322773023.
Анотація:
AbstractThis paper explores the many meanings attached to the designation,"the rodent in the laboratory" (rat or mouse). Generations of selective breeding have created these rodents. They now differ markedly from their wild progenitors, nonhuman animals associated with carrying all kinds of diseases.Through selective breeding, they have moved from the rats of the sewers to become standardized laboratory tools and (metaphorically) saviors of humans in the fight against disease. This paper sketches two intertwined strands of metaphors associated with laboratory rodents.The first focuses on the idea of medical/scientific progress; in this context, the paper looks at laboratory rodents often depicted (in advertising for laboratory products) as epitomizing medical triumph or serving as helpers or saviors. The second strand concerns the ambiguous status of the laboratory rodent who is both an animal (bites) and not an animal (data).The paper argues that, partly because of these ambiguous and multiple meanings, the rodent in the laboratory is doubly "othered"—first in the way that animals so often are made other to ourselves and then other in the relationship of the animal in the laboratory to other animals.
4
Jacob, Howard J. "Modern genetic mapping approaches in laboratory animals/rats." Journal of Experimental Animal Science 41, no. 1-2 (March 2000): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0939-8600(00)80023-1.
5
Bowen, W. H., K. M. Madison, and S. K. Pearson. "Influence of Desalivation in Rats on Incidence of Caries in Intact Cagemates." Journal of Dental Research 67, no. 10 (October 1988): 1316–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345880670101401.
Анотація:
The evidence that dental caries is an infectious and transmitted disease in rodents is unequivocal. However, the factors controlling the transmission of micro-organisms from one animal to another have not been extensively explored. Results from previous studies in our laboratory showed that desalivated animals became infected by Streptococcus sobrinus in a shorter period of time than did intact animals. Furthermore, an additional study in our laboratory showed that animals with intact salivary function caged with desalivated animals harbored more S. sobrinus immediately following establishment of infection than did intact animals housed with other intact animals. Therefore, it seemed appropriate to determine the influence on caries development of caging a desalivated animal with an intact animal. In this study, intact Sprague-Dawley rats were caged with desalivated animals; additional groups of intact animals were housed with chlorhexidine-treated animals that were either intact or desalivated. Although chlorhexidine suppressed both caries development and the level of infection by S. sobrinus, nevertheless, intact animals caged with desalivated animals invariably developed more caries than did intact animals housed with other intact animals. Treating intact animals with chlorhexidine did not affect caries scores in untreated intact cagemates. Overall, the results suggest that a highly acidogenic flora with enhanced virulence (including S. sobrinus) is selected in the desalivated animals; this flora is apparently readily transmitted to intact cagemates, leading to enhanced levels of smooth-surface caries.
6
Makowska, I. Joanna, and Daniel M. Weary. "Assessing the emotions of laboratory rats." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 148, no. 1-2 (September 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2013.07.017.
7
Kunstýř, I., F. Jelínek, U. Bitzenhofer, and W. Pittermann. "Fungus Paecilomyces: a new agent in laboratory animals." Laboratory Animals 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367797780600260.
Анотація:
The fungus Paecilomyces has not yet been considered a health problem in laboratory animals. However, this agent known as a 'spoiler' of fruit beverages and other foodstuffs is an opportunistic pathogen especially in immunocompromised humans. Since 1985, we have isolated Paecilomyces, most probably P. variotti, from six laboratory animal species, mainly rats. In about 90% of cases the organism was localized in the respiratory tract and there are some other findings favouring the hypothesis of an airborne infection. During this long observation period no consequences for the health of rats in one closed 'infected' SPF breeding unit (A) could be observed. In a controlled histological study on five infected rats, no lesions attributable to this mycotic agent could be detected. However, a self-limiting spontaneous outbreak of papular skin lesions associated with Paecilomyces was observed in a breeding colony (F) of hairless mice. The role of this fungus in an acute outbreak of respiratory signs in another colony of conventional rats (B) was considered to be secondary. Bearing in mind its occasionally harmful role in humans, relatively high resistance to disinfectants and toxigenicity, this new agent should be monitored and considered a potential health risk for laboratory animals.
8
Townsend, P. "USE of In-Cage Shelters by Laboratory Rats." Animal Welfare 6, no. 2 (May 1997): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600019564.
Анотація:
AbstractThe effect of providing a shelter to single-housed rats was measured in terms of the preference shown for a cage containing a shelter compared with a barren cage, the range of behaviours performed and the apparent fearfulness of the animals. All animals showed a strong preference for cages containing a shelter and rats housed in this environment showed increased exploratory behaviour and were apparently less fearful, based on their willingness to leave the home-cage. It would seem appropriate to provide enclosed shelters within the cages of laboratory rats as a way of improving their environment.
9
Banerjee, A. K., A. F. Angulo, A. A. Polak-Vogelzang, and A. M. Kershof. "An alternative method for the decontamination of rats carrying Mycoplasma pulmonis without the use of germfree isolators." Laboratory Animals 21, no. 2 (April 1987): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002367728702100210.
Анотація:
Two strains of Lewis rat were successfully freed from Mycoplasma pulmonis infection by using a combination of oral treatment with oxytetracycline hydrochloride and obtaining young by hysterectomy. Laminar flow cabinets were used to perform hysterectomies on donor animals and for rearing hysterectomy-derived animals. After thorough microbiological examination the rats were brought to the breeding colony of the Laboratory Animal Centre. Periodic laboratory tests using both cultural and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods showed that the animals have remained free from M. pulmonis for the last 3 years.
10
Krasnikova, E. S., R. V. Radionov, A. V. Krasnikov, and A. Yu Svetozarova. "WEIGHTINGS IN EXPERIMENTAL BLV INFECTION IN LABORATORY RATS." Scientific Life 16, no. 2 (2021): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2021-16-2-218-228.
Анотація:
The causative agent of bovine enzootic leukemia (BLV) has a tropism to lymphoid tissue and, due to the presence of these cell elements in various organs, can contribute to changes at the organ level, both due to hyperplasia and malignant proliferation of lymphoid elements, and due to inflammatory, dystrophic and atrophic processes in organs. The pathogen is able to infect heterologous organisms, in particular white laboratory rats of the Wistar line, in connection with which the goal of our studies was a comparative analysis of the vesometric characteristics of the internal organs of BLV-infected and intact rats, including relative to the body weight of animals in the dynamics of the experiment. Rats were divided into three groups. The first group of rats was fed milk of intact cows, the second - milk of BLV-infected cows and the third - milk of clinically treated cows with leukemia. The adult rats and their offspring, showing the presence of proviral DNA in the blood, were subjected to a quarterly study within a year of the start of the experiment. A comparative analysis of rat body weight dynamics showed that at the beginning of the experiment, animals actively gained weight, but by the end of the experiment, their body weight gain sharply decreased compared to the control, both in absolute and relative values, up to negative, and cachexia developed. This was most clearly seen in the offspring of the third group of rats, where positive dynamics were completely absent. The relative liver mass of the experimental rats was initially negative, and in the second half of the experiment - sharp positive dynamics. The dynamics of rat spleen relative weight initially had a negative tendency in rats treated with BLV-infected cow milk, which was replaced by positive by the end of the experiment. In rats of the third group, a persistent downward trend in organ volume was observed. The tendency to change the relative weight of the kidneys indicates an initial decrease in the index against the background of an increase in the body weight of animals, and then an increase in the relative weight of the organ in all experimental groups. The exception was the offspring of animals of the third group: their relative kidney weight increased in the dynamics of the entire experiment. In rats of the third group, the relative weight of the lungs increased sharply, which can be associated with the development of most of them with one- or bilateral pneumonia. The relative heart weight of animals in the experimental groups decreased 2.5-3 times compared to the control, despite the development of cachexia. Thus, experimental BLV infection of rats is accompanied by natural trends and changes in the ratio of body weight of animals and their internal organs, probably due to metabolic disorders and the development of various kinds of pathological processes: inflammatory, dystrophic, atrophic and proliferative.
11
Uysal, Murat, Serdar Savaş Gül, Serhat Karaman, Ufuk Tas, Hilal Irmak Sapmaz, Funda Uysal, Kursad Aytekin, and Mehmet Kemal Tümer. "Caecum location in laboratory rats and mice: an anatomical and radiological study." Laboratory Animals 51, no. 3 (July 4, 2016): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677216658916.
Анотація:
Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection is the most frequently used method for implementing parenteral therapies in rats and mice. Whether the caecum is located in the right caudal quadrant or left caudal quadrant in the abdominal cavity is not clear. For that reason, we have developed a method for identifying the location of the caecum in rats and mice and thus revealed the most reliable location for i.p. injection in these animals. Two hundred Wistar albino rats and 100 BALB/c mice were used. The location of the caecum was determined by revealing the intra-abdominal organs immediately following euthanasia, photographing the organs, and archiving the images. Both digital photographic images and computed tomographic (CT) sections were analysed in terms of caecum morphology and location. In both rats and mice, the caecum was most commonly located on the animal’s left side. It was less frequently located on the right side or in the centre. The caecum was typically comma-shaped, but it was round or S-shaped in some animals. The direction of rotation of the caecum from the basis to the apex was mostly counterclockwise. Additionally, the apex showed a tendency to be evenly centred. This study demonstrated that the caecum was mostly located on the animal’s left side; and for that reason, the most suitable location for i.p. injection in these animals was understood to be the right caudal quadrant. Furthermore, when we compared the CT images and autopsy findings, the caecum did not change location in the abdominal cavity postmortem.
12
Wuri, Rahmitiana, Aziis Mardanarian Rosdianto, and Hanna Goenawan. "UTILIZATION OF RATS AS BLUNT TRAUMA ANIMALS MODEL: A LITERATURE REVIEW." Indonesia Medicus Veterinus 10, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 338–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/imv.2021.10.2.338.
Анотація:
The occurrence of contusion in humans and animals becomes an interesting study material, many researchers search and do a treatment formulation for contusion. The various effects of applying a new substance/drug to humans can be determined by studying cumulative effect of doses at the preclinical stage. The information was obtained from conducting laboratory experiments in vivo using experimental animals as a model designed in preclinical tests, such as using rats (Rattus norvegicus). So far, the development of using rat as an animal model of contusion is still very potential for further study. This literature review discusses about the use of animals as contusion models, rat trends as contusion animal models, ethical principles and animal welfare animal models, explanation and classification of contusion, contusion methods, and aspects of future animal development models as research subjects.
13
Ujwala Ashokrao Jadhao, Chatraguna Eknathrao Lagad, and Rajesh Kundlikrao Ingole. "Laboratory animal handling techniques, basic facilities and care: A review." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 12, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2022.12.3.0239.
Анотація:
Animals have been utilized in pharmaceutical scientific research and development for more than 300 years. Pharmaceutical items are a must in order to treat illnesses caused by viruses, bacteria, or homeostatic imbalance, among other causes. Pharmaceuticals must be thoroughly characterized via in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trial investigations in order to be used in humans. It is essential to quantify organism's in vivo using animals whose physiology and genetics are most similar to those of humans. Common animals used for laboratory experimental research are Cats, Rats, Dogs, Mice, Guinea pigs and Monkeys. Handling of animals includes transportation, animal housing, temperature of cages, sanitation, water, and food options etc. Proper animal handling techniques affects the outcome of research study, so it very imperative to study and to practice the basics of animal handling techniques. This review is the small efforts to compile the scientific literature and basic information regarding laboratory animal handling techniques, basic facility and care.
14
GOURTSAS (K.I. ΓΚΟΥΡΤΣΑΣ), K. I. "Common non infectious skin conditions of laboratory mice and rats." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 50, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15693.
Анотація:
Laboratory mice and rats are the most favourite animals of the researchers all over the world. Sometimes these rodents can show a number of non infectious conditions concerning their hair, skin or legs and tail. These can be alopecia, bite wounds or the shedding of their legs or tail. It is important that ordinarily there is not a pathological cause for these conditions. It is believed that the social behaviour and the enviromental conditions of the animals may play a role. Fortunately, these cases are easily encountered and so, healthy animals are ensured for every reliable research.
15
Smith, William. "Responses of laboratory animals to some injectable anaesthetics." Laboratory Animals 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367793781082377.
Анотація:
Xylazine, ketamine, methohexitone and alphadalone/alphaxalone, were administered intraperitoneally, intramuscularly or intravenously to mice, rats, guineapigs and rabbits. Times for disappearance and reappearance of reflexes were recorded, and duration of loss of reflex. Delivering a predetermined dose gave a varying individual response, ranging from inadequate anaesthesia to death. Using reflexes to assess depth of anaesthesia was of limited value. Reflex movements to noxious stimuli generally persisted even at dose rates that caused prolonged recovery times and death. Conversely, in rats there was no response to a cutaneous stimulus in some animals even though recumbency was almost restored.
16
Chechet, O. M., and V. L. Kovalenko. "Study of the safety and harmlessness of a disinfectant in laboratory animals." Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety 8, no. 1-2 (May 10, 2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/jvmbbs-2022-8-1-2-4.
Анотація:
The work aimed to investigate the effect of the disinfectant ‘Diolaid’ based on sodium chlorite and sodium chloride on acute toxicity indicators, as well as on blood parameters of laboratory animals. The experiments were carried out on 6-month-old clinically healthy male rats (5 groups, 6 animals in each group, n = 30) and female rats (5 groups, 6 animals in each group, n = 30) weighing 200–220 g. The drug was administered to animals intragastrically (by probe) and aerosol treatment of cells with animals was carried out. Separately we studied the skin-irritating and sensitizing action of the disinfectant ‘Diolaid’ on the groups of clinically healthy guinea pigs and rats weighing 250–300 g by a daily application on their back and sides of different concentrations of the drug for 30 days for 30 min periods. In addition, we tested the effect of ‘Diolaid’ on nonspecific immune response indicators of these animal species (bactericidal activity of blood serum, level of circulating immune complexes, T and B cells, etc.). The work used modern humane methods of care and use of laboratory animals. It was found that after intragastric administration of ‘Diolaid’, the average lethal dose (LD50) for male rats was 182 mg/kg of body weight, and for female rats it was 170 mg/kg. It has been proven that the drug has a temporary irritating and sensitizing effect and does not adversely affect the parameters of hematopoiesis and non-specific immune response in the form of a 0.06% solution. The research results indicate the low toxicity of the ‘Diolaid’ drug for laboratory animals and the possibility of its use in low concentrations both for treating cages in the presence of animals and for treating the animals themselves. For disinfection of water during its storage in containers, we used the concentration of the ‘Diolaid’ drug (by chlorine dioxide) of 0.5–2 mg/l (0.0002–0.0008%), depending on the degree of purity of the water to be treated. Such concentrations ensure compliance of the chlorite residual concentrations with hygienic standards
17
Kotsyumbas, I. Ja, O. M. Brezvyn, Y. A. Ivashkiv, H. V. Rudyk, and Ju V. Muzika. "STUDY OF THE CUMULATIVE PROPERTIES OF «INDEZ» ON LABORATORY WHITE RATES." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2020-21-1.11.
Анотація:
The article presents the results of the study of «Indez» disinfectant. An effective disinfectant for use in animal husbandry should be easy to use, be non-toxic, have broad bactericidal spectrum, be non-carcinogenic, have non-addictive micro-flora and provide a permanent bactericidal effect in the presence of animals, while sanitizing the air environment. «Indez» disinfectant is a small, amorphous grey powder with a specific odour, well sprayed. It is composed of triiodomethane (iodoform), zinc oxide, iron sulphate (II) (iron sulphate), copper sulphate, silicon dioxide, zeolite, active essential oils, a complex of surfactants and pH regulators, auxiliaries. This preparation can be used in the presence of animals; the disinfectant effect is based on the spectrum of antimicrobial action of its constituents.
In the experiment of the study of the cumulative properties of «Indez» 80 white rats weighing 180-200 ± 10 g, tested doses of 1/5, 1/10, 1/20, from DL50 were used. To the animals of the experimental group, the suspension of the preparation was administered orally: in the first 4 days - 1/5 of DL50, then 1/10 and 1/20. Animals of the control group were administered saline at a dose of 0.5 ml. Observations on rats were carried out for 22 days. Depending on the dose of the drug, the cumulation coefficient.
As a result of the study of the cumulative properties of the drug it is established that the introduction of a total dose of «Indez» 56,8 cm3 per 1 kg body weight does not cause death of white rats. When conducting a total dose of 63,4 cm3 / kg body weight one animal died, representing 5 %. Further administration of the drug lethality was on the 18-th day (total dose 83,13 cm3 / kg) – 15 %, on the 19-th day (total dose 93,0 cm3 / kg) – 20 % and the 20-th day (total dose 102,87 cm3 / kg) – 45 %. With an increase of 9,873 1,5 times (1,8095 cm3 / kg) on the 21-st day, the mortality rate was 80 %, and on the 22-nd day of the studies 90 % of laboratory animals were killed, the total dose was 1032,49 cm3 / kg.
Under the study of the cumulative properties of «Indez» disinfectant, it was found that the cumulation coefficient in rats is 2,2 units. This, in turn, indicates that the test agent has moderately pronounced properties for cumulation. In this case, white rats inhibit the hematopoietic function of the bone marrow and reduce the body’s defences, as evidenced by a probable decrease in leukocyte count and a slight decrease in haemoglobin, lymphocyte count, spleen mass factor, and increased segmentation.
18
Kashkovskaya, Lyudmila Mikhaylovna, Andrey Vladimirovich Balyshev, Vladimir Aleksandrovich Orobets, and Ivan Aleksandrovich Fedorov. "Toxicological characteristics of anticoccidial preparation Decvycox on laboratory animals." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i3pp51-57.
Анотація:
The common practice in the prevention and treatment of eimeriosis in chickens is the application of anticoccidial preparations. The parameters of acute toxicity of the anticoccidial preparations Decvycox in laboratory animals were studied. It was found out that the LD50 of Decvycox with oral administration to mice and rats exceeds doses of 6579 and 7222 mg/kg of animal weight, respectively. Thus, according to the generally accepted hygienic classification, Decvycox belongs to hazard class 4 - low-hazard substances.
19
Meanger, J. D., and R. B. Marshall. "Campylobacter jejuni infection within a laboratory animal production unit." Laboratory Animals 23, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367789780863637.
Анотація:
A conventional laboratory animal production unit in which rats, mice, guineapigs and rabbits were bred in one building and cats maintained in a separate, but adjacent area was examined for the presence of intestinal thermophilic Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter jejuni was recovered from 18·84% of 552 animals. The infection rate was highest amongst the cats (51·7%), with rats being the second most commonly infected (23·2%), whereas only 7·7% of guineapigs and a single rabbit (1%) were positive. Campylobacter-like organisms were cultured from 10% of the mice, but these bacteria failed to grow on subsequent subculturing. By using bacterial restriction endonuclease DNA analysis (BRENDA), a single type of C. jejuni was identified from all isolates recovered from the rats, guineapigs and a rabbit, suggesting a common source of infection. In contrast, there were 5 different BRENDA patterns derived from cat isolates. No isolates of C. jejuni were obtained from humans working within the unit or from animal bedding or the immediate environment, although it was suggested that the organism may have entered and spread within the unit from sawdust.
20
Castelhano-Carlos, Magda J., Vera Baumans, and Nuno Sousa. "PhenoWorld: addressing animal welfare in a new paradigm to house and assess rat behaviour." Laboratory Animals 51, no. 1 (July 10, 2016): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677216638642.
Анотація:
The use of animals is essential in biomedical research. The laboratory environment where the animals are housed has a major impact on them throughout their lives and influences the outcome of animal experiments. Therefore, there has been an increased effort in the refinement of laboratory housing conditions which is explicitly reflected in international regulations and recommendations. Since housing conditions affect behaviour and brain function as well as well-being, the validation of an animal model or paradigm to study the brain and central nervous system disorders is not complete without an evaluation of its implication on animal welfare. Here we discuss several aspects of animal welfare, comparing groups of six rats living in the PhenoWorld (PhW), a recently developed and validated paradigm for studying rodent behaviour, with standard-housed animals (in cages of six rats or pair-housed). In this study we present new data on home-cage behaviour showing that PhW animals have a clearer circadian pattern of sleep and social interaction. We conclude that, by promoting good basic health and functioning, together with the performance of natural behaviours, and maintaining animals’ control over some of their environment but still keeping some physical and social challenges, the PhW stimulates positive affective states and higher motivation in rats, which might contribute to an increased welfare for animals living in the PhW.
21
Zakhidova, Lola Tishaevna. "Toxicological Characteristics Of N-Deacetyllappaconitine Under Chronic Administration In White Rats." American Journal of Applied Sciences 03, no. 03 (March 30, 2021): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue03-06.
Анотація:
In chronic experiments in laboratory animals, studied toxicological perspective new antiarrhythmic effect of N-deacetyllappaconitine for the treatment of arrhythmic states, an original herbal preparation based on Aconitum leucostonum, Ac.Septentrionale was created. During 2,5 months of intragastric administration in animals exposed to all doses of N-deacetyllappaconitine, no deviations in the parameters of the functioning of the nervous system were found, therefore, this value is the lowest effective (threshold) dose in a chronic experiment.
22
Ushakova, Yu V., G. E. Rysmukhambetova, I. V. Ziruk, V. V. Frolov, and K. A. Grandonyan. "Establishing the safeness of gluten-free nourishment for laboratory animals." E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022203013.
Анотація:
The experiment was carried out on lab rats which had been given the gluten free nutriment in the conditions of the veterinary clinic of «Saratov State Vavilov Agrarian University». During the research, the morphological and biochemical blood analysis’ results were studied. Laboratory rats’ condition was under daily clinical monitoring as well as their weight. According to the data collected, no external signs of intoxication and death of the rats had been found during the experiment. All rats were active. The concentration of hemoglobin in the experimental group has increased by 14.33g per liter compared to the control group. Therefore, the use of gluten-free nourishment for animals does not have a negative effect on the homeostasis of the organism, which implies the safeness of a gluten-free diet.
23
Conlee, K. M., M. L. Stephens, A. N. Rowan, and L. A. King. "Carbon dioxide for euthanasia: concerns regarding pain and distress, with special reference to mice and rats." Laboratory Animals 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0023677053739747.
Анотація:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most commonly used agent for euthanasia of laboratory rodents, used on an estimated tens of millions of laboratory rodents per year worldwide, yet there is a growing body of evidence indicating that exposure to CO2 causes more than momentary pain and distress in these and other animals. We reviewed the available literature on the use of CO2 for euthanasia (as well as anaesthesia) and also informally canvassed laboratory animal personnel for their opinions regarding this topic. Our review addresses key issues such as CO2 flow rate and final concentration, presence of oxygen, and prefilled chambers (the animal is added to the chamber once a predetermined concentration and flow rate have been reached) versus gradual induction (the animal is put into an empty chamber and the gas agent(s) is gradually introduced at a fixed rate). Internationally, animal research standards specify that any procedure that would cause pain or distress in humans should be assumed to do so in non-human animals as well (Public Health Service 1986, US Department of Agriculture 1997, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 2000). European Union guidelines, however, specify a certain threshold of pain or distress, such as 'skilled insertion of a hypodermic needle', as the starting point at which regulation of the use of animals in experimental or other scientific procedures begins (Biotechnology Regulatory Atlas n.d.). There is clear evidence in the human literature that CO2 exposure is painful and distressful, while the non-human literature is equivocal. However, the fact that a number of studies do conclude that CO2 causes pain and distress in animals indicates a need for careful reconsideration of its use. Finally, this review offers recommendations for alternatives to the use of CO2 as a euthanasia agent.
24
Lima, P. H., Y. Sinzato, R. Gelaleti, I. M. Calderon, M. V. Rudge, and D. Damasceno. "Genotoxicity Evaluation in Severe or Mild Diabetic Pregnancy in Laboratory Animals." Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 120, no. 05 (March 15, 2012): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1299766.
Анотація:
AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity (DNA damage levels) in lymphocyte samples from pregnant Wistar rats with severe or mild diabetes and in whole blood samples from their newborns. Wistar female rats (1 and 90 days of age) and male rats (approximately 90 days of age) were used. The experiment consisted of 2 experimental groups (n=8 animals/group): 1) rats with severe diabetes, 2) rats with mild diabetes. For mild diabetes induction, the rats received streptozotocin (STZ) subcutaneously (100 mg/kg body weight) at day of birth, and those showing glycemia from 120 to 300 mg/dL in their adult life were included. For induction of severe diabetes, adult rats received 40 mg/kg STZ (intravenous route), and those showing glycemia > 300 mg/dL were included. At day 21 of pregnancy, the rats were anesthetized and euthanized for removal of maternal and fetal blood samples for determination of the oxidative DNA damage by applying Endo III and Fpg using the comet assay. Thus, the rats with mild diabetes and their offspring showed higher Fpg-sensitive sites, reflecting the damage resulting from hyperglycemia. The rats with severe diabetes and their offspring showed higher oxidative DNA damage detected by Fpg and Endo III-sensitive sites, showing general repercussions related to diabetes. The enzymatic treatment for DNA damage evidenced that the maternal repercussions of diabetes are associated with oxidative DNA damage of their newborn, which was not reflected using only the analysis of DNA damage free of the enzymes.
25
Silva, Teane M. A., Erica A. Costa, Tatiane A. Paixão, Renée M. Tsolis, and Renato L. Santos. "Laboratory Animal Models for Brucellosis Research." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/518323.
Анотація:
Brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease caused byBrucellaspp., a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that affects humans and animals, leading to significant impact on public health and animal industry. Human brucellosis is considered the most prevalent bacterial zoonosis in the world and is characterized by fever, weight loss, depression, hepato/splenomegaly, osteoarticular, and genital infections. Relevant aspects ofBrucellapathogenesis have been intensively investigated in culture cells and animal models. The mouse is the animal model more commonly used to study chronic infection caused byBrucella. This model is most frequently used to investigate specific pathogenic factors ofBrucellaspp., to characterize the host immune response, and to evaluate therapeutics and vaccines. Other animal species have been used as models for brucellosis including rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys. This paper discusses the murine and other laboratory animal models for human and animal brucellosis.
26
Zawirska-Wojtasiak, Renata, Agnieszka Fedoruk-Wyszomirska, Paulina Piechowska, Sylwia Mildner-Szkudlarz, Joanna Bajerska, Elżbieta Wojtowicz, Krzysztof Przygoński, Dorota Gurda, Wiktoria Kubicka та Eliza Wyszko. "β-Carbolines in Experiments on Laboratory Animals". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, № 15 (24 липня 2020): 5245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155245.
Анотація:
Some studies have ascribed a protective effect against neurodegenerative diseases to the β-carbolines harman (H) and norharman (NH), which occur mostly in coffee and coffee substitutes. We determined the concentrations of β-carbolines and undesirable compounds (such as acrylamide) in roasted coffee substitute ingredients and found that chicory coffee was optimal. Two in vivo experiments were conducted with seventeen-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats fed a diet with the addition of pure carboline standards in the first stage, and chicory in the second. We observed an increase in the level of H and NH in blood plasma, as well as higher activity of animals in the battery behavioral test, particularly in the second stage. The results of in vitro studies—particularly the level of the expression in brain tissue of genes associated with aging processes and neurodegenerative diseases—clearly show the benefits of a diet rich in β-carbolines.
27
Harashchuk, M. I., L. M. Stepchenko, T. L. Spitsina, and V. R. Goryaniy. "Metabolism state in laboratory rats when using amaranth oil and Humilid." Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine 9, no. 1 (2021): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32819/2021.91005.
Анотація:
The search for new natural non-toxic biologically active substances for animals used to correct and stimulate metabolic processes, and through it the ability to control the growth and animals’ productivity, the state of their natural resistance is the main task of the present. The paper presents study results on the effect of cold-pressed amaranth oil and biologically active additive of humic nature «Humilid» when used simultaneously on the general body condition, growth indicators of laboratory rats, morphofunctional and biochemical parameters of their blood. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: – to investigate how cold-pressed amaranth oil affects the metabolic processes in the body of laboratory rats; – to conduct research and analyze the effect of the cold-pressed amaranth oil and a humic nature biologically active substance «Humilid» simultaneous use on the indicators of their homeostasis. To accomplish the tasks, the following research methods were used: physiological, morpho-functional, and blood biochemical analysis in experimental laboratory rats. Sexually mature male white rats of 2 months age were used in the experiment. For the study, three groups of animals were formed. The experiment lasted four weeks, during which the animals of the first experimental group received daily, in addition to the main feed settled amaranth oil in the amount of 0.1 ml per rat, and free access to the drinking water. Rats of the second experimental group in addition to the main feed received settled amaranth oil in the amount of 0.1 ml, and free access to the drinking of 0.005% solution Humilid. It was found that the simultaneous use of cold-pressed amaranth oil and Humilid in laboratory rats had a positive effect on the state of erythron, erythrocytes count increased by an average of 28% (P < 0.001), hemoglobin concentration by 10% (P < 0.05). At the same time in animals the biosynthetic function of the liver improved, the total protein content in the blood significantly increased by 10% (P < 0.05), and the amount of albumin by 25% (P < 0.01). Energy processes in the body of experimental animals were increased, that pointed a decrease in blood glucose levels by 22% (P < 0.05). The obtained data obtained indicates that the simultaneous use of amaranth oil and Humilid had a positive effect on the state of homeostasis and metabolic processes in the body of laboratory rats. Thus for them synergistic action is noted.
28
Ferry, Barbara, and Damien Gervasoni. "Improving Stereotaxic Neurosurgery Techniques and Procedures Greatly Reduces the Number of Rats Used per Experimental Group—A Practice Report." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092662.
Анотація:
Techniques of stereotaxic surgery are commonly used in research laboratories by a range of students, technicians, and researchers. To meet the evolving requirements imposed by international legislation, and to promote the implementation of 3R rules (replacement, reduction, and refinement) by reducing experimental error, animal morbidity, and mortality, it is essential that standard operating procedures and proper conduct following such complex surgeries be precisely described and respected. The present report shows how refinements of our own neurosurgical techniques over decades, have significantly reduced the number of animals (rats) used in experiments and improved the animals’ well-being during the post-surgical recovery period. The current pre-, per-, and post-surgical procedures used in our laboratory are detailed. We describe the practical aspects of stereotaxic neurosurgery that have been refined in our laboratory since 1992 and that cover various areas including appropriate anesthesia and pain management during and after surgery, methods to determine the stereotaxic coordinates, and the best approach to the target brain structure. The application of these optimal surgical methods that combine reliable and reproducible results with an acute awareness of ethics and animal welfare leads to a significant reduction in the number of animals included in experimental research in accordance with ethical and regulatory rules as required by the European Directive on laboratory animal welfare.
29
Milligan, S. R., G. D. Sales, and V. J. Pocock. "A wax diet for administration of octylphenol to laboratory rodents as a tool for the investigation of oestrogenic activity." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200004488.
Анотація:
The use of controlled dietary intake for administration of environmental oestrogens to laboratory animals is essential in assessing the real threat of natural exposure to these compounds. Although human and animal exposure to environmental chemicals is mostly through diet or water, administration of these chemicals to laboratory animals is usually via injection. In this study, in order to overcome the problem of unpalatability of high doses of chemicals, a wax and a powdered diet were designed. These diets were used as vehicles for administration of the environmental oestrogen octylphenol (OP) to non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating laboratory rats and the dose of dietary octylphenol required to induce oestrogenic effects in the reproductive tract of female animals was determined.
30
Глухарева and E. Glukhareva. "Acute oral and cutaneous toxicities of cyflunit- flock tested on laboratory animals." Russian Journal of Parasitology 3, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18371.
Анотація:
Objective of research: to determine the toxicological properties of the preparation Cyflunit-
Flock under acute experimental conditions at oral and subcutaneous administration routes to
laboratory animals.
Materials and methods: White outbred mice and white outbred rats of both genders were
used for testing. Each dose of the preparation was tested on groups of males and females to
identify the eventual sex differences in drug-responsiveness.In experiment on mice, animals were
divided into 5 groups of 10 animals each.The medicine was given orally at the doses of 4350,
8700, 13050, 17400 and 21750 mg a.i./kg. In experiment on rats, 4 experimental male and 4
female groups were formed (6 animals in each). The drug was given orally at the doses of 17400
and 21750, 26100 and 30450 mg a.i./kg. While studying the acute cutaneous toxicity, Cyflunit-
Flock was applied at the doses 870, 1740, 4350 and 8700 mg a.i./kgin 4 experimental groups
of male and 4 groups of female rats of 6 animals each. Observations of general health status,
behavior of animals, intoxication symptoms and eventual death of animals were conducted within
14 days.
Results and discussion: LD50 of Cyflunit-Flockat oral administration to mice of both genders
was 12180 mg/kg,at oral administration tomale rats - 22475 mg/kg, to female rats - 23925mg/kg.
At cutaneous use of the preparation in rats, LD50 was more than 8700 mg/kg.
Accordingtothestandardhygienicclassification, the preparation belongs to the 4thhazard class
(low-hazard substances).
31
Rufino, Marcos Natal, Marney Pascoli Cereda, Wanessa Teixeira Gomes Barreto, Alanderson Rodrigues da Silva, Gisele Braziliano de Andrade, and Heitor Miraglia Herrera. "Pathological effects of acetone cyanohydrin in swiss rats." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 40, no. 5 (October 2016): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016405049015.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Cassava has been widely used for animal and human nutrition. It has also been demonstrated to have antineoplastic and anthelmintic properties. Toxicity due to cassava consumption has been reported in ruminants and laboratory animals; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of acetone cyanohydrin, a metabolite of linamarin that is present in cassava, in Wistar rats. Six groups of five animals each were used to evaluate the toxic effects of acetone cyanohydrin administered at 25 (G1), 50 (G2), 75 (G3), 100 (G4) and 125 (G5) µmol/kg as a single oral dose. The control group received acidified water (pH 3.5). The animals were monitored after administration of acetone cyanohydrin, and clinical symptoms were recorded. Serum enzyme levels were measured to assess the kidney and liver function. During necropsy, tissue samples were collected for histopathological examination. After administration, some animals in the G2, G4, and G5 groups presented neurological symptoms such as convulsions, involuntary muscle contraction, staggering gait, motor coordination disability, prostration, and mydriasis. All of the animals in the G5 and four animals in the G4 group died seven minutes after the administration of acetone cyanohydrin. Animals in the other groups, particularly in G2, recovered from the acute phase. Biochemical analysis revealed hepatic lesions and liver dysfunction. Histopathology revealed severe lesions in both the liver and brain. In conclusion, acetone cyanohydrin has toxic effects in the liver, lung, and central nervous system in rats; however, at concentrations up to 25 µmol/kg, the animals could survive the acute phase.
32
Sergalieva, Mariyam U., Alexsandra A. Tsibizova, Elvira I. Abdulkadyrova, Ludmila A. Andreeva, Marina A. Samotrueva, and Nikolay F. Myasoedov. "The influence of glyprolins on the behavior of laboratory animals under experimental hyperthyroidism." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma66467.
Анотація:
This study aimed to determine the peculiarities of behavioral reactions and psychoemotional status of laboratory animals in experimental hyperthyroidism conditions against the background of introducing peptides of glyproline series (selank and tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro). All experiments were conducted on white non-linear male rats, which were divided into groups consisting of 10 individuals. The first group consisted of control rats that received intraperitoneal water for injection in equi-volume. The second group consisted of individuals with experimental hyperthyroidism modeled by intragastric administration of L-thyroxine Berlin-Chemi Germany) at 150 mcg/kg/day for 21 days. The third and fourth groups were animals with a hyperthyroidism model and received intraperitoneal Selank and Pro-Gly-Pro at 200 mcg/kg/day for 21 days after the hyperthyroidism model development. The behavioral activity determination of laboratory animals was conducted using the Open Field method, which is widely used in the analysis of approximate research activity, locomotive stereotyping, and the emotional reactivity level of rodents. The level of animal anxiety was assessed using the Raised cross-shaped maze method. The study revealed that experimental hyperthyroidism due to the introduction of L-thyroxine is accompanied by an increased level of the anxiety-depressive state in the behavior of male rats. The study on the effects of selank and its structural analog Pro-Gly-Pro on the psychoemotional status of male rats using Open Field and Raised cruciform labyrinth methods revealed that the recovery of the approximate research motor activity of laboratory animals is noted, which indicates the psychomodulatory activity of glyproline neuropeptides, in experimental hyperthyroidism conditions.
33
Gerunov, T. V. "IMMUNOTROPIC EFFECTS OF IVERMECTIN IN PRODUCTIVE AND LABORATORY ANIMALS." Toxicological Review, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2020-1-49-53.
Анотація:
The aim of this work was to identify the immunotropic effects of ivermectin in productive and laboratory animals in real and simulated conditions. The studies were carried out on hybrid pigs at the age of 144 days reared in an industrial pig complex and on Wistar rats aged 5 months with a body weight of 230 - 250 g. For the experiments there was used acaricide insecticide Ivermin (Biovet Drwalew S.A., Poland), which was administered to pigs once subcutaneously in a dose of 0,2 mg / kg and to rats in a tenfold therapeutic dose. Blood samples were taken from pigs either before the administration of Ivermin, and 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after the administration. The level of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA) was determined in serum by the method of radial immunodiffusion according to Mancini. To prepare histopreparations, samples of thymus, spleen and lymph nodes were taken from rats 14 days after the administration of the preparation. For statistical processing of experimental data, Student’s T-test for dependent samples has been used.When studying pigs’ blood serum, a decrease in the content of IgG was established in all periods of the study. A decrease in level of IgM and IgA was marked in 7 days after the experiment started. At the end of the experiment, the IgG level remained below the background value by 16,4%; IgM - by 15,2%; IgA – by 33%. In the rat thymus, a narrowing of the cortical substance was observed when a toxic dose of Ivermin was injected, with the splenic follicles reduced, and reproduction centers faintly pronounced. Hemosiderin accumulation was detected around the follicles. In the mesenteric lymph nodes, there was found a thickening of the capsule and the expansion of trabeculae. Cortical substance was narrow and paracortical zone was wide. The results of the study indicate a high risk of immunotoxic effect of ivermectin.
34
Kaminska, M. V. "THE COMPLEX METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF INTESTINAL MICROFLORA COMPOSITION OF LABORATORY ANIMALS." Agriciltural microbiology 22 (December 29, 2015): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.22.60-65.
Анотація:
The method of determination of qualitative and quantitative composition of intestinal microflora of laboratory animals, namely albino rats, was described. The method allows to simultaneously identify different groups of microorganisms in one sample of intestinal composition and to get a full picture of microbocoenosis within 4 days that allows to consider animal’s health, dysbiotic infringement in intestinal microflora composition and its correction with probiotic preparations.
35
Varkholiak, I. S., and B. V. Gutyj. "Determination of acute toxicity of “Bendamin” drug in laboratory animals." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 92 (December 10, 2018): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9243.
Анотація:
The study of acute toxicity is a mandatory stage in the investigation of new drugs, which allows assessing the health of substances for health in the short-term and determining the class of toxicity and breadth of therapeutic action. Therefore, at the first stage of the study, the acute toxicity of Bendamin Cardiomatography was studied, in particular the determination of maximum tolerant, toxic and intermittent lethal doses for laboratory animals. The acute toxicity of Bendamin was determined in two stages: indicative and expanded experiments. In the indicative trial, the drug was administered intragastrically at doses of 50, 500 and 5000 mg/kg body weight. Three white mice and rats were used for each dose. In an expanded experiment, Bendamin was administered intragastrically at doses of 5000 and 10000 mg/kg body weight. In determining the acute toxicity of Bendamin, the DL50 value could not be determined, indicating a low toxicity of the test substance. Thus, the DL50 drug for intragastric administration to white mice is greater than 5000 mg/kg m. The general condition of animals in the studied groups did not differ from the state of intact animals: coordination of movements and skeletal muscle tone, pain response, tactile and acoustic stimuli were adequate, the frequency of breathing and the rhythm of heart rate were within the normal range. At administration of the preparation in a dose of 5000 mg/kg m. T, an insignificant inhibition was established, which is related to the introduction of a large amount of the drug. In determining the coefficients of the mass of the internal organs of laboratory animals, a slight decrease in the weight coefficient of the liver was found in both mice and in rats. The “Bendamin” drug when administered to white mice and rats in the stomach in the maximum amount does not cause symptoms of poisoning and behavioral abnormalities. According to GOST 12.1.007-76, Bendamin, for intragastric administration, according to the degree of hazard belongs to grade 4 toxicity – low toxicity substances (DL50 more than 10000 mg/kg body weight). In the future, it is planned to investigate the chronic toxicity and cumulative properties of the drug in laboratory animals.
36
Cinque, Carlo, Manuela Zinni, Anna Rita Zuena, Chiara Giuli, Sebastiano G. Alemà, Assia Catalani, Paola Casolini, and Roberto Cozzolino. "Faecal corticosterone metabolite assessment in socially housed male and female Wistar rats." Endocrine Connections 7, no. 2 (February 2018): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-17-0338.
Анотація:
Knowledge of animals’ hormonal status is important for conservation studies in wild or semi-free-ranging conditions as well as for behavioural and clinical experiments conducted in laboratory research, mostly performed on rats and mice. Faecal sampling is a useful non-invasive method to obtain steroid hormone assessments. Nevertheless, in laboratory studies, unlike other contexts, faecal sampling is less utilised. One of the issues raised is the necessity to collect samples belonging to different animals, separately. Usually, researchers using faecal sampling solve this problem through the isolation of animals or taking the cage rather than single animal as unit of study. These solutions though, could lead to unreliable measurements, and cannot be applied in many studies. Our aim was to show the biological reliability of individual faecal corticosterone metabolite (FCM) assessments in socially housed male and female Wistar rats. We analytically validated the enzyme immunoassay kit used for FCM assessments. Then, we exposed the animals to two different stress stimuli that are known to activate the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis and the following release of corticosterone to biologically validate the EIA kit: environmental enrichment and predator odour. Individual faecal sampling from social animals was collected through short-time handling. The results demonstrated that both the stimuli increased FCM levels in male and female rats showing the reliability of EIA kit assessment and the applicability of our sampling method. We also found a diurnal rhythm in FCM levels. These results could help to increase the use of faecal hormone metabolite determinations in studies conducted on rats.
37
Rewell, Sarah SJ, John A. Fernandez, Susan F. Cox, Neil J. Spratt, Lisa Hogan, Elena Aleksoska, Leena van Raay, Gabriel T. Liberatore, Peter E. Batchelor, and David W. Howells. "Inducing Stroke in Aged, Hypertensive, Diabetic Rats." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 30, no. 4 (January 13, 2010): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2009.273.
Анотація:
Animal models of ischemic stroke often neglect comorbidities common in patients. This study shows the feasibility of inducing stroke by 2 h of thread occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in aged (56 week old) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) with both acute (2 weeks) and chronic (36 weeks) diabetes. After modifying the streptozotocin dosing regimen to ensure that old SHRs survived the induction of diabetes, few died after induction of stroke. Induction of stroke is feasible in rats with multiple comorbidities. Inclusion of such comorbid animals may improve translation from the research laboratory to the clinic.
38
Farcich, E. A., and E. H. Morgan. "Diminished iron acquisition by cells and tissues of Belgrade laboratory rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 262, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): R220—R224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.2.r220.
Анотація:
Iron uptake from transferrin by a variety of cells and tissues of homozygous Belgrade laboratory rats was compared with heterozygotes, and normal and iron-deficient Wistar rats. In all cases the results for homozygous Belgrade rats were lower than for the other animals. The maximal rate of iron uptake by fibroblasts cultured in vitro and iron passage to homozygous fetuses in utero was less than 60% of control values. In vivo studies of 15-day-old Belgrade rats revealed a defect in the homozygotes with reduced iron transfer to heart, liver, brain, and femurs. In addition, adult Belgrade laboratory rats had impaired intestinal iron absorption compared with the genetically normal animals. It is concluded that the defect in iron metabolism in the Belgrade laboratory rat is a ubiquitous one that affects transport of iron across membranes of many types of cells, resulting in low intracellular iron levels. This suggests that the genetic defect leads to a widely expressed abnormality in the structure and/or function of a membrane carrier for iron.
39
Kroll, Tina, Nikola Kornadt-Beck, Angela Oskamp, David Elmenhorst, Chadi Touma, Rupert Palme, and Andreas Bauer. "Additional Assessment of Fecal Corticosterone Metabolites Improves Visual Rating in the Evaluation of Stress Responses of Laboratory Rats." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030710.
Анотація:
Since animal experiments cannot be completely avoided, the pain, suffering, and distress of laboratory animals must be minimized. To this end, a major prerequisite is reliable assessment of pain and distress. Usually, evaluation of animal welfare is done by visual inspection and score sheets. However, relatively little is known about whether standardized, but subjective, score sheets are able to reliably reflect the status of the animals. The current study aimed to compare visual assessment scores and changes in body weight with concentrations of fecal corticosterone metabolites (FCMs) in a neuroscientific experimental setup. Additionally, effects of refinement procedures were investigated. Eight male adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent several experimental interventions, including electroencephalograph electrode implantation and subsequent recording, positron emission tomography (PET), and sleep deprivation (SD) by motorized activity wheels. Additional 16 rats were either used as controls without any treatment or to evaluate refinement strategies. Stress responses were determined on a daily basis by means of measuring FCMs, body weight, and evaluation of the animals’ welfare by standardized score sheets. Surgery provoked a significant elevation of FCM levels for up to five days. Increases in FCMs due to PET procedures or SD in activity wheels were also highly significant, while visual assessment scores did not indicate elevated stress levels and body weights remained constant. Visual assessment scores correlate with neither changes in body weight nor increases in FCM levels. Habituation procedures to activity wheels used for SD had no impact on corticosterone release. Our results revealed that actual score sheets for visual assessment of animal welfare did not mirror physiological stress responses assessed by FCM measurements. Moreover, small changes in body weight did not correlate with FCM concentration either. In conclusion, as visual assessment is a method allowing immediate interventions on suffering animals to alleviate burden, timely stress assessment in experimental rodents via score sheets should be ideally complemented by validated objective measures (e.g., fecal FCM measured by well-established assays for reliable detection of FCMs). This will complete a comprehensive appraisal of the animals’ welfare status in a retrospective manner and refine stressor procedures in the long run.
40
Baker, David G. "Natural Pathogens of Laboratory Mice, Rats, and Rabbits and Their Effects on Research." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 11, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 231–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.11.2.231.
Анотація:
SUMMARY Laboratory mice, rats, and rabbits may harbor a variety of viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal agents. Frequently, these organisms cause no overt signs of disease. However, many of the natural pathogens of these laboratory animals may alter host physiology, rendering the host unsuitable for many experimental uses. While the number and prevalence of these pathogens have declined considerably, many still turn up in laboratory animals and represent unwanted variables in research. Investigators using mice, rats, and rabbits in biomedical experimentation should be aware of the profound effects that many of these agents can have on research.
41
Luo, Q. J., and J. C. MacRae. "Nutritional and hormonal regulation of hepatic IGF-1 production in sheep and rats." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600025149.
Анотація:
Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are closely related to the nutrition of animals and their rates of growth. The major site of IGF-1 production is thought to be the liver. Whilst growth hormone (GH) is thought to be the main regulator of IGF-1 production in farm animals, in laboratory rats, altering the GH status of the animal (without hyperphysectomy) has little influence on circulating IGF-1 levels. A series of studies have been conducted with primary cultured rat and sheep hepatocytes to investigate the influence of GH and nutrient availability on the production of IGF-1 by liver cells.
42
Scháňková, Š., I. Langrová, I. Jankovská, J. Vadlejch, Z. Čadková, and D. Křivská. "Screening of Model Animals for Experimental Infection with Equine Cyathostomes." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sab-2018-0003.
Анотація:
Abstract Various laboratory animals – mice (Mus musculus) of six strains, rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), rats (Rattus norvegicus), and Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were experimentally infected with larvae of small strongyles (Cyathostominae), obtained from horse faeces and cultured to the infective larval stage L3. The attempt to transfer cyathostome larvae was aimed at developing a model for the investigation of different aspects of the life cycle and biology of these nematodes in the laboratory. Some animals were immunized (hydrocortisone) for the duration of the study. The laboratory animals were orally infected with 2–10 thousand sheathed or ex-sheathed L3 larvae of mixed cyathostome species. All attempts to inoculate any animal failed; there was no larval development in the experimental rodents and it can be stated that none of the investigated animals may serve as a suitable model host for horse nematodes of the subfamily Cyathostominae.
43
Huber, L. "Amelioration of Laboratory Conditions for Pigeons (Columba Livia)." Animal Welfare 3, no. 4 (November 1994): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600017085.
Анотація:
AbstractLearning tests in animal psychology are highly standardized with regard to both the formulation of scientific questions and the methods employed to obtain reliable answers. The Skinnerian technique of conditioning rats or pigeons in small test chambers has established itself as the main laboratory method in this field. Despite the undeniable advantages of highly controlled and manipulated test conditions, a number of problems with respect to the welfare of the test animals arise from the standard application of this method. These problems are specified here along with the presentation of new techniques that have been developed at the University of Vienna. The methodological improvements are related to the housing, testing and weighing of the pigeons and ameliorate the conditions these animals previously confronted within the laboratory.
44
Klaasen, H. L. B. M., J. P. Koopman, M. E. Van Den Brink, M. H. Bakker, F. G. J. Poelma, and A. C. Beynen. "Intestinal, segmented, filamentous bacteria in a wide range of vertebrate species." Laboratory Animals 27, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367793780810441.
Анотація:
Segmented, filamentous bacteria (SFBs) form a group of bacteria with similar morphology and are identified on the basis of their morphology only. The relationships of these organisms are unclear as the application of formal taxonomic criteria is impossible currently due to the lack of an in vitro technique to culture SFBs. The intestine of laboratory animals such as mice, rats, chickens, dogs, cats and pigs is known to harbour SFBs. To see whether this extends to other animal species, intestines from 18 vertebrate species, including man, were examined. SFBs were detected with light microscopy in the cat, dog, rhesus monkey, crab-eating macaque, domestic fowl, South African claw-footed toad, carp, man, laboratory mouse and rat, wood mouse, jackdaw and magpie. These results suggest that non-pathogenic SFBs are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. Among apparently identical animals, there was considerable variation in the degree of SFB colonization. It is suggested that SFB colonization could serve as a criterion of standardization of laboratory animals.
45
Li, Junqiang, Yueyue Yuan, Yuxi Jiang, Wen Wang, Liqin Chao, Ruiqin Sun, Jun Li, Md Robiul Karim, and Meng Qi. "Molecular identification and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in laboratory rats in China." Parasite 27 (2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020035.
Анотація:
Blastocystis sp. is a ubiquitous protist that has been frequently reported in humans and animals worldwide. A total of 355 fecal samples of experimental rats were collected from four laboratory rearing facilities in China, and Blastocystis sp. was detected by PCR amplification of the partial small subunit ribosomal (SSU) rRNA gene. Twenty-nine (8.2%, 29/355) samples were positive for Blastocystis sp., with the highest infection rate (20.7%, 24/116) in rats of the Zhengzhou1, followed by that in the Zhengzhou2 (5.0%, 2/40), Shenyang (3.0%, 3/100) and Wuhan (0) rearing facilities. Among the three rat strains, Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats had higher infection rates (11.3%, 17/151) compared to Wistar rats (8.7%, 9/104) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats (3.0%, 3/100). Two Blastocystis sp. subtypes (ST4 and ST7) were identified. ST4 was the predominant subtype detected in 26 samples (89.7%). A phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the sequences of ST4 and ST7 obtained in this study were clustered with their reference subtypes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Blastocystis sp. in experimental rats in China. Pathogen infections in laboratory animals need to be monitored due to fecal-oral transmission.
46
Rowland, Neil E., and Linda A. Toth. "Analytic and Interpretational Pitfalls to Measuring Fecal Corticosterone Metabolites in Laboratory Rats and Mice." Comparative Medicine 69, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000119.
Анотація:
Minimization and alleviation of stress are generally viewed as desirable aspects of laboratory animal management and use. However, achieving that goal requires an unambiguous and valid measure of stress. Glucocorticoid concentrations are commonly used as a physiologic index of stress. Measurement of glucocorticoids in blood, serum or plasma clearly reflects many types of both acute and chronic stress. However, the rapid rise in concentrations of circulating glucocorticoids that occurs even with relatively simple manipulations such as handling has led to the increased use of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FCM) assays, which provide a temporally integrated measure that may allow a more accurate interpretation of chronic stressors. In this review, we consider 3 aspects of glucocorticoids as a measure of stress. First, we discuss the analytic and interpretational pitfalls of using FCM concentrations as an index of stress in mice and rats. Second, we consider evidence that some degree of stress may benefit animals by priming physiologic and behavioral adaptations that render the animals more resilient in the face of stress. Finally, we use 2 situations—social housing and food restriction—to illustrate the concept of hormesis—a biologic phenomenon in which a low dose or intensity of a challenge has a beneficial effect, whereas exposure to high doses or intensities is detrimental.
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Lisna, A. Y., and L. M. Stepchenko. "Regenerative processes during model gastric ulcer in laboratory rats when using Humilid." Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine 9, no. 4 (2021): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32819/2021.94026.
Анотація:
A gastric ulcer caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is the second most common after Helicobacter pylori in both humane and veterinary medicine. The urgent need to find alternative drugs that had a minimum number of side effects led to the use of a model pathology that mimics a stomach ulcer. The article presents the results of a study of the effect of Humilid on the healing processes of a model gastric ulcer induced by Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The study lasted 21 days. It was found that Ibuprofen at a dose of 400 mg/kg on the 3rd day of the experiment caused damage to the gastric mucosa, namely an ulcer, demonstrated by both macroscopic and histological examination. In the animals of the group where Humilide (5 mg/kg) was used against the background of Ibuprofen-induced ulcers, on day 21 of the experiment, the ulcer score (Ulcer score) was 94% lower (P <0.001) compared to the ulcer score of the same group by 3 - e day of the experiment. And in animals of the group where the ulcer was formed, but Gumilid was not used, the difference in ulcer scores on day 21 of the experiment was 81% (P <0.001) compared to the ulcer score in rats receiving Humilid. A histological study showed that in animals of the group receiving Humilid, such indicators as desquamation of the epithelium, erosive and ulcerative destruction, stromal oedema and inflammatory infiltration were 56%, 62%, 30% and 60% (P <0.001) lower, respectively, compared to with a group of model pathology, where it was not received. Thus, it was found that with Ibuprofen-induced gastric ulcer, including Humilide in the general diet of animals in the experimental group, accelerates and improves regenerative processes, namely, the healing of stomach ulcers.
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Marianti, Aditya, Wulan Christijanti, Wiwi Isnaeni, Badingatus Sholihah, Kartika Widyaningrum, Naufal Sebastian Anggoro, and Yudi Priyanto. "Improvement of experimental animal handling skills for higher education laboratory technicians in Semarang Region Indonesia." Jurnal Pemberdayaan: Publikasi Hasil Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/jp.v5i1.3670.
Анотація:
Laboratory technician skills in handling experimental animals are needed by the study program, which uses experimental animals in the lecture and research process. The Biology Laboratory of FMIPA UNNES has the resources to practice these skills. As the realization of the 3rd Dharma of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education, community service is carried out to improve the skills of higher education laboratory technicians both private and public universities in the city of Semarang in handling experimental animals. The method used is training in the form of hands-on practice. The animals used were mice and white rats. The trained practices were bioethics, maintenance techniques, handling, gavage, drawing blood, and vaginal smears of experimental animals. The participants consisted of 29 laboratory technicians from general medicine, dentistry, biology, biology education, pharmacy, and animal husbandry study programs. The training instructors consist of lecturers, technicians, and student assistants. The training was held for two days by implementing health protocols. As a result, the participants improved their skills. From the beginning, only 29,26% of participants had the knowledge and skills to handle experimental animals at the end of the training, increasing to 86.84%. It concludes that the participants have increased their knowledge and skills in handling experimental animals.
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Mattsson, Joel L., R. R. Albee, and D. L. Eisenbrandt. "Neurological Approach to Neurotoxicological Evaluation in Laboratory Animals." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 8, no. 2 (March 1989): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818909019552.
Анотація:
The neurotoxicological potential of a compound is best evaluated with information from a wide variety of tests. Our philosophy is that tests should be applicable across species and emphasize complementarity to neuropathology. Electrophysiologic tests comparable to those in human clinical neurology fulfill these requirements. Animals are not anesthetized but are physically restrained during the tests. Routine tests include flash evoked potentials, auditory brainstem responses to clicks and tone pips, somatosensory evoked responses, and caudal nerve action potentials. Tests can be added (e.g., H-reflex, EMG, or EEG) or deleted as circumstances warrant. A careful clinical examination of all animals (functional observational battery) and, for rats, a test of grip strength are utilized as well. Neuropathology typically includes perfusion fixation and special stains of histological sections from the central and peripheral nervous systems. Approximately half the animals are retained as a recovery group for subsequent tests if warranted by the results of the neurotoxicological evaluation. The neurological approach, in conjunction with standard toxicological studies, provides data with the necessary breadth and depth for a comprehensive evaluation of neurotoxicity.
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Sabirzyanova, L. I., A. M. Lunegov, G. V. Konovalova, and V. V. Tokar. "Research of acute toxicity of l-carnitin preparation on laboratory animals." International Journal of Veterinary Medicine, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-2419.2022.1.74.
Анотація:
To date, there is no registered injectable dosage form of levocarnitine for veterinary use on the territory of the Russian Federation. The purpose of our work was to conduct preclinical studies of l-carnitine for veterinary use, in particular acute toxicity, in laboratory animals and to establish the class of acute toxicity. Acute toxicity studies were conducted on outbred rats in October 2021 at the vivarium of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. When studying acute toxicity after intragastric administration, l-carnitine was administered at an initial dose of 2 ml / kg of animal weight. When studying acute toxicity after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration, lcarnitine was administered at an initial dose of 2 ml / kg of animal weight. During three days of observations, the death of animals was not revealed. After the expiration of three days, we introduced the drug in the same dose and by the same routes of administration to other animals (three animals for each route of administration). During 14 days of observation, the death of the animals was not detected, other disorders of the general condition and any signs indicating the toxic effect of the studied drug were absent. As a result of acute toxicity studies on laboratory animals of the drug l-carnitine for veterinary use with intragastric, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration, it was found that a dose of 2 ml/kg did not cause death of experimental animals. The investigated drug l-carnitine, according to GOST 32644-2014, can be classified as hazard class V in accordance with the globally agreed system of hazard classification and labeling of chemical products or in class V in accordance with the toxicity classification according to Hodge and Sterner.