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Статті в журналах з теми "Rational actions"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 21 вересня 2024

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1

Dubouloz, Adrien, and Alvaro Liendo. "Rationally integrable vector fields and rational additive group actions." International Journal of Mathematics 27, no. 08 (July 2016): 1650060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x16500609.

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We characterize rational actions of the additive group on algebraic varieties defined over a field of characteristic zero in terms of a suitable integrability property of their associated velocity vector fields. This extends the classical correspondence between regular actions of the additive group on affine algebraic varieties and the so-called locally nilpotent derivations of their coordinate rings. Our results lead in particular to a complete characterization of regular additive group actions on semi-affine varieties in terms of their associated vector fields. Among other applications, we review properties of the rational counterpart of the Makar–Limanov invariant for affine varieties and describe the structure of rational homogeneous additive group actions on toric varieties.

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2

Harel, Matan, Elchanan Mossel, Philipp Strack, and Omer Tamuz. "Rational Groupthink*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 136, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 621–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa026.

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Abstract We study how long-lived rational agents learn from repeatedly observing a private signal and each others’ actions. With normal signals, a group of any size learns more slowly than just four agents who directly observe each others’ private signals in each period. Similar results apply to general signal structures. We identify rational groupthink—in which agents ignore their private signals and choose the same action for long periods of time—as the cause of this failure of information aggregation.

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3

Lorenz, Martin. "Group actions and rational ideals." Algebra & Number Theory 2, no. 4 (June 15, 2008): 467–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/ant.2008.2.467.

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4

Moser, Paul K. "Reasons, Values, and Rational Actions." Journal of Philosophical Research 15 (1990): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jpr_1990_13.

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5

Hauschild, Volker. "Rational homotopy of circle actions." Pacific Journal of Mathematics 191, no. 2 (December 1, 1999): 275–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/pjm.1999.191.275.

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6

Sunder, Shyam. "Rational order from ‘irrational’ actions." Mind & Society 19, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11299-020-00245-1.

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7

Firmansyah, Muhammad Alvin. "The The Social Action of Edward Kenway in Oliver Bowden's Assassin's Creed Black Flag." Journal of Literature, Linguistics, & Cultural Studies 1, no. 1 (October 31, 2022): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/lilics.v1i1.2344.

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Анотація:

We can see that people's action is based on what motives them that is rational or even irrational. One of the examples of the rational action in real life is when a person decides to become a migrant worker in overseas to improve the economy of their family while the irrational when one destroys stuff due to anger. That kind of action is called as social action. In literature, social action is depicted in one character's behavior whether it is related or not related to the goal of the story. The purpose of this study is to find out the depiction of social action forms of the main character and how he achieves his goal based on his social action in Assassin’s Creed Black Flag novel, whose name is Edward Kenway. This research uses one of the theories in sociology of literaturre sociology of literature from Max Weber which is social action. The methodology used is literary criticism method. Then, the data is collected by read and note the relevant data with the theory and research problems. After doing analysis, the result of this research are: (1) The form of social actions in Edward Kenway are instrumental action which has ten instrumental rational actions, four value rational actions, eight affectual action, and two traditional actions

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8

Hidayah, Hildan Nurul. "TINDAKAN SOSIAL DALAM NOVEL KITA PERGI HARI INI KARYA ZIGGY ZEZSYAZEOVIENNAZABRIZKIE BERDASARKAN PERSPEKTIF MAX WEBER." CaLLs (Journal of Culture, Arts, Literature, and Linguistics) 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/calls.v9i2.12689.

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In the sociology of literature, social action is interpreted as a form of individual behavior to achieve a goal, without social action, social relations will be passive. This study aims to identify and describe the forms of social action in the characters in the novel We Go Today by Ziggy Zezsyazeoviennazabrizkie. This study uses a qualitative method with descriptive analysis, the primary data sources are dialogues and author's narration in the novel We Go Today. Collecting data using the read and sign method, then data analysis through the transcription stage and then data reduction to produce some data that is relevant to Max Weber's theory. The results of this study found 12 forms of social action. 3 in the form of instrumental rational actions, 5 traditional non-rational actions, and 4 affective rational actions.

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9

Deveney, James K., and David R. Finston. "Fields of Ga Invariants are Ruled." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 37, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-1994-006-0.

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AbstractThe quotient field of the ring of invariants of a rational Ga action on Cn is shown to be ruled. As a consequence, all rational Ga actions on C4 are rationally triangulable. Moreover, if an arbitrary rational Ga action on Cn is doubled to an action of Ga × Ga on C2n, then the doubled action is rationally triangulable.

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10

Petik, A., and V. Trobyuk. "METHODS OF DETERMINING THE RATIONAL WAY OF ACTIONS OF THE NATIONAL GUARD OF UKRAINE AFTER TERMINATION GROUP ILLEGAL ACTIONS OF CONVICTS IN PENALTIES." Scientific journal of the National Academy of National Guard "Honor and Law" 1, no. 84 (2023): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33405/2078-7480/2023/1/84/276812.

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Анотація:

The article defines and reveals the essence of the following typical features of the process of stopping group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions by the forces of the National Guard of Ukraine: specificity of the environment, thorough preparation, coordination with other services, ensuring security and minimizing consequences. The main limitations that must be taken into account during research are formulated: legality, proportionality, short duration, preservation of life and health, attentiveness and caution, protection of rights and freedoms. It is shown that a number of assumptions were taken into account during the construction of the methodology for determining the rational course of action of the National Guard of Ukraine to stop group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions. The essence and main stages of the methodology for determining the rational method of action of the National Guard of Ukraine to stop group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions are given. The methodology for determining the rational method of action of the National Guard of Ukraine to stop group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions involves the implementation of five main stages. It is illustrated that the analytical basis of the methodology proposed in the article for determining the rational method of actions of the National Guard of Ukraine to stop group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions is a discrete-continuous stochastic model of the actions of the National Guard of Ukraine to stop group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions. This discrete-continuous stochastic model is implemented programmatically on the basis of a standard subroutine for the numerical integration of Kolmogorov-Chapman differential equations written in the ASNA 2000 software environment. The formalization of the methodology proposed in the article for determining the rational method of action of the National Guard of Ukraine to stop group illegal actions of convicts in penal institutions can be implemented on the basis of analytical expressions to determine its effectiveness indicators.

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11

Ahsan, Sitti Chaeriah, Haslinda B. Anriani, Moh Nutfa, Krisdaryadi Ponco Nugroho, Nurul Chudawiah Sidin, and Akbar Akbar. "Rational Actions of Widows Post Earthquake Disaster in Palu City." Devotion : Journal of Research and Community Service 4, no. 9 (September 26, 2023): 1886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.59188/devotion.v4i9.571.

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Earthquakes not only affect material losses, but also affect the socioeconomic lives of widowed women forcing them to act rationally to survive and avoid the threat of poverty. The study aims to analyze the impact of earthquake natural disasters with rational actions of widowed women after the earthquake disaster in Palu City. The research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection was carried out through limited observation, in-depth interviews, FGDs and document studies so as to obtain primary and secondary data. Informants were purposively selected as many as 6 people. The data is analyzed interpretively. The validity of the data is done through triangulation. The results showed that in the face of poor post-disaster socioeconomic conditions, there are five models of strategies or rational survival actions carried out by widowed women, namely, borrowing business capital, building an entrepreneurial career, finding a new job, becoming a daily freelancer, and getting married. The forms of rational action carried out by widows are instrumental rational actions, value rationality actions and effective rational actions. It suggested the importance of socio-economic empowerment of widowed women appropriately and sustainably.

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12

Mintoff, Joe. "How Can Intentions Make Actions Rational?" Canadian Journal of Philosophy 32, no. 3 (September 2002): 331–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2002.10716522.

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Rational agents, it seems, are capable of adopting intentions which make actions rational and which they would otherwise have no reason to do, or even have reason not to do. Howard Sobel imagines the following, uncontroversial but somewhat contrived, example: ‘I'll give you a nickel if you now intend to hand me the red [pencil] in five minutes. I'll give you the nickel now. I don't care if you do hand me the red one when the five minutes are up. The nickel will be yours whether or not you do that then, if you manage now to intend to do it then’ (Sobel, 242-3, emphasis in original).

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13

Bielawski, Roger, and Victor Pidstrygach. "Gelfand–Zeitlin actions and rational maps." Mathematische Zeitschrift 260, no. 4 (January 22, 2008): 779–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00209-008-0300-2.

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14

Kustoyo, Nerrisa Erviana Hadianti, and Siti Zunariyah. "PEMAKNAAN MAHASISWA TERHADAP SIMBOL PANCASILA SEBAGAI IDENTITAS BANGSA." Journal of Development and Social Change 2, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jodasc.v2i2.41661.

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Анотація:

<p>The purpose of this study is to: To find out the meaning of the Pancasila symbol in the souls of students, To find out the practice of Pancasila values on student life, To know students in responding to Pancasila towards the meaning of a nation's identity.This study uses qualitative methods through in-depth interview techniques, and direct observation. Primary data obtained from interviews. The sampling of this study was through purposive sampling.</p>The results of this study are: The meaning of students towards Pancasila based on Max Weber's theory of action can be categorized into rational values (werk rational) which are based on divine values, mutual respect, adab, and humanity, and the value of justice. Besides affective actions based on the love of water and unity, The application of Pancasila into the daily lives of students can be categorized into rational acts of values based on mutual respect and do not differentiate between religious adherents, values unity and value of deliberation to reach consensus; affective actions based on the love of the motherland; instrumental rational actions based on means of respect and tolerance to achieve peace and unity, and means of association, participation in activities in society, Student attitudes towards Pancasila as a nation's identification are categorized into rational acts of value based on values respect for differences, values of togetherness or unity; instrumental rational value actions (zwerk rational) which are based on means of deliberation to reach consensus, the struggle to achieve goals; Affective action that is based on the love of the motherland.

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15

Almahdi, Muhammad Zaidan. "Social Action of the Main Character in Oliver Bowden's Assassin's Creed: Renaissance Novel." Journal of Literature, Linguistics, & Cultural Studies 2, no. 2 (May 16, 2024): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/lilics.v2i2.3731.

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This research explores the various forms of social action exhibited by the protagonist, Ezio Auditore, in Oliver Bowden's novel Assassin's Creed: Renaissance. Drawing from Max Weber's theory of social action, the research categorizes these actions into four types: instrumental rationality action, value-oriented action, affective action, and traditional action. The data for the study consists of sentences, paragraphs, and dialogues describing Ezio Auditore's social actions in the novel, analyzed using a descriptive method with a sociology of literature approach. The data analysis reveals the frequency of each action type, with affective action being the most prevalent by ten data, followed by value rational action with eight data, rational instrumental action with five data, and traditional action with two data. Additionally, the study identifies four main goals pursued by the character: seeking revenge, uncovering conspiracies, eradicating the Templar order, and protecting Florence. The predominant use of rational instrumental action and the lower occurrence of value rational action in pursuing these goals are highlighted. These findings offer insights into Ezio Auditore's motivations and behaviors, shedding light on the social dynamics depicted in the novel.

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16

JOOSTEN, REINOUD. "A NOTE ON REPEATED GAMES WITH VANISHING ACTIONS." International Game Theory Review 07, no. 01 (March 2005): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198905000430.

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A two-person general-sum repeated game with vanishing actions is an infinitely repeated game where the players face the following restrictions. Each action must be used by player k ∈ {1,2} at least once in every rk ∈ ℕ consecutive stages, otherwise the action vanishes for the remaining play. We assume that the players wish to maximize their limiting average rewards over the entire time-horizon. A strategy-pair is jointly convergent if for each action pair a number exists to which the relative frequency with which this action pair is chosen, converges with probability one. A pair of feasible rewards is called individually rational if each player receives at least the threat-point reward, i.e., the amount which he can guarantee himself regardless of what the opponent does given r1, r2 and the actions available in the long run. In a repeated game with vanishing actions, there may exist multiple threat points which are endogenous to the play. We prove that all individually-rational jointly-convergent pure-strategy rewards can be supported by an equilibrium. Furthermore, each convex combination of individually-rational jointly-convergent pure-strategy rewards, can be supported by an equilibrium for m × n-games provided r1 > m ≥ 2, r2 > n ≥ 2.

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17

Friedlander, Eric M., and Brian J. Parshall. "Rational actions associated to the adjoint representation." Annales scientifiques de l'École normale supérieure 20, no. 2 (1987): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24033/asens.1529.

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18

Little, Robert D. "Rational Integer Invariants of Regular Cyclic Actions." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-2004-008-2.

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AbstractLet g : M2n → M2n be a smooth map of period m ≥ 2 which preserves orientation. Suppose that the cyclic action defined by g is regular and that the normal bundle of the fixed point set F has a g-equivariant complex structure. Let F ⋔ F be the transverse self-intersection of F with itself. If the g-signature Sign(g, M) is a rational integer and n < ϕ(m), then there exists a choice of orientations such that Sign(g, M) = Sign F = Sign(F ⋔ F).

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19

O'Brien, David, and Maria Davison. "Blood pressure measurement: rational and ritual actions." British Journal of Nursing 3, no. 8 (April 28, 1994): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.1994.3.8.393.

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20

SOBEL, JORDAN HOWARD. "Expected utilities and rational actions and choices." Theoria 49, no. 3 (February 11, 2008): 159–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-2567.1983.tb00212.x.

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21

Hajja, Mowaffaq, and Ming-Chang Kang. "Finite group actions on rational function fields." Journal of Algebra 149, no. 1 (June 1992): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8693(92)90009-b.

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22

Ono, Yohei, and Kohhei Yamaguchi. "Group actions on spaces of rational functions." Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences 39, no. 1 (2003): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2977/prims/1145476152.

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23

Tondl, Ladislav. "Rational Actions and the Integration of Knowledge." Journal for General Philosophy of Science 38, no. 1 (April 2007): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10838-006-9018-1.

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24

LORENZ, MARTIN. "RATIONAL GROUP ACTIONS ON AFFINE PI-ALGEBRAS." Glasgow Mathematical Journal 55, A (October 2013): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017089513000530.

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AbstractLet R be an affine PI-algebra over an algebraically closed field $\mathbb{k}$ and let G be an affine algebraic $\mathbb{k}$-group that acts rationally by algebra automorphisms on R. For R prime and G a torus, we show that R has only finitely many G-prime ideals if and only if the action of G on the centre of R is multiplicity free. This extends a standard result on affine algebraic G-varieties. Under suitable hypotheses on R and G, we also prove a PI-version of a well-known result on spherical varieties and a version of Schelter's catenarity theorem for G-primes.

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25

Carocca, Angel, and Rubí E. Rodríguez. "Jacobians with group actions and rational idempotents." Journal of Algebra 306, no. 2 (December 2006): 322–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2006.07.027.

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26

Raussen, Martin. "Circle actions on rational homology manifolds and deformations of rational homotopy types." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 347, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9947-1995-1273540-6.

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27

Betzler, Monika. "How Can an Agent Rationally Guide His Actions?" Grazer Philosophische Studien 61, no. 1 (June 1, 2001): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-061001011.

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Анотація:

In this paper, I examine how an agent can cause and rationally guide his actions. A common approach explains an action by the agent's motives which cause and rationalize it. Given the fact that an agent does not always identify with the motives that propel him to action, the common approach does not account for an agent's autonomy in his acting. Consequently, I focus on the question whether an agent can rationally guide his action such that he controls his action by his own causal powers without being just moved to it. In this endeavour, Harry Frankfurt's more recent work in which he tries to specify recalcitrant dispositions like "caring" as conditions of autonomy, and hence as conditions of an action's rational guidance, will serve me as a case in point.

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28

Bennett, Christopher. "The Problem of Expressive Action." Philosophy 96, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 277–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819120000467.

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AbstractRational explanation of action out of emotion faces a number of challenges. The Wrong Explanation Challenge says that explaining action out of emotion by reference to a purpose rather than an emotion gets it wrong. The Redundancy Challenge says that if explanation of an action by reference to emotion is sufficient then rational explanation is redundant. And the No Further Justification Challenge says that there is no more to say, at the level of rational explanation, about why people act as they do out of a particular emotion. Furthermore, even if these challenges can be addressed, there is a Problem of Expressive Action, since many actions out of emotion seem unpromising candidates for being guided by normative practical reasons of the prudential, instrumental, deontic or consequentialist sort. In response, I argue that many actions out of emotions should be understood as expressive actions guided by the agent's conception of normative practical reasons: specifically, their conception of expressive reasons.

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29

Adellah, Azhar Azhar, and Alya Syafitri Lubis. "Anomali dalam Pemilihan Kepala Desa (Studi Kasus di Desa Kamal Kecamatan Pemulutan Barat Kabupaten Ogan Ilir)." PERSPEKTIF 13, no. 2 (April 3, 2024): 488–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/perspektif.v13i2.11207.

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This reserach aims to find out the anomalous phenomenon in the election of village heads in Kamal village, West Pemulutan District, Ogan Ilir Regency. The problem focuses on anomalies in the election of village heads in Kamal village, West Pemulutan District, Ogan Ilir Regency. In order to approach this problem, social action theory by Max Weber is used as a reference because this theory is able to analyze actions such as what are the driving factors for anomalies in village head elections. Data was collected through documentation and interviews and analyzed qualitatively. This study concludes that the anomaly in the election of village heads in Kamal village, West Pemulutan District, Ogan Ilir Regency, is due to several social actions. The first is instrumental rational action, in the form of strategies used by each candidate for village head, such as conducting outreach to the community and putting up banners. Second, value-oriented rational actions, such as creating a vision and mission. Third, traditional actions in the form of identity politics. Fourth, namely affective actions, such as issues that develop in village community

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30

Jaime Nieto, Juan Pablo. "TRES ACCIONES RACIONALES DEL ANTIRRACIONALISTA LUTERO." Revista de Filosofía 19, no. 2 (2022): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21703/2735-6353.2020.19.02.0003.

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Debido a sus aportaciones, Lutero representaría un personaje clave para entender el inicio de la modernidad, aunque las líneas religiosas de su pensamiento no corresponden con los principios de este movimiento, ya que su propuesta sometía toda facultad humana a la fe, rechazando la razón como principio rector de la voluntad. No obstante, en su alzamiento, el agustino no se percató de lo racional que fue su proceder a través de las acciones tomadas para impulsar su reforma, dejando ver que, por encima de lo religioso, las iniciativas de Lutero, representan una búsqueda de alternativas expresadas racionalmente.

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31

Cagnoli Fiecconi, Elena. "Aristotle on the Structure of Akratic Action." Phronesis 63, no. 3 (May 23, 2018): 229–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685284-12341350.

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Abstract I argue that, for Aristotle, akratic actions are against one’s general commitment to act in accordance with one’s correct conception of one’s ends overall. Only some akratic actions are also against one’s correct decision to perform a particular action. This thesis explains Aristotle’s views on impetuous akrasia, weak akrasia, stubborn opinionated action and inverse akrasia. In addition, it sheds light on Aristotle’s account of practical rationality. Rational actions are coherent primarily with one’s commitments to one’s conception of the good and only secondarily with one’s decisions to perform a particular action.

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32

Mueller-Frank, Manuel, and Claudia Neri. "A general analysis of boundedly rational learning in social networks." Theoretical Economics 16, no. 1 (2021): 317–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/te2974.

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We analyze boundedly rational learning in social networks within binary action environments. We establish how learning outcomes depend on the environment (i.e., informational structure, utility function), the axioms imposed on the updating behavior, and the network structure. In particular, we provide a normative foundation for quasi‐Bayesian updating, where a quasi‐Bayesian agent treats others' actions as if they were based only on their private signal. Quasi‐Bayesian updating induces learning (i.e., convergence to the optimal action for every agent in every connected network) only in highly asymmetric environments. In all other environments, learning fails in networks with a diameter larger than 4. Finally, we consider a richer class of updating behavior that allows for nonstationarity and differential treatment of neighbors' actions depending on their position in the network. We show that within this class there exist updating systems that induce learning for most networks.

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33

Ilten, Nathan, and Milena Wrobel. "Khovanskii-finite valuations, rational curves, and torus actions." Journal of Combinatorial Algebra 4, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/jca/41.

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34

BANNAI, Shinzo. "RELATIVE DIHEDRAL GROUP ACTIONS ON RATIONAL ELLIPTIC SURFACES." Kyushu Journal of Mathematics 67, no. 1 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2206/kyushujm.67.1.

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35

Pollard, Bill. "Can Virtuous Actions be Both Habitual and Rational?" Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 6, no. 4 (December 2003): 411–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:etta.0000004561.34480.d4.

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36

Lichtenstein, Arnaldo, Mario Ferreira-Júnior, Maria Mirtes Sales, Francisco Bueno de Aguiar, Luiz Augusto M. Fonseca, Nairo M. Sumita, and Alberto J. S. Duarte. "Vitamin D: non-skeletal actions and rational use." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira (English Edition) 59, no. 5 (January 2013): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2255-4823(13)70509-5.

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37

CHIANG, RIVER, and LIAT KESSLER. "CYCLIC ACTIONS ON RATIONAL RULED SYMPLECTIC FOUR-MANIFOLDS." Transformation Groups 24, no. 4 (February 12, 2019): 987–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00031-019-09512-z.

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38

Brion, M. "Rational smoothness and fixed points of torus actions." Transformation Groups 4, no. 2-3 (June 1999): 127–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01237356.

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39

Bhattacharya, Vivek, and Greg Howard. "Rational Inattention in the Infield." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 14, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 348–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20200310.

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This paper provides evidence of rational inattention by experienced professionals in strategic interactions. We add rational inattention to a game of matching pennies with state-dependent payoffs. Unlike the full-information, mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium, payoffs of different actions need not be equated state by state. Moreover, players respond partially to payoff differences, this responsiveness is stronger when attention costs are lower, strategies converge to full-information Nash as stakes increase, and average payoffs across all states are approximately equal across actions. We test these predictions using data on millions of pitches from Major League Baseball, where we observe strategies, payoffs, and proxies for attention costs. (JEL C72, D83, D91, L83, Z21)

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40

Wettersten, John. "Beyond Methodological Individualism: Social Scientific Studies of Rational Practice." European Journal of Sociology 53, no. 1 (April 2012): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975612000045.

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AbstractStandard versions of the sociology of rational practice assume justificationist theories of rationality: all rational beliefs are justified and rational individuals do not believe any non-justified statements. This theory appears to some to offer the possiblity of finding “deeper” insights into social behavior: some actions presented by actors as “rational” can, in fact, be explained as non-justified and, therefore, as mere consequences of prestige and/or power conflicts. When, however, it turns out that no theories can be justified, then all theories are irrational. This leads to relativism. The possibility, that we may profitably construct alternative theories of rationality is, in contrast, raised nearly uniquely by fallibilist theories of rationality. In order to take advantage of this, an alternative to the dominant methodological individualist theory of rational action is needed and possible. According to this alternative, rational action consists of problem-solving within institutional contexts without justification. Such a non-relativist sociology of rational practice can be enlightening and useful. Differing institutional contexts offer differing standards of rationality.

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41

Fatah, Rahmat Abd. "Recognize Max Weber's Social Action Theory in Individual Social Transformation." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science 2, no. 02 (March 1, 2024): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.59653/ijmars.v2i02.681.

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Every individual in his social reality always performs social actions, whether in a state of realization or not, these actions continue to run dynamically along with the dynamics of self-situation with the reality of his life. This paper uses narrative literature review to recognize Max Weber's Social Action Theory. It is found that Weber's social action theory originated from the formation of a cultural tradition of thought by his father and mother as well as the formal formation of his learning process and was certainly influenced by the German historian, philosopher, economist and political theorist Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) as well as influenced by Nietzsche (1844-1900). It is found that social action always has motives (Intention) and meaning (Meaning) directed to others and to oneself. Transformational social action can be rational which he calls instrumental rationality and value rationality. As well as being Non-Rational. He called it Affection-oriented social action and Traditional Orientation.

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42

Mladenovic, Ivan. "Is there a place for psychology in the framework of rational choice theory?" Filozofija i drustvo 21, no. 2 (2010): 251–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1002251m.

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This paper aims to discuss psychological aspect of rational choice theory. The standard version of rational choice rests on a kind of psychology, since it operates with mental states. In standard davidsonian version it is claimed that we explain rational actions by stating proper desires and beliefs that caused the action. We will explore two challenges to the standard version that might be called cultural and naturalistic versions of rational choice. Satz and Ferejohn (1994) challenged standard version by stating that we can provide rational-choice explanations without relying too much on psychological assumptions. They argued in favor of moderate externalism, which should replace thin desire-belief model with thick structuralist conception. According to their model moderate externalism is compatible with realism about psychological states, while at the same time those states need not figure in the best rational choice explanations of actions. The focus of rational choice explanations therefore shifts to non-individual and non-psychological entities, such as firms in explaining economic behavior, parties in explaining functioning of democracy, etc. Although there is a place for psychological states within a moderate externalism, those states are not causally relevant. On Pettit?s account desires and beliefs figure in rational choice explanations merely as ?standby causes?. They explain resilience of certain behavior, not its actual cause. Quite contrary to standard rational choice theory, the programming model (Pettit, 2002) defines the neurophysiological level as more basic in explaining behavior. This means that higher-level psychological states are causally relevant for certain behavior only if certain lower-level neurophysiological producer obtains. In this paper standard rational choice theory will be defended against culturalist and naturalist criticism.

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43

Ekiz, Seyma. "EU Strategy in Libya: Discourses vs Actions." European Foreign Affairs Review 23, Issue 3 (October 1, 2018): 405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2018033.

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This research article analyses some of the determinants of EU’s promotion of values and interests in Libya through the lens of neoclassical realism. The aim is to see if speeches match actions during the Arab Spring (2011–2014). Despite the normative positioning of the EU and Member State leaders in their discourses the apparent overlapping of Member States’ domestic rationales and EU’s prioritizing of security and business rather than values like human rights and democracy make EU’s relations with the southern neighbourhood complicated. Therefore it is important to understand how EU leaders perceive and assess their interests (both normative and rational interests) and what policies they have implemented in return taking also into account the consistent cooperation and conflicts within the Member States.

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44

Ziegelmeyer, Anthony, Christoph March, and Sebastian Krügel. "Do We Follow Others when We Should? A Simple Test of Rational Expectations: Comment." American Economic Review 103, no. 6 (October 1, 2013): 2633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.6.2633.

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The payoff of actions is estimated and the resulting empirical payoff is controlled for in regression analyses to formulate a test of rational expectations in information cascade experiments. We show that the empirical payoff of actions is a function of estimates of choice probabilities and estimates of the information parameters of the game. We introduce an alternative empirical payoff of actions with true values of the information parameters. Our improved measure of the success of social learning confirms that rational expectations are violated, but deviations from rational expectations are statistically significantly smaller than in Weizsacher (2010). (JEL D82, D83, D84)

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45

S, Pashko, and Sinitsyn I. "Optimal solutions in systems consisting of rational agents." Artificial Intelligence 28, AI.2023.28(2)) (September 15, 2023): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/jai2023.02.016.

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Rational agents and systems consisting of such agents are considered. An agent is an autonomous object that has sources of information about the environment (for example, physical sensors) and affects this environment (for example, with the help of actuators). A rational agent is an agent who, in order to achieve a set goal, is able to act effectively, that is, to use behavioral strategies that are close to optimal. It is assumed that there is a utility function, which is defined on the set of possible sequences of actions of the agent (agents, if a system of agents is considered) and takes values in the set of real numbers. A rational agent acts in such a way as to maximize the utility function. A system of rational agents is a system consisting of rational agents that have a common goal and act in an optimal way to achieve it. Agents act using the optimal (or close to optimal) solution of the extreme problem formulated for the system. The work gives examples of systems consisting of rational agents. The main groups of problems and the corresponding mathematical methods of their solution related to the management of agents and systems of rational agents are determined: cooperation of agents (creation of a system of agents), planning and coordination of actions of agents, search of placement of the system of agents, recognition. Cooperation is necessary when no single agent has sufficient experience, resources, and information to solve a problem, but different agents have the expertise and capabilities to solve different parts of the problem. Planning is the development of a method of action of agents and the entire system in the future depending on the situations that may arise, the choice of an effective method of action, optimal distribution of resources. Coordination is such an organization of the actions of various agents that make up the system, which ensures the efficiency of this system. The tasks of finding the optimal placement of agent system and the task of recognizing the state of the environment are important. Examples of such problems are given and mathematical methods of their solution are indicated.

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46

Schumacher, Heiner, and Heidi Christina Thysen. "Equilibrium contracts and boundedly rational expectations." Theoretical Economics 17, no. 1 (2022): 371–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/te4231.

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We study a principal‐agent framework in which the agent forms beliefs about the principal's project based on a misspecified subjective model. She fits this model to the objective probability distribution to predict output under alternative actions. Misspecifications in the subjective model may lead to biased beliefs. However, under mild restrictions, the agent has correct beliefs on the equilibrium path so that the optimal contract is nonexploitative. This allows for a behavioral version of the informativeness principle: The optimal contract conditions on an additional variable only if it is informative about the action according to the agent's subjective model. We further characterize when misspecifications affect the optimal contract. One implication of this characterization is that the scope for belief biases depends on the agent's job, for example, her position in the hierarchy.

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47

Grgić, Filip. "Aristotle's Rational Powers and the Explanation of Action." Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung 74, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3196/004433020828856935.

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In this paper, I discuss Aristotle's notion of rational powers as presented in his Metaphysics Θ.2 and Θ.5. I argue, first, that his account cannot serve as the model for explaining human rational actions in general. The role of rational powers is restricted to the explanation of arts and their exercises, including the exercises of knowledge through teaching. The exercises of character virtues do not follow the same pattern that is discernible in the exercises of rational powers. Second, I try to show that the similarities between Aristotle's rational powers and powers as they are commonly understood in contemporary accounts of agency, especially regarding their two-sidedness and up-to-usness, are only superficial. Aristotle's rational powers are not genuinely two-sided, and their being up to the agent has nothing to do with the availability of alternative courses of action.

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48

DELLSÉN, FINNUR, and NATHANIEL SHARADIN. "The Beliefs and Intentions of Buridan's Ass." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 3, no. 2 (2017): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2017.22.

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ABSTRACT:The moral of Buridan's ass is that it can sometimes be rational to perform one action rather than another even though one lacks stronger reason to do so. Yet, it is also commonly believed that it cannot ever be rational to believe one proposition rather than another if one lacks stronger reason to do so. This asymmetry has been taken to indicate a deep difference between epistemic and practical rationality. According to the view articulated here, the asymmetry should instead be explained by the difference between rational intentions and rational actions. Thus, it turns out, cases such as Buridan's ass do not indicate an asymmetry between epistemic and practical rationality as such.

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49

Rudolph, Daniel J., and Cesar E. Silva. "Minimal self-joinings for nonsingular transformations." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 9, no. 4 (December 1989): 759–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385700005320.

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AbstractThe notion of minimal self-joinings for conservative nonsingular actions is defined as a restriction on the nature of rational self-joinings. The need to consider rational joinings is demonstrated by showing that any two type II1actions whose Cartesian product is ergodic have type IIIλnonsingular joinings. Lastly, actions of all Krieger types with minimal self-joinings are constructed. Hence these actions are prime and commute only with their powers.

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50

Minner, Frédéric. "Bridging the Gap between Rationality, Normativity and Emotions." Labyrinth 21, no. 1 (October 4, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25180/lj.v21i1.171.

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This paper argues that emotions play a key role in intentional explanation, because they can be conceived as rational. Furthermore, their rationality is specific as they make agents act and react with respect to values and norms. Indeed, emotions have cognitive bases and are reactions to the presence of values and are regimented by epistemic norms that can be constrained by social norms. Additionally, thanks to their action and cognitive tendencies emotions ground rational actions by providing, among other features of rationality, intentions to promote values through norms of action that can also be constrained by social norms. In that sense, emotions seem to bridge the gap between rationality and normativity by articulating the rational detection and production of values related to epistemic and action norms that can be both regimented by social norms.

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