Статті в журналах: "Rare states"

1

Smirnov, B. M. "Phase States of Condensed Rare Gases." Physica Scripta 58, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/58/6/008.

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2

Berry, R. S., and B. M. Smirnov. "Glassy-like states of bulk rare gases." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 95, no. 2 (August 2002): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1506432.

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3

Austin, Daniel F. "Rare Convolvulaceae in the Southwestern United States." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79, no. 1 (1992): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2399805.

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4

Etters, R. D. "Metastable states of small rare gas crystallites." Journal of Chemical Physics 67, no. 9 (1999): 4145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.435392.

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5

Soldatov, A. V., T. S. Ivanchenko, and A. Bianconi. "Unoccupied states in the rare earth monosulfides." Physica B: Condensed Matter 183, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(93)90072-e.

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6

Ginter, Marshall L., and J. Gary Eden. "Rydberg states of the rare gas dimers." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 762–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-089.

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This work is dedicated to Gerhard Herzberg and his prodigious contributions to molecular spectroscopy. Of particular relevance here is Herzberg's seminal 1987 article (Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 38, 27 (1987)) in which he discussed the electronic structures of several groups of molecules he termed "Rydberg molecules". Among these are the rare gas dimers (Rg2), a group whose study has benefited significantly from recent advances in laser excitation and synchrotron-based spectroscopies, as well as in theory. Following the spirit of Herzberg's 1987 article, this paper reviews some of the more prominent features of Rydberg states in the Rg2 family as viewed from the current perspective.Key words: rare gas dimers, rare gas dimer excited states, Rg2 electronic structures, Rydberg states of He2, Ne2, Ar2, Kr2, and Xe2, electronic states of He2, Ne2, Ar2, Kr2, and Xe2.

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7

Ziporyn, T. "Rare hyper-, hypothyroid states require unconventional therapies." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 6 (February 8, 1985): 737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.253.6.737.

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8

Ziporyn, Terra. "Rare hyper-, hypothyroid states require unconventional therapies." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 6 (February 8, 1985): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350300015002.

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9

Yevick, David. "Accelerated rare event sampling." International Journal of Modern Physics C 27, no. 04 (February 23, 2016): 1650041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183116500418.

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10

Mannervik, Sven. "Rare Transitions and Rare States Explored by the use of Fast Ion Beams." Physica Scripta T120 (January 1, 2005): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2005/t120/004.

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11

Hromádka, Tomáš, Anthony M. Zador, and Michael R. DeWeese. "Up states are rare in awake auditory cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): 1989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00600.2012.

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The dynamics of subthreshold membrane potential provide insight into the organization of activity in neural circuits. In many brain areas, membrane potential is bistable, transiting between a relatively hyperpolarized down state and a depolarized up state. These up and down states, which have been proposed to play a number of computational roles, have mainly been studied in anesthetized and in vitro preparations. Here, we have used intracellular recordings to characterize the dynamics of membrane potential in the auditory cortex of awake rats. We find that long up states are rare in the awake auditory cortex, with only 0.4% of up states >500 ms. Most neurons displayed only brief up states (bumps) and spent on average ∼1% of recording time in up states >500 ms. We suggest that the near absence of long up states in awake auditory cortex may reflect an adaptation to the rapid processing of auditory stimuli.

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12

Sun, Liling, and Qi Wu. "Pressure-induced exotic states in rare earth hexaborides." Reports on Progress in Physics 79, no. 8 (July 4, 2016): 084503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/79/8/084503.

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13

Nunez-Regueiro, M. D., and M. Avignon. "Density of 4f states in rare-earth compounds." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 54-57 (February 1986): 411–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(86)90644-x.

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14

LAUBSCHAT, C., and E. WESCHKE. "SURFACE EFFECTS IN RARE-EARTH MATERIALS." Surface Review and Letters 03, no. 05n06 (October 1996): 1773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x96002709.

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Recent experimental results concerning the surface-related electronic structure of rare-earth (RE) compounds are presented. Special attention is paid to the occurrence of surface-valence transitions for trivalent and mixed-valent compounds of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb which are due to an energetical lowering of unoccupied 4f states caused by the reduced atomic coordination at the surface. Similar phenomena are observed for so-called α-like Ce compounds which are characterized by a strong hybridization of the 4f levels with valence-band states. Here, the reduced atomic coordination causes mainly a decrease in hybridization leading to an enhanced localization of the 4f states in the outermost atomic surface layer. The importance of this phenomenon for the correct interpretation of electron-spectroscopic data of Ce systems is discussed.

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15

Patil, Swapnil, Ganesh Adhikary, Geetha Balakrishnan, and Kalobaran Maiti. "Influence of 4f electronic states on the surface states of rare-earth hexaborides." Applied Physics Letters 96, no. 9 (March 2010): 092106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3340461.

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16

Townsend, Julie S., Lisa C. Richardson, and Robert R. German. "Incidence of Testicular Cancer in the United States, 1999-2004." American Journal of Men's Health 4, no. 4 (December 22, 2009): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988309356101.

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Testicular cancer is rare but primarily affects young men. To characterize the current incidence of testicular cancer in the United States, U.S. Cancer Statistics data from 1999 through 2004 were examined. Age-adjusted (2000 U.S. standard) incidence rates were calculated for seminoma and nonseminoma testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). Hispanic men had the largest increase in incidence rates for nonseminomas, followed by non-Hispanic White men (annual percentage change of 3.2% and 1.9%, respectively, p < .05). Nonseminomas peaked at a younger age for Hispanic, American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN), and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) men. Whereas 9.6% of TGCTs were diagnosed at a distant stage in non-Hispanic White men, more Hispanic (16.1%), Black (13.8%), AIAN (16.8%), and API (14.9%) men with TGCTs were diagnosed with distant stage. Monitoring incidence rates for rare cancers by race/ethnicity has improved with national population-based cancer registry coverage. Disparities in diagnosis stage have implications for effective treatment of TGCTs.

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17

FRY, J. R. "RARE HADRONIC B DECAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, no. 06 (March 10, 2004): 918–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x04018877.

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Recent data from the rare decays of B mesons into hadronic final states is presented from BaBar, Belle, CDF and CLEO. Where possible the data are compared with theoretical calculations, with the twin aims of further testing the Standard Model and searching for evidence of new physics. A brief description is given of some theoretical approaches in order to indicate which decays are the most sensitive for further study.

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18

DeSantis, Carol E., Joan L. Kramer, and Ahmedin Jemal. "The burden of rare cancers in the United States." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 67, no. 4 (May 19, 2017): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21400.

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19

Митюрева, А. А. "ELECTRONIC EXCITATION OF METASTABLE STATES OF RARE GAS ATOMS." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University.Series Physics 33 (July 4, 2013): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2415-8038.2013.33.163-174.

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20

Bertulani, C. A. "Fingerprints of entangled states in reactions with rare isotopes." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 29, no. 4 (March 18, 2003): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/29/4/313.

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21

Chergui, M., N. Schwentner, and W. Böhmer. "Rydberg states of NO trapped in rare gas matrices." Journal of Chemical Physics 85, no. 5 (September 1986): 2472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.451056.

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22

Bahrdt, J., P. Gürtler, and N. Schwentner. "Triplet states of CO trapped in rare gas crystals." Journal of Chemical Physics 86, no. 11 (June 1987): 6108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.452449.

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23

Kiselev, A. I., L. A. Akashev, and V. I. Kononenko. "Localized States in Melts of Light Rare-Earth Metals." High Temperature 42, no. 5 (September 2004): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:hite.0000046525.20870.42.

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24

CHERUKU, S. "Sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma, a rare neoplasm in united states." American Journal of Gastroenterology 98, no. 9 (September 2003): S174—S175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9270(03)01289-9.

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25

Akopyan, M. E., I. Yu Novikova, S. A. Poretsky, and A. M. Pravilov. "Rare gas–iodine complexes in the ion-pair states." Chemical Physics 310, no. 1-3 (April 2005): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.11.002.

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26

Cheruku, Sailaja M., John OʼBrien, and Brian Webb. "SARCOMATOID HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, A RARE NEOPLASM IN UNITED STATES." American Journal of Gastroenterology 98 (September 2003): S174—S175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.08256.x.

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27

Slovetskaya, K. I., Yu S. Khodakov, A. M. Rubinshtein, and Kh M. Minachev. "Oxides of rare-earth elements in lower oxidation states." Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science 35, no. 9 (September 1986): 1778–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00954002.

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28

Raymond, C. A. "Polio rare in United States but experts counsel caution." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 255, no. 12 (March 28, 1986): 1546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.255.12.1546.

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29

Laubschat, C., S. Danzenbächer, D. V. Vyalikh, S. L. Molodtsov, and Yu Kucherenko. "Dispersive properties of 4f states in rare-earth systems." physica status solidi (b) 246, no. 7 (July 2009): 1450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200945187.

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30

Castaños, O., J. P. Draayer, and Y. Leschber. "Collective 1+ states in rare earth and actinide nuclei." Nuclear Physics A 473, no. 3 (November 1987): 494–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(87)90137-0.

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31

Bhardwaj, Ramakant. "Electronic and structural properties of rare earth pnictides." Materials Science-Poland 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0026.

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AbstractIn the present paper structural and electronic properties of rare earth pnictides have been presented. The present calculation has been performed using self-consistent tight binding linear muffin tin orbital (TB-LMTO) method within the local density approximation (LDA). The studied compounds undergo a structural phase transition from NaCl-type structure to CsCl-type structure. The electronic band structure and density of states of the pnictides have been reported. The equilibrium lattice parameter a (Å), bulk modulus B (GPa), number of f-states at the Fermi level Nf (states/Ry cell) and volume collapse of AmBi and CmBi have also been reported. The calculated equilibrium structural parameters are in good agreement with the available experimental results.

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32

Rosenberg, Philip S., Hannah Tamary, and Blanche P. Alter. "How Rare Is Rare? Carrier Frequencies for Fanconi Anemia In the United States and Israel." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 2229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.2229.2229.

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Abstract Abstract 2229 Background: Although carrier frequencies for Fanconi anemia (FA) have been estimated for several founder populations, carrier frequencies in different countries remain unclear. One exception is Israel. In Jewish populations, founder mutations have been identified, e.g. the FANCC IVS+4 A>T mutation in Ashkenazi Jews, and the FANCA 2172–2173insG mutation in Moroccan Jews. The ability to test for specific mutations has enabled screening studies: the carrier frequency in Israeli Ashkenazi Jews is around 1:85; limited available data suggest that carrier frequencies in other Israeli Jewish subgroups may be similar (Tamary et al. BJH 2000). FA also occurs in Israeli Arab populations but carrier frequencies have not been determined. In contrast, there are much less data for the United States (US). Swift (Nature 1971) estimated the US FA carrier frequency as 1:300, but this estimate was based on surprisingly limited data - in total, the 12 persons with FA born in New York State from 1956 until 1967 who were known to the author among the corresponding total of 4.2 million live births. Nonetheless, this figure remains widely cited and has not been updated even after 40 years. We sought to update this estimate given the biological importance of the FA pathway. Methods: We applied Swift's approach (knowledge of the number of FA cases born during a given period with a known overall birth rate) to contemporary data for the United States and Israel. Specifically, we used the Hardy-Weinberg Law and demographic data from the Fanconi Anemia Research Fund (FARF, 488 FA) and the Israeli Fanconi Anemia Registry (ISFAR, 66 FA). Results: On average during the 1990s, 15 persons with FA were born each year in the US who eventually became known to the FARF, amongst the 4.0 million persons born each year in the US during that period. The corresponding Hardy-Weinberg carrier frequency is 1:257 (95% Confidence Interval: 1:240 – 1:277). This range describes a lower bound because ascertainment in FARF must be less than 100%. Even so, the lower confidence limit is significantly greater that 1:300. The true ascertainment in FARF is unknown. We propose that values between 40% – 60% are plausible. Using this range to adjust the observed birth incidence upwards, we obtained a plausible range for the carrier frequency of 1:156 – 1:209 [midpoint 1:182]. We applied the same approach to the ISFAR where 2.6 births per year were observed. We assumed 50% – 100% ascertainment by ISFAR since cases were identified through a country-wide hospital network. For the entire country of Israel (Jews and non-Jews combined), we obtained a plausible range for the carrier frequency of 1:66 – 1:128 [midpoint 1:93]. Hence, the range for Israel derived using Swift's indirect approach (estimated from birth rates) is broadly consistent with direct surveys. Conclusions: The FA carrier frequency in the US may be higher than previously thought, around 1:200 or perhaps even higher. From the perspective of population genetics, our results suggest there is less difference between the average carrier frequency in the US and higher carrier frequencies of around 1:100 reported for a number of ethnic groups including Ashkenazi Jews. This is consistent with the facts that the general US population is heterogeneous mixture of descendents of many ancestral groups, and FA is found world-wide. Our results also suggest that some European populations may have higher carrier frequencies than currently recognized. Our findings are sensitive to a number of assumptions. Going forwards, large scale re-sequencing studies could more precisely determine how many persons in the general population carry causative alleles for FA and other rare recessive syndromes. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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33

Chen, Wendou, Zhenyue Zhang, Fei Long, Zhuo Chen, and Ru’an Chi. "Rare Earth Occurrence States of Weathered Crust Elution-Deposited Rare Earth Ores in Southern Yunnan." Minerals 13, no. 4 (April 14, 2023): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13040554.

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To reveal the regularity of variation in the rare earth occurrence states of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores, ore samples from different weathering crust layers were obtained by performing the sequential extraction procedure. The order of rare earth contents firmly obeyed the following sequence: the weathered layer > humic layer > partly weathered layer. The occurrence states of rare earth elements were mainly the ion exchange state, carbonate bound state, iron–manganese oxide state, organic binding state and residual state. The proportions of rare earth elements found in the rare earth ion exchange state of the weathered layer, humic layer and partly weathered layer were 78.55%, 73.53% and 53.88%, respectively. The light rare earth elements (LREEs) found in the rare earth ion exchange state were enriched in the upper part of the weathering crust, while the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) were enriched in the lower part. There were also obvious negative anomalies in the content of cerium in the ion exchange state. The content of rare earth elements found in the carbonate bound state was small, and the rare earth partition pattern was basically consistent with that of the ion exchange state, which had little effect on the differentiation of the rare earth elements. The iron–manganese oxide state was mainly enriched with cerium, and the content of cerium increased with the depth of the weathering crust. The iron–manganese oxide state was the main factor causing the phenomenon of the anomaly in the cerium content. Meanwhile, the iron oxides in the iron–manganese oxide state were mainly hematite and goethite. The organic binding state mainly beneficiated yttrium and cerium by complexation and certain adsorption. The content of elements found in the rare earth residual state was related to the degree of weathering and reflected the release sequence of rare earth elements in the mineralization process. Clarifying the rare earth occurrence states is conducive to better revealing the metallogenic regularity of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores. In addition, the results can provide a valuable reference for expanding the available rare earth resources and the efficient comprehensive utilization of rare earth ore.

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34

Chen, Lan Li, Hong Duo Hu, and Zhi Hua Xiong. "Electronic Properties of Zno Doped by Rare-Earth Elements from First-Principles." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.623.

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We perform first-principles calculations to investigate the band structure and density of states of rare-elements doped ZnO. The calculated results show that the shapes of band structures for ZnO by rare-element doping are similar. And the rare-elements incorporation has a little influence on the band gap of the doping system under our considered doping concentration, but after doping, the Fermi level goes into the conduction band, and the electrons from the conduction band minimum to the Fermi level are increasing after rare-earth doping, which means that rare-element doping can change the electrical conductivity of ZnO to a great extent. Meanwhile, it is found that the conduction band near the Fermi level is determined by the rare-element-d states and O-p states, demonstrating as a strong hybridization. This study could provide a theoretical explanation for the factors influencing the properties of ZnO.

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35

Gann, Zachary. "The Hubbert Curve and Rare Earth Elements Production." International Review of Business and Economics 2, no. 2 (2018): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.2.2.4.

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This paper intends to apply the Hubbert curve to the production of rare earth elements by the United States, China, and total global production. The goal of this research is to see if the production of rare earth elements follows the predicted production forecasted by the Hubbert curve and to observe if the curve can create usable predictions of future production. Global demand for rare earth elements has drastically increased in the modern era due to their unique properties. Global production has increased as well to meet this increased demand. Rare earth elements are a collection of seventeen chemical elements that are used in the production of advanced technologies. The demand for rare earth elements has increased in the modern era with new applications for them being discovered and the increasing demand for green energy which requires rare earth elements in its production. The United States was chosen to be examined due to its long history of producing rare earth elements. The United States was also the largest supplier of rare earth elements before China overtook them in rare earth element production. Ever since China became the top producer of rare earth elements, the United States’ production of rare earth has declined. Production reached zero in 2016 due to the lone company that mines rare earth elements in the country filing for bankruptcy. This caused their only mine to be put on care and maintenance. This meant that the United States had to import all of the rare earth metals it requires until the mine reopens or until new mines are created. China was chosen as the other country to analyze because it has the largest known reserves of rare earth metals and is the largest supplier of rare earth elements in the world market today. China’s supply of rare earth metals for the market is also affected by its own increasing demand for rare earth due to its rising industrial sector and their government trying to preserve their reserves of rare earth metals. It was concluded that observed REE production does follow the trend predicted by the Hubbert curve, but the Hubbert curve does not create accurate predictions of future REE productions due to its simplicity. The first section of this paper is a literature review that scrutinizes previous research done about rare earth elements and the Hubbert curve. The reasoning behind this analysis is to get a better understanding of the state of the rare earth elements market and to create a basis for the research of this paper to be conducted on. Correspondingly in this section, the equation of the Hubbert curve and the theoretical implications of its results will also be discussed. The data and regressions will be described that look at the application of the Hubbert curve to the United States’ rare earth element production, China’s rare earth element production and global rare earth production in the next section. The results of this research will be thoroughly described in the conclusion alongside what implications these results have as well. A bibliography citing all material used within this project will be the last part of this paper.

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36

Li, Ying, An Jian Wang, Jiang Wu Li, and Qi Shen Chen. "A Brief Analysis of Global Rare Earth Trade Structure." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 3324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.3324.

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Since a large number of cheap rare earth from China entered the international market in the late 1980s, the rare earth structure in world started to change, and China replaced the United States as the largest rare earth producer and exporter. However, due to Chinas rare earth management and other factors, rare earth prices have rebounded. The foreign rare earth new production capacity is about to increase production in recent years, and the global rare earth structure will change in the future. Through analysis of rare earth import and export, as well as rare earth prices over the past decades in three major trading countries, China, Japan and the United States, this article points out that the diversified pattern of global rare earth supply will be formed, and China will continue to be the main supplier of the worlds rare earth. China should abandon the practice of one to support the global market in the past, and create a harmonious international trade environment.

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37

Maniam, Ganesh, Emily N. Nguyen, and John Scott Milton. "Acquisition of Cholera Within the United States." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 8 (January 2020): 232470962090420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2324709620904204.

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Cholera has been woven into human history through numerous pandemics, with the most recent ongoing since 1961. Global rates of cholera continue to decline, but outbreaks continue to pose diagnostic challenges for clinicians, which delays initiation of treatment and prolongs the disease course. Despite millions of infections and thousands of deaths worldwide each year, cholera remains rare in the United States, with the few cases each year usually being the result of pathogen acquisition while the patient traveled abroad. This article presents a unique case of cholera acquired in the United States, which emphasizes the necessary vigilance of symptom recognition, in the context of appropriate clinical investigation, in ensuring that the patient had a full recovery. Cholera in the United States is exceedingly rare, yet effective diagnosis with early initiation of treatment is known to reduce mortality and shorten disease course. While other more common diagnoses must definitely be excluded first, it is important for cholera to be kept on the differential for patients presenting with treatment refractory, watery diarrhea causing hypotension. This case of a patient with a recent travel history to Hawaii and infection with cholera underscores the importance of investigative medicine and clinical expertise in optimizing patient care, even when presented with rare illnesses.

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38

DUAN, CHUN-GANG, TAKASHI KOMESU, HAE-KYUNG JEONG, C. N. BORCA, WEI-GUO YIN, JIANJUN LIU, W. N. MEI, et al. "HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN 4f-5d STATES IN ErAs(100)." Surface Review and Letters 11, no. 06 (December 2004): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x04006451.

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Generally in both elemental and compound rare earth systems, the 4f levels are treated as core states with little interaction with the 5d hybrid conduction and valence band states. In the present study, the band dispersions of the rare-earth pnictide erbium arsenide ( ErAs ) are observed to be perturbed from this expectation. Both photoemission symmetry selection rules and ab initio calculations provide evidences of the 4f - 5d hybridization. This finding is also supported by the f–f resonant transition excitation energy shifts in characteristic electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS).

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39

Bullock, Taylor. "Urinary tract infection of rare pathogen Raoultella planticola." Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies 1, no. 3 (August 10, 2020): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8808/021.

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Raoultella planticola is a gram-negative bacillus that is rarely associated with clinical infections. We present a patient with recurrent urinary tract infections and glioblastoma multiforme that grew Raoultella planticola with urine culture. Of the 32 documented cases to date (only 8 of them in the United States), this is one of the few cases where the Raoultella planticola infection was a UTI in a patient with recurrent cystitis [1, 2]. The patient was successfully treated with cephalexin and nitrofurantoin.

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40

Chen, Wenxiang, Feng Zhou, Hongquan Wang, Sen Zhou, and Chunjie Yan. "The Occurrence States of Rare Earth Elements Bearing Phosphorite Ores and Rare Earth Enrichment Through the Selective Reverse Flotation." Minerals 9, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9110698.

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The reserve of rare-earth element-bearing phosphorite ores in Guizhou province in western China is huge. Increased demand for the different products manufactured from rare-earth elements has resulted in an extreme need for reasonable and comprehensive extraction of rare-earth elements. An improved understanding of rare-earth element occurrence states in single minerals of ores is important for their further processing. In this paper, rare-earth element contents were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and the occurrence states in single minerals were further investigated through SEM-EDS and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) methods. The results indicate that rare-earth element contents of apatite are far more than that of dolomite. No independent mineral of rare-earth elements exists for the studied sample. Rare-earth elements are present in the form of ions in the lattices of apatite. Based on the analysis of occurrence states and properties in single minerals, the distribution of rare-earth elements in the flotation process was investigated by reverse flotation technology. It shows that rare-earth elements are mainly concentrated in apatite concentrate. Under the optimized conditions, the P2O5 grade increases from 11.36% in the raw ore to 26.04% in the concentrate, and the recovery is 81.92%, while the total rare-earth oxide grade increases from 0.09% to 0.21% with the recovery of 80.01%, which is similar to P2O5 recovery. This study presents the feasibility of extracting rare-earth elements from rare-earth element-bearing phosphorite ores through the flotation of apatite.

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41

Nesterenko, V. O., V. G. Kartavenko, W. Kleinig, J. Kvasil, A. Repko, R. V. Jolos та P. G. Reinhard. "Skyrme RPA description ofγ-vibrational states in rare-earth nuclei". EPJ Web of Conferences 107 (2016): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201610703003.

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Gianturco, F. A., M. Patriarca, and O. Roncero. "Resonant states and photodissociation cross sections in protonated rare gases." Molecular Physics 67, no. 2 (June 10, 1989): 281–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268978900101081.

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43

Mallory, D., D. Malamut, and S. G. Sandler. "A Decade of Rare Donor Services in the United States." Vox Sanguinis 63, no. 3 (1992): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000462259.

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Bhatty, Osman, David Waters, Nicholas Wilka, Shradha Samuel, John Horne, and Renuga Vivekanandan. "A Rare Manifestation of Tuberculosis Presenting in the United States." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8216040.

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A 64-year-old Bangladeshi female presented to her primary care physician with a tender right breast lump that had been present for 4-5 days along with subjective fevers and malaise. Initial biopsy revealed granulomas, but Ziehl-Neelsen and Gram stain were negative for TB so antibiotics were prescribed for abscess until culture came positive for tuberculosis. She was started on triple therapy for extrapulmonary tuberculosis, an exceedingly rare presentation that requires high clinical suspicion in the Western world.

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45

Bhandari, Rajiv, V. K. Jindal, and K. N. Pathak. "Reinvestigation of two-phonon bound states in rare-gas crystals." Physical Review B 42, no. 14 (November 15, 1990): 9185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.42.9185.

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Kowalski, B. J., Z. Gołacki, E. Guziewicz, A. Kozanecki, B. A. Orłowski, J. Ghijsen, and R. L. Johnson. "Rare earth 4f states in AIV1−xRExBVI diluted magnetic semiconductors." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 286, no. 1-2 (May 1999): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(98)00991-8.

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Kowalski, B. J., J. Ghijsen, Z. Golacki, E. Guziewicz, T. Story, M. Arciszewska, B. A. Orlowski, and R. L. Johnson. "Resonant photoemission study of rare earth 4f states inSn1−xGdxTe." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 88-91 (March 1998): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0368-2048(97)00150-3.

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Sakurai, J., K. Inaba, and J. Schweizer. "Spin glass states in compounds RMnGa (R; rare earth metals)." Solid State Communications 87, no. 11 (September 1993): 1073–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(93)90563-3.

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Saxena, N. N., S. Siddiqui, S. Shah, and S. N. Gupta. "Bond length in rare earth compounds from states electronic transitions." Journal of the Less Common Metals 127 (January 1987): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(87)90408-5.

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Chopra, D. R. "Core-level spectroscopy of the 4f states of rare earths." Journal of the Less Common Metals 127 (January 1987): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(87)90425-5.

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