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Статті в журналах з теми "Ranid frogs"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Tokita, Masayoshi, and Noriko Iwai. "Development of the pseudothumb in frogs." Biology Letters 6, no. 4 (February 10, 2010): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.1038.

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Frogs have highly conserved hand and foot morphology, possessing four fingers and five toes. As an exception, two Japanese ranid frog species, the Otton frog Babina subaspera and the dagger frog Babina holsti , possess a unique thumb-like structure (the pseudothumb) in the forelimb, giving an appearance of a total of five fingers on the hand. To obtain insights into the developmental mechanisms that generate this novel character, we investigated the hand morphogenesis of the Otton frog. The unique morphological pattern of the pseudothumb was already established in juveniles. Surprisingly, the bud-like structure, which is similar to the area of inductive activity (e.g. feather buds in birds and the carapacial ridge in turtles), was detected over the site where the future prepollex develops in larvae. By contrast, this bud-like structure was not found in larvae of other ranid species. We discuss possible scenarios that would favour the evolution of this very unusual trait in frogs.

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2

Courtois, Daniel, Raymond Leclair jr., Sylvain Lacasse, and Pierre Magnan. "Habitats préférentiels d'amphibiens ranidés dans des lacs oligotrophes du Bouclier laurentien, Québec." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 1744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-206.

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From a study of riparian habitat structure and a quantitive distribution survey of bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, mink frog, Rana septentrionalis, and green frog, Rana clamitans melanota, in 31 oligotrophic lakes, we looked for, among 18 physiographic parameters, those that could best explain the spatial organisation of the ranid community. The three species cohabitated in 18 lakes, the mink frog and the green frog in 10 lakes without bullfrog, and the bullfrog alone in 3 lakes. These frogs preferentially occupied (i) habitats with medium or high density of emergent vegetation, (ii) areas with extensive floating aquatic vegetation, (iii) muddy and silty areas, and (iv) especially for the green frog, shrubby habitats with ericaceae. Substrates had a poor explicative value. In lakes devoid of bullfrogs, the mink frogs and green frogs were more frequently abundant and showed a more even distribution in the different habitats than when they were sympatric with bullfrogs. A Spearman's rank correlation analysis confirmed the similarity of habitat preferences between the three species and the poor capacity of the habitat structure to predict the ranid community composition.

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3

Stuart, Bryan L., Robert F. Inger, and Harold K. Voris. "High level of cryptic species diversity revealed by sympatric lineages of Southeast Asian forest frogs." Biology Letters 2, no. 3 (June 20, 2006): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0505.

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Amphibians tend to exhibit conservative morphological evolution, and the application of molecular and bioacoustic tools in systematic studies have been effective at revealing morphologically ‘cryptic’ species within taxa that were previously considered to be a single species. We report molecular genetic findings on two forest-dwelling ranid frogs from localities across Southeast Asia, and show that sympatric evolutionary lineages of morphologically cryptic frogs are a common pattern. These findings imply that species diversity of Southeast Asian frogs remains significantly underestimated, and taken in concert with other molecular investigations, suggest there may not be any geographically widespread, forest-dwelling frog species in the region. Accurate assessments of diversity and distributions are needed to mitigate extinctions of evolutionary lineages in these threatened vertebrates.

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4

Earl, Julia E., Sean M. Blomquist, Elizabeth B. Harper, Daniel J. Hocking, Malcolm L. Hunter, Jarrett R. Johnson, Michael S. Osbourn, et al. "Amphibian Biomass Export from Geographically Isolated Wetlands: Temporal Variability, Species Composition, and Potential Implications for Terrestrial Ecosystems." Diversity 14, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14030163.

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Recently metamorphosed amphibians transport substantial biomass and nutrients from wetlands to terrestrial ecosystems. Previous estimates (except 1) were limited to either a subset of the community or a single year. Our goal was to examine temporal variability in biomass export of all amphibians within breeding ponds and the composition of that export. We completely encircled ponds with drift fences to capture, count, and weigh emerging recently metamorphosed individuals in Maine (four wetlands, six years) and Missouri (eight wetlands, 2–4 years). We estimated total amphibian biomass export, export scaled by pond surface area, species diversity, and percentage of biomass from anurans. Biomass export and export composition varied greatly among ponds and years. Our estimates were of similar magnitude to previous studies. Amphibian biomass export was higher when species diversity was low and the proportion of anurans was higher. Biomass estimates tended to be highest for juvenile cohorts dominated by a single ranid species: green frogs (Missouri) or wood frogs (Maine). Ranid frogs made up a substantial proportion of amphibian biomass export, suggesting that terrestrial impacts will likely occur in the leaf litter of forests. Future studies should examine the impacts of ranid juveniles on terrestrial ecosystem dynamics.

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5

Neary, Timothy J. "Afferent Projections to the Hypothalamus in Ranid Frogs." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 46, no. 1 (1995): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000113254.

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6

Tattersall, Glenn J., and Gordon R. Ultsch. "Physiological Ecology of Aquatic Overwintering in Ranid Frogs." Biological Reviews 83, no. 2 (May 2008): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00035.x.

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7

Mahony, MJ, RM Norris, and SC Donnellan. "Karyotypes of South-West Pacific Ranid Frogs (Anura:Ranidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 2 (1996): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960119.

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Анотація:

Karyotypes of 12 species from five genera of Australian, New Guinean and Solomon Islands ranid frogs are reported and for convenience are compared and contrasted with the 2n = 26, fundamental number (FN) = 52 karyotype of Rana, the typical karyotype of the subfamily Raninae. This karyotype was found in the four species of Rana examined. One species, Ceratobatrachus guentheri, had an increased diploid number of 30, a lower FN of 38, and altered relative lengths and centromere positions of pairs 1-5, and several of the smaller pairs. These changes could have resulted from centric fissions and pericentric rearrangements which produced an increase in the number of telocentric chromosomes. Eight species, Batrachylodes vertebralis, Discodeles bufoniformis, D. guppyi, Platymantis boulengeri, P. myersi, P. neckeri, P. solomonis and P. weberi, had reduced diploid numbers and FN. The means by which reduction in diploid number and FN has occurred in these species is unknown, but may involve centric fissions to produce telocentrics, followed by translocation onto other chromosomes, or a process involving pericentric rearrangements to produce telocentric chromosomes followed by fusion of these products. With the exception of Rana, the level of chromosomal rearrangements in the south-west Pacific ranid frogs that occur on archipelagos is high compared with that observed in the continental lineages of this subfamily.

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8

Neary, Timothy J., and Walter Wilczynski. "Auditory pathways to the hypothalamus in ranid frogs." Neuroscience Letters 71, no. 2 (November 1986): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(86)90548-3.

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9

Desser, S. S., and J. R. Barta. "Ultrastructural observations on Thrombocytozoons ranarum Tchacarof 1963, an intrathrombocytic yeast of frogs." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 1096–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-192.

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Анотація:

Electron microscopic observations were made on Thrombocytozoons ranarum in ranid frogs from Algonquin Park, Ontario. These observations revealed that this bacilliform, intrathrombocytic organism is a yeast which ultrastructurally resembles Candida albicans.

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10

Dare, O. K., and M. R. Forbes. "Patterns of trematode and nematode lungworm infections in northern leopard frogs and wood frogs from Ontario, Canada." Journal of Helminthology 83, no. 4 (March 26, 2009): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x09243495.

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AbstractIn this study we examined trematode and nematode lung helminths commonly found in two species of host ranid frogs for competitive interactions. We examined 147 adult (breeding and non-breeding) and juvenile northern leopard frogs, and 84 breeding male wood frogs in Bishops Mills, Ontario for Haematoloechus spp. (Trematoda) and Rhabdias sp. (Nematoda) infections. A strong negative association between phyla of helminth was observed in breeding and juvenile northern leopard frogs, and also in breeding wood frogs, but not in non-breeding adult northern leopard frogs. Few hosts carried both types of worm concurrently. Thirteen northern leopard frogs carried dual infections, while 77 carried only one phylum of helminth. Twenty-seven wood frogs carried dual infections, while 54 carried only one phylum of helminth. We also observed spatial segregation of the two phyla in host lungs. Our study informs future research on the dynamics of interactions among lung helminths in these two host species.

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11

Suzuki, Chiharu, Satoshi Miyoshi, Tomio Naitoh, and Richard J. Wassersug. "Seasonal and thermal effects on the emetic responses of ranid frogs." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 2009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-228.

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We examined the relationship between time of the year and sensitivity to emetics in the frogs Rana rugosa and Rana nigromaculata. In response to apomorphine hydrochloride at a dosage of 50 μg/g body mass (wet mass), both species vomited from the late autumn through the winter, when they naturally hibernate, but not during the spring or summer months, when they are normally active. Exposure to low temperature (7 °C) for 29 days made R. rugosa sensitive to apomorphine even in the summer. Exposure to high temperature (20.0–23.0 °C) for 7–10 days in the winter resulted in loss of the frogs' sensitivity to apomorphine. Based on these results, we conclude that seasonal fluctuation in sensitivity to apomorphine is caused by changes in temperature. Sensitivity to copper sulfate, administered orally at a dosage of 0.4 mg/g, also changed with the time of year. However, in contrast to emesis induced with apomorphine, there was an increase in the latency to emesis induced with copper sulfate in the winter compared with the summer for both species. Thus, the emetic responsiveness of ranid frogs depends on both seasonal changes in temperature and on the agent used to provoke emesis.

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12

Palo, Jukka U., and Juha Merilä. "A simple RFLP method for identification of two ranid frogs." Conservation Genetics 4, no. 6 (2003): 801–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:coge.0000006117.43571.6e.

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13

Kurabuchi, S. "Fine structure of nuptial pad surface of male ranid frogs." Tissue and Cell 25, no. 4 (August 1993): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-8166(93)90011-9.

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14

Linsenmair, Karl Eduard, and Marko Spieler. "Migration patterns and diurnal use of shelter in a ranid frog of a West African savannah: a telemetric study." Amphibia-Reptilia 19, no. 1 (1998): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853898x00322.

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AbstractA telemetric study on Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Anura: Ranidae) was conducted in the Comoé National Park (Ivory Coast, West Africa) from 1993 to 1995 during the beginning of the rainy seasons. Radio transmitters were implanted into 46 frogs. The locations of individual animals were tracked for 2 to 71 days, at least once per day and once per night. By day, the frogs were found in diurnal shelters that offered favorable temperature and humidity conditions as well as protection against predators. At night, with the beginning of the rainy season, both males and females occupied about equally large home ranges of on average 142 m2 (range: 23-3744 m2) in a partially dried-up river bed. Individuals with home ranges on rocky stretches along the river weighed significantly less (35 ± 9 g) and occupied significantly larger home ranges (median: 944 m2) than did individuals found in places along the river having dense and shady vegetation (median of home range: 45 m2, body weight: 66 ± 21 g). Frogs migrated when precipitation was above 15 mm per day (movement >30 m per animal and day). Movement over longer distance (>600 m per animal and day) took place only once a year, when the first heavy rainfall of the season filled the dried-up ponds in the savannah. On these longer migrations, nearly all radio-tracked frogs moved from the river to newly emerged ponds in the savannah, covering linear distances of up to 1.4 km in a single night. The frogs then stayed in the savannah and most of them repeatedly sought new breeding sites during the rainy season. Thus, the total space covered by the frogs, termed "activity area", amounted to up to 2 km2, for both sexes, during the observation period.

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15

MAROSI, BÉLA, KAREN M. KIEMNEC-TYBURCZY, IOAN V. GHIRA, TIBOR SOS TIBOR SOS, and OCTAVIAN POPESCU. "Identification and characterization of major histocompatibility complex class IIB alleles in three species of European ranid frogs." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 9 (October 1, 2011): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/sept2013/2.

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16

Porter, David A., and Paul Licht. "Pituitary responsiveness to superfused GnRH in two species of ranid frogs." General and Comparative Endocrinology 59, no. 2 (August 1985): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(85)90383-1.

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17

Robert Macey, J., James A. Schulte, Jared L. Strasburg, Jennifer A. Brisson, Allan Larson, Natalia B. Ananjeva, Yuezhao Wang, James F. Parham, and Theodore J. Papenfuss. "Assembly of the eastern North American herpetofauna: new evidence from lizards and frogs." Biology Letters 2, no. 3 (May 2, 2006): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0473.

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Darwin first recognized the importance of episodic intercontinental dispersal in the establishment of worldwide biotic diversity. Faunal exchange across the Bering Land Bridge is a major example of such dispersal. Here, we demonstrate with mitochondrial DNA evidence that three independent dispersal events from Asia to North America are the source for almost all lizard taxa found in continental eastern North America. Two other dispersal events across Beringia account for observed diversity among North American ranid frogs, one of the most species-rich groups of frogs in eastern North America. The contribution of faunal elements from Asia via dispersal across Beringia is a dominant theme in the historical assembly of the eastern North American herpetofauna.

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18

Bletz, Molly C., R. G. Bina Perl, and Miguel Vences. "Skin microbiota differs drastically between co-occurring frogs and newts." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 4 (April 2017): 170107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170107.

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Diverse microbial assemblages inhabit amphibian skin and are known to differ among species; however, few studies have analysed these differences in systems that minimize confounding factors, such as season, location or host ecology. We used high-throughput amplicon sequencing to compare cutaneous microbiotas among two ranid frogs ( Rana dalmatina, R. temporaria ) and four salamandrid newts ( Ichthyosaura alpestris, Lissotriton helveticus, L. vulgaris, Triturus cristatus ) breeding simultaneously in two ponds near Braunschweig, Germany. We found that bacterial communities differed strongly and consistently between these two distinct amphibian clades. While frogs and newts had similar cutaneous bacterial richness, their bacterial composition strongly differed. Average Jaccard distances between frogs and newts were over 0.5, while between species within these groups distances were only 0.387 and 0.407 for frogs and newts, respectively. At the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level, 31 taxa exhibited significantly different relative abundances between frogs and newts. This finding suggests that chemical or physical characteristics of these amphibians' mucosal environments provide highly selective conditions for bacterial colonizers. Multi-omics analyses of hosts and their microbiota as well as directed efforts to understand chemical differences in the mucosal environments (e.g. pH), and the specificities of host-produced compounds against potential colonizers will help to better understand this intriguing pattern.

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19

Goldberg, Stephen R., Charles R. Bursey, and L. Lee Grismer. "Nematoda of Eleven Species of Ranid Frogs (Anura: Ranidae) from Southeast Asia." Pacific Science 71, no. 2 (April 2017): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2984/71.2.9.

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20

Origgi, Francesco C., Patricia Otten, Petra Lohmann, Ursula Sattler, Thomas Wahli, Antonio Lavazza, Veronique Gaschen, and Michael H. Stoffel. "Herpesvirus-Associated Proliferative Skin Disease in Frogs and Toads: Proposed Pathogenesis." Veterinary Pathology 58, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 713–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03009858211006385.

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A comparative study was carried out on common and agile frogs ( Rana temporaria and R. dalmatina) naturally infected with ranid herpesvirus 3 (RaHV3) and common toads ( Bufo bufo) naturally infected with bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) to investigate common pathogenetic pathways and molecular mechanisms based on macroscopic, microscopic, and ultrastructural pathology as well as evaluation of gene expression. Careful examination of the tissue changes, supported by in situ hybridization, at different stages of development in 6 frogs and 14 toads revealed that the skin lesions are likely transient, and part of a tissue cycle necessary for viral replication in the infected hosts. Transcriptomic analysis, carried out on 2 naturally infected and 2 naïve common frogs ( Rana temporaria) and 2 naturally infected and 2 naïve common toads ( Bufo bufo), revealed altered expression of genes involved in signaling and cell remodeling in diseased animals. Finally, virus transcriptomics revealed that both RaHV3 and BfHV1 had relatively high expression of a putative immunomodulating gene predicted to encode a decoy receptor for tumor necrosis factor in the skin of the infected hosts. Thus, the comparable lesions in infected frogs and toads appear to reflect a concerted epidermal and viral cycle, with presumptive involvement of signaling and gene remodeling host and immunomodulatory viral genes.

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21

Shirose, Leonard J., and Ronald J. Brooks. "Age structure, mortality, and longevity in syntopic populations of three species of ranid frogs in central Ontario." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1878–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-220.

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Syntopic populations of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), green frogs (Rana clamitans), and mink frogs (Rana septentrionalis) were monitored between May and October in each of 1985 through 1987 and 1991 through 1993 in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. We assessed the descriptive and predictive utility of a dichotomous system for classification of anuran life histories by testing the hypothesis that large body size and large clutch size are associated with a survivorship curve in which mortality is highest for very small individuals. Ages of individuals were estimated from size-frequency and recapture data. Survivorship and longevity were estimated from standing age distributions smoothed with the log-polynomial method. Survivorship was also estimated by comparing the number of animals in an age-class in a given year with the number in the next age-class in the next year. Age distributions were unstable in all three species. The strengths and weaknesses of both methods of estimation of survivorship are discussed.

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22

Goldberg, Stephen R., Charles R. Bursey, and Fred Kraus. "Endoparasites of Eleven Species of Ranid Frogs (Anura: Ranidae) from Papua New Guinea." Pacific Science 63, no. 3 (July 2009): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2984/049.063.0303.

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23

Rice, Timothy M., and Douglas H. Taylor. "A Simple Test of Prey Discrimination That Demonstrates Learning in Postlarval Ranid Frogs." Journal of Herpetology 29, no. 2 (June 1995): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564579.

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24

Anholt, Bradley R., Earl Werner, and David K. Skelly. "EFFECT OF FOOD AND PREDATORS ON THE ACTIVITY OF FOUR LARVAL RANID FROGS." Ecology 81, no. 12 (December 2000): 3509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3509:eofapo]2.0.co;2.

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25

Pearl, Christopher A., Michael J. Adams, R. Bruce Bury, and Brome McCreary. "Asymmetrical Effects of Introduced Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) on Native Ranid Frogs in Oregon." Copeia 2004, no. 1 (February 2004): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ce-03-010r2.

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26

Mitgutsch, Christian, Nadine Piekarski, Lennart Olsson, and Alexander Haas. "Heterochronic shifts during early cranial neural crest cell migration in two ranid frogs." Acta Zoologica 89, no. 1 (July 20, 2007): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2007.00295.x.

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27

Origgi, F. C., B. R. Schmidt, P. Lohmann, P. Otten, E. Akdesir, V. Gaschen, L. Aguilar-Bultet, T. Wahli, U. Sattler, and M. H. Stoffel. "Ranid Herpesvirus 3and Proliferative Dermatitis in Free-Ranging Wild Common Frogs(Rana Temporaria)." Veterinary Pathology 54, no. 4 (May 11, 2017): 686–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985817705176.

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28

Edo-Taiwo, O., E. Ovwah, A. Imasuen, and M. Aisien. "Larval strigeoid trematodes in anurans from southern Nigeria." Helminthologia 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-014-0247-2.

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AbstractAnurans from locations in the rainforest, derived savannah and a monoculture plantation in Nigeria were examined for infection with strigeoid trematode larvae. Two types of metacercarial cysts were recovered. The cyst type I (rounded with fringe projections) occurred in tree frogs from the Okomu National Park, at Usen (derived savannah) and the Okomu Oil Palm Plantation (OOPP). The cyst type II was recovered from A. dorsalis and Ptychadena bibroni collected at OOPP. The cysts were ovoid in shape, devoid of projections at the fringes and were not subject to trypsin action. An unencysted metacercaria was found in A. dorsalis collected at Usen while mesocercaria of Alaria occurred in the lungs of Pty. pumilio at OOPP. The finding of Alaria mesocercaria in Pty. pumilio is of public health importance in view of the fact that many ranid frogs are consumed in Nigeria and other West African countries.

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29

Reshmy, V., V. Preeji, A. Parvin, K. Santhoshkumar, and S. George. "Molecular Cloning of a Novel Bradykinin-Related Peptide from the Skin of Indian Bronzed Frog Hylarana Temporalis." Genomics Insights 3 (January 2010): GEI.S5409. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/gei.s5409.

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Bradykinin-related peptides (BRPs) constitute one of the most studied groups of bioactive peptides in amphibian skin secretions. The present study describes the successful isolation of a novel BRP (hylaranakinin TE) from the skin secretion of the Indian bronzed frog Hylarana temporalis. The deduced open reading frame consisted of 115 amino acid residues with a putative signal peptide of 22 amino acid residues, followed by a spacer region and mature peptide regions that encode for two BRPs: a canonical bradykinin R-9-R with a C-terminal extension of FVPASSL and Thr 6 -BK. The Thr 6 -BK reported in the present study had an unusual FP-insertion in the N-terminal part and ended in FAPEII, which is very different from the IAPAIV sequence reported in other ranid frogs. Unlike the mammalian bradykinin and its precursor, amphibian BRPs and their precursors are extremely variable, as evident from the present study. This forms the first report of BRPs from Hylarana temporalis, endemic to India and Sri Lanka.

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30

WITTE, CARMEL L., MICHAEL J. SREDL, ANDREW S. KANE, and LAURA L. HUNGERFORD. "Epidemiologic Analysis of Factors Associated with Local Disappearances of Native Ranid Frogs in Arizona." Conservation Biology 22, no. 2 (February 7, 2008): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00878.x.

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31

Shamim, K. M., F. Scalia, P. Tóth, and J. E. Cook. "Large retinal ganglion cells that form independent, regular mosaics in the ranid frogs Rana esculenta and Rana pipiens." Visual Neuroscience 14, no. 6 (November 1997): 1109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800011810.

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AbstractPopulation-based studies of ganglion cells in retinal flatmounts have helped to reveal some of their natural types in mammals, teleost fish and, recently, the aquatic mesobatrachian frog Xenopus laevis. Here, ganglion cells of the semiterrestrial neobatrachian frogs Rana esculenta and Rana pipiens have been studied similarly. Ganglion cells with large somata and thick dendrites could again be divided into three mosaic-forming types with distinctive stratification patterns. Cell dimensions correlated inversely with density, being smallest in the visual streak. Cells of the αa mosaic (<0.2% of all ganglion cells) had the largest somata at each location (often displaced) and their trees were confined to one shallow plane within sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer. In regions of high regularity, many trees were symmetric. Elsewhere, asymmetric, irregular trees predominated and their dendrites, although sparsely branched, achieved consistent coverage by intersecting in complex ways. Cells of the αab mosaic were more numerous (≈0.7%) and had large somata, smaller (but still large) trees, and dendrites that branched extensively in two separate shallow planes in sublaminae a and b. The subtrees did not always match in symmetry, and each subtree tessellated independently with its neighbors. Cells of the αc mosaic (≈0.1%) had large, orthotopic somata and large, sparse trees (often asymmetric and irregular) close to the ganglion cell layer. Nearest-neighbor analyses and spatial correlograms confirmed that each mosaic was regular and independent. Densities, proportions, sizes, and mosaic statistics are tabulated for all three types, which are compared with types defined by size and symmetry in R. pipiens, by discriminant analysis in R. temporaria, by physiological response in both, and by mosaic analysis in Xenopus and several teleosts. The variable stratification of these otherwise similar types across species is consistent with other evidence that stratification may be determined, in part, by functional interactions.

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32

Verma, Anil K., and Gudarshan Singh. "A quantitative analysis of gastro-intestinal helminths (Trematoda: Digenea) infection in ranid frogs in Jammu." Zoos' Print Journal 15, no. 4 (March 21, 2000): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.zpj.15.4.233-8.

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33

Murphy, M. B., M. Hecker, K. K. Coady, A. R. Tompsett, P. D. Jones, L. H. Du Preez, G. J. Everson, et al. "Atrazine concentrations, gonadal gross morphology and histology in ranid frogs collected in Michigan agricultural areas." Aquatic Toxicology 76, no. 3-4 (March 2006): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.09.010.

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34

Licht, Paul, Pei-San Tsai, and Jolanta Sotowska-Brochocka. "The Nature and Distribution of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones in Brains and Plasma of Ranid Frogs." General and Comparative Endocrinology 94, no. 2 (May 1994): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1994.1075.

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35

Jacobs, G. F. M., M. P. Goyvaerts, G. Vandorpe, A. M. L. Quaghebeur, and E. R. Kühn. "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone as a potent stimulator of the thyroidal axis in ranid frogs." General and Comparative Endocrinology 70, no. 2 (May 1988): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(88)90147-5.

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36

Lesbarrères, David, Juha Merilä, and Thierry Lodé. "Male breeding success is predicted by call frequency in a territorial species, the agile frog (Rana dalmatina)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 11 (November 2008): 1273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-121.

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Calling behaviour and the characteristics of the male call are important for both female mate choice and male mating success in anurans. As with most other ranid frogs, males of the agile frog ( Rana dalmatina Fitzinger in Bonaparte, 1839) emit advertisement calls during the mating period. However, since males occupy and defend territories, it is not clear whether the calls serve to defend a territory and (or) to attract a mate. We investigated the relationship between male call characteristics and male breeding success in a field study by relating individual males’ call parameters (viz. call duration, number pulses, pulse rate, and fundamental frequency) with their breeding success as indicated by the number and size of egg clutches in the territories of males. We found that the number and size (in number of eggs) of clutches in the territories of males increased with decreasing fundamental frequency of calls. We found no correlation between territory characteristics and breeding success, suggesting that the observed correlation between male call characteristics and mating success is not likely to be explained by differences in territory quality, but by female potential preference for males calling with low fundamental frequency.

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37

Smith, Todd G., Betty Kim, Henry Hong, and Sherwin S. Desser. "INTRAERYTHROCYTIC DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIES OFHEPATOZOONINFECTING RANID FROGS: EVIDENCE FOR CONVERGENCE OF LIFE CYCLE CHARACTERISTICS AMONG APICOMPLEXANS." Journal of Parasitology 86, no. 3 (June 2000): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0451:idosoh]2.0.co;2.

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38

Forbes, Mark R., David L. Mcruer, and Pamela L. Rutherford. "Prevalence ofAeromonas hydrophilain relation to timing and duration of breeding in three species of ranid frogs." Écoscience 11, no. 3 (January 2004): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2004.11682834.

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39

EMERSON, SHARON B., and RYK WARD. "Male secondary sexual characteristics, sexual selection, and molecular divergence in fanged ranid frogs of Southeast Asia." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 122, no. 4 (April 1998): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02162.x.

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40

Bossuyt, F., and M. C. Milinkovitch. "Convergent adaptive radiations in Madagascan and Asian ranid frogs reveal covariation between larval and adult traits." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 12 (June 6, 2000): 6585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.12.6585.

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41

Phillipsen, Ivan C., W. Chris Funk, Eric A. Hoffman, Kirsten J. Monsen, and Michael S. Blouin. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE WITHIN AND AMONG SPECIES: RANID FROGS AS A CASE STUDY." Evolution 65, no. 10 (June 14, 2011): 2927–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01356.x.

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42

Samgina, T. Yu, K. A. Artemenko, V. A. Gorshkov, A. T. Lebedev, M. L. Nielsen, M. M. Savitski, and R. A. Zubarev. "Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Sequencing of Novel Skin Peptides from Ranid Frogs Containing Disulfide Bridges." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 13, no. 2 (April 2007): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.867.

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43

Samgina, T. Yu, V. A. Gorshkov, Ye A. Vorontsov, K. A. Artemenko, R. A. Zubarev, and A. T. Lebedev. "Mass spectrometric study of bradykinin-related peptides (BRPs) from the skin secretion of Russian ranid frogs." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 25, no. 7 (March 14, 2011): 933–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4948.

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44

Zahra, Aqeela, Muhammad Tayyab, and Irfan Zia Qureshi. "Histopathological Effects and Element Concentration Of Body Tissues Of Ranid Frog Inhabiting Polluted Water Sites." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 8 (March 30, 2016): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n8p388.

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Freshwater or wetlands are being polluted on regular basis due to the release of domestic sewage and most importantly industrial effluents that include chemicals, organic pollutants and heavy metals, and run-off from land-based activities containing leached fertilizers. Pollutants are such substances that reduce quality of water that effect directly and indirectly. The present study was carried out on Korang River Islamabad/Rawalpindi. Two different locations were selected along the Korang River. The data were collected two times during the current study period; March 2012, and October 2012. Ranid frogs (n=10) were captured from all selected sites, which were dissected to collect blood and body tissue samples. During the month of March and October the concentration of heavy metals in water samples increase and decrease significantly at both sites of Korang River. The continuous leaching of contaminants may cause abnormal tissue damage in amphibians making them more vulnerable to predation and competition and also decreased reproductive success.

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45

Arifin, Umilaela, Utpal Smart, Stefan T. Hertwig, Eric N. Smith, Djoko T. Iskandar, and Alexander Haas. "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a taxonomically unstable ranid from Sumatra, Indonesia, reveals a new genus with gastromyzophorous tadpoles and two new species." Zoosystematics and Evolution 94, no. 1 (March 9, 2018): 163–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22120.

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The presence of an adhesive abdominal sucker (gastromyzophory) allows tadpoles of certain species of anurans to live in fast-flowing streams. Gastromyzophorous tadpoles are rare among anurans, known only in certain American bufonids and Asian ranids. To date,Huia sumatrana, which inhabits cascading streams, has been the only Sumatran ranid known to possess gastromyzophorous tadpoles. In the absence of thorough sampling and molecular barcoding of adults and larvae, it has remained to be confirmed whether other Sumatran ranid species living in similar habitats, i.e.,Chalcorana crassiovis, possesses this larval type. Moreover, the taxonomic status of this species has long been uncertain and its taxonomic position within the Ranidae, previously based exclusively on morphological characters, has remained unresolved. To study the diversity and relationships of these frogs and to establish the identity of newly collected gastromyzophorous tadpoles from Sumatra, we compared genetic sequences ofC. crassiovis-like taxa from a wide range of sites on Sumatra. We conducted bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses on a concatenated dataset of mitochondrial (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and tRNAval) and nuclear (RAG1 and TYR) gene fragments. Our analyses recoveredC. crassiovisto be related toClinotarsus,Huia, andMeristogenys. The DNA barcodes of the gastromyzophorous tadpoles matched adults from the same sites. Herein, we provide a re-description of adultC. crassiovisand propose “C. kampeni” as a synonym of this species. The molecular evidence, morphological features, and distribution suggest the presence of two related new species. The two new species andC. crassiovistogether represent a distinct phylogenetic clade possessing unique molecular and morphological synapomorphies, thus warranting a new genus.

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46

Engbrecht, Nathan J., Susan J. Lannoo, John O. Whitaker, and Michael J. Lannoo. "Comparative Morphometrics in Ranid Frogs (Subgenus Nenirana): Are Apomorphic Elongation and a Blunt Snout Responses to Small-bore Burrow Dwelling in Crawfish Frogs (Lithobates areolatus)?" Copeia 2011, no. 2 (June 28, 2011): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/cg-10-075.

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47

Smith, Geoffrey R., Jessica E. Rettig, Mallory Smyk, Maggie Jones, Genevieve Eng-Surowiec, Davit Mirshavili, and Jeremy Hollis. "Consumption of the eggs, hatchlings, and tadpoles of Green Frogs (Lithobates clamitans) by native and non-native predators." Amphibia-Reptilia 40, no. 3 (2019): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20181071.

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Abstract Predation by native and non-native predators on the eggs, embryos, and early stage tadpoles can affect the recruitment of offspring into a population. We examined the effects of native (Little Brown Mudbugs, Cambarus thomai; overwintered Rana tadpoles; Common Green Darner, Anax junius, larvae) and non-native (Western Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis) potential predators on the eggs, hatchlings, and early tadpoles of the Green Frog (Lithobates clamitans). The predators had no effect on survivorship or hatching of L. clamitans eggs. However, tadpole survivorship was significantly reduced by dragonfly larvae and crayfish, but not G. affinis or the overwintered ranid tadpoles. Our observation that invertebrates consumed Green Frog tadpoles while vertebrates did not is consistent with palatability contributing to the tadpoles’ susceptibility to different predators. Our results therefore suggest Green Frog tadpoles, but not eggs or embryos, from some populations may be subject to differential predation by invertebrate and vertebrate predators.

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48

Kurabayashi, Atsushi, Mitsuru Kuramoto, Hareesh Joshy, and Masayuki Sumida. "Molecular Phylogeny of the Ranid Frogs from Southwest India Based on the Mitochondrial Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequences." Zoological Science 22, no. 5 (May 2005): 525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.22.525.

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49

van der Meijden, Arie, Miguel Vences, Simone Hoegg, and Axel Meyer. "A previously unrecognized radiation of ranid frogs in Southern Africa revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, no. 3 (December 2005): 674–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.001.

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50

Chen, Tianbao, Mei Zhou, Wei Chen, Joanne Lorimer, Pingfan Rao, Brian Walker, and Chris Shaw. "Cloning from tissue surrogates: Antimicrobial peptide (esculentin) cDNAs from the defensive skin secretions of Chinese ranid frogs." Genomics 87, no. 5 (May 2006): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.12.002.

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