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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Rainwater tanks"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Rainwater tanks"

Kim, Mikyeong, Gippeum Bak, and Mooyoung Han. "Comparing the microbial characteristics of rainwater in two operating rainwater tanks with different surface-to-volume ratios." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.626.

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In this study, the microbial characteristics of rainwater in two tanks with different surface-to-volume ratios were investigated and compared to determine how the internal design features of storage tanks affect water quality. The particle and nutrient parameters of the rainwater, including turbidity, suspended solids, total organic carbon, and total phosphate, were lower in Tank 2, which had a surface-to-volume ratio 7.5 times greater than that of Tank 1. In addition, although the rainwater was collected from the same catchment area, the water in Tank 1 had greater numbers of bacteria, and the bacterial communities in the water differed between the two storage tanks. It appears that the differences in the inside surface structures of the rainwater tanks affected the microbial ecosystems. Increasing the surface-to-volume ratio in rainwater tanks may affect rainwater quality, because this extends the area for biofilm development. Further study of the role of biofilm in rainwater tank is required precisely, and its function needs to be considered in the design and management of rainwater tanks.

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Moglia, Magnus, Grace Tjandraatmadja, and Ashok K. Sharma. "Exploring the need for rainwater tank maintenance: survey, review and simulations." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.021.

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Rainwater tanks are a common feature of the urban landscape in Australia and globally. In Brisbane, Australia, provision of alternative water in new homes is mandatory and to meet this requirement rainwater tanks are considered an important option. The water savings of rainwater tanks can help defer investments in supply infrastructures. An emerging concern is that there is currently no mechanism in place for making sure that the household rainwater collection systems are maintained and in a good condition. In fact, in many locations, there is growing concern about whether the condition of this asset stock is adequate. The paper presents: a synthesis of required basic water tanks maintenance tasks; a short overview of published literature on householder motivations for maintenance; a synthesis of existing information about the condition of tanks, based on literature; simulation model results identifying the relationship between frequency of inspections and the (stationary) proportion of tanks with different types of problems; and the results of a survey to identify judgements about water tank maintenance in the region by professionals and plumbers. The paper concludes that there is a need for collecting more data and that mechanisms need to be in place to ensure the ongoing condition of tanks.

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Ahmed, W., L. Hodgers, J. P. S. Sidhu, and S. Toze. "Fecal Indicators and Zoonotic Pathogens in Household Drinking Water Taps Fed from Rainwater Tanks in Southeast Queensland, Australia." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 1 (October 21, 2011): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06554-11.

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ABSTRACTIn this study, the microbiological quality of household tap water samples fed from rainwater tanks was assessed by monitoring the numbers ofEscherichia colibacteria and enterococci from 24 households in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was also used for the quantitative detection of zoonotic pathogens in water samples from rainwater tanks and connected household taps. The numbers of zoonotic pathogens were also estimated in fecal samples from possums and various species of birds by using qPCR, as possums and birds are considered to be the potential sources of fecal contamination in roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW). Among the 24 households, 63% of rainwater tank and 58% of connected household tap water (CHTW) samples containedE. coliand exceeded Australian drinking water guidelines of <1 CFUE. coliper 100 ml water. Similarly, 92% of rainwater tanks and 83% of CHTW samples also contained enterococci. In all, 21%, 4%, and 13% of rainwater tank samples containedCampylobacterspp.,Salmonellaspp., andGiardia lamblia, respectively. Similarly, 21% of rainwater tank and 13% of CHTW samples containedCampylobacterspp. andG. lamblia, respectively. The number ofE. coli(P= 0.78),Enterococcus(P= 0.64),Campylobacter(P= 0.44), andG. lamblia(P= 0.50) cells in rainwater tanks did not differ significantly from the numbers observed in the CHTW samples. Among the 40 possum fecal samples tested,Campylobacterspp.,Cryptosporidium parvum, andG. lambliawere detected in 60%, 13%, and 30% of samples, respectively. Among the 38 bird fecal samples tested,Campylobacterspp.,Salmonellaspp.,C. parvum, andG. lambliawere detected in 24%, 11%, 5%, and 13% of the samples, respectively. Household tap water samples fed from rainwater tanks tested in the study appeared to be highly variable. Regular cleaning of roofs and gutters, along with pruning of overhanging tree branches, might also prove effective in reducing animal fecal contamination of rainwater tanks.

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Tapsuwan, Sorada, Stephen Cook, and Magnus Moglia. "Willingness to Pay for Rainwater Tank Features: A Post-Drought Analysis of Sydney Water Users." Water 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091199.

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The Millennium Drought across Australia during the 2000s placed cities under pressure in providing urban water security. In Sydney, Australia’s largest city, a comprehensive water demand programme triggered a significant reduction in per capita water consumption. The water demand programme included incentives for the installation of rainwater tanks. This paper explores the willingness to pay (WTP) for rainwater tank features in the post-drought context. Rainwater tanks have been demonstrated as an effective measure to reduce mains water demand, but they also provide broader environmental and economic benefits, such as the reduction of urban runoff to waterways and deferred capital investment in augmenting capacity of water supply system. Therefore, there is the need to better understand WTP for rainwater tank features across the community. An online survey was administered to a sample of Sydney households, with 127 respondents completing a rainwater tank choice experiment that explored their WTP for different rainwater tank features and the socio-psychological constructs that might influence their tendency to adopt rainwater tanks. The results demonstrated that householders surveyed valued slimline rainwater tanks, as they are likely to be less obstructive, particularly given the trend for smaller lot sizes and increased building size. Householders also placed greater value on connecting the rainwater tank to outdoor demands, which may be influenced by perceived vulnerability of outdoor uses to water restrictions relative to indoor uses. The survey analysis also identified that the householders most receptive to installing a rainwater tank are likely to be conformists, who compare themselves to peers, and spend significant effort when making decisions, and are already taking actions to conserve water. The findings are of significance when targeting future education programmes and designing financial incentives to encourage rainwater tank adoption.

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Sharma, Ashok, and Ted Gardner. "Comprehensive Assessment Methodology for Urban Residential Rainwater Tank Implementation." Water 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020315.

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Rainwater tanks are increasingly being implemented as part of the integrated urban water management paradigm where all sources of water, including potable, stormwater and recycled, are considered eligible to contribute to the urban water supply. Over the last decade or so, there has been a rapid uptake of rainwater tank systems in urban areas, especially in Australian cities, encouraged through financial incentives, but more importantly, from change in residential building codes effectively mandating the installation of rainwater tanks. Homes with rainwater tanks in Australian cities have increased from 15% to 28% over six years to 2013. These building codes specify certain rainwater tank specifications to achieve a stated rainwater use, and hence potable water savings. These specifications include minimum rainwater tank size, minimum connected roof area, plumbing for internal supply for toilets and washing machines, and external supply for garden watering. These expected potable water savings from households are often factored into regional strategic water planning objectives. Hence if rainwater tanks do not deliver the expected saving due to sub-standard installation and/or poor maintenance, it will have an adverse impact on the regional water plan in the longer term. In this paper, a methodology to assess the effectiveness of a government rainwater tank policy in achieving predicted potable water savings is described and illustrated with a case study from South East Queensland, Australia. It is anticipated that water professionals across the globe should be able to use the same methodology to assess the effectiveness of similar rainwater policies, or indeed any other distributed water saving policy, in their local planning communities.

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Coombes, P. J., and M. E. Barry. "The effect of selection of time steps and average assumptions on the continuous simulation of rainwater harvesting strategies." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.102.

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The use of domestic rainwater tanks with back up from mains water supplies in urban areas can produce considerable reductions in mains water demands and stormwater runoff. It is commonplace to analyse the performance of rainwater tanks using continuous simulation with daily time steps and average water use assumptions. This paper compares this simplistic analysis to more detailed analysis that employs 6 minute time steps and climate dependent water demand. The use of daily time steps produced considerable under-estimation of annual rainwater yields that were dependent on tank size, rain depth, seasonal distribution of rainfall, water demand and tank configuration. It is shown that analysis of the performance of rainwater tanks is critically dependent on detailed inputs.

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Bos, Darren G. "Private assets for public benefit: the challenge of long-term management of domestic rainwater tanks." Blue-Green Systems 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2021.003.

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Abstract This study explored the relationship private landowners have with their domestic rainwater tank and how that relationship influences the reliability of privately operated rainwater tanks for long-term performance and delivery of service. It found that tank owners generally placed a high value on their tank, desired to have them fully operational and made a reasonable effort to keep them functioning. However, the frequency and extent of maintenance action and effort was variable, and in the context of a private residence, rainwater tanks were typically afforded a low relative priority for repair when compared with other residential assets. This low relative priority could be a primary driver for the reported delay between when a fault occurs with the tank and when it is repaired. This ‘repair lag’ means that a portion of domestic rainwater tanks are likely to be non-operational at any one time. When planning a decentralised system for the management of stormwater, redundancies should be included to cover these gaps in service delivery. It is also recommended that programmes that support private landowners to maintain their rainwater tanks are implemented to minimise repair lag.

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van der Sterren, M., A. Rahman, and G. R. Dennis. "Implications to stormwater management as a result of lot scale rainwater tank systems: a case study in Western Sydney, Australia." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 8 (April 1, 2012): 1475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.033.

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Rainwater tanks are increasingly adopted in Australia to reduce potable water demand and are perceived to reduce the volume of stormwater discharge from developments. This paper investigates the water balance of rainwater tanks, in particular the possible impacts these tanks could have in controlling the stormwater discharge volume. The study collected water quantity data from two sites in the Hawkesbury City Council area, New South Wales, Australia and utilised the collected data in a simple water balance model to assess the effectiveness of rainwater tanks in reducing the stormwater discharge volume. The results indicate that a significant reduction in discharge volume from a lot scale development can be achieved if the rainwater tank is connected to multiple end-uses, but is minimal when using irrigation alone. In addition, the commonly used volumetric runoff coefficient of 0.9 was found to over-estimate the runoff from the roof areas and to thereby under-estimate the available volume within the rainwater tanks for retention or detention. Also, sole reliance on the water in the rainwater tanks can make the users aware of their water use pattern and water availability, resulting in significant reductions in water use as the supply dwindles, through self-imposed water restrictions.

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Magyar, M. I., V. G. Mitchell, A. R. Ladson, and C. Diaper. "An investigation of rainwater tanks quality and sediment dynamics." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 9 (November 1, 2007): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.738.

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Rainwater tanks are being introduced into urban areas in Australia to supplement centralised potable supply systems. A pilot scale tank study and a full-scale field tank study found that heavy metal concentrations in water samples taken from the tank's supply point can, in some cases, exceed levels recommended by guidelines. Both studies also found very high concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments accumulated at the base of rainwater tanks. Laboratory experiments are underway to investigate sediment transport processes within a full-scale tank. Preliminary results demonstrate the effect of sediment resuspension on the quality of water released from the tank outlet. Improved tank designs that reduce sediment resuspension and mitigate impacts on water quality are the focus of future work.

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Crawford, R. H., V. Paton-Cole, R. Turnbull, E. Fitzgerald, A. Michalewicz, and J. Garber. "Trends in residential sustainability measures in the state of Victoria." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 022018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/2/022018.

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Abstract Buildings require a significant quantity of energy and water during their operation. Solar water heaters and rainwater tanks have become increasingly common to reduce the demand for fossil-fuel based energy and mains water within buildings. Since 2006, the Victorian Building Authority has required either a rainwater tank or solar water heater to be installed in any new house built in Victoria, Australia. This research analyses the trend in adoption of these two systems using data from building permits issued from 2006 to 2019. This shows that despite an initial preference for rainwater tanks, solar water heaters have been the preferred choice. This preference was found to be greatest for projects costing from $200k-$600k and for allotment areas smaller than 500 m2. Preference for rainwater tanks tended to increase in line with an increase in project cost and allotment area, and this preference was found to be most common in metropolitan areas. This study provides insight into the opportunities for further adoption of solar water heaters and rainwater tanks, including using information at the LGA level to develop specific business opportunities or to inform policy, such as alternative water efficiency solutions for households where allotment area may limit rainwater tank adoption.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Rainwater tanks"

Huston, Robert. "Chemical Contaminants in Urban Rainwater Tanks." Thesis, Griffith University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366293.

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This project examined the chemical water quality of urban rainwater tanks, with a focus on quantifying the contribution of contaminants from urban air pollution. It also assessed the health risk for people utilising rainwater tanks as their main drinking water source. Tank water was sampled from 26 tanks at 23 locations spread across Brisbane, on a monthly basis, for a whole year. Sampling of atmospheric deposition (bulk deposition) at 16 sites was conducted concurrently. 13 locations had both tank water and bulk deposition monitored at the same site. Tank water and bulk deposition was analysed for a suite of 30 metals, 8 anions, organic carbon and inorganic carbon. The physicochemical characteristics of pH, electrical conductivity, hardness, langelier index and temperature were also monitored in tank water whilst bulk deposition was also analysed for total solids. Selected bulk deposition and tank water samples were also analysed for 122 pesticides, up to 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 16 phenolic compounds. The variation of water quality was examined for tanks on daily and annual time scales, at different locations and for different catchment and tank materials. The deposition of chemical contaminants was also examined for variation with location and season. Some observations on roof materials input, tank sludge, outlet height and filtering are included. To quantify the sources of contaminants, various tools for source apportionment were applied to both tank water and bulk deposition data. These included dispersion modelling using TAPM (Hurley 2005a) and multivariate receptor modelling using Positive Matrix factorisation (US EPA 2008), as well as some lead (Pb) isotope and particle size analysis. Results show that water from rainwater tanks in Brisbane was generally of good chemical water quality and in most cases presented minimal health risk if used for drinking. The harvested rainwater was soft and generally slightly acidic, with the exception of new concrete tanks which had alkaline water. The Langelier index of corrosion potential indicated that harvested rainwater was moderately corrosive. The corrosion of plumbing materials and fittings has the potential to increase contaminants such as copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) with the use of rainwater. The alkaline water from concrete tanks had low Pb concentrations, as most Pb precipitates out at pH >7. The limited sampling of organic contaminants did not identify any as a health hazard in this project. The main identified health hazard was Pb, which exceeded the Australian drinking water guideline (2004) in 15% of samples and nearly 14% of tanks. The annual volume weighed average concentration of Pb in atmospheric deposition was only 2 μg/L, and thus was not the main source of Pb in tanks with concentrations above the ADWG. The majority of Pb in atmospheric deposition originated from crustal matter, probably due to historical contamination of urban soil from leaded fuel use. The second major contribution of Pb in atmospheric deposition was from anthropogenic activity due to a mixture of motor vehicle, industrial and secondary pollutant sources. The contribution from motor vehicles was generally the dominant source of current primary emissions. The anthropogenic sources of Pb in deposition were increased in inner city and industrial areas. However, where the concentrations were >5 μg/L the majority of Pb in tank water originated from Pb in paint, or Pb flashing on the roof. Plumbing materials also contributed Pb in tank water. Roof catchment and tank materials generally contributed much more to tank water concentrations of relevant contaminants (e.g zinc (Zn)) than atmospheric deposition.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Khastagir, Anirban, and anirban khastagir@rmit edu au. "Optimal use of rainwater tanks to minimize residential water consumption." RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081203.143250.

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Melbourne, the capital of Victoria Australia leads the world in having the highest quality drinking water. The Victorian State Government has set targets for reducing per capita water consumption by 15%, 25% and 30% by 2010, 2015 and 2020 respectively and has announced stringent water restrictions to curtail water demand. In this resource constraint environment it is opportune to look for alternative sources of water to supplement Melbourne's traditional water supply. In Melbourne, legislation has been changed to make it possible to use rainwater harvested from domestic tanks for non potable purposes. The annual rainfall in Melbourne's metropolitan area varies from 450mm in the West to 850mm in the East to over 1000mm in the North East mountain ranges. The objectives of the current study are to develop a methodology to estimate the optimal size of the rainwater tank at a particular location considering the local rainfall, roof area, demand for water and the reliability of supply (supply security) required; to quantify the rainwater volume that could be harvested at site using domestic rainwater tanks to minimise pressure on the potable water supply secured from traditional catchment sources until the desalination plant is commissioned in 2013; to analyse the efficacy of rainwater tanks to reduce the stormwater runoff and improve the quality of the stormwater that will otherwise flow into urban drains and to estimate the cost effectiveness ratio and payback period of inst alling rainwater tanks. A simple water balance model was developed to calculate the tank size based on daily rainfall, roof area and the expected demand. The concept of 'reliability' was introduced to measure supply security. Rainfall data from 20 rainfall stations scattered around Melbourne were used to determine the variation in the rainwater tank size dependent on the above stated parameters. It was observed that to achieve the same supply reliability (90%) and to meet a specific demand (toilet and garden use), the tank size required in the western side of Melbourne is as high as 7 times as that required in the north-east side. As a result, the

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Kolam, Joel, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "Microbial and physico-chemical assessment of on-site water supply systems." THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Kolam_J.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/544.

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The utilisation of rainwater tanks and bore wells are very common in many parts of rural Australia and Papua New Guinea. In Australia, on-site collection and storage of potable water for domestic use is carried out by approximately 30.4 percent of the rural population while 90% of the population in Papua New Guinea access water from on-site collection and storage of potable water. Few studies have monitored the quality of such water supplies on a seasonal and event associated basis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and physio-chemical properties of the on-site domestic water supply systems and various factors that may influence characteristics of the water. It aimed to evaluate the relationship of microbiological and physio-chemical characteristics in the water supply systems. 14 rainwater tanks, 4 bore well and 10 reticulated water supply sites in Hawkesbury District, NSW Australia were investigated. Characteristics of the sites physical situation and natural environmental condition were considered to be similar to on-site water supply situations in Papua New Guinea. The results and techniques of the study will be used as a model in Papua New Guinea in the assessment of water quality issues. As the study showed that the quality of water in rainwater tanks was below WHO guideline recommendations on numerous instances, it was proposed that water treatment and maintaining the cleanliness of roof catchments, gutters and tanks should be addressed for domestic use systems. A protocol for sampling, assessment and data interpretation of faecal indicator bacteria populations in domestic catchment supply systems was developed and demonstrated
Master of Science (Hons)

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Gurung, Thulo Ram. "Influence of Water Efficiency and Diversified Water Supply Schemes on Urban Water Infrastrucrure Planning." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367485.

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Water security is increasingly becoming a cause of concern in Australia with population growth and climate change set to exacerbate the variability of supply in both rural and urban regions. During recent drought conditions in Queensland there was a strong emphasis on water restrictions to reduce residential consumption, as well as water policy strategies such as modifying building codes to require all new residential and commercial buildings to conserve and/or substitute potable water. Additionally, there was a heightened emphasis on having an Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) approach to water management. IUWM involves the use of alternative water supplies and demand management practices to ensure a sustainable approach to water management by integrating both the demand and supply-based management approaches. Within Queensland, mandatory regulations required residents to save on household water consumption by using alternative water measures in order to offset mains (potable) demand. The installation of rainwater tanks and the reuse of greywater, connected to toilets, cold water laundry and outdoor use, were some approaches adopted by householders to achieve the water saving targets. In addition, current mandatory regulations require new households to install minimum efficient rated water appliances to contribute to water savings.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Luxmoore, David Alexander. "Evaluation of three Greensmart houses : a comparison with current mainstream housing and sustainable housing." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16183/1/David_Luxmoore_Thesis.pdf.

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Greensmart housing is an Australian industry initiative to encourage the uptake of responsible building processes which deliver less impacting houses. Increasing public knowledge is growing demand for better housing and stimulating industry change which is being supported by both government and industry bodies. Greenhouse pollution, reduced rainfall and reliability, ageing population and other changing social trends combined with continuing population growth are all requiring a move towards responsible and sustainable housing. Three Greensmart houses, constructed at Springfield Lakes, 28 kms south west of Brisbane, were analysed and compared to current mainstream (100% impacts) and sustainable housing (zero impacts). The key finding placed the three Greensmart houses about half way between the two through an evaluation of subdivision and passive design, water and energy issues, material selections, site and waste management and social design elements. The other major findings were:- * when compared to current mainstream housing, the cost impacts averaged over the three houses resulted in a 2.3% increase for passive design elements (extra insulation, higher ceilings, shading and special glazing); 2.3% increase for water saving and efficiency to realise a 75% potable water saving; 1% increase for energy efficiency (50% greenhouse gas saving); almost no increase for superior air quality via planned ventilation and low or non-toxic paints and finishes; 0.2% increase for social design elements but resulting in huge improvements in accessibility, safety and security * 80% reduction in construction waste to landfill by recycling * urgent need for clarity and consistency for housing assessment tools on a state and possibly national basis Details of assessment tools, lessons learnt from the planning, design and construction phases of the houses and other research findings are also presented in this thesis.

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Murduca, James V. "Assessment of Drinking Water Quality Management and a Treatment Feasibility Study for Brick by Brick Water Storage Tanks in Rakai Uganda." Scholar Commons, 2018. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7200.

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Reliable access to safe drinking water is one necessity for humans to live without concern for major health risks. The overall goal of this research is to improve the public health, through improved drinking water, for communities in the Rakai District in Uganda, directly, and other communities in the world, indirectly, via dissemination of knowledge. This study specifically assessed the knowledge of drinking water quality in regards to public health, their sanitation measures, and water treatment methods for users of Brick by Brick rainwater harvesting tanks in the Rakai District (N = 28) by using a knowledge, attitudes, and practice survey and a sanitary inspection; tested the water quality of the Brick by Brick rainwater harvesting tanks (N = 33) in the Rakai District for physical, chemical, and microbial parameters; and piloted a sustainable treatment technology called the chulli system that uses excess heat from a cookstove to treat water. Twenty of the participants identified contaminated water as a cause of diarrheal disease (N = 28). Participants perceived boiling (1), chlorine (2), and filtering (3) as the best three methods of treating water. The average score for the sanitary inspection was 2.27±2.31, which falls between the low and medium expected risk score categories. Fourteen of the thirty-three samples showed detectable levels of colony forming units for coliforms, and two of the thirty-three samples showed detectable levels of colony forming units for E. coli. A demonstration chulli system was constructed for St. Andrew’s Primary School in Rakai District and operated successfully. The research supports that the chulli system along with proper sanitation measures identified in the sanitary inspections can be a sustainable option for users of Brick by Brick rainwater harvesting tanks in the Rakai District.

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Kolam, Joel. "Microbial and physico-chemical assessment of on-site water supply systems." Thesis, View thesis, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/544.

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Semaan, Marie. "A Novel Approach to Communal Rainwater Harvesting for Single-Family Housing: A Study of Tank Size, Reliability, and Costs." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/97580.

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An emerging field in rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the application of communal rainwater harvesting system. This system's main advantage compared to individual RWH is the centralization of water treatment, which some users of individual RWH find difficult to maintain. Despite alleviating one concern, this communal approach does not increase the RHW system's (RWHS) reliability nor necessarily satisfy all water demands, and hence is not a major improvement in terms of system performance. This research tackles this challenge with a novel approach to communal RWH for single-family houses. Instead of the traditional communal approach to RWH which uses only one storage location, we propose connecting multiple single-family homes' RWHSs to a communal backup tank, i.e., capturing overflow from multiple RWHS, which will increase reliability and water demand met in a way that will significantly improve the current performance of communal RWH. The proposed system will potentially maximize the availability of potable water while limiting spillage and overflow. We simulated the performance of the system in two cities, Houston and Jacksonville, for multiple private and communal storage combination. Results show that volumetric reliability gains, of 1.5% - 6% and 1.5% - 4%, can be achieved for seven to ten and six to seven connected households, respectively, for Houston and Jacksonville if the emphasis is on volumetric reliability (VR). As per total storage capacity, the system achieves higher VR gains for lower total storage capacity in Houston while the system achieves higher VR gains for higher total storage capacities in Jacksonville. With regards to the total cost of ownership per household for the individual system and for the communal storage system, the lifecycle cost of the system was performed using the Net Present Value (NPV) method, with an interest rate of 7% over 30 years. The NPV of the total system costs per household in the city of Houston is lowest for nine to ten connected households, as well as comparable to the base case of a rainwater harvesting system that is not connected to a communal tank for seven and eight connected households. This communal system is more resilient and can be a worthy addition to water and stormwater infrastructures, especially in the face of climate change.
Doctor of Philosophy
An emerging field in rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the application of communal rainwater harvesting system. This system's main advantage compared to individual RWH is the centralization of water treatment, which some users of individual RWH find difficult to maintain. Despite alleviating one concern, this communal approach does not increase the RHW system's (RWHS) reliability nor necessarily satisfy all water demands, and hence is not a major improvement in terms of system performance. This research tackles this challenge with a novel approach to communal RWH for single-family houses. Instead of the traditional communal approach to RWH which uses only one storage location, we propose connecting multiple single-family homes' RWHSs to a communal backup tank, i.e., capturing overflow from multiple RWHS, which will increase reliability and water demand met in a way that will significantly improve the current performance of communal RWH. The proposed system will potentially maximize the availability of potable water while limiting spillage and overflow. We simulated the performance of the system in two cities, Houston and Jacksonville, for multiple private and communal storage combination. Results show that volumetric reliability gains, of 1.5% - 6% and 1.5% - 4%, can be achieved for seven to ten and six to seven connected households, respectively, for Houston and Jacksonville if the emphasis is on volumetric reliability (VR). As per total storage capacity, the system achieves higher VR gains for lower total storage capacity in Houston while the system achieves higher VR gains for higher total storage capacities in Jacksonville. With regards to the total cost of ownership per household for the individual system and for the communal storage system, the lifecycle cost of the system was performed using the Net Present Value (NPV) method, with an interest rate of 7% over 30 years. The NPV of the total system costs per household in the city of Houston is lowest for nine to ten connected households, as well as comparable to the base case of a rainwater harvesting system that is not connected to a communal tank for seven and eight connected households. This communal system is more resilient and can be a worthy addition to water and stormwater infrastructures, especially in the face of climate change.

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O, Brien Olivia. "Domestic water demand for consumers with rainwater harvesting systems." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86514.

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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of the study is to theoretically assess tank-water demand and employ methods to establish the actual tank-water demand at selected houses in a case study area. This study also examines the influence of domestic rainwater harvesting systems when used in combination with a municipal water distribution system. The case study comprises of 410 low cost housing units in the Western Cape. The system demand patterns of low cost housing units are uncharacteristic, when compared with suburban system demand patterns, and cannot be defined by traditional models. Similarly, the use of rainwater harvesting systems in these areas follows an unconventional routine that is yet to be defined. A stochastic end-use model for water demand is developed which produces temporal profiles for water supplied from both sources, namely the water distribution system and the rainwater harvesting system. The model approximates a daily system and tank-water demand pattern for a single domestic household, using @RISK software. The demand estimation methodology is clarified through application on a particular case study site where harvested rainwater is frequently utilized. Estimates of the parameter values are based on consumer surveys and previous studies on the case study area, where the household size was defined in the form of a probability distribution. The results confirm the atypical system demand patterns in low cost housing units units. Although two clear peaks exist in the morning and in the evening, a relatively constant average flow is present throughout the day. A sensitivity analysis of all the model parameters verified that the household size has the most substantial influence on the tank-water demand pattern. The system and tank-water demand patterns were compared to published average daily water demand guidelines, which confirmed that increased water savings could be achieved when the rainwater source is accessible inside the household with minimal effort. The stochastic demand profiles derived as part of this research agree with the metered system demand in the same area. The results of this study could be incorporated into the future development of national standards.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van die studie is om die tenkwater-aanvraag teoreties te ontleed en metodes in werking te stel om die werklike tenkwater-aanvraag vas te stel by geselekteerde huise in ‘n gevallestudie area. Hierdie studie ondersoek ook die invloed van plaaslike reënwater-herwinningstelsels wanneer dit gebruik word in kombinasie met ‘n munisipale waterverspreidingstelsel. Die gevallestudie bestaan uit 410 laekoste behuisingseenhede in die Wes-Kaap. Die stelsel-aanvraagpatrone van laekoste behuisingseenhede is verskillend wanneer dit met voorstedelike stelsel-aanvraagpatrone vergelyk word en kan nie gedefinieer word deur tradisionele modelle nie. Soortgelyk volg die gebruik van reënwater-herwinningstelsels in hierdie areas ‘n onkonvensionele roetine. ‘n Stogastiese eindgebruikmodel vir water-aanvraag is ontwikkel, wat tydelike profiele genereer vir water wat van beide bronne verskaf word, naamlik die waterverspreidingstelsel en die reënwater-herwinningstelsel. Die model bepaal by benadering ‘n daaglikse stelsel- en tenkwater-aanvraagpatroon vir ‘n enkele plaaslike huishouding, deur @RISK sagteware. Die aanvraag-beramingstegnieke word verduidelik deur toepassing op ‘n spesifieke gevallestudie, waar herwinde reënwater gereeld gebruik word. Die parameter waardeberamings is gebaseer op verbruikers-opnames en vorige studies oor die gevallestudie-gebied, waar die grootte van die huishoudings bepaal was in die vorm van 'n waarskynlikheidsverspreiding. Die resultate bevestig die atipiese stesel aanvraagpatrone in laekoste behuisingseenhede eenhede. Alhoewel twee duidelike pieke in die oggend en die aand voorkom, is ‘n relatiewe konstante vloei dwarsdeur die dag teenwoordig. ‘n Sensitiwiteitsanalise van al die modelparameters bevestig dat die grootte van die huishouding die grootste beduidende invloed op tenkwater- aanvraagpatrone het. Die stelsel- en tenkwater-aanvraagpatrone was vergelyk met gepubliseerde gemiddelde daaglikse water-aanvraag riglyne wat bevestig dat meer waterbesparings bereik kan word waar die reënwaterbron binne die huishouding beskikbaar is met minimale moeite. Die stogastiese aanvraagprofiele, wat as deel van hierdie navorsing afgelei was, stem saam met die gemeterde stelsel-aanvraagpatroon van dieselfde area. Die resultate van hierdie studie kan in die toekomstige ontwikkeling van nasionale standaarde opgeneem word.

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Rodriguez, Henry. "A Comparison of Rainwater Harvesting Tank Sizing Methods: Optimizing to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions versus Maximizing System Reliability." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo151577155419202.

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Книги з теми "Rainwater tanks"

Nega, Hune. Low-cost methods of rainwater storage: Results from field trials in Ethiopia and Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Regional Land Management Unit, 2002.

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Fryer, Julie. The complete guide to water storage: How to use gray water and rainwater systems, rain barrels, tanks, and other water storage techniques for household and emergency use. Ocala, Fla: Atlantic Pub. Group, 2012.

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Rainwater Reservoirs Above Ground Structures for Roof Catchment: Most Common Rainwater Tanks in Comparison and Construction Manual. Ballen Booksellers Intl, 1989.

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Macomber, Patricia S. H. Guidelines on rainwater catchment systems for Hawaii (CTAHR resource management publication). College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2001.

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Windust, Allan. Waterwise House and Garden. CSIRO Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643069831.

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This practical guide shows how we can contribute to conserving water, our most precious resource, in our home and garden. Waterwise House and Garden takes a planned approach to saving water in the home using different household reticulation options including the use of rainwater tanks and recycling greywater. It shows how to eliminate unnecessary watering in the garden by working with nature to create a garden that is both enjoyable and sensitive to the environment. It explains the science behind survival strategies of plants in dry conditions, shows how soil and water interact, and demonstrates how to improve the soil in your garden. Included is an extensive list of native and exotic plants that are tolerant to dry conditions in both tropical and temperate climates. The result is an accessible and informative resource guaranteed to help you reduce the environmental impact of everyday living, and dramatically reduce your household water bill in the process. Shortlisted in TAFE Vocational Education category in the 2003 Awards for Excellence in Educational Publishing.

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Care, Paisley ER Environmental. Rainwater Tank Won't Break the Bank: Earth Day Anniversary, the Planet Environmental Care Notebook Journal College-Ruled Journey Diary, 120 Pages, Lined, 6x9 Funny Gag Gifts. Independently Published, 2020.

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Частини книг з теми "Rainwater tanks"

Pacey, Arnold, and Adrian Cullis. "4. Rainwater Tanks and Technical Assistance." In Rainwater Harvesting, 72–98. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445700.004.

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Indawati, Lina, Setyo Budi Kurniawan, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, and Raden Harya Dananjaya. "Design of Typical Rainwater Harvesting Storage Tanks Based on Housing Type (Case Study in Indonesia)." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering, 1029–41. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9348-9_91.

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Markowska, Małgorzata, Marek Ochowiak, Sylwia Włodarczak, and Magdalena Matuszak. "Standards for Rainwater Discharge in Terms of Solid Pollution Separation Process in Modified Swirl Settling Tanks." In Practical Aspects of Chemical Engineering, 231–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39867-5_25.

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Lamourou, Habib, and Mohamed Moussa. "Study of Storage Tanks (Majels and Fesguia) of Rainwater in the Matmata Mountains (Tunisia) and Water Quality." In Sustainable Energy-Water-Environment Nexus in Deserts, 299–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76081-6_36.

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Hilmi, Farisya Aliya, and Azianabiha A. Halip Khalid. "Rainwater Harvesting System: Design Performances of Optimal Tank Size Using Simulation Software." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 435–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7920-9_52.

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Paudel, Upendra R., and Monzur A. Imteaz. "Spatial Variability of Reasonable Government Rebates for Rainwater Tank Installation: A Case Study for Adelaide, Australia." In Sustainability Perspectives: Science, Policy and Practice, 273–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19550-2_13.

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"Rainwater Tanks to Save Water in Buildings: An Australian Perspective." In Frontiers in Civil Engineering, edited by M. Ashiqur Rahman, Md Mahmudul Haque, Amir Ahmed, and Ataur Rahman, 62–82. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681084831117020004.

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I., Mirela, Anthony R., and Clare Diaper. "Sediment Transport in Rainwater Tanks and Implications for Water Quality." In Sediment Transport in Aquatic Environments. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/21962.

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Rahman, Ataur, and Saeid Eslamian. "Rainwater Tanks as a Means of Water Reuse and Conservation in Urban Areas." In Urban Water Reuse Handbook, 805–14. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19646-74.

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"Rainwater Tanks as a Means of Water Reuse and Conservation in Urban Areas." In Urban Water Reuse Handbook, 841–50. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19646-77.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Rainwater tanks"

Zhang, Hong-yu, Chang-cheng Wu, and Xing Liu. "Research on UPVC honeycomb structure rainwater tanks." In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5776166.

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"Modelling the impacts of rainwater tanks on sanitary sewer overflows." In 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2015). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2015.l17.nasrin.

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Munns, Austin, Luis E. Ramirez, John C. Wichgers, Jordan Rodriguez, and Ana E. Goulart. "Netrix: A Solar-Powered Water Measurement Device for Rainwater Collection Tanks." In 2019 IEEE AFRICON. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/africon46755.2019.9133964.

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Sultana, Rebeka, and Marvie Baconawa. "Performance Analysis of Rainwater Tanks at California State University Long Beach." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2019. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482360.002.

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So/nderup, Henrik, Jens Jo/rgen Linde, So/ren Gabriel, and Peter Steen Mikkelsen. "Rainwater Tanks are Less Efficient than Detention Basins for CSO Abatement." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)32.

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van der Sterren, M., A. Rahman, and G. Ryan. "Investigation of Water Quality and Quantity of Five Rainwater Tanks in Western Sydney Australia." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41114(371)400.

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Tetteh-Wayoe, Debra. "Shell Corrosion Allowance for Aboveground Storage Tanks." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64501.

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Enbridge Pipelines Inc. utilizes aboveground crude oil storage tanks for operational flexibility and merchant storage purposes. Most of these tanks are built in accordance with the requirements of API 650. This standard requires that an appropriate corrosion allowance be included in the minimum shell thickness calculations. A variety of sources were researched in an effort to develop a process that ensures the selected corrosion allowance allows for the safe operation of a tank for its entire service life. Some of these sources include other API standards, historical API 653 tank inspection reports, published atmospheric corrosion rates, and corrosion allowance specifications of industrial counterparts. Defining an appropriate corrosion allowance requires consideration of a number of factors: • Whether or not the product contains significant sediments and water; • Whether or not an internal lining will be applied in accordance with API 652; • The length of time to the first out-of-service inspection; • Whether or not the tank will be externally coated; • The temperature of the product stored; • The annual precipitation at the specified location; • The average chloride concentration in rainwater at the specified location. During the course of the corrosion allowance study, the issue of maximum allowable design stress was also considered. The allowable stress values specified in the standard for construction of new tanks (API 650) differs from the allowable stress values specified in the inspection standard for existing tanks (API 653). It has been suggested that the incremental difference between the minimum shell thicknesses calculated using API 650 instead of API 653 could be designated as corrosion allowance. This paper will describe the corrosion allowance calculations in detail as well as address the issue of maximum allowable design stress.

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Gato-Trinidad, S., and K. Gan. "Preliminary analysis of the cost effectiveness of rainwater tanks rebate scheme in Greater Melbourne, Australia." In WATER AND SOCIETY 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ws110121.

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"Towards the quantification of water quantity and quality impacts of rainwater tanks in South East Queensland." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.e12.coultas.

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Bernard, Gary, Damien Vera, and Weng Kheong Lim. "Seismic Response Analysis of Flexible Drain System Into External Floating Roof Storage Tanks." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65524.

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Floating roofs are commonly used worldwide on top of cylindrical oil storage tanks as a primary means to prevent formation of vapor above stored products into the storage tanks and should provide a safe and efficient storage of products with minimal risk for the environment. However, aboveground storage reservoirs built in seismic zones are prone to earthquake damage. Extensive research has been done to enhance performance of the floating roof tanks against damage to ground foundations, fixed and floating roof, tank shells as well as adjacent piping. Indeed, the stored oil sloshing in a cylindrical storage tank is known to have caused damage to the tank shell, tank roof and as well to anti-rotation columns. One of the possible dangers of liquid sloshing is the resultant damage to in-situ roof drain systems within external floating roof tanks. Indeed, roof drain systems are designed for continuous withdrawal of rainwater from external floating roofs, and if damaged, would result in dysfunction of the systems and irreversible discharge of oil products into the containment dyke. In this regard, a reliable roof drain system should have the capability to withstand liquid sloshing effects, and to a certain degree, ensure resistance in events of displacement of the floating roof. The aim of this document is to use knowledge of flexible pipe technology and industry recognized dynamic analysis software to analyze the effects of earthquakes on the integrity of a flexible drain pipe system. Analysis of liquid sloshing effects on flexible drain pipe systems using dynamic analysis software will be presented and the effects of structural damages such as loss of anti-rotation columns on the integrity of flexible drain pipe systems will be assessed. In the end, the document will propose recommendations on how industry can further enhance roof drain systems within external floating roof tanks to ensure performance and functionality after occurrence of earthquakes.

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