Статті в журналах: "Rain forests"

1

Mirsky, Steve. "Do Rain Forests Make Rain?" Scientific American 301, no. 1 (July 2009): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0709-29b.

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2

WEBB, L. "Rain Forests: Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East." Science 228, no. 4701 (May 17, 1985): 874–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4701.874.

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3

Xiang, Wen, Guang Fan Li, and Yan Rong Li. "Hainan Tropical Rainforest Landslide Analysis and Prevention Measures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.648.

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By Hainan tropical rainforest area geology, physiognomy, the characteristics of climate, tropical rain forest complex typhoon heavy rainfall weather conditions, and the characteristic of the tropical rainforest landslide occurred, researching and analyzing the relationship of among tropical rainforest landslide, tropical rain forest vegetation destruction the relationship ,the heavy rainfall and human engineering activities. Summed up the vegetation destruction, heavy rains and engineering activities of the three factors of coupling is the most important characteristics of tropical rain forests of landslide, and put forward reasonable tropical rainforest landslide protection and management measures.

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4

Bowman, D. M. J. S. "Tropical rain forests." Progress in Physical Geography 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913300672349325.

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5

Bowman, D. M. J. S. "Tropical rain forests." Progress in Physical Geography 22, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913398673284103.

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6

Bowman, D. M. J. S. "Tropical rain forests." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 24, no. 1 (March 2000): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913330002400106.

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7

Proctor, John. "Tropical rain forests." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 13, no. 3 (September 1989): 409–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338901300305.

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8

Proctor, John. "Tropical rain forests." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 14, no. 2 (June 1990): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339001400207.

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9

Proctor, J. "Tropical rain forests." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 15, no. 3 (September 1991): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339101500304.

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10

Bowman, D. M. J. S. "Tropical rain forests." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 17, no. 4 (December 1993): 484–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339301700406.

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11

Bowman, D. M. J. S. "Tropical rain forests." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 18, no. 4 (December 1994): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339401800407.

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12

Bowman, D. M. J. S. "Tropical rain forests." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 20, no. 2 (June 1996): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339602000208.

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13

Bowman, D. M. J. S. "Tropical rain forests." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 21, no. 3 (September 1997): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339702100308.

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14

Bowman, D. M. J. S. "Tropical rain forests." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 22, no. 4 (December 1998): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339802200407.

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15

Mueller-Dombois, Dieter. "Monodominant rain forests." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 11 (November 1990): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90100-r.

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16

Martin, K. C., and W. J. Freeland. "Herpetofauna of a northern Australian monsoon rain forest: seasonal changes and relationships to adjacent habitats." Journal of Tropical Ecology 4, no. 3 (August 1988): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400002790.

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ABSTRACTThe herpetofauna of a floodplain monsoon rain forest in northern Australia is composed primarily of species from non rain forest habitats. The majority of frog species use rain forest as a seasonal refuge, and there is a marked increase in numbers during the dry season. Faunal richness lies within limits expected on the basis of the length of the dry season and species richnesses of non-Australian faunas. There are few lizard species and an abundance of frog species (none of which is a rain forest specialist) in comparison to rain forest herpetofaunas in other tropical regions. The impoverished lizard fauna, and the paucity of rain forest specialists may be because (a) seasonal invasion of rain forest by frogs prevents evolution of, or colonization by, specialists or (b) rain forest specialists may not have been able to cross semiarid habitats separating the Northern Territory from eastern Australian rain forests. The herpetofaunas of monsoon forests in Cape York Peninsula may provide a means of distinguishing between these hypotheses.

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17

BUSH, MARK B., ENRIQUE MORENO, PAULO E. DE OLIVEIRA, EDUARDO ASANZA, and PAUL A. COLINVAUX. "The influence of biogeographic and ecological heterogeneity on Amazonian pollen spectra." Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, no. 5 (September 2001): 729–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467401001547.

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The influence of gamma- (γ) and beta- (β) diversity on modern pollen rain is assessed using data from three Amazonian forests. Pollen rain of 79 forest locations was collected in modified Oldfield pollen traps between 1991 and 1993. Pollen diversity in the traps was high with > 280 palynomorph types recognized. Gamma diversity was assessed by comparing lowland terra firme forests in Cuyabeno, Ecuador, with two terra firme forests near Manaus, Brazil. The influence of β-diversity on local pollen rain was investigated using samples collected from neighbouring terra firme forests, seasonally flooded forests, and Mauritia-rich forests at Cuyabeno, Ecuador. Multivariate analyses revealed that γ-diversity produces a stronger signal in the pollen rain than β-diversity. However, β-diversity is accurately reflected in the pollen rain when the diversity is an expression of strong environmental gradients.

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18

Behling, Hermann, and Raquel R. B. Negrelle. "Vegetation and pollen rain relationship from the tropical Atlantic rain forest in Southern Brazil." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, no. 4 (July 2006): 631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000500013.

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The relationship between the southern Brazilian tropical Atlantic lowland rain forest and modern pollen rain was studied by pollen traps. The study was carried out on a one hectare plot undisturbed rain forest of the reserve Volta Velha and two secondary forests, ± 50 and 7 years old. About 248 identified tree, shrub and herb species (excluding epiphytes) of 50 families were represented by 126 different pollen and spore types (including non-local taxa). The calculated average influx of pollen rain from the native Atlantic rain forest was 12465 pollen grains per cm² and year. The influx from the ± 50 years old and from the 7 years old secondary forest was relatively low (4112 and 3667 grains per cm² and year, respectively) compared to the undisturbed rain forest. The occurrence of pollen grains of herbs and fern spores were significantly higher in the secondary forests than in the undisturbed rain forest.

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19

Zhang, Lingtao. "Effects of Acid Rain on Forest Organisms and Countermeasures." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 69 (November 6, 2023): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v69i.12041.

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Acid rain acidifies the surface water and affects the life on the surface. Acid rain seeps into the soil, forest soil is degraded, tree growth is seriously harmed, and forests will die in a large area. Acid rain can damage ecosystems by killing populations, eliminating food sources, and reducing biodiversity. At present, forests in many parts of the world are facing serious harm caused by acid rain, so the purpose of this paper is to let people know about acid rain and its harm, and raise the awareness of forest protection. This paper summarizes the effects of acid rain on forest organisms and the harm to the whole ecosystem. Firstly, the formation process and causes of acid rain are introduced. Secondly, the paper focuses on the effects of acid rain on forest organisms, including microorganisms, plants and animals, and then on the whole ecosystem. Finally, the paper puts forward some measures to solve the human causes of acid rain formation. The paper discusses three aspects: reducing pollution (reducing emissions from heavy chemical industry, etc.), using plants (planting trees) and technological input (developing utilizable clean energy and reducing emissions from automobile exhaust). This paper hopes to find better and more useful ways to solve the occurrence of acid rain and the related harm to forests, and hopes to raise the protection awareness of the government and people.

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20

Whitehouse, John F. "East Australian Rain-forests: A Case-study in Resource Harvesting and Conservation." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 1 (1991): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900021263.

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Human interactions with rain-forest on the Australian continent have played, and will continue to play, a vital role in their distribution and survival. The presence and significance of rain-forest in Australia lies in the evolutionary history of the Australian plate since the break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent. Its continued survival and distribution illustrates and encapsulates the history of plant evolution and biogeography in Australia.Since human arrival in Australia at least 40,000 years ago, human interactions with rain-forest have been marked by a number of phases — ranging from Aboriginal use of rain-forest resources to the impetus given by the hunt for the prized Red Cedar, and from the early European settlement on the east coast of Australia in the midto late-19th century to the wholesale clearing of rain forests for agricultural settlement and dairying in the late 19th century. In more modern times, human interactions with rain-forest have focused on adapting forest management techniques to rain-forest logging, restructuring the native forest timber industry in the face of mechanization, changing markets and resource constraints, convulsions as a result of conservationist challenges in Terania Creek and Daintree, and finally the implications of conserving rain-forests in the context of natural processes including fire, climate change, and the impact of human visitors and their recreation.The course of the controversies over rain-forest conservation in Australia has meant that rain-forest logging either has been dramatically curtailed or is in the process of generally ceasing. The protection of rainforests from logging and forestry operations in the future seems secure, given the widespread community support for rain-forest conservation. Threats to rain-forest conservation in the future are likely to be found in more subtle processes: the impact of fire regimes on the spread and contractions of rain-forests, the impacts of exotic species such as Lantana (Lantana camara) and Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), the impacts of human uses through tourism and recreation, the diminution of the viability of isolated pockets by ‘edge effects’, and the damage to the remaining stands on freehold property by conflicting land-uses.Overlying all of these potential threats is the impact of global climate change. Climate change since the Tertiary has reduced the once widespread rain-forest communities of Australia practically to the status of relicts in refugia. Will the remaining rain-forests be able to withstand the projected human-induced climate changes of the future?

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21

Kuusipalo, Jussi, Jyrki Kangas, and Lauri Vesa. "Sustainable Forest Management in Tropical Rain Forests." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 5, no. 3-4 (April 10, 1997): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v05n03_06.

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22

Yan, Qiaoling, Qun Gang, and Jiaojun Zhu. "Size-Dependent Patterns of Seed Rain in Gaps in Temperate Secondary Forests, Northeast China." Forests 10, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020123.

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Secondary forests have become the major forest type worldwide, and are experiencing various disturbances and exhibiting obvious vegetation degradation (e.g., reduced biodiversity and decreased productivity) compared with primary forests. Forest gap is a common small-scale disturbance in secondary forests. Promoting natural regeneration under gap disturbance is an important approach to recover biodiversity and ecosystem services for temperate secondary forests. The gap size is the crucial characteristic controlling natural regeneration of many tree species. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal pattern of seed rain for gravity-dispersed and wind-dispersed tree species in gaps of varying sizes. The objectives of this study were to determine how seed rain of dominant tree species depend on gap size, and consequently, to explore some gap-based silviculture solutions for restoring secondary forests from the view of seed dispersal. The spatial distribution of seed rain in gaps with three sizes (large gaps of 250–350 m2, medium gaps of 150–250 m2, and small gaps of < 150 m2), the temporal dynamics of seed rain over three years, and the relationship between seed rain and soil seed banks were explored in temperate secondary forests. The results showed that more than 90% of the seeds in seed rain were wind-dispersed, and their seed rain density and the contribution of seed rain to soil seed bank in medium gaps reached the highest (p = 0.03). The results suggest that establishing medium-sized gaps (i.e., gap size with 150–250 m2) in the secondary forests is more favorable for improving the natural regeneration potential (arrival of seeds and forming soil seed bank) of gap-dependent and wind-dispersed species (e.g., Acer mono) in gaps.

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23

BRÜHL, CARSTEN A., GUNIK GUNSALAM, and K. EDUARD LINSENMAIR. "Stratification of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a primary rain forest in Sabah, Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 3 (May 1998): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000224.

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The ant fauna of a rain forest in Sabah, Malaysia was sampled by using different collecting methods in three strata. In total, 524 morphospecies of ants could be distinguished. They belong to seven subfamilies and 73 genera. So far, the ant community described is the most species rich published for a primary tropical rain forest. Regarding the stratification in the forest, the leaf litter community comprised as many ant species as the lower vegetation or canopy. Furthermore the litter stratum had the highest generic diversity. The stratification of ants in rain forests seems to be a very strict one with the majority of species (75%) being related to only one stratum. This is in contrast to findings on the stratification of beetles in rain forests. The stratification and a radiation of some groups into vegetation and canopy, where a broad spectrum of permanent habitats exist, is responsible for the high diversity of ants in tropical rain forests.

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24

Tvardikova, Katerina, and Vojtech Novotny. "Predation on exposed and leaf-rolling artificial caterpillars in tropical forests of Papua New Guinea." Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467412000235.

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Abstract:Although predation is generally seen as one of the key factors determining the abundance and composition of insect herbivore communities in tropical rain forests, quantitative estimates of predation pressure in rain-forest habitats remain rare. We compared incidence of attacks of different natural enemies on semi-concealed and exposed caterpillars (Lepidoptera) in lowland and montane tropical rain forests, using plasticine models of caterpillars. We recorded attacks on caterpillars in four habitats: primary forest, secondary forest and forest fragment in lowlands (200 m asl), and montane primary forest (1700 m asl). We used 300 exposed and 300 semi-concealed caterpillars daily, and conducted the experiment for 6 d in every habitat. Daily incidence of attacks was higher on exposed caterpillars (4.95%) than on semi-concealed (leaf-rolling) caterpillars (2.99%). Attack pressure of natural enemies differed also among habitats. In the lowlands, continuous primary and secondary forests had similar daily incidence of attacks (2.39% and 2.36%) which was however lower than that found in a primary forest fragment (4.62%). This difference was caused by higher incidence of attacks by birds, ants and wasps in the forest fragment. The most important predators were birds in montane rain forests (61.9% of identified attacks), but insect predators, mostly ants, in the lowlands (58.3% of identified attacks). These results suggest that rapid decrease in the abundance of ants with altitude may be compensated by increased importance of birds as predators in montane forests. Further, it suggests that small rain-forest fragments may suffer from disproportionately high pressure from natural enemies, with potentially serious consequences for survival of their herbivorous communities.

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25

Hunter, Philip. "Restoring tropical rain forests." EMBO reports 18, no. 4 (March 10, 2017): 523–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embr.201744118.

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26

Grainger, Alan, and Mark Collins. "The Last Rain Forests." Geographical Journal 158, no. 1 (March 1992): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3060044.

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27

ROBERTS, L. "Ranking the Rain Forests." Science 251, no. 5001 (March 29, 1991): 1559–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.251.5001.1559.

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28

Rosenbusch, Marcia H. "Preserve the Rain Forests." Social Studies 85, no. 1 (February 1994): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00377996.1994.10118777.

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29

Liu, Wen Jie, Ping Yuan Wang, Jin Tao Li, Peng Ju Li, and Wen Yao Liu. "The importance of radiation fog in the tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, south-west China." Hydrology Research 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2008.031.

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The tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China has a high floristic diversity and is closely related to Malaysian rain forests in flora. This forest would not normally be established in such a climatic region as Xishuangbanna (less precipitation and lower air temperature) compared to those of the lowland moist tropics. The mean annual rainfall is 1487 mm, which is considerably lower than rain forests in other parts of the world. It is believed that the frequent occurrence of radiation fog might play an important role in the water relations of plants and in the hydrological cycle of this type of rain forest. However, the multiple hydrological and ecological effects of radiation fog are not well understood. In this paper, we describe and analyze the significance of radiation fog to this forest, and develop a hypothesis that fog plays an important role in the presence of the tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna. Suggestions for further research on the significance of fog are offered.

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30

Vleut, Ivar, Samuel Israel Levy-Tacher, Willem Frederik de Boer, Jorge Galindo-González, and Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial. "Can a fast-growing early-successional tree (Ochroma pyramidale, Malvaceae) accelerate forest succession?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 2 (March 2013): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000126.

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Abstract:Species-specific traits of trees affect ecosystem dynamics, defining forest structure and understorey development. Ochroma pyramidale is a fast-growing tree species, with life-history traits that include low wood density, short-lived large leaves and a narrow open thin crown. We evaluated forest succession in O. pyramidale-dominated secondary forests, diverse secondary forests, both 10–15 y since abandonment, and rain forests by comparing height, density and basal area of all trees (> 5 cm dbh). Furthermore, we compared species richness of understorey trees and shrubs, and basal area and density of trees of early- and late-successional species (< 5 cm dbh) between forest types. We found that tree basal area (mean ± SD: 32 ± 0.9 m2 ha−1) and height (12.4 ± 1.8 m) of canopy trees were higher, and density (1450 ± 339 ha−1) lower in O. pyramidale forests than in diverse forests, and more similar to rain forest. Understorey shrub diversity and tree seedling density and diversity were lower in O. pyramidale forests than in diverse forests, but these forest types had a similar density of early- and late-successional trees. Canopy openness (> 15%) and leaf litter (> 10 cm) were both highest in O. pyramidale forests, which positively affected density of understorey trees and shrubs and negatively affected density of late-successional trees. In conclusion, O. pyramidale forests presented structural features similar to those of rain forest, but this constrained the establishment of understorey tree species, especially late-successional species, decreasing successional development.

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31

Bodmer, Richard E., Robert J. Mather, and David J. Chivers. "Rain forests of central Borneo—threatened by modern development." Oryx 25, no. 1 (January 1991): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034025.

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Rain forests in Central Kalimantan, Borneo, are under increasing pressure from commercial industry, agricultural projects and transmigration programmes. Our knowledge of the hill forests in central Borneo is virtually non-existent, yet they may disappear before we realize their true value as intact forests. These rapid developments prompted the FFPS to launch the Red Alert Project, which, together with Project Barito Ulu, is investigating ways to promote rain-forest conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia.

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32

Read, Jennifer, and Tanguy Jaffré. "Population dynamics of canopy trees in New Caledonian rain forests: are monodominant Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae) forests successional to mixed rain forests?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 6 (September 16, 2013): 485–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000576.

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Abstract:In New Caledonia, rain forests with an upper canopy dominated by single species of Nothofagus occur next to mixed-canopy forests, without discernible environmental cause. A potential explanation is that they are different successional stages. To test this hypothesis and predict long-term change in canopy dominance, population size structures of 61 canopy species were analysed in six Nothofagus-dominated forests and three adjacent mixed rain forests. Weibull analysis suggests that these Nothofagus forests are secondary forests, with recruitment insufficient to maintain monodominance, except at a high-altitude site. At low- to mid-altitudes the Nothofagus canopy is predicted to develop into a mixed canopy, unless moderate to severe disturbance occurs within its reproductive lifespan. However, adjacent mixed rain forests are also secondary, with 85% of analysed species showing no evidence of continuous regeneration. Fifteen species from both forest types showed reverse-J curves suggesting continuous regeneration, but only Calophyllum caledonicum did so consistently. Since few canopy species showed evidence of high shade tolerance and persistence, a small number of shade-tolerant species is predicted to dominate both forests in the long term, in the hypothetical absence of disturbance. Hence, temporal factors associated with disturbances play a key role in determining dominance in these forests.

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33

Turton, Stephen M., and Danny T. Siegenthaler. "Immediate impacts of a severe tropical cyclone on the microclimate of a rain-forest canopy in north-east Australia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001622.

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Tropical cyclones, which are frequent along the north-eastern Australian coast, can result in severe disturbances to rain forests in the region (Grove et al. 2000, Webb 1958). Branch breakages and tree falls result in high levels of light penetration to the forest floor, which is normally heavily shaded (Turton 1992). This change in microclimate stimulates the growth of normally suppressed seedlings, the germination of seeds that are triggered by sunlight (Chazdon 1988), and often, invasion by weeds. Fragmented rain forests, that are common in the region, are particularly vulnerable to impacts of cyclones because of their large edge to forest area ratio. Appropriate management of such rain forests, following catastrophic disturbance, requires a thorough understanding of recovery processes at a number of temporal and spatial scales (Grove et al. 2000).

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34

Thomaz, Edivaldo Lopes, and Valdemir Antoneli. "RAIN INTERCEPTION IN A SECONDARY FRAGMENT OF ARAUCARIA FOREST WITH FAXINAL, GUARAPUAVA-PR." CERNE 21, no. 3 (September 2015): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201521031736.

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ABSTRACT Forest management can alter the structure of vegetation (layer), particularly in areas used for pasture, such as the Faxinal areas in the south central region of Paraná, Brazil. Therefore, the aims of the present study were as follows: a) to assess rain interception in secondary forests; b) to estimate the maximum precipitation intercepted by the forest; and c) to discuss the possible implications of throughfall for the hydrologic processes of the secondary forest (Faxinal). Nine 20-cm-diameter rain gauges (314 cm2) were used. Rain gauges were distributed randomly throughout the forest and were successively rotated after a specific number of rainfalls. A total of 66 rainfall events of different volumes were recorded. We observed that an increase in rain volume tended to homogenize the rainfall interception rate in the forest. Consecutive rainfalls did not significantly influence the interception rate in the secondary forest. However, the interception in the secondary forest (10.5%) was lower than the mean interception rate recorded in other Brazilian forests.

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35

Zhao, Junfang, Jinlong Ai, Yujie Zhu, Ruixi Huang, Huiwen Peng, and Hongfei Xie. "Carbon budget of different forests in China estimated by an individual-based model and remote sensing." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 9, 2023): e0285790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285790.

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Forests play a key role in the regional or global carbon cycle. Determining the forest carbon budget is of great significance for estimating regional carbon budgets and formulating forest management policies to cope with climate change. However, the carbon budget of Chinese different forests and their relative contributions are not completely clear so far. We evaluated the carbon budget of different forests from 1981 to 2020 in China through combining model with remote sensing observation. In addition, we also determined the relative contribution of carbon budget of each forest type to all forests in China. Eight forest types were studied: evergreen coniferous forest (ECF), deciduous coniferous forest (DCF), coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF), deciduous broad-leaved forest (DBF), evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF), evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest (EDBF), seasonal rain forest (SRF), and rain forest (RF). The results indicated that the Chinese forests were mainly carbon sink from 1981 to 2020, particularly the annual average carbon budget of forest from 2011 to 2020 was 0.191 PgC·a-1. Spatially, the forests’ carbon budget demonstrated obvious regional differences, gradually decreasing from Southeast China to Northwest China. The relative contributions of carbon budget in different forests to all forests in China were different. During 2011–2020, the ECF forests contributed the most carbon budget (34.45%), followed by DBF forests (25.89%), EBF forests (24.82%), EDBF forests (13.10%), RF forests (2.23%), SRF forests (3.14%) and CBF forests (1.14%). However, the DCF forests were found mainly as carbon source. These results contribute to our understanding of regional carbon budget of forests.

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36

Vallan, Denis. "Effects of anthropogenic environmental changes on amphibian diversity in the rain forests of eastern Madagascar." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 5 (August 21, 2002): 725–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740200247x.

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Madagascar has one of the world's highest rates of human population increase, which is coupled with an increase of resource exploitation, particularly food and firewood. Forests are cleared and converted to rice fields or plantations (mainly Eucalyptus or pine). How does deforestation affect the amphibian diversity of the original biotope, the rain forest? To answer this question, the amphibian fauna of intact rain forests was compared with that of secondary forests, Eucalyptus plantations and rice fields. The main consequence of rain forest disturbance was loss of amphibian species. Compared with an intact forest, species richness in secondary forests, Eucalyptus plantations and rice fields were 54%, 46% and 12%, respectively. Species number and individual density increased with increasing structural complexity of the habitat and the presence of water bodies. The reproductive strategy of the species could be decisive for the presence or absence of single species in different habitats. With increasing degradation the percentage of species spawning in water increased. Correspondingly, Hyperoliidae and Raninae were characteristic of degraded habitats, whereas Microhylidae and Mantellinae were representative of natural habitats.

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Monterrubio-Rico, Tiberio C., Juan F. Charre-Medellín, Marco Z. Pérez-Martínez, and Eduardo Mendoza. "Use of remote cameras to evaluate ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) population parameters in seasonal tropical dry forests of central-western Mexico." Mammalia 82, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2016-0114.

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AbstractThe ocelot is one of the most studied felid species in the neotropics yet most of our current knowledge comes from tropical rain forests and protected areas. Therefore, we lack a comprehensive understanding on how the species abundance varies in terms of ecological parameters across its full distribution range. This is particularly true for the species population in the Northern Hemisphere, as data of ocelot populations occurring in tropical dry forests are scarce. In this study, we focused on: a) generating population data (density and sex ratios), based on camera-trapping, for ocelot occurring in the vast and understudied tropical dry forest of the western Pacific of Mexico. b) Comparing the variation in species abundance and density across its distribution range, including a larger set of studies from the Northern Hemisphere, contrasting parameters between rain forests and tropical seasonal ecosystems and re-examining the assumed relationship between precipitation and ocelot abundance. Overall, we identified 17 ocelots in our study sites and estimated an average density of 23.7 individuals (ind) per 100 km2with a female to male ratio >1. No significant differences in ocelot density was found between seasonal tropical forests and rain forests studies (Wilcoxon test, W=71, p=0.7675). Moreover, we found no support for the relation between ocelot density and precipitation (only when restricting our analysis to rain forest data the fit of the regression model was close to be significant, R2=0.2463, p=0.07107). Our results indicate that tropical seasonal ecosystems and dry forest in particular, may present ocelot population with similar levels of abundance than tropical rain forests. We observed that precipitation is a poor predictor of ocelot abundance. In our study, we observed that overall local ecological factors (e.g. prey abundance and interspecific interactions) influenced the spatial and temporal abundance of ocelots.

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Wong, Marina. "Trophic Organization of Understory Birds in a Malaysian Dipterocarp Forest." Auk 103, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.1.100.

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Abstract Single-sample studies suggested that understory flowers and fruits and their avian consumers are scarce in the Malaysian rain forest as compared with African and Central American rain forests. Results from my longer-term studies at Pasoh Forest Reserve (Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia) established that flowers and fruits were consistently rare as food for birds. A comparison of two forest types at Pasoh revealed the effect of lower food availability on avian trophic organization. Food resources (e.g. flowers, fruits, arthropods) were less abundant in the regenerating than in the virgin forest, and bird species richness and individual abundance were also lower in the regenerating forest understory. However, the two forests did not differ significantly in the relative importance of the various foraging guilds, suggesting that similar types of resources were present in similar proportions. None of the birds sampled in the Malaysian rain-forest understory was a specialized consumer of understory flowers or fruit, whereas birds feeding mainly on foliage-dwelling arthropods were abundant and were represented by many species. This trophic organization is contrary to that reported for rain forests in other tropical regions but may simply reflect an allocation of harvestable productivity that is different rather than lower.

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MacKinnon, Andy. "West coast, temperate, old-growth forests." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79475-3.

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Canada's west coast, temperate, old-growth forests include its largest, most commercially valuable, fastest-growing, oldest, and certainly most fought-over forests. They can be divided into three main types: coastal rainforest, coastal subalpine forest, and "rain-shadow" forest. Although there is great variation within each of these broad types, coastal rainforests and subalpine forests share a wet climate and are relatively unimpacted by fire as a stand-replacing disturbance. This allows development of multi-aged, multi-canopy, old-growth forests with large volumes of living and dead wood. These forests are structurally and biologically complex. Coastal rain-shadow forests, on the other hand, have a distinctively drier climate (for the coast), and a history of frequent, low-intensity fires. Although well over half of Canada's original west coast, temperate, old-growth forests remain as old growth, there is great variation ecologically and geographically. In general, the percentage of old-growth forest remaining increases with increasing latitude and elevation. Key words: old growth, old-growth forest, coastal British Columbia, temperate rainforest, protected areas, stand structure

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40

Arsenault, André, and Gary E. Bradfield. "Structural – compositional variation in three age-classes of temperate rainforests in southern coastal British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-007.

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Relationships between forest structure and species composition were examined in three age-classes of temperate rain forest in southern coastal British Columbia. Old forests (> 250 years) exhibited greater structural and compositional heterogeneity than young (31–60 years) and mature (61–80 years) forests. Size-class distributions of living and dead standing trees in the three age groups suggested both qualitative and quantitative differences in regeneration and mortality processes. The canonical correlation between structure and composition was high (Rc = 0.84), but a substantial amount of total variation remained unexplained by the analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) axis 1 of species composition separated the lower elevation (warmer and drier) mature forests from the higher elevation (cooler and wetter) young and old forests. PCA axis 1 of structure separated the young and mature forests as a group from the old forests. PCAs of the separate age-classes indicated weaker compositional – structural linkages than with all age-classes combined. Study area differences explained greater proportions of variation in young and mature forests (up to 53%) than in old forests (< 10%). The results indicate a slow recovery process following impacts from human disturbance in coastal forests. Key words: canonical correlation analysis, old-growth temperate rain forest, principal component analysis, species composition, forest structure.

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Woinarski, JCZ, and A. Fisher. "Wildlife of Lancewood (Acacia Shirleyi) Thickets and Woodlands in Northern Australia. 2. Comparisons With Other Environments of the Region (Acacia Woodlands, Eucalyptus Savanna Woodlands and Monsoon Rainforests)." Wildlife Research 22, no. 4 (1995): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950413.

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Embedded in the extensive Eucalyptus open forests and savanna woodlands that dominate the northern Australian landscape are patches of monsoon rain forest and Acacia thickets and woodlands. In this paper, the vertebrate species composition of patches of lancewood (Acacia shirleyi) thickets and woodlands of the Northern Territory was compared with that of other environments of this region: pindan woodlands (A. eriopoda and A. tumida), gidgee woodlands (A. georginae), patches of monsoon rain forests and the extensive Eucalyptus open forests and woodlands. The vertebrate fauna of lancewood thickets is distinct for that of Eucalyptus open forests, and has fewer species. Differences in species composition and richness are associated with substantial differences in resource availability, with lancewood thickets having far less grass cover (and hence relatively few granivorous birds and rodents, but more ground-feeding insectivorous and omnivorous birds), fewer nectar-bearing flowers (and hence fewer nectarivorous birds) and lower structural and floristic diversity than Eucalyptus forests. There was little difference in species richness or total abundance between the three types of Acacia woodlands sampled. Lancewood thickets had fewer species than monsoon rain forests to coastal dry monsoon rain forests to inland dry monsoon rain forests to lancewood thickets to pindan woodlands to gidgee woodlands, in accord with the pronounced rainfall gradient of this region and with canopy cover and height. Within this broad continuum the three Acacia woodlands were most closely grouped. Species turnover along this gradient consisted of substantial decrease or loss of some foraging groups (e.g. frugivorous birds) or replacement of species within broad foraging groups. The faunal relationship of the monsoon rain forests and Acacia communities provides some support for considering these fire-sensitive environments as fragments of a formerly extensive continuum. Three species (Pomatostomus temporalis, Struthidea cinerea and Melanodryas cucullata), all ground-foraging insectivorous or omnivorous birds, were significantly associated with lancewood in this region, but all three have extensive ranges beyond this area.

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42

Taniguchi, H., Y. Hirai, J. Nomura, and H. Okamoto. "Formworks to Save Rain Forests." Concrete Journal 30, no. 12 (1992): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj1975.30.12_21.

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Calduch, Misericordia, Josepa Gene, Josep Guarro, Angel Mercado-Sierra, and Rafael F. Castaneda-Ruiz. "Hyphomycetes from Nigerian Rain Forests." Mycologia 94, no. 1 (January 2002): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761852.

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Calduch, Misericordia, Josepa Gené, Josep Guarro, Ángel Mercado-Sierra, and Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruíz. "Hyphomycetes from Nigerian rain forests." Mycologia 94, no. 1 (January 2002): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2003.11833255.

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Zhang, Yaoqi, Jussi Uusivuori, and Jari Kuuluvainen. "Econometric analysis of the causes of forest land use changes in Hainan, China." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 1913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-123.

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This paper addresses the effects of economic, demographic, and institutional factors on land allocation between forestry and other uses. A panel data set from Hainan Island in China and a generalized least squares estimation method, allowing individual effects for counties, are applied. The results indicate that higher timber prices have led to an acceleration in rain forest exploitation, but encouraged investment in plantation forests. Population growth is the driving force behind the loss of natural forests, but it is positively related to plantation forests. Decollectivization seems to have promoted plantation forests, but has not saved the rain forest. A higher share of forestry land owned by state-owned enterprises also fosters afforestation on wasteland, but seems to lead to faster exploitation of natural forest, at least initially. The uncertainty that existed in the early period of economic reform quickened the pace of resource extraction and deterred investment.

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Styring, Alison R., and Mohamed Zakaria bin Hussin. "Foraging ecology of woodpeckers in lowland Malaysian rain forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001579.

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We investigated the foraging ecology of 13 species of woodpecker in logged and unlogged lowland rain forest at two forest reserves in West Malaysia (Pasoh Forest Reserve and Sungai Lalang Forest Reserve). The parameters perch diameter and microhabitat/substrate type explained more variation in the data than other parameters, and effectively divided the guild into two groups: (1) ‘conventional’ – species that excavated frequently, used relatively large perches, and foraged on snags and patches of dead wood, and (2) ‘novel’ – species that used smaller perches and microhabitats that are available in tropical forests on a year-round basis (e.g. external, arboreal ant/termite nests and bamboo). These novel resources may explain, in part, the maintenance of high woodpecker diversity in tropical rain forests.

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Schmid, Rudolf. "Fruits of the Rain Forest: A Guide to Fruits in Australian Tropical Rain Forests." Taxon 44, no. 4 (November 1995): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223525.

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Kingston, David G. I. "Biodiversity conservation and drug discovery in Suriname. Explorations in nature's combinatorial library." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173030595.

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The preservation of tropical rain forests is an important goal both for the intrinsic value of their cultural and biological diversity and for the well-being of the forest peoples who make these forests their home. In addition, tropical forests are potential sources of new pharmaceutical products which can only be found by chemical prospecting in nature's genetically encoded combinatorial library. A collaborative program to discover potential pharmaceuticals in the rain forest of Suriname is described as part of an effort to integrate biodiversity conservation and drug discovery with economic development. Progress on this project will be reported, including results obtained on the isolation of bioactive diterpenoids, quinones, alkaloids, and polyketides, and the benefits of this general approach to biodiversity and drug discovery will be discussed.

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SABU, THOMAS K., S. NITHYA, and K. V. VINOD. "Faunal survey, endemism and possible species loss of Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the western slopes of the moist South Western Ghats, South India." Zootaxa 2830, no. 1 (April 22, 2011): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2830.1.3.

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Species composition, distribution patterns and endemism are outlined for the dung beetles in the ecoregions of the western slopes of the moist South Western Ghats, South India. Among the 142 dung beetle species known, 35 are endemic to the Western Ghats; 29 are endemic to the moist South Western Ghats; 25 are regionally endemic to the South Western Ghats montane rain forests ecoregion; and one each to the Malabar Coast moist deciduous forest ecoregion and the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests ecoregion. Five species, including the 3 flightless species, are local endemics to the upper montane tropical montane cloud forests. The montane rain forests ecoregion has the highest number of endemics in the moist south Western Ghats and the moist deciduous forests ecoregion and Malabar Coast moist deciduous forest ecoregion have the lowest levels of endemism. Of the 137 dung beetle species known prior to the deforestation and habitat modification of the region, only 87 have been collected recently.

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Laurance, William F., Judy M. Rankin-de Merona, Ana Andrade, Susan G. Laurance, Sammya D'Angelo, Thomas E. Lovejoy, and Heraldo L. Vasconcelos. "Rain-forest fragmentation and the phenology of Amazonian tree communities." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 3 (April 28, 2003): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003389.

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Habitat fragmentation affects the ecology of tropical rain forests in many ways, such as reducing species diversity of many taxa (Laurance et al. 2002, Lovejoy et al. 1986) and increasing rates of tree mortality and canopy-gap formation near forest edges (Laurance et al. 1997, 1998, 2001). Such obvious alterations have been documented in many fragmented forests, but more subtle changes, such as those affecting plant phenology (the timing and frequency of flower, fruit and leaf production), have received far less attention. Adler & Kiepinski (2000) showed that different populations of the successional tree Spondias mombin on small man-made islands in Panama had highly synchronous flowering and fruiting. In montane forests in Colombia, Restrepo et al. (1999) demonstrated that under-storey fruit abundance was consistently increased over time near forest edges relative to forest interiors. Beyond these and a few other studies (Ackerly et al. 1990, Nason & Hamrick 1997), however, the effects of fragmentation on plant phenology have been inadequately assessed, especially in the tropics.

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